{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Надрыв в избе","translated":"A Laceration in the Cottage"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c6","lines":181},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c6-s1","source":"У него было действительно серьезное горе, из таких, какие он доселе редко испытывал.","translation":"He was carrying a genuine grief, of a kind he had rarely known until now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него было … серьезное горе","title":"«У + genitive» possession","body":"Russian expresses 'he had' not with a verb 'to have' but with «у» plus the genitive of the possessor («у него»), leaving the thing possessed in the nominative as the real subject — literally 'by him there was a grief'. The neuter past «было» agrees with neuter «горе»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из таких, какие он доселе редко испытывал","title":"Correlative «такой … какой»","body":"«из таких, какие…» pairs the demonstrative «такой» (such, of that kind) with the relative «какой» (of what kind), the standard way to say 'of a kind that…'. «какие» agrees in plural with «таких» but takes accusative as the object of «испытывал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе","title":"«доселе» — until now (archaic)","body":"«доселе» ('hitherto, until now') is a bookish, period-elevated adverb that a 19th-century narrator reaches for where modern speech would say «до сих пор». It sets a faintly solemn, retrospective tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"[he had]"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезное","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"such [griefs]"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of испытывал, referring to таких","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испытывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытывал","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытывал","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"испытывал","lemma":"испытывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on таких","gloss":"had known"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c6-s2","source":"Он выскочил и «наглупил» — и в каком же деле: в любовных чувствах!","translation":"He had blundered in, had \"made a fool of himself\" — and in what, of all things: in matters of love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочил и «наглупил»","title":"Perfective verbs of a single misstep","body":"Both «выскочил» (jumped/blundered out) and «наглупил» (did a foolish thing) are perfective pasts naming single, completed, result-bearing acts. The prefix «на-» on «наглупил» gives the flavour 'to have committed a quantity of foolishness'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком же деле","title":"The particle «же» as indignation","body":"«же» here is not 'and' but an emphatic modal particle injecting exasperated self-reproach — 'and in what a matter, of all things!'. English can only render it with stress or an interjection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в любовных чувствах","title":"Prepositional of sphere after «в»","body":"«в любовных чувствах» ('in matters of love') stands in the prepositional case after «в», here naming a domain rather than a physical location. The adjective «любовных» agrees in prepositional plural with «чувствах»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had blundered in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наглупил»","lemma":"наглупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"made a fool of himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каком","gloss":"of all things"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase, echoing наглупил","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любовных","lemma":"любовный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to деле","gloss":"matters"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c6-s3","source":"«Ну что я в этом понимаю, что я в этих делах разбирать могу? — в сотый раз повторял он про себя, краснея, — ох, стыд бы ничего, стыд только должное мне наказание, — беда в том, что несомненно теперь я буду причиною новых несчастий… А старец посылал меня, чтобы примирить и соединить. Так ли соединяют?»","translation":"\"What do I understand of any of this, what can I make out in such matters? — he repeated to himself for the hundredth time, flushing — oh, the shame would be nothing, shame is only the punishment I deserve — the trouble is that now, beyond doubt, I shall be the cause of fresh misfortunes… And the elder sent me to reconcile and to join them together. Is this how one joins people together?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я в этом понимаю","title":"Rhetorical «что» = 'what (at all)'","body":"«Что я … понимаю» is a rhetorical question — 'what do I understand?' = 'I understand nothing'. «что» is the neuter interrogative in the accusative as the object of «понимаю»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял он про себя, краснея","title":"Imperfect frame + simultaneous gerund","body":"The imperfective «повторял» ('kept repeating') sets the durative background, while the present gerund «краснея» ('blushing') marks an action going on at the same time and sharing Alyosha's subject — a classic деепричастие of attendant circumstance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыд бы ничего","title":"Elliptical conditional with «бы»","body":"«стыд бы ничего» compresses a conditional — 'the shame, that would be nothing' — with the irrealis particle «бы» and an unstated «было». Note too the negative-concord pronoun «ничего»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я буду причиною новых несчастий","title":"Instrumental predicate after «буду»","body":"After the future of «быть» the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «причиною» ('the cause'), with the archaic instrumental ending «-ою» for modern «-ой». «новых несчастий» is genitive plural — 'cause of fresh misfortunes'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посылал меня, чтобы примирить и соединить","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы примирить и соединить» states the purpose of the sending. When the subject is the same, «чтобы» governs the bare infinitive rather than the past-form irrealis: 'in order to reconcile and to unite'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли соединяют?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Так ли…?» fronts the focused word «так» ('thus') and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a pointed yes/no question: 'Is this how one unites people?'. The impersonal 3rd-plural «соединяют» means 'one/people unite'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаю","gloss":"any of this"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разбирать","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"разбирать","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of могу","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"могу?","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"сотый","lemma":"сотый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"hundredth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"he repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"краснея,","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, adverbial participle (gerund), imperfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying повторял","gloss":"flushing"},{"surface":"ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"precedes стыд","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to повторял","gloss":"the shame"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стыд as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement of стыд","gloss":"be nothing"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыд (w23)","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"должное","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наказание","gloss":"the deserved"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of наказание","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"наказание,","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of стыд (w26)","gloss":"punishment"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of a new clause, parallel to стыд","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"is in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of в, modifies беда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of причиною","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причиною","gloss":"beyond doubt"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies причиною","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to причиною","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"причиною","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду, content of том","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies несчастий","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"несчастий","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies причиною","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"посылал","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примирить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"примирить","lemma":"примирить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посылал","gloss":"reconcile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соединить","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with примирить","gloss":"join together"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединяют","gloss":"Is this how"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"соединяют","lemma":"соединять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one joins people together"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c6-s4","source":"Тут он вдруг опять припомнил, как он «соединил руки», и страшно стыдно стало ему опять.","translation":"Here he suddenly remembered again how he had \"joined their hands\", and once more a terrible shame came over him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"припомнил, как он «соединил руки»","title":"Perfective recollection","body":"«припомнил» (perfective, 'suddenly recalled') names the punctual onset of memory; the prefix «при-» adds the nuance of a recollection surfacing. The embedded «соединил» is likewise a completed perfective act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно стыдно стало ему","title":"Dative-subject shame","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, the experiencer «ему» is in the dative, and the predicate is the invariable «стыдно» plus neuter «стало» ('became'). Literally 'it became terribly shameful to him' — the inward, subjectless framing typical of Dostoevsky's feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соединил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соединил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"соединил","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнил","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of соединил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to припомнил","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"once more"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c6-s5","source":"«Хоть я сделал это всё и искренно, но вперед надо быть умнее», — заключил он вдруг и даже не улыбнулся своему заключению.","translation":"\"Even if I did it all sincerely, I must be wiser from now on\" — he concluded abruptly, and did not even smile at his own conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть я сделал это всё и искренно, но","title":"Concessive «хоть … но»","body":"«хоть … (и) … но» is the concessive frame 'even though … nevertheless'. The «и» before «искренно» reinforces the concession ('did do it sincerely'), and «но» opens the contrasting main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вперед надо быть умнее","title":"Impersonal «надо» + comparative","body":"Impersonal «надо» ('one must') governs the infinitive «быть»; «умнее» is the invariable predicative comparative of «умный» ('wiser'). No nominative subject is expressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не улыбнулся своему заключению","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + dative object","body":"«улыбнуться» ('to smile') is one of the verbs that exists only in the «-ся» form; here it governs a dative «своему заключению» ('at his own conclusion'). The reflexive possessive «своему» points back to the subject Alyosha himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"Even if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"умнее»,","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"depends on быть","gloss":"wiser"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сделал","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of заключению","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"заключению","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулся","gloss":"conclusion"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c6-s6","source":"Поручение Катерины Ивановны было дано в Озерную улицу, а брат Дмитрий жил как раз тут по дороге, недалеко от Озерной улицы в переулке.","translation":"Katerina Ivanovna's errand was directed to Lake Street, and his brother Dmitri happened to live right along the way, not far from Lake Street, in a side lane.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поручение … было дано","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participle","body":"«было дано» is the past passive: «было» plus the neuter short form of the participle «данный» ('given'). It states a result — the errand had been assigned — agreeing in neuter singular with «поручение»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"брат Дмитрий жил как раз тут по дороге","title":"Contrastive «а» of topic-shift","body":"The «а» joining the two clauses is not 'but' in the adversative sense; it gently shifts the topic from the errand to the brother — 'and his brother Dmitri, as it happened, lived right along the way'. This mild contrastive «а» is a constant hinge in Russian narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дано","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Поручение","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"directed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Озерную","lemma":"озёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Lake"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дано","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дано","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase раз","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly","note":"Idiom 'как раз' = exactly, right (there)."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Озерной","lemma":"озёрный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицы","gloss":"Lake"},{"surface":"улицы","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недалеко","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"переулке","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"a lane"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c6-s7","source":"Алеша решил зайти к нему во всяком случае прежде, чем к штабс-капитану, хоть и предчувствовал, что не застанет брата.","translation":"Alyosha decided to call on him in any case before going to the captain, though he had a feeling he would not find his brother in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде, чем к штабс-капитану","title":"Temporal «прежде чем» (before)","body":"«прежде, чем» is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'before' (doing something else); here it governs an elliptical phrase 'before [going] to the captain'. It is more bookish than the plain «до того как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не застанет брата","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«застанет брата» — the animate masculine «брат» takes its accusative from the genitive form «брата», keeping object distinct from subject. «застать» (perfective) means to catch someone in/at home, so «не застанет» = 'will not find him in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to call on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"case","note":"Idiom 'во всяком случае' = in any case."},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайти","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, first part of compound, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound noun капитану","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитану","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предчувствовал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застанет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застанет","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"would find"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застанет","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c6-s8","source":"Он подозревал, что тот, может быть, как-нибудь нарочно будет прятаться от него теперь, но во что бы то ни стало надо было его разыскать.","translation":"He suspected that the man might somehow be deliberately hiding from him now, but he had to track him down whatever it took.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот … будет прятаться","title":"Imperfective compound future","body":"«будет прятаться» is the compound (imperfective) future — «будет» plus the imperfective infinitive «прятаться» — naming an ongoing/habitual hiding rather than a single act. «прятаться» carries reflexive «-ся» (hide oneself)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во что бы то ни стало","title":"«во что бы то ни стало» — at all costs","body":"A fixed idiom meaning 'whatever it takes, come what may'. It fossilises an old conditional with «бы» and the negative-concord «ни», and is invariable — never parse it word by word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было его разыскать","title":"Impersonal necessity in the past","body":"«надо было … разыскать» is the past of impersonal «надо» (neuter «было») governing the perfective infinitive — 'it was necessary to track him down', with no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прятаться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прятаться","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies прятаться","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"'может быть' together = 'maybe/might be'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"how","note":"'как-нибудь' together = 'somehow'."},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прятаться","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of прятаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"прятаться","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подозревал","gloss":"be hiding"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прятаться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прятаться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"whatever","note":"Idiom 'во что бы то ни стало' = whatever it takes, no matter what."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"it took"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with подозревал","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разыскать","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"track down"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c6-s9","source":"Время же уходило: мысль об отходившем старце ни на минуту, ни на секунду не оставляла его с того часа, как он вышел из монастыря.","translation":"Time, meanwhile, was slipping away: the thought of the dying elder had not left him for a single minute, not for a single second, from the very hour he had walked out of the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Время же уходило","title":"Imperfective process + «же»","body":"The imperfective «уходило» ('was slipping away') paints time as an ongoing process. The particle «же» here is lightly contrastive/resumptive — 'time, meanwhile…' — knitting this clause to the surrounding narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на минуту, ни на секунду не оставляла","title":"Emphatic «ни … ни … не»","body":"Russian negative concord: the doubled «ни … ни …» intensifies the negation that the verb still carries in «не оставляла» — 'did not leave him for a single minute, not for a single second'. The three negative markers add up to one emphatic denial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об отходившем старце","title":"Past active participle «отходивший»","body":"«отходившем» is the past active participle of «отходить», declined in the prepositional after «о» to agree with «старце». Of a dying person «отходить» means 'to be passing away'; the participle condenses 'the elder who was dying' into one modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходило","gloss":"Time"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Время","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"уходило","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was slipping away"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставляла","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отходившем","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляла","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляла","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставляла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставляла","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часа","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляла","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying часа","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c6-s10","source":"В поручении Катерины Ивановны промелькнуло одно обстоятельство, чрезвычайно тоже его заинтересовавшее: когда Катерина Ивановна упомянула о маленьком мальчике, школьнике, сыне того штабс-капитана, который бежал, плача в голос, подле отца, то у Алеши и тогда уже вдруг мелькнула мысль, что этот мальчик есть, наверное, тот давешний школьник, укусивший его за палец, когда он, Алеша, допрашивал его, чем он его обидел.","translation":"In Katerina Ivanovna's errand one detail had flashed by that interested him exceedingly as well: when Katerina Ivanovna had mentioned the little boy, a schoolboy, the son of that captain who had run alongside his father weeping aloud, the thought had already darted into Alyosha's mind even then that this boy was, surely, the very schoolboy from earlier who had bitten his finger when he, Alyosha, had been asking how he had wronged him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"промелькнуло одно обстоятельство … заинтересовавшее","title":"Past active participle modifying the subject","body":"«заинтересовавшее» is the past active participle of «заинтересовать», agreeing in neuter with «обстоятельство» — 'a circumstance that had interested him'. Such participles let Dostoevsky pile a relative clause onto a noun without a separate «который»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бежал, плача в голос, подле отца","title":"Relative «который» + gerund chain","body":"«который» ('who') opens a relative clause about the boy/son (who ran weeping beside his father, the captain), agreeing masculine singular but nominative as its own subject. Nested inside is the present gerund «плача» ('weeping') — a simultaneous action — giving the dense participial layering of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот мальчик есть … тот давешний школьник, укусивший его","title":"Correlative «этот … тот» + participle","body":"«этот» (this, near) is identified with «тот» (that, previously mentioned), the demonstratives doing the topic-tracking that lets Russian reorder freely. «укусивший» is the past active participle 'who had bitten', agreeing with «школьник»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешний","title":"«давешний» — the earlier one (colloquial-archaic)","body":"«давешний» is a colloquial 19th-century adjective meaning 'of a little while ago, the aforementioned recent one'. It points back to the boy from the earlier scene; modern Russian would paraphrase with «тот, что недавно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он, Алеша, допрашивал его, чем он его обидел","title":"Embedded indirect question with «чем»","body":"«чем он его обидел» is an indirect question — 'how (with what) he had wronged him' — where «чем» is the instrumental of «что» expressing the means of the offense. The appositive «он, Алеша» clarifies the antecedent across a tangle of pronouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручении","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"поручении","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"the errand"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поручении","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had flashed by"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовавшее","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовавшее","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовавшее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заинтересовавшее","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство","gloss":"that interested"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упомянула","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упомянула","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"упомянула","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying мелькнула","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"маленьком","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчике","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчике","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянула","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"школьнике","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчике","gloss":"a schoolboy"},{"surface":"сыне","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчике","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитана","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, first part of compound, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound noun капитана","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыне","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сыне","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плача","gloss":"the top of his voice","note":"Idiom 'плача в голос' = wailing aloud."},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подле","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause after когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"Alyosha's mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by то","gloss":"had darted"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мысль","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наверное","lemma":"наверное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of школьник","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давешний","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies школьник","gloss":"from before","note":"Archaic colloquial word meaning 'the one from earlier/before'."},{"surface":"школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"укусивший","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying школьник","gloss":"who had bitten"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусивший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking палец","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укусивший","gloss":"the finger"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допрашивал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"допрашивал","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on укусивший","gloss":"had been asking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допрашивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of допрашивал","gloss":"had wronged"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c6-s11","source":"Теперь уж Алеша был почти уверен в этом, сам не зная еще почему.","translation":"By now Alyosha was almost certain of it, without himself yet knowing why.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж … был почти уверен в этом","title":"Short adjective «уверен» + particle «уж»","body":"«уверен» is the predicative short form of «уверенный» ('certain'), agreeing masculine singular and governing «в этом» (prepositional). The particle «уж» (a worn form of «уже») adds an emphatic 'by now, already'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не зная еще почему","title":"Negated gerund «не зная»","body":"«не зная» is the present gerund of «знать» with negation — 'without yet knowing' — sharing Alyosha's subject and describing the manner of his certainty. The intensifier «сам» ('himself') stresses that even he didn't know why."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"By now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверен","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уверен","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c6-s12","source":"Таким образом, увлекшись посторонними соображениями, он развлекся и решил не «думать» о сейчас наделанной им «беде», не мучить себя раскаянием, а делать дело, а там что будет, то и выйдет.","translation":"In this way, caught up in extraneous considerations, he distracted himself and resolved not to \"think\" about the \"harm\" he had just done, not to torment himself with remorse, but to get on with the task at hand — and whatever came of it, would come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлекшись посторонними соображениями","title":"Perfective past gerund «увлекшись»","body":"«увлекшись» is the perfective past gerund of «увлечься» (reflexive 'to get carried away'), in «-вшись», expressing a prior completed circumstance — 'having become caught up in…'. Its object «соображениями» is instrumental, governed by the «-ся» verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мучить себя раскаянием","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» + instrumental","body":"«себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun ('oneself'), distinct from the verbal «-ся»; «раскаянием» is the instrumental of means — 'to torment oneself with remorse'. Contrast with «-ся» verbs elsewhere in the passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"а там что будет, то и выйдет","title":"«что будет, то и выйдет» — come what may","body":"A folk-flavored fatalist tag — 'whatever will be, will come out so' — built on the correlative «что…, то…». The little «и» before «выйдет» adds 'exactly that', and «а там» means 'and then, after that'. It captures Alyosha's resolve to stop fretting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развлекся","gloss":"way","note":"Idiom 'таким образом' = thus, in this way."},{"surface":"увлекшись","lemma":"увлечься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on развлекся","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"посторонними","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies соображениями","gloss":"extraneous"},{"surface":"соображениями","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of увлекшись","gloss":"considerations"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развлекся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"развлекся","lemma":"развлечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"distracted himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with развлекся","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наделанной","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"наделанной","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying беде","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of наделанной","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"беде","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думать","gloss":"to torment"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"раскаянием","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучить","gloss":"with remorse"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думать","gloss":"to get on with"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"the task"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c6-s13","source":"На этой мысли он окончательно ободрился.","translation":"On this thought he was finally heartened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окончательно ободрился","title":"Perfective change of state in «-ся»","body":"«ободрился» is perfective and reflexive — 'cheered up, took heart' — the «-ся» here marking a change of inner state rather than a true reflexive action. «окончательно» ('finally, decisively') seals it as a completed turn of mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ободрился","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ободрился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрился","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"ободрился","lemma":"ободриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was heartened"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c6-s14","source":"Кстати, завернув в переулок к брату Дмитрию и чувствуя голод, он вынул из кармана взятую у отца булку и съел дорогой.","translation":"By the way, having turned into the lane toward his brother Dmitri and feeling hungry, he drew from his pocket the roll he had taken at his father's and ate it on the way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завернув в переулок … и чувствуя голод","title":"Paired gerunds, perfective + imperfective","body":"Two gerunds set the scene before the main verb: perfective «завернув» ('having turned') marks a completed prior act, while imperfective «чувствуя» ('feeling') marks a simultaneous state. The contrast of the two gerund types is exactly the аspectual distinction in miniature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взятую у отца булку","title":"Past passive participle as modifier","body":"«взятую» is the past passive participle of «взять» ('taken'), in the long form declined to agree with «булку» (feminine accusative) — 'the roll [that had been] taken at his father's'. The agent-source is marked with «у отца»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дорогой","title":"«дорогой» — on the way (adverbial instrumental)","body":"Here «дорогой» is not 'dear' but the frozen instrumental of «дорога» ('road') used adverbially: 'along the way, en route'. The instrumental of route/path lies behind this common set adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вынул","gloss":"By the way"},{"surface":"завернув","lemma":"завернуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынул","gloss":"having turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завернув","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завернув","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завернув","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"голод","lemma":"голод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствуя","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"взятую","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying булку","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взятую","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"булку","lemma":"булка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the roll"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies съел","gloss":"along the way"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c6-s15","source":"Это подкрепило его силы.","translation":"It restored his strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это подкрепило его силы","title":"Perfective result + accusative object","body":"«подкрепило» (perfective, 'reinforced, fortified') reports a single completed effect; the neuter past agrees with the subject «это». Its object «силы» ('strength', lit. 'forces') is accusative plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подкрепило","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"подкрепило","lemma":"подкрепить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"restored"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подкрепило","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c6-s16","source":"Дмитрия дома не оказалось.","translation":"Dmitri turned out not to be at home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия дома не оказалось","title":"Genitive of negation with «не оказалось»","body":"Under negation of existence/presence the subject goes genitive: «Дмитрия … не оказалось» — literally 'of Dmitri there turned out to be none [at home]'. The verb is fixed neuter «оказалось», and «дома» is the adverbial 'at home'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c6-s17","source":"Хозяева домишка — старик столяр, его сын и старушка, жена его, — даже подозрительно посмотрели на Алешу.","translation":"The owners of the little house — an old carpenter, his son, and his old wife — even eyed Alyosha with suspicion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"домишка","title":"«домишко» — a wretched little house","body":"The suffix «-ишк-» is pejorative, not merely diminutive: «домишко» is a poor, ramshackle little house, dismissively small. It quietly conveys the poverty of Dmitri's lodgings before any description is given. (The genitive «домишка» here.)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старушка","title":"«старушка» — affectionate 'little old woman'","body":"«старушка», with the endearing «-ушк-» suffix, is a warm, gentle word for an old woman — the opposite emotional charge to the pejorative «-ишк-» of «домишко» in the same sentence. The mix of suffixes colours the narrator's eye over the household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже подозрительно посмотрели на Алешу","title":"Perfective glance + word order weight","body":"«посмотрели» (perfective, 'gave a look') names a single completed glance; the adverb «подозрительно» and the emphatic «даже» ('even') are front-loaded so the suspicious manner lands before the act, a small piece of topic-comment shaping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of посмотрели","gloss":"The owners"},{"surface":"домишка","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Хозяева","gloss":"of the little house"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Хозяева","gloss":"an old"},{"surface":"столяр","lemma":"столяр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"carpenter"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старушка","lemma":"старушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старушка","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозрительно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подозрительно","lemma":"подозрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрели","gloss":"with suspicion"},{"surface":"посмотрели","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eyed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрели","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c6-s18","source":"«Уж третий день как не ночует, может, куда и выбыл», — ответил старик на усиленные вопросы Алеши.","translation":"\"It's the third day now he hasn't slept here; maybe he's gone off somewhere\" — the old man answered Alyosha's insistent questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж третий день как не ночует","title":"Imperfective present of an ongoing situation","body":"Colloquial idiom: «уж третий день, как не ночует» = 'it's the third day now that he hasn't been spending the night'. The imperfective present «ночует» under «не» describes an ongoing non-occurrence, and «уж» adds the impatient 'already'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может, куда и выбыл","title":"Indefinite «куда» + perfective «выбыл»","body":"«куда» here is indefinite ('somewhere'), softened by «может» ('maybe') and «и' ('even'); «выбыл» is a perfective ('departed, went off') with bureaucratic-colloquial flavour. The whole is the old man's evasive guesswork."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третий","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"main subject of the sentence (time expression)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ночует","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ночует","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies день","gloss":"has slept here"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies выбыл»,","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбыл»,","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбыл»,","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выбыл»,","lemma":"выбыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ночует","gloss":"has gone off"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"усиленные","lemma":"усилить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c6-s19","source":"Алеша понял, что он отвечает по данной инструкции.","translation":"Alyosha understood that the man was answering according to instructions he had been given.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понял, что он отвечает по данной инструкции","title":"Reported clause «что» + present passive participle","body":"«что» introduces the reported content after «понял» ('understood'). «по данной инструкции» means 'according to the instructions given', where «данной» is the past passive participle of «дать» in the dative after «по»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвечает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"was answering"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инструкции","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"данной","lemma":"данный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies инструкции","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"инструкции","lemma":"инструкция","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечает","gloss":"instructions"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c6-s20","source":"На вопрос его: «Не у Грушеньки ли он, и не у Фомы ли опять прячется» (Алеша нарочно пустил в ход эти откровенности), все хозяева даже пугливо на него посмотрели.","translation":"At his question — \"Isn't he at Grushenka's, isn't he hiding again at Foma's?\" (Alyosha deliberately threw out these confidences) — all the owners even looked at him with alarm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не у Грушеньки ли он, и не у Фомы ли опять прячется","title":"Double «ли» yes/no question","body":"Two parallel «ли»-questions probe alternatives — 'Isn't he at Grushenka's? Isn't he hiding at Foma's?'. The fronted phrase plus enclitic «ли» gives the deliberate, literary interrogative; «прячется» carries reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньки","title":"Grushenka, the diminutive name","body":"«Грушенька» is the affectionate diminutive of «Аграфена», the woman over whom Dmitri and his father Fyodor are rivals — central to the novel's plot. The endearing «-еньк-» form is how she is universally known, even by those who fear her power."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пугливо на него посмотрели","title":"Perfective reaction-glance","body":"«посмотрели» (perfective) marks the single startled look the household gives in reaction; the adverb «пугливо» ('with fright') is the comment, set before the verb for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос (in response to his question)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрели","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the elided есть (isn't he...)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of у (at Grushenka's place)","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied есть (is he at Grushenka's?)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фомы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Фомы","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у (at Foma's place)","gloss":"Foma's"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прячется","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прячется","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the second coordinated question (он elided as subject)","gloss":"is hiding"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"threw out","note":"пустить в ход is an idiom meaning to set going, float, or throw something into circulation."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ход","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ход","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил (idiom пустить в ход)","gloss":"circulation"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of откровенности","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"откровенности","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"confidences"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of хозяева","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of посмотрели","gloss":"the owners"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугливо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пугливо","lemma":"пугливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрели","gloss":"in alarm"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"посмотрели","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c6-s21","source":"«Любят его, стало быть, руку его держат, — подумал Алеша, — это хорошо».","translation":"\"They love him, then, they stand by him — thought Alyosha — that's good.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — therefore, so then","body":"A fixed parenthetical meaning 'so then, consequently' — a fossilised verbal phrase, not to be parsed literally. It marks Alyosha drawing an inference from the household's fright."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"руку его держат","title":"Idiom «держать руку (чью)» — to take someone's side","body":"«держать чью-либо руку» is an idiom meaning 'to stand by, take the part of' someone — not literally to hold a hand. Alyosha reads the family's protectiveness as loyalty to Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"they love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Любят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"first half of the idiom стало быть (so, that means)","gloss":"so","note":"стало быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'so, that means, consequently.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second half of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держат","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"держат,","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (руку держат = they back him)","gloss":"stand by [him]","note":"держать чью-то руку is an idiom meaning to support or take someone's side."},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing the reported thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (that's good)","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c6-s22","source":"Наконец он разыскал в Озерной улице дом мещанки Калмыковой, ветхий домишко, перекосившийся, всего в три окна на улицу, с грязным двором, посреди которого уединенно стояла корова.","translation":"At last, on Lake Street, he found the house of the townswoman Kalmykova, a decrepit little house, lopsided, with only three windows giving onto the street, and a dirty yard in the middle of which a cow stood all alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перекосившийся … домишко","title":"Past active participle in «-ся»","body":"«перекосившийся» is the past active participle of the reflexive «перекоситься» ('to go lopsided'), agreeing with «домишко» — 'a little house that had gone crooked'. The «-ся» rides along inside the participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего в три окна на улицу","title":"«в + accusative» of measure","body":"«в три окна» uses «в» with the accusative to specify extent/measure — 'a house of just three windows onto the street'. After «три» the noun «окна» stands in the genitive singular, as numerals 2–4 require."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посреди которого … стояла корова","title":"Relative «который» governed by a preposition","body":"«посреди которого» — 'in the middle of which' — shows «который» taking the genitive demanded by «посреди», while agreeing in gender/number (masc. sg.) with «двор». The imperfective «стояла» paints the lone cow as a standing tableau."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разыскал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разыскал","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Озерной","lemma":"озёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улице","gloss":"Lake"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыскал","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскал","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"мещанки","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"townswoman"},{"surface":"Калмыковой","lemma":"калмыкова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мещанки","gloss":"Kalmykova"},{"surface":"ветхий","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домишко","gloss":"decrepit"},{"surface":"домишко","lemma":"домишко","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дом","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"перекосившийся","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying домишко","gloss":"lopsided"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on окна","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"describes домишко: only three windows (object of в)","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"грязным","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двором","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"двором","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"further describes the house (with a dirty yard)","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"посреди","lemma":"посреди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уединенно","lemma":"уединенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"all alone"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on двором","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"корова","lemma":"корова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"a cow"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c6-s23","source":"Вход был со двора в сени; налево из сеней жила старая хозяйка со старухою дочерью, и, кажется, обе глухие.","translation":"The entrance was from the yard into a passageway; to the left off the passage lived the old landlady with her aged daughter, and both, it seemed, were deaf.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сени","title":"«сени» — the cold entry passage","body":"The «сени» was the unheated entrance passage of a traditional Russian house, a buffer between the yard and the warm living room (изба). Plural-only in form, it is the threshold space Alyosha must cross to reach the lodgers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обе глухие","title":"Numeral «обе» (fem. 'both') + short-ish predicate","body":"«обе» is the feminine form of «оба» ('both'), agreeing with the two women; «глухие» is the predicate adjective 'deaf'. Note the parenthetical «кажется» ('it seems') softening the narrator's claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Вход to the predicate phrase","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of был (source: from the yard)","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"complement of был (destination: into the passageway)","gloss":"the passageway"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жила","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сеней","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"сеней","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of налево","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жила","gloss":"landlady"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старухою","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочерью (elderly)","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"дочерью","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (it seemed)","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on глухие","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"глухие","lemma":"глухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, subject обе (both were deaf)","gloss":"deaf"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c6-s24","source":"На вопрос его о штабс-капитане, несколько раз повторенный, одна из них, поняв наконец, что спрашивают жильцов, ткнула ему пальцем чрез сени, указывая на дверь в чистую избу.","translation":"To his question about the captain, repeated several times, one of them, grasping at last that he was asking after the lodgers, poked her finger across the passage, pointing to a door into the clean part of the cottage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько раз повторенный","title":"Past passive participle agreeing with «вопрос»","body":"«повторенный» is the past passive participle of «повторить» ('repeated'), long form agreeing with «вопрос» (masc. accusative here) — 'his question, repeated several times'. It compresses a whole relative clause into one adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поняв наконец, что спрашивают жильцов","title":"Perfective gerund + impersonal 3rd-plural","body":"«поняв» is the perfective past gerund 'having grasped'; the embedded «спрашивают жильцов» uses the subjectless 3rd-person plural for 'one is asking after the lodgers'. «жильцов» is animate accusative = genitive plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез сени","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/poetic contraction of «через» ('across, through'), governing the accusative «сени». Dostoevsky uses it freely as a period-elevated variant; it recurs throughout this chapter («чрез порог», «чрез веревку»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ткнула","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитане","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound штабс-капитан, modifies капитане","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитане","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of о (object of the question)","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повторенный","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"повторенный","lemma":"повторенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying вопрос","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ткнула","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ткнула","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняв","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"he was asking"},{"surface":"жильцов","lemma":"жилец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спрашивают","gloss":"the lodgers"},{"surface":"ткнула","lemma":"ткнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poked"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ткнула","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of ткнула","gloss":"with her finger"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ткнула (across the passage)","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ткнула","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"a door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избу","gloss":"the clean"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"part of the cottage"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c6-s25","source":"Квартира штабс-капитана действительно оказалась только простою избой.","translation":"The captain's lodgings did indeed prove to be nothing but a plain peasant room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалась только простою избой","title":"Instrumental predicate after «оказаться»","body":"«оказаться» ('to turn out to be') takes its predicate in the instrumental, like «быть/стать»: «простою избой» ('to be merely a plain cottage'). Note the archaic instrumental ending «-ою» on «простою» for modern «-ой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изба","title":"«изба» — the peasant log house","body":"An «изба» is the traditional Russian peasant log house — really its single warm main room. That the captain's family lives in a mere «изба» rented inside a townswoman's house underlines their genteel poverty: a former officer reduced to a peasant room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Квартира","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"the lodgings"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound штабс-капитана, modifies Квартира","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Квартира","gloss":"captain's"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved to be"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простою","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"простою","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избой","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"избой","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of оказалась","gloss":"peasant room"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c6-s26","source":"Алеша взялся было рукой за железную скобу, чтоб отворить дверь, как вдруг необыкновенная тишина за дверями поразила его.","translation":"Alyosha had just laid his hand on the iron latch to open the door when suddenly an extraordinary stillness behind it struck him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взялся было рукой за железную скобу","title":"The particle «было» of a checked action","body":"«взялся было» uses the unique particle «было» (unchanging) to mark an action just begun but then interrupted — 'had just started to take hold' before the stillness stops him. «взялся за … скобу» is the reflexive 'grasped the latch'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб отворить дверь","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + infinitive","body":"«чтоб» is the colloquial-short form of «чтобы», here purpose with same subject, so a bare infinitive «отворить» follows — 'in order to open the door'. «отворить» is a slightly bookish synonym of «открыть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вдруг … тишина … поразила его","title":"Narrative «как вдруг» + perfective shock","body":"«как вдруг» ('when suddenly') is the classic device for an abrupt interruption of an ongoing action; the perfective «поразила» ('struck') delivers the single jolt. Word order puts the long subject «необыкновенная тишина за дверями» before the verb for suspense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взялся","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had laid hold"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action (was about to)","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взялся","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скобу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"железную","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скобу","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"скобу","lemma":"скоба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взялся (grasped the latch)","gloss":"the latch"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взялся","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"необыкновенная","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверями","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"дверями","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause introduced by как","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c6-s27","source":"Он знал, однако, со слов Катерины Ивановны, что отставной штабс-капитан человек семейный: «Или спят все они, или, может быть, услыхали, что я пришел, и ждут, пока я отворю; лучше я снова постучусь к ним», — и он постучал.","translation":"He knew, however, from Katerina Ivanovna's account, that the retired captain was a family man: \"Either they are all asleep, or perhaps they have heard me come and are waiting for me to open; better that I knock again\" — and he knocked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или спят все они, или … услыхали … и ждут","title":"Aspect contrast: imperfective state vs perfective event","body":"Alyosha's reasoning sets imperfective states/processes («спят», «ждут» — are asleep, are waiting) against the perfective «услыхали» ('have heard', a completed event). The «или … или …» frames the alternatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше я снова постучусь","title":"Perfective future + reflexive «постучаться»","body":"«постучусь» is the perfective (simple) future — a perfective verb conjugated like a present yields future meaning: 'I'll knock'. The «-ся» here is a soft 'knock to be let in'. «лучше» functions as 'better that I…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"услыхали","title":"«услыхать» — colloquial for «услышать»","body":"«услыхали» is a colloquial/old variant of the perfective «услышали» ('heard'). Dostoevsky favours such «-ыхать» forms in inner speech, lending Alyosha's monologue a plain, spoken texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал (however)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал (source: from her words)","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of капитан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штабс","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound modifying капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (человек семейный is the predicate)","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, subject капитан","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"семейный","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first alternative clause","gloss":"are asleep"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom with быть, modifies услыхали (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second half of the idiom может быть","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"услыхали","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спят","gloss":"they've heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услыхали","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with услыхали","gloss":"are waiting"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворю","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отворю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отворю","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждут (waiting until I open)","gloss":"open [it]"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постучусь","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of постучусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постучусь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"постучусь","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause of the thought (I'll knock again)","gloss":"knock again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним»,","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним»,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of постучусь","gloss":"their door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постучал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"постучал","lemma":"постучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (and he knocked)","gloss":"knocked"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c6-s28","source":"Ответ послышался, но не сейчас, а секунд даже, может быть, десять спустя.","translation":"An answer came, but not at once — perhaps even some ten seconds later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"секунд даже, может быть, десять спустя","title":"Approximate quantity by inversion","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «секунд … десять» instead of «десять секунд» — signals approximation: 'some ten seconds or so'. After 5+ the noun is genitive plural «секунд», and «спустя» ('later') governs it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ответ послышался, но не сейчас","title":"Perfective «-ся» of onset","body":"«послышался» (perfective, reflexive) means 'came to be heard, sounded' — the «-ся» marks the sound's coming-into-being rather than a true reflexive. «но не сейчас» ('but not at once') withholds it for effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послышался","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"послышался","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with послышался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head noun, quantified by десять (unit: seconds)","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies десять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom with быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"second half of the idiom может быть","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies секунд (approximative: about ten)","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition after секунд...десять, modifies послышался (ten seconds later)","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c6-s29","source":"— Кто таков? — прокричал кто-то громким и усиленно сердитым голосом.","translation":"— Who's there? — someone shouted in a loud and forcedly angry voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кто таков?","title":"«Кто таков?» — Who is it? (emphatic)","body":"«Кто таков?» is a brusque, slightly archaic-colloquial 'Who's there? / Who might you be?', more challenging than a plain «кто там?». «таков» is the short predicative form of «такой», agreeing masculine — a gruff demand suited to the captain's forced anger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричал кто-то … голосом","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» + instrumental of manner","body":"«кто-то» is the indefinite pronoun for a specific-but-unidentified person ('someone'), built with the «-то» suffix. «громким … голосом» is the instrumental of manner — 'shouted in a loud voice'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of an elided verb (кто таков = who are you)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"таков?","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject кто","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with кто to form кто-то (someone)","gloss":"(part of 'someone')"},{"surface":"громким","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердитым","gloss":"forcedly"},{"surface":"сердитым","lemma":"сердитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with громким","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c6-s30","source":"Алеша отворил тогда дверь и шагнул чрез порог.","translation":"Alyosha then opened the door and stepped over the threshold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворил … и шагнул чрез порог","title":"Chained perfectives of sequential action","body":"Two perfectives in sequence — «отворил» ('opened') then «шагнул» ('took a step') — move the narrative forward event by event, the perfective's job against an imperfective background. Note again archaic «чрез» for «через»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шагнул","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порог","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"порог","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнул","gloss":"the threshold"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c6-s31","source":"Он очутился в избе, хотя и довольно просторной, но чрезвычайно загроможденной и людьми, и всяким домашним скарбом.","translation":"He found himself in a cottage room which, though fairly spacious, was extraordinarily cluttered, both with people and with every kind of household belonging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очутился в избе","title":"Perfective «-ся» + prepositional of place","body":"«очутился» ('found himself, ended up') is a perfective that exists only in the «-ся» form. «в избе» is prepositional after «в» for location (vs accusative for motion)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"загроможденной и людьми, и всяким … скарбом","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«загроможденной» is the past passive participle 'cluttered up', agreeing with «избе» (prepositional). What it is cluttered with stands in the instrumental — «людьми … скарбом» — the standard case for the means/agent of the filling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скарбом","title":"«скарб» — household odds and ends","body":"«скарб» is a slightly disdainful or homely word for one's accumulated household goods, chattels, junk. It paints the crowded room as cluttered with poor people's belongings rather than furniture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"a cottage room"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просторной","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просторной","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просторной","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"просторной","lemma":"просторный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"concessive clause modifying избе (though fairly spacious)","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загроможденной","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"загроможденной","lemma":"загроможденный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with просторной, modifies избе","gloss":"cluttered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of загроможденной (with people)","gloss":"with people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всяким","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies скарбом","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"домашним","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies скарбом","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"скарбом","lemma":"скарб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of загроможденной, coordinated with людьми","gloss":"belongings"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c6-s32","source":"Налево была большая русская печь.","translation":"On the left stood a big Russian stove.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Налево была большая русская печь","title":"Locative-first inversion","body":"The sentence opens with the place adverb «налево» ('on the left'), pushing the new information — «большая русская печь» — to the stressed final position. This topic-first, comment-last flow drives the methodical sweep of the room's description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"on the left"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies печь","gloss":"a big"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies печь","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"печь","lemma":"печь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"stove"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c6-s33","source":"От печи к левому окну чрез всю комнату была протянута веревка, на которой было развешено разное тряпье.","translation":"From the stove to the left-hand window, across the whole room, a rope had been stretched, on which various rags hung drying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была протянута веревка … было развешено … тряпье","title":"Two short-form passives stating a result","body":"Both «была протянута» ('had been stretched') and «было развешено» ('had been hung out') are periphrastic passives: «была/было» plus a short past passive participle, agreeing with «веревка» (fem.) and «тряпье» (neut.). They state settled results — the scene as Alyosha finds it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тряпье","title":"«тряпьё» — rags, old cloth (collective)","body":"«тряпьё» is a collective noun in «-ьё» for rags and worn-out clothing taken as a mass. The collective suffix lumps it into one shabby heap, deepening the impression of squalor."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking печи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"печи","lemma":"печь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянута","gloss":"the stove"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"левому","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окну","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянута (endpoint), coordinated with печи","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянута (across the room)","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of протянута","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"протянута","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"веревка","lemma":"верёвка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive протянута","gloss":"a rope"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развешено","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of развешено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"развешено","lemma":"развесить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on веревка","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"разное","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тряпье","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"тряпье","lemma":"тряпьё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive развешено","gloss":"rags"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c6-s34","source":"По обеим стенам налево и направо помещалось по кровати, покрытых вязаными одеялами.","translation":"Against both walls, left and right, stood a bed apiece, covered with knitted blankets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помещалось по кровати","title":"Distributive «по» + dative/object","body":"«по кровати» is the distributive «по» — 'a bed apiece, one bed to each [wall]'. With singular count nouns this construction governs the dative-like form and reads 'one each'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покрытых вязаными одеялами","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of covering","body":"«покрытых» is the past passive participle 'covered', genitive plural agreeing with «кровати» (here gen. after the numeral logic) — the covering «вязаными одеялами» ('knitted blankets') is in the instrumental, as the means of covering."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"обеим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine","role":"quantifies стенам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помещалось","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with налево","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"помещалось","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there stood"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати (distributive: one apiece)","gloss":"one apiece"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалось","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"покрытых","lemma":"покрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying кровати","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"вязаными","lemma":"вязаный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies одеялами","gloss":"knitted"},{"surface":"одеялами","lemma":"одеяло","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of покрытых","gloss":"blankets"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c6-s35","source":"На одной из них, на левой, была воздвигнута горка из четырех ситцевых подушек, одна другой меньше.","translation":"On one of them, the left, a little tower had been raised of four chintz pillows, each smaller than the last.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была воздвигнута горка","title":"Elevated passive «воздвигнута»","body":"«была воздвигнута» is a short-form passive whose verb «воздвигнуть» ('to erect, raise up') is markedly lofty — normally used of monuments. Applied to a stack of cheap pillows it is gently ironic, a 'little tower had been erected'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одна другой меньше","title":"Comparative «меньше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«одна другой меньше» is the idiom 'each smaller than the last', literally 'one [is] smaller than the other', with the standard of comparison «другой» in the genitive (genitive of comparison after the comparative «меньше», which is irregular but not suppletive)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ситцевых","title":"«ситец» — cheap printed cotton (chintz)","body":"«ситцевый» is the adjective from «ситец», an inexpensive printed cotton calico. Both the pillows here and the lady's dress (s42) are «ситцевый» — a quiet, recurring marker of the family's poverty straining after gentility."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвигнута","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking левой","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to одной (the left one)","gloss":"left one"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of воздвигнута","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"воздвигнута","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"горка","lemma":"горка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive воздвигнута","gloss":"a little tower"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies подушек","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"ситцевых","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies подушек","gloss":"chintz"},{"surface":"подушек","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies горка","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical comparison (одна другой меньше = each smaller than the last)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другая","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison with меньше (than the last one)","gloss":"than the last"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of одна (each smaller than the last)","gloss":"smaller"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c6-s36","source":"На другой же кровати, справа, виднелась лишь одна очень маленькая подушечка.","translation":"On the other bed, to the right, only a single, very small pillow could be seen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"виднелась лишь одна … подушечка","title":"Imperfective «виднеться» of passive appearance","body":"«виднелась» (imperfective, «-ся») means 'could be seen, was visible' — the «-ся» gives a middle/passive 'showed itself'. The contrastive «же» on «На другой же кровати» sets this bed against the pillow-piled one before it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подушечка","title":"«подушечка» — a little pillow (diminutive)","body":"«подушечка», the diminutive of «подушка» with «-ечк-», stresses smallness and a touch of pathos — the single 'tiny pillow' on the bare second bed, against the four-pillow tower opposite. The suffix does emotional work here, not just size."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровати","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"[emphatic particle]"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виднелась","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"справа","lemma":"справа","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виднелась (to the right)","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"виднелась","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be seen"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies подушечка","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленькая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подушечка","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"подушечка","lemma":"подушечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виднелась","gloss":"pillow"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c6-s37","source":"Далее в переднем углу было небольшое место, отгороженное занавеской или простыней, тоже перекинутою чрез веревку, протянутую поперек угла.","translation":"Beyond, in the front corner, there was a small space partitioned off by a curtain or a sheet, likewise thrown over a rope strung across the corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отгороженное занавеской … перекинутою чрез веревку","title":"Stacked passive participles","body":"Two past passive participles modify the space: «отгороженное» ('partitioned off') agreeing neuter with «место», and «перекинутою» ('thrown over', archaic instr. «-ою») agreeing with «простыней». The means of partitioning — «занавеской», «простыней» — is instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"Further on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"переднем","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"небольшое","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"отгороженное","lemma":"отгородить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying место","gloss":"partitioned off"},{"surface":"занавеской","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отгороженное","gloss":"by a curtain"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"простыней","lemma":"простыня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with занавеской","gloss":"a sheet"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекинутою","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"перекинутою","lemma":"перекинуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective (archaic -ою ending)","role":"modifies занавеской","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веревку","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"веревку","lemma":"верёвка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекинутою","gloss":"a rope"},{"surface":"протянутую","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying веревку","gloss":"strung"},{"surface":"поперек","lemma":"поперёк","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянутую","gloss":"the corner"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c6-s38","source":"За этою занавеской тоже примечалась сбоку устроенная на лавке и на приставленном к ней стуле постель.","translation":"Behind this curtain one could also make out, off to the side, a bed laid out on a bench and on a chair drawn up against it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"примечалась … устроенная … постель","title":"Imperfective «-ся» + embedded passive participle","body":"«примечалась» (imperfective «-ся», 'could be made out') frames the appearance; inside, «устроенная» is a past passive participle 'made up, arranged', agreeing with «постель» (fem.) and built up from «на лавке и на … стуле»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лавке","title":"«лавка» — the fixed wall-bench","body":"A «лавка» in a peasant izba was a long bench built into the wall, used for sitting, working, and sleeping. That a bed is improvised on a «лавка» and a drawn-up chair shows the family bedding down wherever the cramped room allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"Behind"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic -ою ending)","role":"determiner of занавеской","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"занавеской","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примечалась","gloss":"curtain"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примечалась","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"примечалась","lemma":"примечаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive/middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be made out"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примечалась","gloss":"off to the side"},{"surface":"устроенная","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying постель","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроенная","gloss":"a bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"приставленном","lemma":"приставленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies стуле","gloss":"drawn up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставленном","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лавке","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of примечалась","gloss":"a bed"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c6-s39","source":"Простой деревянный четырехугольный мужицкий стол был отодвинут из переднего угла к серединному окошку.","translation":"A plain wooden, four-cornered peasant table had been shoved out of the front corner toward the middle window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стол был отодвинут … к … окошку","title":"Short-form passive of a settled result","body":"«был отодвинут» is the periphrastic passive — «был» plus short participle of «отодвинуть» ('moved aside') — stating the table's resulting position. Note «к … окошку» (dative after «к», motion toward)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужицкий","title":"«мужицкий» — peasant-style, of a muzhik","body":"«мужицкий» is the adjective from «мужик» ('peasant man'), here meaning a rough, plain, peasant-made table. The word carries a faint social condescension, befitting the narrator's eye and the captain's reduced circumstances."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простой","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"четырехугольный","lemma":"четырехугольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"four-cornered"},{"surface":"мужицкий","lemma":"мужицкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стол","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive отодвинут","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отодвинут","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"отодвинут","lemma":"отодвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"переднего","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угла","gloss":"the front"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отодвинут","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"серединному","lemma":"серединный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окошку","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"окошку","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отодвинут","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c6-s40","source":"Все три окна, каждое в четыре мелкие, зеленые, заплесневшие стекла, были очень тусклы и наглухо заперты, так что в комнате было довольно душно и не так светло.","translation":"All three windows, each made of four small, green, mildewed panes, were very dim and shut fast, so that the room was rather close and not very light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были … тусклы и наглухо заперты","title":"Short adjective + short passive participle predicate","body":"The window-panes are described with predicative short forms: «тусклы» (short of «тусклый», 'dim') and «заперты» (short passive participle of «запереть», 'shut fast'). Short forms are the bookish, predicative norm for such states in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так … душно … не так светло","title":"Impersonal predicatives «душно / светло»","body":"«было … душно» and «не так светло» are impersonal: invariable predicatives with neuter «было» and no nominative subject — 'it was stuffy / not so light in the room'. The result clause «так что» links it to the sealed windows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of окна","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on окна","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of тусклы and заперты","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"каждое","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to окна","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стекла","gloss":"made of"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies стекла","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"мелкие","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies стекла","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"зеленые","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with мелкие","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"заплесневшие","lemma":"заплесневеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелкие","gloss":"mildewed"},{"surface":"стекла","lemma":"стекло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition в, describing каждое","gloss":"panes"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тусклы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тусклы","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тусклы","lemma":"тусклый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"dim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наглухо","lemma":"наглухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперты","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"заперты","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with тусклы","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to душно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies душно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"душно","lemma":"душно","morphology":"predicate adverb/adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"stuffy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светло","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло","morphology":"predicate adverb/adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with душно","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c6-s41","source":"На столе стояла сковорода с остатками глазной яичницы, лежал надъеденный ломоть хлеба и, сверх того, находился полуштоф со слабыми остатками земных благ лишь на донушке.","translation":"On the table stood a frying pan with the remains of a fried egg, a gnawed crust of bread lay beside it, and, on top of that, there was a half-bottle with the meager dregs of earthly goods left only at the very bottom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояла сковорода … лежал … ломоть … находился полуштоф","title":"Three verbs of position, perfectly chosen","body":"Russian fastidiously matches the verb to a thing's posture: «стояла» (the pan stands), «лежал» (the crust lies flat), «находился» (the bottle is located). All three are imperfective, painting the static still-life on the table."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полуштоф","title":"«полуштоф» — a half-shtof bottle of spirits","body":"A «штоф» was an old measure of vodka (about 1.23 litres) and the squat bottle holding it; a «полуштоф» is the half-size bottle. The detail quietly tells us the captain drinks — the bottle nearly empty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со слабыми остатками земных благ … на донушке","title":"Mock-solemn «земные блага» + diminutive «донушко»","body":"«земные блага» ('earthly goods/blessings') is a lofty, almost scriptural phrase ironically applied to the dregs of vodka, while «на донушке» (diminutive of «дно», 'at the wee bottom') tenderly mocks how little is left. The clash of registers is Dostoevsky's bitter-comic touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"сковорода","lemma":"сковорода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"a frying pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остатками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"остатками","lemma":"остаток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сковорода","gloss":"the remains"},{"surface":"глазной","lemma":"глазной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies яичницы","gloss":"fried"},{"surface":"яичницы","lemma":"яичница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies остатками","gloss":"eggs"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"надъеденный","lemma":"надъесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies ломоть","gloss":"half-eaten"},{"surface":"ломоть","lemma":"ломоть","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"crust"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ломоть","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"on top of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"полуштоф","lemma":"полуштоф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"a half-bottle"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остатками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слабыми","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies остатками","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"остатками","lemma":"остаток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полуштоф","gloss":"dregs"},{"surface":"земных","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies остатками","gloss":"of goods"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies донушке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking донушке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"донушке","lemma":"донышко","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies остатками","gloss":"the very bottom"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c6-s42","source":"Возле левой кровати на стуле помещалась женщина, похожая на даму, одетая в ситцевое платье.","translation":"Beside the left-hand bed, on a chair, sat a woman who looked like a lady, dressed in a chintz gown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помещалась женщина, похожая на даму","title":"Imperfective «-ся» + short-form «похожая»","body":"«помещалась» (imperfective «-ся») here just means 'was situated, sat'. «похожая на даму» — 'resembling a lady' — uses «похожий» governing «на» plus accusative, the fixed pattern for 'similar to'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похожая на даму","title":"«дама» vs «женщина» — a lady, not just a woman","body":"The narrator pointedly calls her «женщина, похожая на даму» — a woman who only looks like a «дама», a lady of the cultivated classes. The careful distinction signals her clinging to a gentility her surroundings have stripped away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возле","lemma":"возле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"Beside"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровати","gloss":"the left-hand"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалась","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалась","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"помещалась","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive/middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помещалась","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"похожая","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying женщина","gloss":"who looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даму","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожая","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"одетая","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying женщина","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ситцевое","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"a chintz"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетая","gloss":"gown"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c6-s43","source":"Она была очень худа лицом, желтая; чрезвычайно впалые щеки ее свидетельствовали с первого раза о ее болезненном состоянии.","translation":"Her face was very thin, yellow; her exceedingly sunken cheeks bore witness at the first glance to her sickly condition.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она была очень худа лицом, желтая","title":"Short adjective «худа» + instrumental of respect","body":"«худа» is the predicative short form of «худой» ('thin'), and «лицом» is an instrumental of respect — 'thin in the face'. The bookish short adjective stresses a state; «желтая» reverts to the long form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впалые щеки … свидетельствовали … о ее … состоянии","title":"Imperfective testimony + «о» + prepositional","body":"«свидетельствовали» (imperfective, 'bore witness') governs «о» plus the prepositional «о … состоянии» ('to her condition'). The verb is bookish and faintly forensic, fitting the narrator's clinical gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of худа","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to худа","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies худа","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"худа","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of худа","gloss":"in face"},{"surface":"желтая","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with худа","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впалые","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"впалые","lemma":"впалый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies щеки","gloss":"sunken"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of свидетельствовали","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of щеки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"свидетельствовали","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"bore witness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовали","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"болезненном","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовали","gloss":"condition"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c6-s44","source":"Но всего более поразил Алешу взгляд бедной дамы — взгляд чрезвычайно вопросительный и в то же время ужасно надменный.","translation":"But what struck Alyosha most of all was the gaze of the poor lady — a gaze exceedingly questioning and at the same time terribly haughty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего более поразил Алешу взгляд","title":"Object-first inversion for the comment","body":"The sentence fronts «всего более поразил Алешу» ('most of all struck Alyosha') and delays the real subject «взгляд» ('the gaze') to the end, where the new, weighty information lands. Free word order lets the syntax build to the revelation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопросительный и … надменный","title":"Superlative-of-degree with «чрезвычайно / ужасно»","body":"The two long-form adjectives «вопросительный» ('questioning') and «надменный» ('haughty') are each amplified by an intensifying adverb («чрезвычайно», «ужасно» = 'terribly'). «ужасно' here is bleached to mere intensifier, not literal horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle (idiom всего более 'most of all')","role":"modifies более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"the gaze"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"of the poor"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to взгляд (subject)","gloss":"a gaze"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросительный","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"вопросительный","lemma":"вопросительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд (apposition)","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то (idiom в то же время)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying надменный","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надменный","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"надменный","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вопросительный","gloss":"haughty"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c6-s45","source":"И до тех пор пока дама не заговорила сама и пока объяснялся Алеша с хозяином, она всё время так же надменно и вопросительно переводила свои большие карие глаза с одного говорившего на другого.","translation":"And until the lady herself spoke, and while Alyosha was explaining himself to the master of the house, she kept turning her large brown eyes from one speaker to the other, just as haughtily and questioningly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до тех пор пока … не заговорила … и пока объяснялся Алеша","title":"Temporal «до тех пор пока … не» (until)","body":"«до тех пор, пока … не …» is the 'until' construction; the «не» is grammatical, not a true negation — 'until the lady herself spoke'. «заговорила» is perfective (the onset of speech), against the imperfective «объяснялся» ('was explaining himself', durative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переводила свои большие карие глаза","title":"Imperfective iterative + reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«переводила» (imperfective) renders the repeated, habitual shifting of her gaze 'all the while'. «свои» is the reflexive possessive — her own eyes — agreeing in accusative plural with «глаза»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom до тех пор пока 'until')","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорила","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заговорила","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дама (emphatic)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснялся","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"объяснялся","lemma":"объясняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive/middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second temporal clause","gloss":"was explaining himself"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяином","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хозяином","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснялся","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переводила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of переводила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надменно","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"надменно","lemma":"надменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переводила","gloss":"haughtily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вопросительно","lemma":"вопросительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переводила","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"переводила","lemma":"переводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept turning"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"карие","lemma":"карий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of переводила","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking говорившего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies говорившего","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"говорившего","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective (used substantively)","role":"oblique complement of переводила","gloss":"speaker"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (used substantively)","role":"coordinated with говорившего, oblique complement of переводила","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c6-s46","source":"Подле этой дамы у левого окошка стояла молодая девушка с довольно некрасивым лицом, с рыженькими жиденькими волосами, бедно, хотя и весьма опрятно одетая.","translation":"Beside this lady, by the left-hand window, stood a young girl with a rather plain face, with thin reddish hair, poorly though very neatly dressed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с рыженькими жиденькими волосами","title":"Diminutive adjectives «рыженькие / жиденькие»","body":"The «-еньк-» suffix on «рыженькие» ('reddish') and «жиденькие» ('thin, sparse') softens and belittles — thin wispy hair seen with a mix of pity and faint distaste. Diminutive adjectives carry feeling, not size, and pervade Dostoevsky's portraiture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бедно, хотя и весьма опрятно одетая","title":"Past passive participle + concessive adverbs","body":"«одетая» is the past passive participle 'dressed', agreeing with «девушка»; the adverbs «бедно … хотя и … опрятно» ('poorly, though very neatly') modify it, the «хотя и» conceding the contrast — poverty kept tidy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дамы","gloss":"Beside"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дамы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"левого","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окошка","gloss":"the left-hand"},{"surface":"окошка","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"a young"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies некрасивым","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"некрасивым","lemma":"некрасивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыженькими","lemma":"рыженький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"жиденькими","lemma":"жиденький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with рыженькими","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лицом","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"бедно","lemma":"бедно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетая","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of одетая","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опрятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"опрятно","lemma":"опрятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетая","gloss":"neatly"},{"surface":"одетая","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies девушка, coordinated with бедно","gloss":"dressed"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c6-s47","source":"Она брезгливо осматривала вошедшего Алешу.","translation":"She surveyed the newly entered Alyosha with disgust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осматривала вошедшего Алешу","title":"Imperfective scrutiny + past active participle","body":"«осматривала» (imperfective, 'was looking over') gives the lingering, contemptuous survey. «вошедшего» is the past active participle of «войти» ('having entered'), agreeing with «Алешу» in animate accusative — 'Alyosha, who had just come in'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брезгливо","title":"«брезгливо» — with fastidious disgust","body":"«брезгливо» conveys a squeamish, contemptuous disgust, as at something physically distasteful. Aimed at the gentle Alyosha, it marks Varvara's prickly, wounded pride — the family's «надрыв» (laceration) of the chapter title made visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осматривала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"брезгливо","lemma":"брезгливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осматривала","gloss":"with disgust"},{"surface":"осматривала","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surveyed"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"newly entered"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осматривала","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c6-s48","source":"Направо, тоже у постели, сидело и еще одно женское существо.","translation":"To the right, also by the bed, sat yet another female creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидело … еще одно женское существо","title":"Neuter agreement with «существо»","body":"The verb «сидело» is neuter to agree with «существо» ('being, creature'), a neuter noun, even though a young woman is meant. The «и еще» ('yet one more') and the distancing word «существо» foreshadow the pathos of the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидело","gloss":"To the right"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидело","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидело","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"сидело","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies существо","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"женское","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сидело","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c6-s49","source":"Это было очень жалкое создание, молодая тоже девушка, лет двадцати, но горбатая и безногая, с отсохшими, как сказали потом Алеше, ногами.","translation":"It was a very pitiful being, also a young girl, about twenty, but hunchbacked and legless, with withered legs, as Alyosha was told afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет двадцати","title":"Approximate age «лет двадцати»","body":"«лет двадцати» means 'of about twenty years', a genitive-of-quantity phrase used for approximate age. «лет» is the suppletive genitive plural of «год» used after numerals, and the inversion (noun before number) gives the 'about' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с отсохшими … ногами","title":"Past active participle «отсохший»","body":"«отсохшими» is the past active participle of «отсохнуть» ('to wither away'), instrumental plural after «с», agreeing with «ногами» — 'with withered legs'. The parenthetical «как сказали потом Алеше» flags the narrator's later knowledge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to создание","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалкое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жалкое","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies создание","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"создание","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to создание","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горбатая","lemma":"горбатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодая","gloss":"hunchbacked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безногая","lemma":"безногий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with горбатая","gloss":"legless"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отсохшими","lemma":"отсохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies ногами","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was told"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказали","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of с, describing создание","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c6-s50","source":"Костыли ее стояли подле, в углу, между кроватью и стеной.","translation":"Her crutches stood nearby, in the corner, between the bed and the wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Костыли ее стояли подле","title":"Possessive «её» + imperfective position","body":"«её» is the invariable third-person possessive ('her'), a frozen genitive pronoun that never agrees — contrast the agreeing «свои» elsewhere. «стояли» (imperfective) sets the crutches standing in their corner as a fixed detail."}],"words":[{"surface":"Костыли","lemma":"костыль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"Crutches"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Костыли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кроватью","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"кроватью","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стеной","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кроватью","gloss":"the wall"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c6-s51","source":"Замечательно прекрасные и добрые глаза бедной девушки с какою-то спокойною кротостью поглядели на Алешу.","translation":"The poor girl's remarkably beautiful and kind eyes looked at Alyosha with a certain quiet gentleness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то спокойною кротостью поглядели","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental of manner","body":"«какою-то» is the indefinite determiner 'some kind of', with «-то» marking a specific-but-undefined quality, in the archaic instrumental «-ою». The whole phrase «с … кротостью» is instrumental of manner — 'with a certain quiet gentleness'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кротостью","title":"«кротость» — meekness, gentle humility","body":"«кротость» ('meekness, gentleness') is a quietly spiritual word in Dostoevsky's lexicon, the Gospel virtue of the 'meek' (кроткие). Set in the disfigured, suffering girl, it marks her as one of the novel's hidden bearers of grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекрасные","gloss":"Remarkably"},{"surface":"прекрасные","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with прекрасные","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поглядели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"girl's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кротостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic -ою ending)","role":"modifies кротостью","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun with какою","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"спокойною","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic -ою ending)","role":"modifies кротостью","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"кротостью","lemma":"кротость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядели","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"поглядели","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядели","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c6-s52","source":"За столом, кончая яичницу, сидел господин лет сорока пяти, невысокого роста, сухощавый, слабого сложения, рыжеватый, с рыженькою редкою бородкой, весьма похожею на растрепанную мочалку (это сравнение и особенно слово «мочалка» так и сверкнули почему-то с первого же взгляда в уме Алеши, он это потом припомнил).","translation":"At the table, finishing the fried egg, sat a gentleman of about forty-five, short of stature, lean, of feeble build, sandy-haired, with a thin little reddish beard very much like a bedraggled wisp of bast (this comparison, and especially the word \"wisp\", somehow flashed into Alyosha's mind at the first glance — he recalled it afterward).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончая яичницу, сидел господин","title":"Present gerund of attendant action","body":"«кончая» is the present gerund of «кончать» ('finishing'), a simultaneous attendant action sharing the captain's subject — 'sat … finishing the fried egg'. The string of adjectives that follows characterises him in one breathless sweep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет сорока пяти","title":"Approximate age with compound numeral","body":"«лет сорока пяти» = 'of about forty-five years'; the whole numeral «сорока пяти» stands in the genitive (governed by the age-construction), and «лет» is the genitive plural counting-form of «год»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похожею на растрепанную мочалку","title":"«похожий на» + accusative simile","body":"«похожею … на … мочалку» — 'similar to a … wisp of bast' — uses «похожий» governing «на» + accusative, the archaic instr. «-ою» agreeing with «бородкой». The diminutive «бородкой» (little beard) deepens the comic shabbiness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мочалка","title":"«мочалка» — a wisp of bast/tow","body":"A «мочалка» is a loose, stringy washing-sponge made from the inner bark (bast) of a lime tree, frayed and shaggy. Comparing the captain's thin beard to a «мочалка» makes him look ragged and shabby — we render it 'a wisp of bast.' The word recurs as a running insult tied to Dmitri's earlier assault on the captain, when he dragged him by the beard."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"кончая","lemma":"кончать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"finishing"},{"surface":"яичницу","lemma":"яичница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончая","gloss":"the fried egg"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"a gentleman"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of numeral сорок пять, quantifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of numeral сорок пять, quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"невысокого","lemma":"невысокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive genitive modifying господин","gloss":"of stature"},{"surface":"сухощавый","lemma":"сухощавый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин (in apposition)","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"слабого","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сложения","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"descriptive genitive modifying господин","gloss":"of build"},{"surface":"рыжеватый","lemma":"рыжеватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин (in apposition)","gloss":"sandy-haired"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыженькою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыженькою","lemma":"рыженький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"редкою","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рыженькою, modifies бородкой","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"бородкой","lemma":"бородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"descriptive phrase modifying господин","gloss":"little beard"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похожею","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"похожею","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"растрепанную","lemma":"растрёпанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мочалку","gloss":"bedraggled"},{"surface":"мочалку","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похожею","gloss":"wisp of bast"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сравнение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сравнение","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сверкнули","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сравнение","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to слово","gloss":"\"wisp\""},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкнули, part of так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сверкнули","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкнули, part of почему-то","gloss":"somehow","note":"почему-то (\"for some reason\") is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкнули","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкнули","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сверкнули","gloss":"recalled"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c6-s53","source":"Очевидно, этот самый господин и крикнул из-за двери: «кто таков», так как другого мужчины в комнате не было.","translation":"Evidently it was this very gentleman who had shouted from behind the door, \"Who's there\", since there was no other man in the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как другого мужчины … не было","title":"Causal «так как» + genitive of negation","body":"«так как» ('since, because') opens the causal clause; inside it, the negated existential «не было» takes its subject in the genitive — «другого мужчины … не было» ('there was no other man'). This obligatory genitive with «не было» is among the case's most characteristic jobs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying крикнул","gloss":"Evidently"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господин","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying крикнул","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking двери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marking двери","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто (quoted speech)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как, introduces the clause of было","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужчины","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мужчины","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c6-s54","source":"Но когда Алеша вошел, он словно сорвался со скамьи, на которой сидел за столом, и, наскоро обтираясь дырявою салфеткой, подлетел к Алеше.","translation":"But when Alyosha came in, he seemed to tear himself from the bench on which he had been sitting at the table, and, hastily wiping himself with a tattered napkin, darted up to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он словно сорвался … и … подлетел к Алеше","title":"Perfective lurch + prefixed motion verb","body":"«сорвался» ('tore himself away', perfective «-ся») and «подлетел» ('darted up to') drive the captain's sudden movement. «подлетел» is a prefixed verb of motion: «под-» (approach) on «лететь», now an ordinary perfective taking «к Алеше» (dative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наскоро обтираясь дырявою салфеткой","title":"Present gerund «-ся» + instrumental tool","body":"«обтираясь» is the present gerund of reflexive «обтираться» ('wiping oneself'), a simultaneous action; «дырявою салфеткой» (archaic instr. «-ою») is the instrument of wiping — 'with a tattered napkin'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сорвался","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies сорвался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore himself away"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамьи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скамьи","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on скамьи","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обтираясь","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"обтираясь","lemma":"обтираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подлетел","gloss":"wiping himself"},{"surface":"дырявою","lemma":"дырявый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies салфеткой","gloss":"tattered"},{"surface":"салфеткой","lemma":"салфетка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обтираясь","gloss":"napkin"},{"surface":"подлетел","lemma":"подлететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвался","gloss":"darted up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подлетел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c6-s55","source":"— Монах на монастырь просит, знал к кому прийти! — громко между тем проговорила стоявшая в левом углу девица.","translation":"— A monk begging for the monastery; he knew whose door to come to! — the girl standing in the left corner said loudly in the meantime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявшая в левом углу девица","title":"Past active participle as attributive","body":"«стоявшая» is the past active participle of «стоять» ('standing'), agreeing with «девица», condensing 'the girl who was standing in the left corner' into a single modifier placed before its noun — typical literary compression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просит","gloss":"A monk","note":"Surface carries a leftover   HTML-entity fragment from the source markup; the word itself is монах, \"monk\"."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просит","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is begging"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просит","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"прийти!","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to come","note":"Surface carries a leftover   HTML-entity fragment; the word itself is the infinitive прийти, \"to come\"."},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем, modifies проговорила","gloss":"the meantime"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"стоявшая","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying девица","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"левом","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшая","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c6-s56","source":"Но господин, подбежавший к Алеше, мигом повернулся к ней на каблуках и взволнованным срывающимся каким-то голосом ей ответил:","translation":"But the gentleman who had run up to Alyosha spun round on his heels to her at once and answered her in an agitated, breaking sort of voice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подбежавший к Алеше … повернулся к ней на каблуках","title":"Prefixed motion participle + perfective spin","body":"«подбежавший» is the past active participle of the prefixed motion verb «подбежать» ('having run up to'), agreeing with «господин». The main verb «повернулся» (perfective «-ся», 'turned, spun round') governs «к ней» (dative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взволнованным срывающимся … голосом","title":"Participles as adjectives in the instrumental of manner","body":"The manner phrase «… голосом» is instrumental; modifying «голосом» are two participles turned adjective — «взволнованным» (past passive, 'agitated') and «срывающимся» (present active «-ся», 'breaking') — agreeing in instrumental. Participles routinely lexicalise into descriptive adjectives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"подбежавший","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying господин","gloss":"who had run up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подбежавший","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spun round"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каблуках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каблуках","lemma":"каблук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"his heels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взволнованным","lemma":"взволнованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"срывающимся","lemma":"срываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взволнованным, modifies голосом","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом, part of каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c6-s57","source":"— Нет-с, Варвара Николавна, это не то-с, не угадали-с!","translation":"— No, sir, Varvara Nikolavna, that's not it, sir, you've guessed wrong, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нет-с … это не то-с … не угадали-с","title":"The servile particle «-с» (slovoers)","body":"The clitic «-с», tacked onto words throughout the captain's speech («нет-с», «не то-с», «вас-с»), is the «словоерс» — a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') once used to mark deference. By Dostoevsky's day it signals obsequious, self-abasing servility; the captain's fawning «-с» is a key to his cringing wounded pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negative reply, main predication","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"The archaic clitic -с (from сударь) is a deferential speech tic, split into its own token by the tagger; it renders roughly as \"sir.\""},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to the girl","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николавна","lemma":"Николавна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара (patronymic)","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to то","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угадали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"угадали","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate, parallel to то","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to угадали","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c6-s58","source":"Позвольте спросить в свою очередь, — вдруг опять повернулся он к Алеше, — что побудило вас-с посетить… эти недра-с?","translation":"Allow me to ask in my turn — he suddenly turned back to Alyosha — what has prompted you, sir, to visit… these depths, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте спросить … что побудило вас","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте» + infinitive","body":"«Позвольте спросить» ('Allow me to ask') is the polite plural imperative of «позволить» plus an infinitive — a formal request formula. «что побудило вас» then uses the perfective «побудило' ('prompted') with «вас» in the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эти недра-с","title":"«недра» — depths, bowels (ironic)","body":"«недра» normally means the depths of the earth or its mineral 'bowels' — a grandiose word the captain wields ironically for his squalid room ('these depths, sir'). Capped with the cringing «-с», it shows him performing his own humiliation with bitter wit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Allow me"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"очередь,","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"turn","note":"Surface carries trailing comma and a leftover   fragment; the word itself is очередь, \"turn.\""},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Alyosha","note":"Surface carries trailing comma and a leftover   fragment."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побудило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"побудило","lemma":"побудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of побудило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to вас","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"посетить","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побудило","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of недра","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"недра","lemma":"недра","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of посетить","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to недра","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c6-s59","source":"Алеша внимательно смотрел на него, он в первый раз этого человека видел.","translation":"Alyosha looked at him attentively; he was seeing this man for the first time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он в первый раз этого человека видел","title":"Imperfective «видел» of a first-time experience","body":"The imperfective «видел» ('was seeing / saw') states the general fact that Alyosha was setting eyes on the man for the first time. Note «этого человека» — animate masculine accusative borrowing the genitive form, and word order placing the object before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"was seeing"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c6-s60","source":"Было в нем что-то угловатое, спешащее и раздражительное.","translation":"There was something angular about him, hurried and irritable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было в нем что-то угловатое","title":"Existential «было … что-то» + neuter agreement","body":"The sentence leads with the existential «было» and places the indefinite «что-то» ('something') as subject, all its modifiers («угловатое, спешащее, раздражительное») neuter to agree. «спешащее» is a present active participle ('hurrying') used adjectivally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"There was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то, subject of Было","gloss":"something","note":"что-то (\"something\") is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, subject of Было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"угловатое","lemma":"угловатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"angular"},{"surface":"спешащее","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with угловатое","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительное","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with угловатое","gloss":"irritable"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c6-s61","source":"Хотя он очевидно сейчас выпил, но пьян не был.","translation":"Though he had evidently just had a drink, he was not drunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя… но","title":"The concessive «хотя… но» pair","body":"Russian often props a «хотя» ('although') clause with a resuming «но» in the main clause — a redundant pair by English logic, but standard here. The «но» is not 'but' so much as the hinge that closes the concession: 'though he had drunk, still he was not drunk.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пьян не был","title":"Short adjective «пьян» and its word order","body":"«пьян» is the predicative short form of «пьяный» (drunk), the form Russian uses with «быть» to state a passing condition. The order «пьян не был» (rather than «не был пьян») throws the weight onto «пьян» — drunk he was not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выпил","gloss":"Though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпил","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"had a drink"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьян","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c6-s62","source":"Лицо его изображало какую-то крайнюю наглость и в то же время — странно это было — видимую трусость.","translation":"His face wore a kind of extreme insolence and, at the same time — strange as it was — a visible cowardice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какую-то крайнюю наглость","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» softening the noun","body":"The clitic «-то» on «какой» yields 'a kind of, some sort of' — a specific-but-unpinned quality. Dostoevsky leans on «какой-то» constantly to give descriptions an air of the not-quite-graspable; here it hedges 'a kind of extreme insolence.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо его изображало","title":"Possessive after the noun: «лицо его»","body":"The frozen genitive pronoun «его» ('his') normally precedes its noun, but the bookish post-nominal order «лицо его» ('his face') lends a faintly elevated, narratorial cadence common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наглость","title":"«наглость» — brazen insolence","body":"«наглость» is in-your-face effrontery, shamelessness — stronger than mere rudeness. Paired here with «трусость» (cowardice), it sketches the captain's whole jangled character in two abstract nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изображало","gloss":"His face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изображало","lemma":"изображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наглость, part of какую-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какую-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"крайнюю","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наглость","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"наглость","lemma":"наглость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изображало","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase в то же время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в то же время","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, part of в то же время","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal phrase modifying the clause","gloss":"time","note":"Surface carries a leftover   fragment; the word itself is время, \"time.\""},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies было","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"was","note":"Surface carries a leftover   fragment; the word itself is было, \"was.\""},{"surface":"видимую","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трусость","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"трусость","lemma":"трусость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with наглость, second direct object of изображало","gloss":"cowardice"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c6-s63","source":"Он похож был на человека, долгое время подчинявшегося и натерпевшегося, но который бы вдруг вскочил и захотел заявить себя.","translation":"He looked like a man who had long submitted and endured much, but who might suddenly leap up and want to assert himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долгое время подчинявшегося и натерпевшегося","title":"Past active participles in apposition","body":"«подчинявшегося» (who had been submitting) and «натерпевшегося» (who had endured much) are past active participles in the genitive, agreeing with «человека». They compress two whole «который»-clauses into adjectives — a hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бы вдруг вскочил и захотел","title":"«который бы» — the hypothetical relative","body":"Here the relative «который» carries the particle «бы», so the relative clause turns conditional: 'a man who might suddenly leap up.' «вскочил» and «захотел» are past-form perfectives made irrealis by «бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"натерпевшегося","title":"«натерпеться» — to have suffered one's fill","body":"The prefix «на-» plus reflexive «-ся» on «терпеть» (to endure) gives 'to have endured a great deal, had more than enough of it.' The form bundles long suffering into a single saturated verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похож","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate with был","gloss":"looked like"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, forms predicate with похож","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчинявшегося (duration)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"подчинявшегося","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"who had submitted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"натерпевшегося","lemma":"натерпеться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with подчинявшегося","gloss":"endured much"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of вскочил","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of который clause","gloss":"might leap up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to assert"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of заявить","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c6-s64","source":"Или, еще лучше, на человека, которому ужасно бы хотелось вас ударить, но который ужасно боится, что вы его ударите.","translation":"Or, better still, like a man who would dearly love to strike you, but who is dreadfully afraid that you will strike him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому ужасно бы хотелось вас ударить","title":"Dative experiencer with «хотелось бы»","body":"«хотеться» is impersonal: the wanter goes in the dative («которому») and the verb stays neuter. With «бы» it becomes 'would dearly love to.' No nominative subject does the wanting — the desire simply happens to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боится, что вы его ударите","title":"Reflexive «бояться» plus a «что»-clause","body":"«боится» is from «бояться», a verb existing only in the «-ся» form. Note that the feared future event «вы его ударите» (you will strike him) uses a plain «что»-clause, not «чтобы» — it reports a feared fact, not a wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (continues previous sentence)","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, continuing похож...на from the previous sentence","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человека","gloss":"would love"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ударить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ударить","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to strike"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотелось, relative clause on человека","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ударите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ударите","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боится","gloss":"will strike"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c6-s65","source":"В речах его и в интонации довольно пронзительного голоса слышался какой-то юродливый юмор, то злой, то робеющий, не выдерживающий тона и срывающийся.","translation":"In his speech and in the intonation of his rather shrill voice there was a kind of crackpot humor, now spiteful, now timid, unable to hold its pitch and breaking off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышался какой-то юродливый юмор","title":"Middle «-ся»: «слышался»","body":"«слышался» (from «слышаться») is the middle-voice «-ся» form: the humor 'made itself heard / could be heard,' with no one doing the hearing named. The grammatical subject «юмор» follows the verb, the new information landing last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то злой, то робеющий, не выдерживающий тона и срывающийся","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"«робеющий» (growing timid), «выдерживающий» (holding), «срывающийся» (breaking off) are present active participles agreeing with «юмор», stacked into one breathless modifier-chain. The «то… то…» correlative ('now… now…') swings the humor between moods."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юродливый","title":"«юродливый» — holy-fool-ish, crackpot","body":"From «юродивый», the Russian 'holy fool' (the Christ-mad beggar-prophet of Orthodox tradition), the adjective here means something like 'antic, half-cracked, clownishly off-key.' It tags the captain's humor as the unsettling laughter of a man not quite right."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"речах","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышался","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интонации","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"интонации","lemma":"интонация","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышался","gloss":"the intonation"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пронзительного","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"пронзительного","lemma":"пронзительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"shrill"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies интонации","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"слышался","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be heard"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юмор, part of какой-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"юродливый","lemma":"юродливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юмор","gloss":"crackpot"},{"surface":"юмор","lemma":"юмор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышался","gloss":"humor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"correlative conjunction (то...то), pairs with the second то","gloss":"now","note":"то...то is a correlative construction meaning \"now...now\" / \"at times...at other times.\""},{"surface":"злой","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юмор (predicative)","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"correlative conjunction (то...то)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"робеющий","lemma":"робеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with злой","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдерживающий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдерживающий","lemma":"выдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with злой","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"тона","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдерживающий","gloss":"pitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"срывающийся","lemma":"срываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выдерживающий","gloss":"breaking off"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c6-s66","source":"Вопрос о «недрах» задал он как бы весь дрожа, выпучив глаза и подскочив к Алеше до того в упор, что тот машинально сделал шаг назад.","translation":"He put the question about the \"depths\" as though trembling all over, his eyes bulging, having sprung up so close, right in Alyosha's face, that the latter mechanically took a step back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы весь дрожа, выпучив глаза и подскочив","title":"Gerunds of attendant circumstance","body":"Three «деепричастия» pin the manner of his asking: imperfective «дрожа» (trembling, simultaneous) versus perfective «выпучив» (having bulged) and «подскочив» (having sprung up, prior/completed). All share the main subject 'he.' «как бы» ('as if') hedges the whole performance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того в упор, что","title":"«до того…, что» — degree result clause","body":"«до того… что» sets up a 'so much that' result: he sprang up so close (in his face) that Alyosha stepped back. «в упор» means 'point-blank, right up against.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задал","gloss":"The question"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недрах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"недрах","lemma":"недра","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Вопрос","gloss":"the \"depths\""},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies дрожа","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дрожа (adverbial, \"all over\")","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"дрожа","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задал","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"выпучив","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on задал","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпучив","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подскочив","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпучив","gloss":"having sprung up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочив","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочив","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c6-s67","source":"Одет был этот господин в темное, весьма плохое, какое-то нанковое пальто, заштопанное и в пятнах.","translation":"This gentleman was dressed in a dark, very poor sort of nankeen overcoat, darned and stained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одет был этот господин в… пальто","title":"Fronted short passive participle «одет»","body":"«одет» is the short-form past passive participle of «одеть» (to dress), here the 'was dressed' of a periphrastic passive with «был». Putting it first — «Одет был…» — foregrounds his get-up before we even reach the man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нанковое","title":"«нанка» — nankeen cloth","body":"«нанковое» is the adjective from «нанка», nankeen — a cheap yellowish cotton (named for Nanking) once used for summer wear. By Dostoevsky's day it signaled threadbare poverty and being years behind the fashion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заштопанное и в пятнах","title":"Participle and prepositional phrase as predicate adjectives","body":"«заштопанное» (darned) is a past passive participle agreeing with neuter «пальто»; «в пятнах» ('in spots/stains') is a bare prepositional phrase doing the same descriptive job. Russian freely pairs a participle with a preposition-phrase to qualify a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"Dressed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господин","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Одет","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темное","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темное","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плохое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"плохое","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with темное","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальто, part of какое-то","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какое-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"нанковое","lemma":"нанковый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальто","gloss":"nankeen"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"заштопанное","lemma":"заштопать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying пальто","gloss":"darned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятнах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пятнах","lemma":"пятно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with заштопанное, modifies пальто","gloss":"spots"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c6-s68","source":"Панталоны на нем были чрезвычайно какие-то светлые, такие, что никто давно и не носит, клетчатые и из очень тоненькой какой-то материи, смятые снизу и сбившиеся оттого наверх, точно он из них, как маленький мальчик, вырос.","translation":"His trousers were of some extraordinarily light color, the kind no one had worn for ages, checked and of some very thin material, crumpled at the bottom and rucked up because of it, as if he, like a little boy, had outgrown them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто давно и не носит","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не носит»","body":"«никто… не носит» pairs the negative pronoun «никто» with the obligatory verbal «не» — Russian's double negation, where two negatives still mean one. The «и» here is the emphatic particle 'even/at all,' not 'and.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смятые снизу и сбившиеся… вырос","title":"Participles, then a «точно»-comparison","body":"«смятые» (crumpled) and «сбившиеся» (rucked up) are past participles modifying the trousers; «точно он… вырос» ('as if he had outgrown them') opens a comparison with the perfective past «вырос». «точно» here means 'just as if.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькой","title":"Diminutive «тоненький» — thin and flimsy","body":"The «-еньк-» suffix on «тонкий» (thin) is expressive, not merely sizing: 'thin little, flimsy.' It colors the cloth with a note of pathos, of cheapness almost too delicate to last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Панталоны","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светлые","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of светлые (with то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"marks какие as indefinite","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"светлые","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"light-colored"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies светлые, correlate of что-clause","gloss":"the kind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on такие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of носит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носит","gloss":"for ages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, pairs with не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies носит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"носит","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такие","gloss":"wears"},{"surface":"клетчатые","lemma":"клетчатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with светлые","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking материи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тоненькой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тоненькой","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies материи","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of материи (with то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"marks какой as indefinite","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"материи","lemma":"материя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"смятые","lemma":"смять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with светлые","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"снизу","lemma":"снизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смятые","gloss":"at the bottom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбившиеся","lemma":"сбиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смятые","gloss":"rucked up"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбившиеся","gloss":"because of it"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбившиеся","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with вырос","gloss":"as if","note":"Colloquial 'точно' introducing a comparison, equivalent to 'as if/as though.'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырос","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with мальчик","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to он (via как)","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"вырос","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the точно-clause","gloss":"had outgrown them"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c6-s69","source":"— Я… Алексей Карамазов… — проговорил было в ответ Алеша.","translation":"— I… Alexei Karamazov… — Alyosha began to say in reply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил было","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and broken off","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action started but interrupted or undone: Alyosha 'began to say' and was cut short. This 'frustrated start' particle is distinct from the verb «быть» and is common in narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"elliptical subject, self-introduction","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to say"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the action as begun/attempted","gloss":"began to","note":"'было' after a past-tense verb marks an action that started or was attempted, often interrupted."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c6-s70","source":"— Отменно умею понимать-с, — тотчас же отрезал господин, давая знать, что ему и без того известно, кто он такой. — Штабс я капитан-с Снегирев-с, в свою очередь; но всё же желательно узнать, что именно побудило…","translation":"— I understand that perfectly well, sir — the gentleman cut him off at once, giving him to know that he already knew well enough who he was. — Captain Snegiryov, sir, I in my turn; but all the same I should like to know what exactly has prompted…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимать-с… капитан-с… Снегирев-с","title":"The deferential «-с» (словоерс)","body":"The tacked-on «-с» is the «словоерс», a 19th-century syllable of servility (contracted from «сударь», 'sir') glued onto words to flatter or self-abase. The captain sprays it everywhere; we render it as a trailing 'sir.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему и без того известно, кто он такой","title":"Dative + «известно»: 'it is known to him'","body":"«ему… известно» is an impersonal construction: the knower stands in the dative «ему», the predicate is the invariable «известно» ('known'). «и без того» means 'even without that, as it is'; «кто он такой» is the set phrase 'who he is.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Отменно","lemma":"отменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умею понимать","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know how"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to понимать","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is a colloquial deferential particle, roughly like adding 'sir' after a word."},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"давая","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отрезал","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давая","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of известно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'и без того'","gloss":"already","note":"'и без того' is an idiom meaning 'already, anyway.'"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известно","morphology":"predicate adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of знать","gloss":"knew well enough"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of такой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такой.","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"such (i.e. who he really was)"},{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"part of compound title, in apposition","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, self-identification","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound title, in apposition to я","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to капитан","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle, attached here to 'капитан.'"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to капитан","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to Снегирев","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle, attached here to the surname."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"idiom 'в свою очередь', adverbial","gloss":"turn","note":"'в свою очередь' = 'in my turn.'"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё же'","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё же'","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"желательно","lemma":"желательно","morphology":"predicate adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"I should like"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желательно","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побудило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"побудило","lemma":"побудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the embedded question, complement of узнать","gloss":"has prompted"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c6-s71","source":"— Да я так только зашел.","translation":"— I just dropped in, that's all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я так только зашел","title":"Discourse «да» and dismissive «так только»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but a soft conversational opener, 'oh, well.' «так только» means 'just, for no particular reason' — Alyosha downplaying his visit. «зашел» is the prefixed perfective 'dropped in.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зашел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"зашел","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped in"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c6-s72","source":"Мне, в сущности, от себя хотелось бы вам сказать одно слово… Если только позволите…","translation":"There is, in fact, a single word I should like to say to you on my own account… If only you will permit it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне… хотелось бы вам сказать","title":"Dative subject + conditional «хотелось бы»","body":"Twice over a dative experiencer: «мне» (to me) wants, «вам» (to you) is the one addressed. «хотелось бы» softens the wish into a polite 'I should like to.' No nominative 'I' does the wanting — the longing is framed as happening to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если только позволите","title":"Elliptical conditional with «если только»","body":"«если только» ('if only, provided that') opens a real conditional. «позволите» is a perfective present-form verb with future meaning ('you will permit'). The clause trails off, its main clause left unspoken — a courteous, hesitant fade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer subject of хотелось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"idiom 'в сущности', adverbial modifier of хотелось","gloss":"fact","note":"'в сущности' = 'in fact, essentially.'"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"idiom 'от себя', oblique complement of хотелось","gloss":"my own account"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I felt like"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you will permit"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c6-s73","source":"— В таком случае вот и стул-с, извольте взять место-с.","translation":"— In that case, here is a chair, sir; be so good as to take a seat, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"извольте взять место-с","title":"«извольте» — be so good as to","body":"«извольте» (imperative of «изволить») is an ornate, old-fashioned 'be so kind as to / kindly,' once the polite formula of servants and shopkeepers. Snegiryov's flowery «извольте взять место» ('please take a seat') is theatrically over-polite — and, as the next line says, lifted from old comedies."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, head of the clause","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стул, emphatic","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вот","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to стул","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be so good as to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"a seat"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to место","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c6-s74","source":"Это в древних комедиях говорили: «Извольте взять место»… — и штабс-капитан быстрым жестом схватил порожний стул (простой мужицкий, весь деревянный и ничем не обитый) и поставил его чуть не посредине комнаты; затем, схватив другой такой же стул для себя, сел напротив Алеши, по-прежнему к нему в упор и так, что колени их почти соприкасались вместе.","translation":"That is what they used to say in the old comedies: \"Be so good as to take a seat\"… — and with a quick gesture the captain seized an empty chair (a plain peasant one, all wood and quite unupholstered) and set it down almost in the middle of the room; then, seizing another such chair for himself, he sat down facing Alyosha, as close to him as before, so that their knees nearly touched.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив порожний стул… поставил","title":"Perfective gerund chaining actions: «схватив… поставил»","body":"«схватив» (having seized) is a perfective past gerund marking the action just before the main verb «поставил» (set down). The whole sentence runs on such gerund-plus-verb beats — «схватив… поставил… схватив… сел» — quick, sequential, cinematic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порожний… мужицкий, ничем не обитый","title":"«порожний», «мужицкий» — empty, peasant-rough","body":"«порожний» is a slightly bookish word for 'empty' (of a vessel or seat). «мужицкий» means 'peasant's, muzhik-style' — crude and plain; «ничем не обитый» ('upholstered with nothing') underscores the bare-wood poverty of the cottage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комедиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древних","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies комедиях","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"комедиях","lemma":"комедия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"comedies"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to say"},{"surface":"Извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"quoted material, content of говорили","gloss":"be so good as to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Извольте","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"место»","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"a seat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"part of compound subject, with капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"быстрым","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестом","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"жестом","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of схватил","gloss":"with a gesture"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"порожний","lemma":"порожний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"простой","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of стул","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"мужицкий","lemma":"мужицкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of стул, coordinated with простой","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of деревянный","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужицкий","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничем","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of обитый","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обитый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обитый","lemma":"обить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with деревянный","gloss":"upholstered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"set it down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom 'чуть не', modifies посредине","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"чуть не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'чуть не'","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"посредине","lemma":"посредине","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies поставил, marking комнаты","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition посредине","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой же","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стул","gloss":"just such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"такой же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just such"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил и поставил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition напротив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb component","role":"part of adverb 'по-прежнему', modifies сел","gloss":"as before"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb component","role":"part of adverb 'по-прежнему'","gloss":"as before"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в упор","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'в упор', marking упор","gloss":"point-blank","note":"'к нему в упор' = 'right up close to him, face to face.'"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, part of idiom","gloss":"point-blank range"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел, correlate of что-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of соприкасались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of соприкасались","gloss":"their knees"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive determiner of колени","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соприкасались","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"соприкасались","lemma":"соприкасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соприкасались","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c6-s75","source":"— Николай Ильич Снегирев-с, русской пехоты бывший штабс-капитан-с, хоть и посрамленный своими пороками, но всё же штабс-капитан.","translation":"— Nikolai Ilyich Snegiryov, sir, former captain of the Russian infantry, sir, disgraced though I am by my vices, yet a captain all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и посрамленный своими пороками","title":"Concessive participle phrase «хоть и посрамленный»","body":"«хоть и» ('though, albeit') plus the past passive participle «посрамленный» (disgraced) makes a concessive aside: 'disgraced though I am.' The agent of disgrace, «своими пороками» (by my own vices), stands in the instrumental — the standard agent-case of the passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Николай Ильич","title":"The patronymic «Ильич»","body":"«Ильич» is the patronymic from «Илья» (Elijah), so the captain is 'Nikolai, son of Ilya.' Giving full name-and-patronymic is the formal, dignified mode of self-presentation — exactly the dignity he is trying to salvage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the self-introduction","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай Ильич","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to Снегирев","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пехоты","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"пехоты","lemma":"пехота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штабс-капитан","gloss":"infantry"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штабс-капитан","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"in apposition to Николай Ильич Снегирев","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with штабс","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to капитан","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть и","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"хоть и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of 'хоть и'","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"посрамленный","lemma":"посрамить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause, describing the speaker","gloss":"disgraced"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of пороками","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"пороками","lemma":"порок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посрамленный","gloss":"vices"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё же'","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'всё же'","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"predicate complement (elliptical 'I am still')","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with штабс","gloss":"a captain"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c6-s76","source":"Скорее бы надо сказать: штабс-капитан Словоерсов, а не Снегирев, ибо лишь со второй половины жизни стал говорить словоерсами.","translation":"It would be truer to say: Captain Slovoyersov, and not Snegiryov, for it was only from the second half of my life that I began to speak with little 'sirs.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скорее бы надо сказать","title":"Impersonal «надо» softened by «бы»","body":"«надо» ('one ought, it is necessary') is an impersonal predicate taking no nominative subject; «бы» tilts it into 'it would be truer to say.' «Скорее» here means 'rather, more accurately' (not 'sooner')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо лишь со второй половины жизни","title":"The bookish conjunction «ибо»","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, literary-elevated 'for, because' — far loftier than everyday «потому что». Snegiryov's reach for «ибо» betrays his pretension to fine speech even as he confesses his fall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Словоерсов","title":"«Словоерсов» — a coined surname","body":"Snegiryov invents the surname «Словоерсов» from «словоерс», the name of the deferential «-с» tic (literally 'the letter slovo + the old letter-name yer-s'). 'Captain Little-Sir' would be the joke: he names himself after his own servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"part of the quoted name, direct object of сказать","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with штабс","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"Словоерсов","lemma":"словоерсов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to капитан, part of the quoted name","gloss":"Slovoyersov","note":"An invented surname punning on 'словоерс,' the name of the deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Снегирев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Снегирев","lemma":"снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Словоерсов","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies со второй половины жизни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"половины","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition со","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половины","gloss":"of my life"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"словоерсами","lemma":"словоерс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement (manner) of говорить","gloss":"with little 'sirs'"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c6-s77","source":"Словоерс приобретается в унижении.","translation":"The little 'sir' is acquired through humiliation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приобретается в унижении","title":"Imperfective passive «-ся»: «приобретается»","body":"«приобретается» is the «-ся» passive of «приобретать» (to acquire): 'is acquired,' with no agent named. The general, gnomic present makes it a maxim — the little 'sir' is acquired through humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словоерс","lemma":"словоерс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приобретается","gloss":"the little 'sir'","note":"'Словоерс' is the name for the deferential '-с' particle itself."},{"surface":"приобретается","lemma":"приобретаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is acquired"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижении","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"унижении","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"humiliation"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c6-s78","source":"— Это так точно, — усмехнулся Алеша, — только невольно приобретается или нарочно?","translation":"— That is quite true — Alyosha smiled — only is it acquired against one's will, or on purpose?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невольно… или нарочно","title":"Adverbs of volition: «невольно» vs «нарочно»","body":"Alyosha frames the whole moral question in two adverbs: «невольно» ('involuntarily, against one's will') against «нарочно» ('on purpose, deliberately'). The bare contrast, with the verb «приобретается» understood, sharpens the probe into whether the captain's servility is chosen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точно","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"точно,","lemma":"точно","morphology":"predicate adjective","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the question","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобретается","gloss":"against one's will"},{"surface":"приобретается","lemma":"приобретаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"is it acquired"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with невольно, modifies приобретается","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c6-s79","source":"— Видит бог, невольно.","translation":"— God sees, against my will.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Видит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate ('[it happens] against my will')","gloss":"against my will"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c6-s80","source":"Всё не говорил, целую жизнь не говорил словоерсами, вдруг упал и встал с словоерсами.","translation":"I never used it, my whole life I never spoke with little 'sirs,' then suddenly I fell, and got up speaking with them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё не говорил, целую жизнь не говорил… вдруг упал и встал","title":"Imperfective habit against perfective rupture","body":"The repeated imperfective «не говорил» paints a lifelong habit ('I kept not using it, my whole life never used it'); then the perfectives «упал» (fell) and «встал» (rose) snap two completed events into place. Aspect carries the whole drama of a sudden break."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"целую жизнь","title":"Accusative of duration: «целую жизнь»","body":"«целую жизнь» ('my whole life [long]') is a bare accusative marking duration — Russian needs no preposition for 'for the whole of a span.' «Всё» here is the adverbial 'all the time, constantly.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил, emphatic","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implied subject 'I')","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (temporal) complement of говорил","gloss":"my whole life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with first говорил","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"словоерсами","lemma":"словоерс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement (manner) of говорил","gloss":"with little 'sirs'"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"I fell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упал","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словоерсами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"словоерсами","lemma":"словоерс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"little 'sirs'"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c6-s81","source":"Это делается высшею силой.","translation":"That is done by a higher power.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это делается высшею силой","title":"Passive «-ся» with instrumental agent","body":"«делается» is the «-ся» passive 'is done/brought about,' and the agent «высшею силой» ('by a higher power') stands in the instrumental — the case that names the doer behind a passive. The archaic ending «-ею» (for modern «-ой») adds a solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive делается","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is done"},{"surface":"высшею","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent complement of делается","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c6-s82","source":"Вижу, что интересуетесь современными вопросами.","translation":"I see that you take an interest in contemporary questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вижу, что интересуетесь","title":"Dropped subject + reflexive «интересоваться»","body":"Both verbs run without pronouns — the endings carry person ('I see… you take an interest'). «интересуетесь» is a «-ся» verb governing the instrumental: one is interested *in* something (here «современными вопросами»), which would stand in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of интересуетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"интересуетесь","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Вижу","gloss":"you take an interest"},{"surface":"современными","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вопросами","gloss":"contemporary"},{"surface":"вопросами","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of интересуетесь","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c6-s83","source":"Чем, однако, мог возбудить столь любопытства, ибо живу в обстановке, невозможной для гостеприимства.","translation":"But how could I have aroused such curiosity, since I live in surroundings impossible for hospitality.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем… мог возбудить столь любопытства","title":"Instrumental of means «чем» + genitive «любопытства»","body":"«чем» ('by what means') is the instrumental of «что». «столь» is a bookish 'so/such' (literary for «так»), and «любопытства» appears in the genitive after the quantity sense — 'so much curiosity.' The verb «мог» drops its subject 'I.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо живу в обстановке, невозможной для гостеприимства","title":"Archaic «ибо» and a postposed adjective","body":"Again the lofty «ибо» ('for, because'). The adjective «невозможной» ('impossible') follows its noun «обстановке» (surroundings) and agrees with it in the prepositional case — a bookish, weight-shifting order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of возбудить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies мог","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could I have"},{"surface":"возбудить","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытства","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбудить","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живу","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"I live"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обстановке","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"невозможной","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обстановке","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостеприимства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"гостеприимства","lemma":"гостеприимство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"hospitality"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c6-s84","source":"— Я пришел… по тому самому делу…","translation":"— I have come… about that very matter…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по тому самому делу","title":"«по тому самому делу» — 'about that very matter'","body":"The preposition «по» governs the dative «тому самому делу». «тот самый» ('that very, the selfsame') is a fixed intensified demonstrative; «по делу» idiomatically means 'on a matter, on business.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c6-s85","source":"— По тому самому делу? — нетерпеливо прервал штабс-капитан.","translation":"— About that very matter? — the captain broke in impatiently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нетерпеливо прервал","title":"Perfective «прервал» for the sharp interruption","body":"«прервал» (from «прервать», 'to break off, interrupt') is perfective — a single, abrupt completed act, the verb of choice for cutting someone short. The adverb «нетерпеливо» (impatiently) colors the manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"About"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"делу?","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition По","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"нетерпеливо","lemma":"нетерпеливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable component of compound title","role":"part of compound subject","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c6-s86","source":"— По поводу той встречи вашей с братом моим Дмитрием Федоровичем, — неловко отрезал Алеша.","translation":"— Concerning that encounter of yours with my brother Dmitri Fyodorovich — Alyosha brought out awkwardly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"той встречи вашей с братом моим Дмитрием Федоровичем","title":"Possessives after their nouns","body":"Both «вашей» (your) and «моим» (my) trail their nouns — «встречи вашей», «братом моим» — a deliberately formal, old-fashioned order. The whole phrase sits in the cases «по поводу» (genitive) and «с» (instrumental) demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"братом моим Дмитрием Федоровичем","title":"Instrumental after «с»: name and patronymic in step","body":"After «с» (with) everything goes instrumental, including the patronymic «Федоровичем» — proof that the patronymic declines like any masculine noun. Russian inflects the entire name-string, not just the first name."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition 'по поводу'","gloss":"Concerning"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of По, part of idiom 'по поводу'","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встречи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition поводу","gloss":"encounter"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встречи","gloss":"of yours"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"my brother"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичем,","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрием","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"awkwardly"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c6-s87","source":"— Какой же это встречи-с? Это уж не той ли самой-с? Значит, насчет мочалки, банной мочалки? — надвинулся он вдруг так, что в этот раз положительно стукнулся коленками в Алешу.","translation":"— What encounter, sir? You don't mean that very one, sir? You mean about the wisp — the bathhouse wisp? — he suddenly bore down so close that this time he positively knocked his knees against Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это уж не той ли самой-с?","title":"Stacked particles «уж… не… ли»","body":"A cluster of speech-particles: «уж» (emphatic 'surely, by now'), the «не… ли» frame that makes a leading question ('you don't mean…, do you?'), all over the genitive «той самой» (that very one). The little tags carry the captain's needling, insinuating tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стукнулся коленками в Алешу","title":"Reflexive «стукнуться» + diminutive «коленками»","body":"«стукнулся» (from «стукнуться») is the «-ся» middle 'knocked himself / banged'; «коленками» is the instrumental of «коленки», an affectionate diminutive of «колени» (knees). The body comedy is built into the grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, nominative","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"What sort of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Какой, emphatic","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with встречи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"encounter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to встречи","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause with той","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той, emphatic","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той, question marker","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies той","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to самой","gloss":"sir","note":"The deferential '-с' particle."},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"You mean"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мочалки","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition насчет","gloss":"the wisp"},{"surface":"банной","lemma":"банный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мочалки","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"мочалки?","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мочалки, restating","gloss":"wisp"},{"surface":"надвинулся","lemma":"надвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надвинулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надвинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надвинулся, correlate of что-clause","gloss":"so close"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of стукнулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнулся","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"стукнулся","lemma":"стукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"коленками","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement (instrument) of стукнулся","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c6-s88","source":"Губы его как-то особенно сжались в ниточку.","translation":"His lips somehow pressed together in a peculiar way, into a thin thread.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сжались в ниточку","title":"Reflexive «сжались» of change of state","body":"«сжались» (from «сжаться») is the intransitive «-ся» 'compressed themselves, drew tight' — a change of state with no outside agent. «в ниточку» ('into a little thread') uses the diminutive of «нить» for a vivid pinched image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сжались","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of Губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как-то)","role":"modifies сжались","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то is one adverb, 'somehow', split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of как-то)","role":"modifies сжались","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжались","gloss":"peculiarly"},{"surface":"сжались","lemma":"сжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ниточку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ниточку","lemma":"ниточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сжались","gloss":"a thin thread"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c6-s89","source":"— Какая это мочалка? — пробормотал Алеша.","translation":"— What wisp is this? — Alyosha mumbled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать» — to mumble out","body":"The prefix «про-» on «бормотать» (to mutter) gives a complete, perfective 'mumbled out, got out in a mutter.' Dostoevsky's dialogue tags are precise about *how* a thing is said — here Alyosha's bafflement is in the verb itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мочалка","gloss":"what","note":"' ' is a leftover HTML-entity artifact from the dash before this line."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мочалка?","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мочалка?","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"wisp","note":"мочалка literally 'bast scrubber/loofah', used here for the matted hair; translation renders it 'wisp'."},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c6-s90","source":"— Это он на меня тебе, папа, жаловаться пришел! — крикнул знакомый уже Алеше голосок давешнего мальчика из-за занавески в углу. — Это я ему давеча палец укусил!","translation":"— He's come to complain to you about me, Papa! — cried the voice, already familiar to Alyosha, of the boy from earlier, from behind the curtain in the corner. — I'm the one who bit his finger a while ago!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он на меня тебе, папа, жаловаться пришел!","title":"Scrambled word order for emphasis","body":"The boy's blurt reorders everything for heat: «Это он» (it's HE), «на меня» (about ME), «тебе» (to YOU), with the infinitive «жаловаться» (to complain) stranded before the verb «пришел». Free case-marking lets each charged word jump forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голосок… давеча","title":"«голосок», «давеча» — little voice, a while ago","body":"«голосок» is the diminutive of «голос» (voice), tender for a child's piping. «давеча» is a folksy, now-archaic 'a while ago, earlier today' — colloquial color that recurs through this scene («давешнего» below)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"It's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел!","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of жаловаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"vocative, addressing тебе","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of пришел!","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"пришел!","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосок","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомый","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"голосок","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"from earlier"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосок","gloss":"of the boy"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of из-за)","role":"preposition marking занавески","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of из-за)","role":"preposition marking занавески","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавески","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу.","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу.","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with занавески","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укусил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of укусил (dative of possession)","gloss":"his","note":"dative of possession: 'bit him on the finger' = 'bit his finger'."},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"bit"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c6-s91","source":"Занавеска отдернулась, и Алеша увидел давешнего врага своего, в углу, под образами, на прилаженной на лавке и на стуле постельке.","translation":"The curtain was pulled back, and Alyosha saw his enemy from earlier, in the corner, under the icons, on the little bed rigged up on a bench and a chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Занавеска отдернулась","title":"Middle «-ся»: «отдернулась»","body":"«отдернулась» (from «отдернуться») is the intransitive «-ся» form — the curtain 'drew itself back,' presented as if of its own accord, leaving the puller unnamed. Russian loves this agentless middle for sudden movements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давешнего врага своего","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своего» ('his own') is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the clause's subject Alyosha — his own enemy. Russian prefers «свой» over «его» here precisely to keep the possession tied to the subject. «врага» is animate accusative (= genitive form)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Занавеска","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отдернулась","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"отдернулась","lemma":"отдёрнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pulled back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдернулась","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врага","gloss":"from earlier"},{"surface":"врага","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врага","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"образами","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with углу","gloss":"the icons"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прилаженной","lemma":"прилаженный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying постельке","gloss":"rigged up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилаженной","gloss":"a bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лавке","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"постельке","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"the little bed"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c6-s92","source":"Мальчик лежал накрытый своим пальтишком и еще стареньким ватным одеяльцем.","translation":"The boy lay covered with his own little coat and an old quilted blanket besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальтишком… одеяльцем","title":"Diminutives «пальтишко», «одеяльце»","body":"«пальтишко» (a poor little coat, with the slightly pitying «-ишк-») and «одеяльце» (a little blanket, tender «-ц-») saturate the line with affection and pity for the sick child's meager bedding. The suffixes do emotional work no English diminutive quite matches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накрытый своим пальтишком","title":"Short-ish passive participle + reflexive «свой»","body":"«накрытый» is the past passive participle of «накрыть» (to cover); the covering thing «своим пальтишком» stands in the instrumental, and «своим» ('his own') reflexively ties it to the boy. Instrumental of the covering means is standard here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"накрытый","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb (past passive participle), masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"complement of лежал","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальтишком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пальтишком","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накрытый","gloss":"little coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одеяльцем","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"стареньким","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одеяльцем","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"ватным","lemma":"ватный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одеяльцем","gloss":"quilted"},{"surface":"одеяльцем","lemma":"одеяльце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пальтишком","gloss":"little blanket"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c6-s93","source":"Очевидно, был нездоров и, судя по горящим глазам, в лихорадочном жару.","translation":"He was evidently unwell and, judging by his burning eyes, in a feverish heat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"судя по горящим глазам","title":"Set gerund phrase «судя по»","body":"«судя по» ('judging by') is a frozen gerund of «судить» governing the dative «горящим глазам» (his burning eyes). It has lexicalized into a connective meaning 'to judge from,' a common parenthetical hinge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был нездоров","title":"Short adjective «нездоров»","body":"«нездоров» is the predicative short form of «нездоровый» (unwell), the form used with «был» to state a passing physical state. Russian routinely picks the short adjective for health and condition («болен», «здоров», «нездоров»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нездоров","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нездоров","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нездоров","lemma":"нездоров","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"unwell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying жару","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"горящим","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb (present active participle), plural, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жару","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лихорадочном","lemma":"лихорадочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жару","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"жару","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нездоров","gloss":"heat"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c6-s94","source":"Он бесстрашно, не по-давешнему, глядел теперь на Алешу: «Дома, дескать, теперь не достанешь».","translation":"Fearlessly, not as before, he now looked at Alyosha: \"Here at home, he means, you can't get at me now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь не достанешь","title":"Generalized 2nd-person + genitive of negation","body":"«не достанешь» is a 2nd-person singular used impersonally ('one can't get at me'), a common Russian way to generalize. Under negation the object effectively goes genitive; the whole defiant thought is the boy's, unmarked, slipped into the narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не по-давешнему… дескать","title":"«по-давешнему», «дескать»","body":"«по-давешнему» means 'in the earlier way, as before'; «дескать» is a reportative particle flagging quoted or imagined speech ('so to say, he means'). Both are colloquial markers that let the narrator voice the boy's unspoken thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бесстрашно","lemma":"бесстрашно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"fearlessly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по-давешнему","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-давешнему","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of по-давешнему)","role":"part of по-давешнему","gloss":"as","note":"по-давешнему is one adverb, 'the way he did earlier', split by the tagger."},{"surface":"давешнему","lemma":"по-давешнему","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of по-давешнему)","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достанешь","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he means","note":"дескать marks the boy's imagined inner speech, roughly 'he thinks to himself'."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достанешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достанешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достанешь","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, present (future perfective), indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"get at me"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c6-s95","source":"— Какой такой палец укусил? — привскочил со стула штабс-капитан. — Это вам он палец укусил-с?","translation":"— What finger did he bite? — the captain started up from his chair. — It was your finger he bit, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"привскочил со стула","title":"Prefix «при-» on a verb of motion","body":"«привскочил» layers «при-» onto «вскочить» (to leap up) for a slight, sudden start — 'half-sprang up.' «со стула» ('off the chair') uses «с» + genitive for motion away from a surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это вам он палец укусил-с?","title":"Dative of the possessor-affected: «вам палец»","body":"«вам» is a dative of the affected possessor — literally 'did he bite the finger to/on you,' i.e. 'YOUR finger.' Russian routinely marks the person hurt with a dative rather than a possessive 'your.' Fronting «вам» stresses the shock that it was Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of палец","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил?","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"укусил?","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"did he bite"},{"surface":"привскочил","lemma":"привскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привскочил","gloss":"his chair"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun (part 1 of compound штабс-капитан), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан.","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привскочил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle introducing the clause","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (polite)","role":"possessor of палец (dative of possession)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укусил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to укусил as polite marker","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c6-s96","source":"— Да, мне.","translation":"— Yes, mine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, мне","title":"Bare dative «мне» as full answer","body":"The whole reply is a single dative pronoun: «мне» ('to/on me'), answering «вам он палец укусил?» It works because the dative of the affected person was set up in the question — Russian can reply with just the case-marked word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle (affirmative)","role":"answers the question","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"predicate: dative of possession","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c6-s97","source":"Давеча он на улице с мальчиками камнями перебрасывался; они в него шестеро кидают, а он один.","translation":"A while ago he was throwing stones with the boys in the street; six of them were pelting him, and he was alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"камнями перебрасывался","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» + instrumental of the thing thrown","body":"«перебрасывался» (from «перебрасываться») is reciprocal «-ся»: 'was throwing back and forth (with others).' The stones, «камнями», take the instrumental — Russian throws *with* a thing, marking the missile in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они в него шестеро кидают, а он один","title":"Contrastive «а» framing six against one","body":"The mild contrastive «а» pivots the two pictures — 'six of them pelting, while he was alone' — without real opposition, just a shift of view. «шестеро» is a collective numeral for a group of people, and «кидают» is a vivid present amid the past narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебрасывался","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебрасывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебрасывался","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мальчиками","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебрасывался","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебрасывался","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"перебрасывался","lemma":"перебрасываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was pelting"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кидают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кидают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шестеро","lemma":"шестеро","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"six of them"},{"surface":"кидают","lemma":"кидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перебрасывался","gloss":"are pelting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c6-s98","source":"Я подошел к нему, а он и в меня камень бросил, потом другой мне в голову.","translation":"I went up to him, and he flung a stone at me too, then another at my head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а он и в меня камень бросил","title":"Contrastive «а» plus emphatic «и»","body":"«а» turns the corner of the story ('and then he…'); «и» here is the emphatic particle 'even, also' — 'he flung a stone at me TOO.' The two tiny words together give the narration its conversational, accumulating push."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел к нему","title":"Prefixed motion verb «подойти к»","body":"«подошел» (perfective of «подходить/подойти», 'to approach') is a prefixed verb of motion: «под-» + the motion root gives 'came up to.' It governs «к» + dative («к нему», 'up to him') — the standard frame for approaching someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb бросил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with камень","gloss":"another one"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessor of голову (dative of possession)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb бросил","gloss":"the head"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c6-s99","source":"Я спросил что я ему сделал?","translation":"I asked what I had done to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я спросил что я ему сделал?","title":"Embedded question with dative «ему»","body":"An indirect question, 'I asked what I had done to him.' «ему» is the dative of the person affected — one does something *to* someone in the dative. The aspect «сделал» (perfective) frames it as a completed deed Alyosha is asking about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спросил","gloss":"had done"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c6-s100","source":"Он вдруг бросился и больно укусил мне палец, не знаю за что.","translation":"He suddenly threw himself at me and bit my finger painfully, I don't know what for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился и больно укусил мне палец","title":"Reflexive «броситься» + dative «мне палец»","body":"«бросился» (from «броситься», to hurl oneself) is a change-of-state «-ся» — he flung himself. Then «укусил мне палец» again marks the victim with a dative «мне» rather than a possessive: 'bit the finger on me.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаю за что","title":"«за что» — 'for what / why' after negation","body":"«за что» (literally 'for what') is the idiomatic 'why / what for, for what offense.' Trailing «не знаю за что» ('I don't know what for') gives Alyosha's account its bewildered, guileless note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lunged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусил","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessor of палец (dative of possession)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"палец","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c6-s101","source":"— Сейчас высеку-с! Сею минутой высеку-с, — совсем уже вскочил со стула штабс-капитан.","translation":"— I'll flog him this instant, sir! This very minute I'll flog him, sir — the captain had now jumped right up from his chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас высеку-с! Сею минутой высеку-с","title":"Perfective future «высеку» for an instant threat","body":"«высеку» is the perfective present-form of «высечь» (to flog) carrying future meaning — 'I'll flog [him completely].' The perfective fits a single, decisive future act; the repetition with «-с» builds the captain's manic overstatement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сею минутой","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»: «сею минутой»","body":"«сею» is the instrumental feminine of «сей» ('this'), a bookish-archaic demonstrative; «сею минутой» ('this very minute') is a fixed time phrase. The old «сей» lends the threat a stagey, antiquated flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высеку","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"высеку","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll flog him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to высеку as polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Сею","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner (archaic demonstrative), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the second высеку","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"высеку","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I'll flog him"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to the second высеку as polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his chair"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun (part 1 of compound штабс-капитан), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c6-s102","source":"— Да я ведь вовсе не жалуюсь, я только рассказал.","translation":"— But I am not complaining at all, I only told you about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я ведь вовсе не жалуюсь","title":"Particles «да… ведь» and intensifier «вовсе не»","body":"«да» softens the opening ('but, oh'); «ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('after all, you see'). «вовсе не» is the emphatic 'not at all.' «жалуюсь» is the «-ся» verb «жаловаться» (to complain), which exists only in the reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалуюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалуюсь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалуюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"жалуюсь","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am complaining"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жалуюсь","gloss":"told you"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c6-s103","source":"Я вовсе не хочу, чтобы вы его высекли.","translation":"I do not at all want you to flog him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочу, чтобы вы его высекли","title":"«чтобы» + past form for a wished outcome","body":"After a verb of wishing, Russian uses «чтобы» plus a past-form verb («высекли») to express the willed result: 'I don't want [it] that you flog him.' The past form here is irrealis, not past time — the «бы» is fused into «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высекли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of высекли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высекли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"flog"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c6-s104","source":"Да он, кажется, теперь и болен…","translation":"And besides, he seems to be ill now…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да он, кажется, теперь и болен","title":"Short adjective «болен» + hedging particles","body":"«болен» is the predicative short form of «больной» (ill) — the form used to say someone is sick. «да» (well, and besides), «кажется» (it seems), and emphatic «и» pile up the soft, hesitant qualifications typical of Alyosha's gentleness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies болен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"ill"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c6-s105","source":"— А вы думали, я высеку-с?","translation":"— And did you suppose I would flog him, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы думали, я высеку-с?","title":"Imperfective «думали» vs perfective «высеку»","body":"«думали» is imperfective past — the lingering state of supposing — while «высеку» is perfective future, the imagined finished act. The aspect contrast sets a drawn-out 'you thought' against a sharp 'I'd flog [him].' Initial «а» pivots to a stung retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высеку","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"высеку","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думали","gloss":"would flog him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to высеку as polite marker","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c6-s106","source":"Что я Илюшечку возьму да сейчас и высеку пред вами для вашего полного удовлетворения?","translation":"That I would take my little Ilusha and flog him this instant, before your eyes, for your complete satisfaction?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьму да сейчас и высеку","title":"The «взять да (и)» construction of abrupt action","body":"«возьму да и высеку» is the colloquial «взять да (и) + verb» idiom: not literally 'take,' but 'up and [do it] just like that.' It conveys a sudden, willful, almost capricious action — 'I'll just up and flog him.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечку","title":"Diminutive «Илюшечка»","body":"From «Илья» → «Илюша» → «Илюшечка», a doubly affectionate diminutive of the boy's name (accusative «Илюшечку»). The captain's bitterness rides on the tenderest possible form of his son's name — the heart of the whole 'laceration.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of возьму","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"little Ilyusha"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высеку","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высеку","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьму","gloss":"flog him"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of высеку","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовлетворения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовлетворения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"полного","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовлетворения","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"удовлетворения","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высеку","gloss":"satisfaction"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c6-s107","source":"Скоро вам это надо-с? — проговорил штабс-капитан, вдруг повернувшись к Алеше с таким жестом, как будто хотел на него броситься.","translation":"Do you need that soon, sir? — the captain brought out, suddenly turning to Alyosha with such a gesture as if he meant to fling himself upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг повернувшись к Алеше","title":"Perfective gerund «повернувшись»","body":"«повернувшись» (from «повернуться», to turn) is a perfective past gerund: 'having turned,' the completed motion just before the main verb «проговорил». The «-сь» is the reflexive «-ся» after a vowel, marking the intransitive turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто хотел на него броситься","title":"«как будто» — the unreal comparison","body":"«как будто» ('as if, as though') opens a comparison that need not be true — 'as if he meant to fling himself on him.' «броситься» is the reflexive 'hurl oneself.' Such 'as-if' framing keeps the captain's threats theatrically suspended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun (part 1 of compound штабс-капитан), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернувшись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернувшись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жестом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"жестом","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернувшись","gloss":"a gesture"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part 1 of как будто)","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как будто)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернувшись","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of броситься","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"броситься","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"fling himself"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c6-s108","source":"— Жалею, сударь, о вашем пальчике, но не хотите ли я, прежде чем Илюшечку сечь, свои четыре пальца, сейчас же на ваших глазах, для вашего справедливого удовлетворения, вот этим самым ножом оттяпаю.","translation":"— I am sorry, sir, about your little finger, but wouldn't you rather I, before flogging little Ilusha, lop off my own four fingers, this very moment and before your eyes, for your just satisfaction, with this very knife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотите ли я… оттяпаю","title":"Polite offer with «не хотите ли»","body":"«не хотите ли…?» ('wouldn't you like…?') is a courteous offer built on the «не… ли» question frame — politeness through negation plus the particle «ли». It clashes grotesquely with what is offered: chopping off his own fingers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчике… оттяпаю","title":"«пальчик» and the brutal «оттяпать»","body":"«пальчик» is the tender diminutive 'little finger,' while «оттяпать» is a coarse, violent colloquialism 'to hack/lop off.' The captain's whiplash from doting diminutive to butcher's verb is the whole texture of his «надрыв» (laceration)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — sir (the full form)","body":"«сударь» is the full polite 'sir' from which the clipped «-с» («словоерс») was contracted. Here the captain uses the whole word, ironically courteous, the very ancestor of the servile tic he keeps tacking onto everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жалею","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm sorry"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пальчике","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пальчике","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of  Жалею","gloss":"little finger"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle (question marker)","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оттяпаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of прежде чем)","role":"introduces the clause of сечь","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"прежде чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part 2 of прежде чем)","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сечь","gloss":"little Ilyusha"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive in the прежде чем clause","gloss":"flogging"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on пальца","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"пальца","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттяпаю","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оттяпаю","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оттяпаю","gloss":"your eyes"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовлетворения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовлетворения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"справедливого","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовлетворения","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"удовлетворения","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттяпаю","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ножом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ножом","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттяпаю","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"оттяпаю","lemma":"оттяпать","morphology":"verb, future (present-form perfective), indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lop off"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c6-s109","source":"Четырех-то пальцев, я думаю, вам будет довольно-с для утоления жажды мщения-с, пятого не потребуете?.. — Он вдруг остановился и как бы задохся.","translation":"Four fingers, I think, will be enough for you, sir, to slake your thirst for vengeance, sir — you won't demand the fifth?.. — He suddenly stopped and seemed to be gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Четырех-то пальцев… вам будет довольно","title":"Genitive of quantity + dative «вам» with «довольно»","body":"«довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive of what is enough — «четырех пальцев» (four fingers) — and a dative for whom: «вам». The «-то» on «четырех» is the emphatic topic clitic, 'four fingers, now THOSE will do.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пятого не потребуете?","title":"Genitive of negation: «пятого не потребуете»","body":"Under the negated future «не потребуете» (you won't demand), the object «пятого» (a fifth one) drops into the genitive — the genitive of negation at work. «потребуете» is perfective future ('you will demand')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для утоления жажды мщения","title":"Bookish «утоление жажды мщения»","body":"A stack of lofty abstract nouns in the genitive: «утоление» (slaking) of the «жажда» (thirst) of «мщение» (vengeance). The elevated, almost Biblical diction is the captain's pretension, mocking Alyosha's errand with grandiose mock-tragedy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пальцев","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (topic marker, attached to Четырех)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Четырех","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пальцев","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by Четырех, complement of довольно","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of довольно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present (future), indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to довольно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate complement, describes пальцев","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to довольно as polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утоления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"утоления","lemma":"утоление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"slaking"},{"surface":"жажды","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies утоления","gloss":"the thirst"},{"surface":"мщения","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жажды","gloss":"for vengeance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, 'sir')","role":"attaches to мщения as polite marker","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пятого","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of потребуете","gloss":"the fifth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потребуете?","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потребуете?","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"will you demand"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 1 of как бы)","role":"modifies задохся","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"задохся","lemma":"задохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"gasped for breath"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c6-s110","source":"Каждая черточка на его лице ходила и дергалась, глядел же с чрезвычайным вызовом.","translation":"Every little feature of his face was working and twitching, and he looked on with an extraordinary defiance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходила и дергалась","title":"Imperfective pair painting twitching motion","body":"«ходила» (was moving) and «дергалась» (was twitching, «-ся») are imperfective past — ongoing, repeated motion held in view. The aspect keeps the face perpetually working, not finished; «дергалась» is the «-ся» intransitive 'jerked of itself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел же с чрезвычайным вызовом","title":"The particle «же» marking the turn","body":"«же» here is not 'but'; it lightly contrasts and resumes — 'and yet he looked on…'. «с… вызовом» ('with defiance') uses «с» + instrumental of manner. «черточка» (little feature) above carries an affectionate-pitying diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждая","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточка","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходила","gloss":"little feature"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходила","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"ходила","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was working"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дергалась","lemma":"дёргаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходила","gloss":"twitched"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходила","gloss":"looked on"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (contrastive)","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вызовом","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"defiance"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c6-s111","source":"Он был как бы в исступлении.","translation":"He was as though beside himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был как бы в исступлении","title":"«как бы» hedging a state","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, as though') softens the assertion — 'he was, as it were, beside himself.' Dostoevsky uses «как бы» constantly to keep his characters' states just shy of definite. «в исступлении» is the prepositional of place-as-state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступление","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"«исступление» is a strong, bookish word for ecstatic frenzy, being beside oneself — used of religious rapture and of rage alike. It marks the captain's emotional pitch as something near pathological, a key Dostoevskian register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to исступлении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 1 of как бы)","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c6-s112","source":"— Я, кажется, теперь всё понял, — тихо и грустно ответил Алеша, продолжая сидеть. — Значит, ваш мальчик — добрый мальчик, любит отца и бросился на меня как на брата вашего обидчика… Это я теперь понимаю, — повторил он раздумывая.","translation":"— I think I understand it all now — Alyosha answered quietly and sadly, remaining seated. — So your boy is a good boy, he loves his father and threw himself at me as at the brother of the man who wronged you… I understand that now — he repeated, musing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжая сидеть","title":"Imperfective gerund «продолжая»","body":"«продолжая» (from «продолжать», to continue) is a present imperfective gerund — a simultaneous attendant action: 'continuing to sit, while still seated.' It quietly underlines Alyosha's stillness against the captain's frenzy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился на меня как на брата вашего обидчика","title":"Parallel «как на…»: brother of the wronger","body":"«как на брата» ('as at the brother') mirrors «на меня» — Alyosha read as a stand-in for Dmitri. «вашего обидчика» ('of the man who wronged you') is a genitive of the «обидчик», the offender. «бросился» is again reflexive 'flung himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторил он раздумывая","title":"Bare imperfective gerund «раздумывая»","body":"«раздумывая» ('musing, pondering') is a present gerund tacked to «повторил», sharing the subject — 'he repeated, musing.' Dropping any comma in this set tag is a common 19th-c. light usage; the gerund colors the manner of repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies понял,","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял,","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял,","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понял,","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb, parallel to понял,","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"сидеть.","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula omitted), complement of мальчик","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with бросился","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison на брата","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился (comparison)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчика","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обидчика","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"wrongdoer"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю,  (fronted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю,","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю,","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"понимаю,","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb, parallel to понимаю,","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"раздумывая","lemma":"раздумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторил","gloss":"musing"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c6-s113","source":"— Но брат мой Дмитрий Федорович раскаивается в своем поступке, я знаю это, и если только ему возможно будет прийти к вам или, всего лучше, свидеться с вами опять в том самом месте, то он попросит у вас при всех прощения… если вы пожелаете.","translation":"— But my brother Dmitri Fyodorovich repents of his act, I know this, and if only it should be possible for him to come to you or, best of all, to meet with you again in that very same place, he will beg your pardon before everyone… if you wish it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскаивается в своем поступке","title":"Reflexive «раскаиваться в» + prepositional","body":"«раскаивается» (from «раскаиваться», to repent) is a «-ся» verb governing «в» + prepositional: one repents *of* something («в своем поступке», of one's deed). «своем» reflexively ties the deed to Dmitri, its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только ему возможно будет прийти","title":"Dative subject with «возможно» + future","body":"Impersonal again: «ему… возможно будет» ('it will be possible for him'), the person in the dative «ему», the predicate the invariable «возможно» with future «будет». «прийти» is the perfective infinitive of the prefixed motion verb 'to come.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то он попросит у вас… прощения","title":"Resuming «то» and «попросить у + genitive»","body":"After a long «если»-clause, «то» ('then') resumes the main clause — a standard Russian conditional bracket. «попросит… прощения у вас»: «просить/попросить» takes the thing asked in the genitive («прощения») and the person in «у» + genitive («у вас»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous line","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскаивается","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"раскаивается","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repents"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступке","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"поступке","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскаивается","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскаивается","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если (\"if only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of возможно","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможно","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, singular","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject complement of возможно","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше (\"best of all\")","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies свидеться","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"свидеться","lemma":"свидеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прийти","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of свидеться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свидеться","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидеться","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"попросит","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"will beg"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of попросит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"object of при","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросит","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожелаете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожелаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожелаете","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"wish"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c6-s114","source":"— То есть вырвал бороденку и попросил извинения… Всё, дескать, закончил и удовлетворил, так ли-с?","translation":"— That is, after tearing out my little beard, he'll beg forgiveness… All settled and satisfied, he means, is that it, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бороденку","title":"Pejorative diminutive «бороденка»","body":"«бороденка» is «борода» (beard) with the contemptuous-pitying «-енк-» suffix — 'wretched little beard.' The captain belittles his own humiliated beard, the very one Dmitri yanked; the suffix drips self-mockery and shame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё, дескать, закончил и удовлетворил, так ли-с?","title":"Reportative «дескать» + tag question «так ли»","body":"«дескать» flags sarcastically imagined speech ('all settled, he means'). «так ли?» is a tag question with «ли» — 'is that it?' — here barbed with the servile «-с». The perfectives «закончил, удовлетворил» frame the supposed wrong as neatly 'completed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom \"то есть\"","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of the idiom \"то есть\"","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"«То есть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"that is\" / \"in other words\"."},{"surface":"вырвал","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore out"},{"surface":"бороденку","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вырвал","gloss":"little beard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырвал","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"извинения","lemma":"извинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закончил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he means","note":"«Дескать» flags the words as someone else's reported thought, roughly \"so he says.\""},{"surface":"закончил","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удовлетворил","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закончил","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the question particle ли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"forms the yes/no question with так","gloss":"[is that]"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to ли, marks polite/servile speech","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an archaic deferential tag Fyodor Pavlovich tacks onto words to sound obsequious, roughly \"sir.\""}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c6-s115","source":"— О нет, напротив, он сделает всё, что вам будет угодно и как вам будет угодно!","translation":"— Oh no, on the contrary, he will do everything that you wish and in whatever way you wish!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что вам будет угодно и как вам будет угодно","title":"Dative + «угодно»: 'as you please'","body":"«вам будет угодно» is the courteous impersonal 'as it will please you' — dative experiencer «вам», invariable predicate «угодно», future «будет». The doubled «что… и как…» ('whatever and however') heaps deference on Alyosha's reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the line","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"stands alone as a negative reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying сделает","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угодно, introduces relative clause on всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, singular","role":"copula linking to угодно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the second relative clause on угодно","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, singular","role":"copula linking to угодно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first угодно","gloss":"pleasing"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c6-s116","source":"— Так что если б я попросил его светлость стать на коленки предо мной в этом самом трактире-с — «Столичный город» ему наименование — или на площади-с, так он и стал бы?","translation":"— So that if I were to ask his lordship to get down on his knees before me in that very tavern, sir — 'Metropolis' is the name it goes by — or in the public square, sir, then he would do it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я попросил… так он и стал бы?","title":"Full conditional «если б… так… бы»","body":"A complete irrealis conditional: «если б… попросил» (if I were to ask) in the protasis, «так он и стал бы» (then he would do it) in the apodosis, both past-form verbs with «бы». «б» is just the clipped «бы». The resuming «так» and emphatic «и» knit the two halves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"его светлость… стать на коленки","title":"«его светлость» — sarcastic 'his lordship'","body":"«светлость» ('Serene Highness, lordship') is a grand aristocratic title the captain throws at Dmitri in bitter sarcasm. «стать на коленки» (the diminutive «коленки» again) — to go down on his knees — turns the would-be apology into a humiliating spectacle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase так что","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of так что","role":"part of the phrase так что (\"so that\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood on попросил","gloss":"[conditional \"were to\"]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"were to ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of светлость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"светлость","lemma":"светлость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"lordship"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to get down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленки","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before","note":"«Предо» is an archaic/poetic variant of «перед» (\"before\")."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трактире","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to трактире","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Capital"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наименование  (the quoted name)","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of наименование  (referring to the tavern)","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"наименование","lemma":"наименование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula omitted)","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трактире, alternate location for стать","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to площади","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"would do it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood on стал","gloss":"[conditional \"would\"]"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c6-s117","source":"— Да, он станет и на колени.","translation":"— Yes, he will even go down on his knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он станет и на колени","title":"Perfective future «станет» + emphatic «и»","body":"«станет» is the perfective future of «стать» ('he will [even] go down'). The particle «и» means 'even, also' — 'he will even kneel.' Alyosha answers the captain's mocking conditional with a flat, earnest future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, affirmative","role":"affirmative reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the predicate (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c6-s118","source":"— Пронзили-с. Прослезили меня и пронзили-с.","translation":"— You have pierced me, sir. You have moved me to tears and pierced me, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пронзили-с. Прослезили меня и пронзили-с.","title":"Subjectless perfectives with dropped «вы»","body":"«пронзили» (you have pierced) and «прослезили» (you have moved to tears) are perfective pasts with the polite 'you' dropped — the plural ending carries it. The «про-» prefix marks completed, thorough action; the repetition, capped with «-с», stages his sudden melting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пронзили","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (polite \"you\")","gloss":"pierced [me]"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to Пронзили","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Прослезили","lemma":"прослезить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved to tears"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прослезили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пронзили","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прослезили","gloss":"pierced [me]"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to пронзили","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-c6-s119","source":"Слишком наклонен чувствовать.","translation":"Too inclined to feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком наклонен чувствовать","title":"Short adjective «наклонен» + infinitive","body":"«наклонен» is the predicative short form of «наклонный/склонный» ('inclined, prone'), taking a bare infinitive «чувствовать» (to feel). The whole clause drops its subject 'I' — clipped, confessional: '[I am] too inclined to feeling.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклонен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"наклонен","lemma":"наклонный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"чувствовать","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of наклонен","gloss":"to feel"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-c6-s120","source":"Позвольте же отрекомендоваться вполне: моя семья, мои две дочери и мой сын — мой помет-с.","translation":"Allow me, then, to introduce myself in full: my family, my two daughters and my son — my litter, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте же отрекомендоваться вполне","title":"Imperative «позвольте» + insistent «же»","body":"«позвольте» (allow, permit) is the polite plural imperative; «же» here urges and warms the request ('do allow me, then'). «отрекомендоваться» is a bookish, slightly antiquated reflexive 'to introduce/present oneself.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мой помет-с","title":"«помёт» — a litter (of animals)","body":"«помёт» is the word for an animal's litter — a brood of pups or kittens. Calling his own family «мой помёт» ('my litter, sir') is shockingly self-degrading, the captain's bitter clowning turned against his own children. The «-с» twists the knife of servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Позвольте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отрекомендоваться","lemma":"отрекомендоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to introduce myself"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрекомендоваться","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семья","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"семья","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"item in the list, in apposition to помет","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дочери","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies дочери","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with семья","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with семья","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of помет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"помет","lemma":"помёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun summarizing the list","gloss":"litter"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to помет","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-c6-s121","source":"Умру я, кто-то их возлюбит-с?","translation":"When I die, sir, who will go on loving them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умру я, кто-то их возлюбит-с?","title":"Conditional 'when' without a conjunction","body":"Both verbs are perfective futures («умру» — I shall die, «возлюбит» — will come to love), and the bare juxtaposition reads as 'once I die, who will…'. Russian often drops a «когда» or «если» and lets the two perfective futures carry the conditional-temporal force on their own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то","title":"«кто-то» — somebody specific yet unknown","body":"The clitic «-то» marks a specific but unidentified person ('someone or other'), as against «-нибудь» ('anyone at all'). Here it carries a wistful, rhetorical colour — 'who is there that will love them?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The deferential «-с» (slovoers)","body":"The little «-с», tacked onto «возлюбит-с», is the «словоерс» — a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') once added for politeness or servility. The captain sprinkles it through his speech, and it stamps every line with his cringing, clownish deference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возлюбит","title":"«возлюбить» — to love, in a biblical key","body":"«возлюбить» is the elevated, Scriptural verb for 'to love' (as in «возлюби ближнего твоего» — love thy neighbour), loftier than plain «полюбить». The captain's reaching for it lends his self-pity a mock-solemn, sermon-like tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"temporal adverbial clause preceding the main clause","gloss":"[when] I die"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Умру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of кто-то","role":"subject of возлюбит","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix, part of кто-то","role":"part of the phrase кто-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возлюбит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"возлюбит","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to возлюбит","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-c6-s122","source":"А пока живу я, кто-то меня, скверненького, кроме них, возлюбит?","translation":"And while I am alive, who will love me, wretched little thing that I am, save them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверненького","title":"«скверненький» — wretched little me","body":"From «скверный» ('vile, nasty'), softened by the diminutive «-еньк-» suffix into a self-pitying 'wretched little thing'. The diminutive turns the harsh adjective into an almost tender self-abasement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня, скверненького","title":"Accusative of an animate object","body":"«меня» is the direct object of «возлюбит», and the apposed adjective «скверненького» takes the matching animate accusative ending «-ого» — looking like a genitive, as animate masculine forms always do. The aside drops the captain himself, in the object slot, into the sentence as the pitiable thing to be loved."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of живу","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"am alive"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of живу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of кто-то","role":"subject of возлюбит","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix, part of кто-то","role":"part of the phrase кто-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"скверненького","lemma":"скверненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"wretched little"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"возлюбит","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will love"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-c6-s123","source":"Великое это дело устроил господь для каждого человека в моем роде-с.","translation":"The Lord has arranged a great thing, sir, for every man of my sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Великое это дело устроил господь","title":"Fronting for emphasis","body":"The neutral order would be «Господь устроил это великое дело»; here the object phrase «великое это дело» is thrown to the front as the topic, with the subject «господь» trailing after the verb. The inversion gives the sentence a weighty, declamatory rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в моем роде","title":"«в моём роде» — locative of category","body":"«роде» is the prepositional (locative) of «род» ('sort, kind, lineage') after «в». The phrase means 'of my sort, of my kind' — the captain's recurring formula for his own lowly type of man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устроил","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"устроил","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has arranged"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устроил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека (\"man of my sort\")","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to устроил","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-c6-s124","source":"Ибо надобно, чтоб и человека в моем роде мог хоть кто-нибудь возлюбить-с…","translation":"For it is needful, sir, that even a man of my sort be loved by at least somebody…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«Ибо» — bookish 'for'","body":"«Ибо» ('for, because') is an archaic, scriptural conjunction, far loftier than everyday «потому что». It belongs to sermon and Scripture, and the captain wields it to inflate his self-justification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надобно, чтоб … мог … возлюбить","title":"«чтоб» + past/irrealis after necessity","body":"The impersonal «надобно» ('it is needful') governs a «чтоб»-clause whose verb «мог» stands in the past form — the irrealis pattern Russian uses for willed or required outcomes. «чтоб» is the colloquially clipped form of «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть кто-нибудь","title":"«кто-нибудь» — anybody at all","body":"Here «-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'anyone at all', reinforced by «хоть» ('even, at least'). The contrast with «кто-то» two sentences earlier is exact: there a specific (if unknown) someone, here merely any soul whatever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"is needful"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of надобно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человека (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбить (fronted)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто-нибудь","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of кто-нибудь","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix, part of кто-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase кто-нибудь","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"возлюбить","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to возлюбить","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-c6-s125","source":"— Ах, это совершенная правда! — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"— Ah, that is the perfect truth! — Alyosha exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул","title":"Perfective verb of speech in narration","body":"«воскликнул» (perfective, 'exclaimed') frames Alyosha's outburst as a single completed act that advances the scene, the workhorse pattern for dialogue tags in Russian narrative prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the line","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда!","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совершенная","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда!","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"правда!","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-c6-s126","source":"— Да полноте наконец паясничать; какой-нибудь дурак придет, а вы срамите! — вскрикнула неожиданно девушка у окна, обращаясь к отцу с брезгливою и презрительною миной.","translation":"— Do stop your buffoonery at last; some fool comes along, and you put us to shame! — the girl by the window suddenly cried out, turning to her father with a look of disgust and scorn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полноте паясничать","title":"«полно(те)» + «паясничать» — 'do stop clowning'","body":"«полноте» is a fixed imperative-like check meaning 'enough!, do stop!' (lit. 'be full'), with the polite «-те». «паясничать» means 'to play the buffoon, clown about', from «паяц» ('clown, harlequin') — the very charge the captain keeps inviting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-нибудь дурак придет, а вы срамите","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the clause","body":"«а» here is the mild adversative 'and/while' that swivels from one subject to another ('some fool comes, and you go shaming us'). It marks a shift of topic with gentle reproach rather than flat opposition — a hinge English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к отцу","title":"«обращаясь» — present gerund of attendant action","body":"«обращаясь» ('turning, addressing') is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие): it names a simultaneous action sharing the main subject (the girl), folding 'as she turned to her father' into the narrative clause. The dative «к отцу» follows «к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с брезгливою и презрительною миной","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«брезгливою … презрительною» carry the older long-form feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), governed by «с». This «-ою» is a literary-archaic flavouring still common in 19th-century prose. «мина» here means 'facial expression, look'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes полноте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection, imperative idiom","role":"main verb-like head of the sentence","gloss":"stop it","note":"«Полноте» is an idiomatic imperative meaning \"enough of that, stop.\""},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полноте","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"паясничать","lemma":"паясничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полноте","gloss":"clowning"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular, part of какой-нибудь","role":"determiner of дурак","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix, part of какой-нибудь","role":"part of the phrase какой-нибудь","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"comes along"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of срамите!","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"срамите!","lemma":"срамить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"shame us"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнула","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"брезгливою","lemma":"брезгливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies миной","gloss":"disdainful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"презрительною","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with брезгливою","gloss":"scornful"},{"surface":"миной","lemma":"мина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-c6-s127","source":"— Повремените немного, Варвара Николавна, позвольте выдержать направление, — крикнул ей отец, хотя и повелительным тоном, но, однако, весьма одобрительно смотря на нее. — Это уж у нас такой характер-с, — повернулся он опять к Алеше.","translation":"— Wait a moment, Varvara Nikolavna, permit me to hold my course, — her father called to her, in a commanding tone, yet looking at her with the warmest approval. — That, sir, is simply the way she is, — he turned again to Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повремените … позвольте выдержать","title":"Polite plural imperatives","body":"«Повремените» ('wait a moment') and «позвольте» ('permit, allow') are perfective imperatives with the polite/plural «-те». «позвольте» + infinitive is the stock formula of deferential request that the captain repeats throughout the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на нее","title":"«смотря» — present gerund","body":"«смотря» ('looking') is an imperfective present gerund describing how the father called out — simultaneously gazing at his daughter with approval. The accusative «на нее» follows «на» of direction of gaze."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выдержать направление","title":"«выдержать направление» — to hold one's course","body":"Literally 'to maintain the direction', a slightly grandiose, quasi-military turn of phrase ('let me see my line through'). It chimes with the captain's old soldier's idiom and his theatrical insistence on finishing his performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повремените","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Повремените","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to the girl","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николавна","lemma":"Николаевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Варвара","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel main verb to Повремените","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"выдержать","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"направление,","lemma":"направление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдержать","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"conjunction, concessive","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies повелительным","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"повелительным","lemma":"повелительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"commanding"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of крикнул","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одобрительно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"одобрительно","lemma":"одобрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"approvingly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее.","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее.","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate характер, referring forward to характер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies характер (\"simply\")","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у (idiom \"у нас такой характер\")","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Это","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to характер","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main narration verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-c6-s128","source":"И ничего во всей природе\nБлагословить он не хотел.","translation":"And in all of nature there was nothing\nHe was willing to bless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего … не хотел","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«ничего» is the genitive of «ничто», the negated object of «благословить … не хотел». The negative pronoun forces negative concord (verb still takes «не»), and the object stands in the genitive — the regular pattern under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of Благословить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of во","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"Благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to bless"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-c6-s129","source":"То есть надо бы в женском роде: благословить она не хотела-с.","translation":"That is, one ought to put it in the feminine, sir: she was not willing to bless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы в женском роде","title":"«надо бы» — softened necessity with «бы»","body":"The particle «бы» joined to impersonal «надо» tones the necessity down to a tentative 'one ought really to…'. «бы» is the all-purpose irrealis particle, here lending the captain's literary aside a mock-hesitant politeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в женском роде","title":"«род» — grammatical gender","body":"Here «род» means grammatical gender: 'in the feminine'. The joke turns on changing Pushkin's masculine «не хотел» into the feminine «не хотела» so the line fits his daughter — a wink at the gendered past-tense -л form itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the idiom то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, part of the idiom то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the clause","gloss":"one ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"softens надо (\"ought to\")","gloss":"[softening particle]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"женском","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"feminine"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"gender"},{"surface":"благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to bless"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was willing"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential enclitic","role":"attached to хотела","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-c6-s130","source":"Но позвольте вас представить и моей супруге: вот-с Арина Петровна, дама без ног-с, лет сорока трех, ноги ходят, да немножко-с.","translation":"But allow me to present you to my wife as well: here, sir, is Arina Petrovna, a lady with no legs, sir, some forty-three years of age — her legs do walk, but only a little, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте вас представить … моей супруге","title":"Accusative object, dative goal","body":"«вас» is the accusative person presented; «моей супруге» the dative person presented-to ('to my wife'). «представить кого кому» neatly splits the two roles across accusative and dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супруге","title":"«супруга» — wife, in formal register","body":"«супруга» is the elevated, ceremonious word for 'wife' (cf. plain «жена»). Applied to his crippled, simple-born wife amid this squalid scene, the genteel term is part of the captain's grotesque mock-courtliness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет сорока трех","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"Inverting the numeral and noun («лет сорока трёх» rather than «сорок три года») signals approximation — 'some forty-three or so'. The whole phrase sits in the genitive, and the numeral itself declines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to present"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies супруге","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супруге","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the presentation of Арина","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to вот","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Арина","lemma":"Арина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun introduced by вот","gloss":"Arina"},{"surface":"Петровна","lemma":"Петровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Арина","gloss":"Petrovna"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Арина, describing her","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to ног","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дама, giving her age","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"part of the numeral сорока трех, quantifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ходят","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of an independent clause about her legs","gloss":"do walk"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходят, coordinated via да","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to немножко","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-c6-s131","source":"Из простых-с.","translation":"Of humble stock, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Из простых-с","title":"«из простых» — of common stock","body":"An elliptical social formula: «из простых [людей]» means 'from the simple/common folk', i.e. low-born, not gentry. The genitive plural «простых» follows «из». The captain repeats it like an apology for his wife's origins — and his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простых","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, genitive, plural","role":"head of the phrase (predicate of elided мы есть)","gloss":"humble stock"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to простых","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-c6-s132","source":"Арина Петровна, разгладьте черты ваши: вот Алексей Федорович Карамазов.","translation":"Arina Petrovna, smooth out your features: here is Alexey Fyodorovich Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разгладьте черты ваши","title":"Imperative with possessive after the noun","body":"«разгладьте» is a polite imperative ('smooth out!'). The possessive «ваши» follows its noun «черты» rather than preceding it — a literary inversion that throws faint emphasis onto 'your features'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Арина","lemma":"Арина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Arina"},{"surface":"Петровна","lemma":"Петровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Арина","gloss":"Petrovna"},{"surface":"разгладьте","lemma":"разгладить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smooth out"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разгладьте","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of черты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the presentation of Алексей","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun introduced by вот","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-c6-s133","source":"Встаньте, Алексей Федорович, — он взял его за руку и с силой, которой даже нельзя было ожидать от него, вдруг его приподнял. — Вы даме представляетесь, надо встать-с.","translation":"Get up, Alexey Fyodorovich, — he took him by the arm and, with a strength one could never have expected of him, suddenly raised him to his feet. — You are being presented to a lady, sir, you must stand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с силой, которой … нельзя было ожидать","title":"Relative «которой» in the genitive","body":"«которой» agrees with its antecedent «сила» in gender and number but takes the genitive its own clause demands: «ожидать чего» (to expect) governs the genitive. The relative clause condenses 'a strength one could not have expected'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя было ожидать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было»","body":"A subjectless impersonal construction: «нельзя» ('it is impossible/one cannot') plus past «было» and an infinitive, with the experiencer left unstated ('one could not'). This is the dative-experiencer family of subjectless predicates, here with no person named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы даме представляетесь","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as passive","body":"«представляетесь» is the «-ся» form of «представлять»: 'you are being presented'. The «-ся» here carries a passive/middle sense — the action falls on the subject — rather than true reflexivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встаньте","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Get up"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of приподнял","gloss":"a strength"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of ожидать (refers to силой)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying силой","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нельзя","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподнял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приподнял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"приподнял.","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"raised up"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of представляетесь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of представляетесь","gloss":"to a lady"},{"surface":"представляетесь","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new sentence","gloss":"are being presented"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"modal predicate of a new clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to встать","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-c6-s134","source":"Не тот-с Карамазов, маменька, который… гм и так далее, а брат его, блистающий смиренными добродетелями.","translation":"Not that Karamazov, mama, the one who… hm, and so forth, but his brother, the one resplendent in meek virtues.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не тот-с Карамазов … который…","title":"Correlative «тот … который»","body":"«тот» ('that one') sets up a correlative with the relative «который» ('the one who…'), the standard frame for singling out a referent. Here the captain breaks off the relative clause with «гм и так далее», archly declining to name Dmitri's scandal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька","title":"«маменька» — affectionate 'mama'","body":"A tender diminutive of «мама», old-fashioned and cosseting ('dear mama, mamenka'). The captain's lavish use of it underlines the cloying, theatrical tenderness he heaps on his witless wife."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"блистающий смиренными добродетелями","title":"Present active participle + instrumental","body":"«блистающий» ('shining, resplendent') is a present active participle from «блистать», agreeing with «брат». «блистать чем» governs the instrumental, so «смиренными добродетелями» ('with meek virtues') stands in the instrumental of means. The bookish participle mock-elevates Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Карамазов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to тот","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on Карамазов","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"filler interjection","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to так далее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom и так далее","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom и так далее","gloss":"forth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Карамазов","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"блистающий","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying брат","gloss":"resplendent"},{"surface":"смиренными","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies добродетелями","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"добродетелями","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блистающий","gloss":"virtues"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-c6-s135","source":"Позвольте, Арина Петровна, позвольте, маменька, позвольте вашу ручку предварительно поцеловать.","translation":"Permit me, Arina Petrovna, permit me, mama, permit me first to kiss your little hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте … поцеловать","title":"Threefold imperative of entreaty","body":"The triple «позвольте … позвольте … позвольте» plus infinitive ('permit me to…') piles up the same deferential imperative for rhetorical, fawning effect — the captain's signature mode of mock-humble request."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручку","title":"«ручка» — dear little hand","body":"Diminutive of «рука» ('hand'), affectionate here: 'your little hand'. The diminutive turns the gallant hand-kiss into something doting and exaggeratedly tender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предварительно","title":"«предварительно» — beforehand","body":"A formal adverb meaning 'first, in advance, preliminarily', the language of officialdom. Slipped into a hand-kissing flourish, it adds to the captain's grotesquely bureaucratic courtliness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, addressed to Арина","gloss":"Permit me"},{"surface":"Арина","lemma":"Арина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Arina"},{"surface":"Петровна","lemma":"Петровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Арина","gloss":"Petrovna"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, addressed to маменька","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ручку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"little hand"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловать","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to kiss"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-c6-s136","source":"И он почтительно, нежно даже поцеловал у супруги ручку.","translation":"And he kissed his wife's hand respectfully, even tenderly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поцеловал у супруги ручку","title":"«поцеловать у кого что» — kissed the hand of","body":"The construction «целовать у кого-то руку» literally 'kissed at someone the hand', with «у супруги» in the genitive after «у», is the idiomatic way to say one kissed a part of someone's body. «ручку» is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нежно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруги","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловал","gloss":"his wife's"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-c6-s137","source":"Девица у окна с негодованием повернулась к сцене спиной, надменно вопросительное лицо супруги вдруг выразило необыкновенную ласковость.","translation":"The girl at the window turned her back on the scene in indignation, while the wife's haughtily questioning face suddenly took on an extraordinary sweetness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулась … спиной","title":"Reflexive verb + instrumental of body part","body":"«повернулась» (reflexive «-ся», 'turned [herself]') pairs with «спиной» in the instrumental — 'turned with her back', i.e. turned her back. The instrumental names the body part presented by the turning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надменно вопросительное лицо … выразило … ласковость","title":"Adjective-heavy nominative subject","body":"The long modifier «надменно вопросительное» ('haughtily questioning') agrees with the nominative subject «лицо» (neuter), and the verb «выразило» takes the neuter past ending to match. The accumulation of qualifiers before the noun is typical of Dostoevsky's portrait phrasing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с негодованием","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с негодованием» ('with indignation') is the instrumental after «с», expressing the manner of the action. This adverbial use of «с» + instrumental is the ordinary way to say 'indignantly, scornfully', and so on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повернулась","gloss":"The girl"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Девица","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of повернулась","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"повернулась","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулась","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулась","gloss":"her back"},{"surface":"надменно","lemma":"надменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросительное","gloss":"haughtily"},{"surface":"вопросительное","lemma":"вопросительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразило","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"the wife's"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выразило","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"необыкновенную","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ласковость","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"ласковость","lemma":"ласковость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразило","gloss":"sweetness"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-c6-s138","source":"— Здравствуйте, садитесь, господин Черномазов, — проговорила она.","translation":"— Good day, do sit down, Mister Chernomazov, — she said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здравствуйте, садитесь","title":"Polite imperatives of greeting","body":"«Здравствуйте» (lit. 'be well') is the polite-plural greeting frozen as an imperative; «садитесь» ('do sit down') is the imperfective imperative, which in invitations sounds warmer and more welcoming than its perfective counterpart «сядьте»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствуйте","morphology":"interjection, greeting formula","role":"greeting, first utterance of the quote","gloss":"Good day"},{"surface":"садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Здравствуйте","gloss":"do sit down"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Черномазов","gloss":"Mister"},{"surface":"Черномазов,","lemma":"Черномазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Chernomazov"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-c6-s139","source":"— Карамазов, маменька, Карамазов (мы из простых-с), — подшепнул он снова.","translation":"— Karamazov, mama, Karamazov (we are of humble stock, sir), — he whispered to her again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подшепнул","title":"«подшепнуть» — to whisper aside","body":"The prefix «под-» on «шепнуть» ('to whisper') adds a furtive, sidelong sense — to murmur a quiet correction under one's breath. It paints the captain leaning in to fix his wife's blunder without a scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы из простых-с","title":"Zero-copula present","body":"«мы из простых» has no verb 'to be': the present-tense copula is simply absent in Russian. The bare 'we [are] of common stock' is the normal way to predicate in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"corrective statement, addressed to маменька","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, genitive, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"humble stock"},{"surface":"с),","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to простых","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подшепнул","lemma":"подшепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подшепнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подшепнул","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-c6-s140","source":"— Ну Карамазов или как там, а я всегда Черномазов… Садитесь же, и зачем он вас поднял?","translation":"— Well, Karamazov or whatever it is, but I always say Chernomazov… Do sit down, then; and why did he pull you up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садитесь же","title":"Insistent particle «же»","body":"«же» attached to the imperative «Садитесь» adds urging impatience — 'do sit down, will you'. It is one of Russian's tiny modal particles that English can render only with stress or 'do/then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем он вас поднял?","title":"Perfective past 'pulled up'","body":"«поднял» (perfective, 'raised, pulled up') views the act as a single completed event. The accusative «вас» is its object; the wife querulously asks why her husband hauled the guest to his feet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker opening the quote","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with Черномазов","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как там","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как там","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, with predicate Черномазов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Черномазов","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"Черномазов","lemma":"Черномазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (nickname used)","gloss":"Chernomazov"},{"surface":"Садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new imperative sentence","gloss":"Do sit down"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Садитесь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"pull up"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-c6-s141","source":"Дама без ног, он говорит, ноги-то есть, да распухли, как ведра, а сама я высохла.","translation":"A lady with no legs, he says — legs I have, but they have swollen up like buckets, while I myself have wasted away to nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ноги-то есть","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «ноги» is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic topic clitic: 'legs, now — those I do have'. It picks up and contests the captain's phrase 'a lady with no legs', stressing the known topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"распухли, как ведра","title":"Perfective result + folk simile","body":"«распухли» (perfective, 'have swollen up') states a resulting condition. The earthy simile «как вёдра» ('like buckets') is pure peasant speech, matching the wife's plain origins."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а сама я высохла","title":"Intensive «сама» + contrastive «а»","body":"«сама» ('I myself') intensifies the subject, and «а» pivots contrastively from her swollen legs to her wasted body. «высохла» (perfective, 'have dried up, wasted away') again names a completed change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted predicate (elliptical: I am a lady...)","gloss":"A lady"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"with no"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Дама","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical framing verb","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to ноги","gloss":"as for (them)"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate: I do have them","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"распухли","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"have swollen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison ведра","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ведра","lemma":"ведро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"comparative complement of распухли","gloss":"buckets"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высохла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"высохла","lemma":"высохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распухли","gloss":"have withered"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-c6-s142","source":"Прежде-то я куды была толстая, а теперь вон словно иглу проглотила…","translation":"Once I was ever so stout, and now it's as though I'd swallowed a needle…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прежде-то … куды … толстая","title":"Dialectal «куды» and topic «-то»","body":"«куды» is a folk/dialectal variant of «куда», used here as an intensifier 'ever so' ('куды толстая' — ever so fat). With the topic-clitic «-то» on «прежде» ('formerly'), the line is thick with colloquial peasant colour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно иглу проглотила","title":"«словно» + perfective for a vivid simile","body":"«словно» ('as if, as though') introduces the comparison, and the perfective «проглотила» ('[I'd] swallowed') gives the image its sharp, completed force — 'as though I'd swallowed a needle', so thin has she grown."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb, modifies была толстая","gloss":"Once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to Прежде","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была толстая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"куды","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb, dialectal intensifier","role":"modifies толстая","gloss":"ever so"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to толстая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"толстая","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of я","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проглотила","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb, discourse particle","role":"modifies проглотила","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison иглу проглотила","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"иглу","lemma":"игла","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проглотила","gloss":"a needle"},{"surface":"проглотила","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"swallowed"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-c6-s143","source":"— Мы из простых-с, из простых-с, — подсказал еще раз капитан.","translation":"— We are of humble stock, sir, of humble stock, sir, — the captain prompted once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капитан","title":"«капитан» — the captain","body":"Snegiryov is a «штабс-капитан» (staff-captain), a junior officer rank; the narrator clips it to «капитан». The military title, set against the family's destitution, sharpens the pathos of a once-serving man now reduced to clowning for visitors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подсказал еще раз","title":"Perfective of repeated prompting","body":"«подсказал» (perfective, 'prompted, prompted in') with «ещё раз» frames yet another single instance of the captain quietly feeding his wife the right word — comic repetition built from a punctual perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided predicate","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, genitive, plural","role":"predicate of Мы","gloss":"humble stock"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to простых","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простых","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, genitive, plural","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"humble stock"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, colloquial politeness marker","role":"politeness particle attached to простых","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom еще раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom еще раз","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"the captain"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-c6-s144","source":"— Папа, ах папа! — проговорила вдруг горбатая девушка, доселе молчавшая на своем стуле, и вдруг закрыла глаза платком.","translation":"— Papa, ah, papa! — the hunchbacked girl, who had been silent all this while in her chair, suddenly said, and all at once covered her eyes with her handkerchief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доселе молчавшая на своем стуле","title":"Past active participle 'who had been silent'","body":"«молчавшая» is a past active participle (imperfective stem) agreeing with «девушка»: 'who had been silent'. The bookish participial phrase compresses a «которая молчала»-clause; «доселе» ('hitherto, till then') is an archaic adverb heightening the literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своем стуле","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своём» ('her own') refers back to the clause's subject, the girl — 'in her own chair'. Russian uses «свой» rather than «её» precisely because the possessor is the subject; «её» would imply someone else's chair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection expressing distress","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"папа!","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"горбатая","lemma":"горбатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"hunchbacked"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчавшая","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"молчавшая","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying девушка","gloss":"who had been silent"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стуле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчавшая","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорила","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of закрыла","gloss":"with a handkerchief"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-c6-s145","source":"— Шут! — брякнула девица у окна.","translation":"— Buffoon! — the girl at the window snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шут!","title":"«Шут!» — buffoon, fool","body":"«шут» is the court jester / buffoon, hurled as an insult: 'clown, fool'. It names the captain's whole self-degrading performance and echoes «паяц» / «паясничать» from earlier in the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брякнула","title":"«брякнуть» — to blurt out","body":"An expressive perfective meaning to say something abruptly, with a blunt clatter ('snapped, blurted'). The verb's onomatopoeic ring (cf. «бряк» — clatter) captures the girl's curt, contemptuous tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шут!","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, predicate noun","gloss":"Buffoon!"},{"surface":"брякнула","lemma":"брякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of брякнула","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of девица","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-c6-s146","source":"— Видите, у нас какие известия, — расставила руки мамаша, указывая на дочерей, — точно облака идут; пройдут облака, и опять наша музыка.","translation":"— You see what tidings we have here, — the mother spread her arms, gesturing toward her daughters, — it is just like clouds passing over; the clouds go by, and then we have our music again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"известия","title":"«известия» — tidings, news","body":"«известия» means 'news, tidings' — here ironic, gesturing at her quarrelsome daughters as the 'news of the house'. The slightly formal plural lends her resigned remark a mock-grand air."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно облака идут; пройдут облака","title":"Imperfective process vs perfective completion","body":"«идут» (imperfective present, 'are passing') paints the clouds in process; «пройдут» (perfective future, 'will pass / go by') then names their completed passing. The aspect switch is the very engine of her little parable — the storm passes, the music returns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаша","title":"«мамаша» — homely 'mother'","body":"Here the narrator calls the wife «мамаша», a familiar, slightly common word for 'mother/mum'. It sits in the same affectionate-domestic register as the captain's «маменька» and signals her plain, lower-class warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, addressing listener","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement in the idiom у нас (we have)","gloss":"we have"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of известия","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"известия,","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun in the у нас какие известия clause","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"расставила","lemma":"расставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of расставила","gloss":"her arms"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расставила","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on расставила","gloss":"gesturing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерей","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дочерей,","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"her daughters"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb, comparative particle","role":"modifies идут","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"облака","lemma":"облако","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расставила","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"пройдут","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"облака","lemma":"облако","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of пройдут","gloss":"the clouds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies музыка","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of музыка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"музыка","lemma":"музыка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elided verb (будет)","gloss":"music"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-c6-s147","source":"Прежде, когда мы военными были, к нам много приходило таких гостей.","translation":"Before, when we were military folk, a great many such guests used to come to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда мы военными были","title":"Instrumental of the past predicate","body":"After past «были» the predicate «военными» ('military folk') takes the instrumental, not the nominative — the standard rule with «быть» in the past: 'when we were military people'. The instrumental frames the role as a bygone, temporary state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много приходило таких гостей","title":"Imperfective of habit + genitive after «много»","body":"«приходило» (imperfective past) names a repeated, habitual coming ('used to come'). «много» governs the genitive plural «таких гостей» ('many such guests'), and the verb stays neuter singular to agree with the quantity-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause военными были","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"военными","lemma":"военный","morphology":"noun, substantivized, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"military folk"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to военными","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходило","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"modifies приходило","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"приходило","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to come"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of гостей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приходило (partitive genitive)","gloss":"guests"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-c6-s148","source":"Я, батюшка, это к делу не приравниваю.","translation":"I, my dear sir, am not drawing any comparison.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — 'my dear sir / father'","body":"«батюшка» (lit. 'little father') is a warm, deferential form of address to a man, 'my dear sir, good father'. It can also mean a parish priest, but here it is the wife's homely, coaxing way of addressing the visitor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к делу не приравниваю","title":"«приравнивать к делу» — to draw a comparison","body":"«приравнивать к чему-то» means 'to equate/liken to'; «к делу» here is colloquial for 'to the matter, to the present case'. Her muddled idiom means roughly 'I'm not putting one against the other' — her speech is full of such half-grasped formulas."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приравниваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приравниваю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приравниваю","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приравниваю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приравниваю","lemma":"приравнивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am comparing"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-c6-s149","source":"Кто любит кого, тот и люби того.","translation":"Whoever loves someone, let him love that one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто любит кого, тот и люби того","title":"Correlative «кто … тот» with a hortative imperative","body":"The proverb-like sentence pairs the relative «кто» ('whoever') with the correlative «тот» ('that one'). «люби» is a 3rd-person hortative use of the imperative — 'let him love' — a folk-gnomic construction. «и» here is the emphatic 'just, then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Whoever"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, correlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of люби","gloss":"let him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"that one"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-c6-s150","source":"Дьяконица тогда приходит и говорит: «Александр Александрович превосходнейшей души человек, а Настасья, говорит, Петровна, это исчадие ада».","translation":"The deacon's wife comes by then and says: \"Alexander Alexandrovich is a man of the most excellent soul, but Nastasya,\" she says, \"Petrovna, she is a fiend out of hell.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходит и говорит","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"«приходит … говорит» are imperfective presents used to narrate a past anecdote vividly ('comes by and says'). This 'historic present' brings the remembered quarrel into the immediate now, a hallmark of lively oral storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исчадие ада","title":"«исчадие ада» — a fiend out of hell","body":"A fixed bookish-biblical curse: «исчадие» ('spawn, offspring', archaic) of «ад» ('hell') — 'spawn of hell, a very fiend'. The lofty Slavonic phrasing clashes comically with the petty domestic squabble it adorns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дьяконица","lemma":"дьяконица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"The deacon's wife"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Александр","lemma":"Александр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted predicate человек","gloss":"Alexander"},{"surface":"Александрович","lemma":"Александрович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Александр","gloss":"Alexandrovich"},{"surface":"превосходнейшей","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"of the most excellent"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Александр","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Настасья","lemma":"Настасья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted predicate исчадие","gloss":"Nastasya"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, interrupting the quoted speech","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"Петровна","lemma":"Петровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Настасья","gloss":"Petrovna"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with исчадие","gloss":"she is"},{"surface":"исчадие","lemma":"исчадие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of Настасья","gloss":"a fiend"},{"surface":"ада","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исчадие","gloss":"of hell"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-c6-s151","source":"— «Ну, отвечаю, это как кто кого обожает, а ты и мала куча, да вонюча».","translation":"— \"Well,\" I answer, \"that depends on who dotes on whom — and you, small heap though you be, still stink.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это как кто кого обожает","title":"Two interrogatives 'who … whom'","body":"«кто кого» stacks the nominative «кто» (who, subject) against the accusative/genitive «кого» (whom, object) — the animate accusative borrows the genitive form. Russian's case-marking lets both interrogatives sit side by side: 'who dotes on whom'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мала куча, да вонюча","title":"Folk rhyme with short adjectives","body":"«мала … вонюча» are short-form predicate adjectives ('is small … is stinking'), and the jingle «куча … вонюча» is a coarse rustic rhyme — 'a small heap, but it stinks'. «да» is the folksy 'but/and'. The short adjectives give the taunt its terse proverbial snap."}],"words":[{"surface":"«Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker opening the quote","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with обожает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause кто кого обожает","gloss":"depends how"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обожает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обожает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"обожает","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отвечаю","gloss":"dotes on"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мала","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of ты, coordinated with вонюча (\"a small heap\")","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"куча","lemma":"куча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition with ты","gloss":"a heap"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вонюча","lemma":"вонючий","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with мала","gloss":"stinking"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-c6-s152","source":"— «А тебя, говорит, надо в повиновении держать».","translation":"— \"And you,\" she says, \"ought to be kept in subjection.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо в повиновении держать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо … держать» is the subjectless necessity construction ('one ought to keep'), with «тебя» as the accusative object. «в повиновении» is the prepositional after «в» of state — 'in obedience/subjection'."}],"words":[{"surface":"«А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous quoted line","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, interrupting the quote","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"modal predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking повиновении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"повиновении","lemma":"повиновение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держать","gloss":"subjection"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"be kept"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-c6-s153","source":"— «Ах ты, черная ты, — говорю ей, — шпага, ну и кого ты учить пришла?»","translation":"— \"Oh, you black blade, you,\" I say to her, \"and just whom have you come to teach?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черная … шпага","title":"«чёрная шпага» — 'black blade'","body":"«шпага» is a light rapier or sword; calling the dark-clad deacon's wife a 'black blade' is the captain's wife's improvised insult — sharp, thin, and severe. The metaphor is pure folk invective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого ты учить пришла?","title":"Fronted object + perfective of arrival","body":"«кого» (animate accusative 'whom') is fronted for indignant emphasis. «пришла» (perfective past of a prefixed motion verb, 'have come/arrived') frames the deacon's wife's arrival to lecture as a completed act: 'and just whom did you come to teach?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"«Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the quote","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative address, subject of predicate шпага","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"черная","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шпага","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ты,","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ей,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"шпага","lemma":"шпага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition to ты","gloss":"you blade"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришла","gloss":"to teach"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-c6-s154","source":"— «Я, — говорит она, — воздух чистый впускаю, а ты нечистый».","translation":"— \"I,\" she says, \"let in clean air, and you let in foul.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я … воздух чистый впускаю, а ты нечистый","title":"Ellipsis pivoted on «а»","body":"The contrastive «а» pits 'I' against 'you', and the second clause drops the repeated verb «впускаешь» — 'and you [let in] foul [air]'. Such gapping after «а» is natural in Russian because the contrast itself carries the missing verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воздух чистый","title":"Postposed attributive adjective","body":"«воздух чистый» places the adjective after its noun (vs the neutral «чистый воздух»), throwing weight onto 'clean' and giving the line a folk-rhetorical lilt — 'air that's clean' set against 'foul'."}],"words":[{"surface":"«Я,","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of впускаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (she says)","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"она,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of впускаю","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"впускаю","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated subject, parallel to Я (elided впускаешь)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нечистый","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing the elided воздух, coordinated with чистый","gloss":"foul"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-c6-s155","source":"— «А спроси, — отвечаю ей, — всех господ офицеров, нечистый ли во мне воздух али другой какой?»","translation":"— \"Then go and ask,\" I answer her, \"every one of the officer gentlemen whether the air in me is foul or some other sort.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спроси всех господ офицеров","title":"Imperative + animate accusative","body":"«спроси» is a familiar singular imperative ('ask!'). Its object «всех господ офицеров» is animate plural and so takes the genitive-shaped accusative («-ов … -ов»), the way Russian keeps animate objects distinct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечистый ли во мне воздух","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted focus word «нечистый» to build an indirect yes/no question — 'whether the air in me is foul'. Inside «спроси … ли … али другой какой» it sets up the alternatives she invites the officers to judge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«али» is a colloquial, dialectal variant of «или» ('or'), marking the wife's rustic, unschooled speech. It recurs in this monologue and helps fix her firmly among 'the simple folk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"«А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the imperative","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спроси,","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I answer)","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"ей,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of господ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спроси","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"офицеров","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"нечистый","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies воздух","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded yes/no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нечистый","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нечистый","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates нечистый with другой какой","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нечистый via али","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-c6-s156","source":"И так это у меня с того самого времени на душе сидит, что намеднись сижу я вот здесь, как теперь, и вижу, тот самый генерал вошел, что на святую сюда приезжал: «Что, — говорю ему, — ваше превосходительство, можно ли благородной даме воздух свободный впускать?»","translation":"And so it has weighed on my heart ever since that day, that the other day I was sitting right here, as I am now, and I see that very same general come in, the one who had come here at Eastertime: \"Tell me,\" I say to him, \"Your Excellency, may a wellborn lady be allowed to let in the open air?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на душе сидит","title":"Locative «на душе» — weighing on the soul","body":"«на душе» is the prepositional after «на» ('on the soul'), the idiom for an emotional state weighing within one. «сидит» (imperfective present, 'sits') keeps the grievance lodged there, lingering — an ongoing inner condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"намеднись","title":"«намеднись» — the other day","body":"A folk-colloquial adverb for 'the other day, recently' (cf. literary «намедни»). Like «куды» and «али», it stamps the wife's speech as homely peasant Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weighs"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of это/сидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намеднись","lemma":"намеднись","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause modifying сижу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of elliptical как-clause (сижу elided)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of генерал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies генерал","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause modifying генерал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святую","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"святую","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, substantivized (elliptical for 'святую неделю')","role":"object of на, oblique complement of приезжал","gloss":"Eastertime"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приезжал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приезжал","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying генерал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"Что,","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun/interjection","role":"discourse opener of the quoted question","gloss":"tell me","note":"Idiomatic opener; rendered 'Tell me' rather than literal 'What' in the translation."},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I say to him)","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of превосходительство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"превосходительство","lemma":"превосходительство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address to the general","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the question clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, modifies можно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"благородной","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"wellborn"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"logical subject of можно (dative construction)","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of впускать","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"свободный","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"впускать","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-c6-s157","source":"— «Да, отвечает, надо бы у вас форточку али дверь отворить, по тому самому, что у вас воздух несвежий».","translation":"— \"Yes,\" he answers, \"you ought to open a little window or a door, for the very reason that the air in your room is stale.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо бы … отворить","title":"«надо бы» — softened advice","body":"«надо бы» with the irrealis «бы» turns blunt necessity into polite counsel — 'you really ought to open'. The general's deferential phrasing contrasts with the wife's vehemence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"форточку","title":"«форточка» — the little vent-window","body":"A «форточка» is the small hinged pane set within a Russian double-glazed window, opened for ventilation in winter without losing all the heat — a fixture of the Russian home, here proposed as a remedy for the stale cottage air."}],"words":[{"surface":"«Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (affirmative)","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (he answers)","gloss":"he answers"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"softens надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of надо (у вас = in your room)","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"форточку","lemma":"форточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"little window"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates форточку and дверь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворить, coordinated with форточку","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces reason clause modifying надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause explaining тому самому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of несвежий (у вас = in your room)","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несвежий","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"несвежий","lemma":"несвежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"stale"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-c6-s158","source":"Ну и все-то так!","translation":"Well, and they are all like that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и все-то так!","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «все»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «все» ('they all') gives an aggrieved, generalizing stress — 'every last one of them is like that!'. «Ну и» opens the exclamation with a resigned 'well, and so…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of так","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes все","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-c6-s159","source":"А и что им мой воздух дался?","translation":"And what is it about my air that they have got hold of?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что им мой воздух дался?","title":"«дался» — colloquial 'why fixate on'","body":"«дался» (reflexive «-ся», perfective) in the idiom «что тебе/им дался…» means 'why have you/they got so fixated on…'. The dative «им» is the experiencer ('to them') and «мой воздух» the nominative subject — 'what is it about my air that they've seized on?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying что","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of дался","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дался","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воздух","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дался","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"дался","lemma":"даться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got hold of"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-c6-s160","source":"От мертвых и того хуже пахнет.","translation":"The dead smell worse still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От мертвых … пахнет","title":"Impersonal «пахнет» + genitive source","body":"«пахнет» ('it smells') is impersonal, with no nominative subject. «От мёртвых» ('from the dead') is the genitive plural after «от» naming the source of the smell; «того хуже» ('worse than that') is the comparative. A bleak, blunt aphorism from the muddled old woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мертвых","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, substantivized","role":"oblique complement of пахнет","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes того хуже","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies хуже (idiom того хуже, 'even worse')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пахнет","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"пахнет","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smells"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-c6-s161","source":"«Я, говорю, воздуху вашего не порчу, а башмаки закажу и уйду».","translation":"\"I,\" I say, \"do not spoil your air; I'll order myself some shoes and go away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воздуху вашего не порчу","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Under the negated «не порчу» ('I don't spoil') the object shifts from accusative to genitive: «воздуху» (an old genitive in «-у») rather than «воздух». This genitive of negation, with the archaic «-у» ending, is doubly period-flavoured."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"башмаки закажу и уйду","title":"Two perfective futures","body":"«закажу» ('I'll order') and «уйду» ('I'll go away', prefixed perfective of motion) are both perfective futures, naming two single completed acts to come. The pairing gives her threat its clipped finality: order shoes, then leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of порчу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I say)","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"воздуху","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive/second genitive, direct object of negated порчу)","role":"direct object of порчу","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воздуху","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies порчу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"порчу","lemma":"портить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"башмаки","lemma":"башмак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закажу","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"закажу","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with порчу","gloss":"I'll order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закажу","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-c6-s162","source":"Батюшки, голубчики, не попрекайте мать родную!","translation":"My dear ones, my darlings, do not reproach your own mother!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшки, голубчики","title":"«голубчики» — 'my little doves'","body":"«голубчик» (diminutive of «голубь», 'dove') is a tender endearment, 'my dear, my darling'; the plural «голубчики» here addresses her children fondly. «Батюшки!» is the exclamatory 'oh dear, good heavens!'. The clustered diminutives swell the pathos of her plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не попрекайте мать родную","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не попрекайте» is a negated imperfective imperative ('don't reproach'), the regular pairing — Russian prefers the imperfective imperative under negation for a general prohibition. «мать родную» ('your own mother') is the accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшки","lemma":"батюшки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear ones"},{"surface":"голубчики","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, coordinated with батюшки","gloss":"darlings"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попрекайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"попрекайте","lemma":"попрекать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попрекайте","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"родную","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-c6-s163","source":"Николай Ильич, батюшка, я ль тебе не угодила, только ведь у меня и есть, что Илюшечка из класса придет и любит.","translation":"Nikolai Ilyich, dear husband, how have I not pleased you — when all I have is that my little Ilyusha comes home from his lessons and loves me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ль тебе не угодила","title":"Clipped «ль» in a rhetorical question","body":"«ль» is the reduced enclitic «ли», making an emotional rhetorical question — 'have I not pleased you?'. The dative «тебе» is the person pleased; «угодить кому» ('to please, satisfy someone') governs the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — little Ilyusha","body":"A doubly affectionate diminutive of «Илья» (Ilya): «Илюша» → «Илюшечка», 'darling little Ilyusha'. The tender suffix-ladder on her son's name carries all the mother's love amid her lament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только ведь у меня и есть, что","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know'. The idiom «у меня и есть, что…» means 'the only thing I have is that…'. Together they color the line with confiding, plaintive insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай, vocative","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of угодила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question, modifies угодила","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of угодила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угодила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"угодила","lemma":"угодить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause (у меня и есть)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces только","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть (у меня есть = I have)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes есть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (у меня есть = I have)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking класса","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"класса","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-c6-s164","source":"Вчера яблочко принес.","translation":"Yesterday he brought me a little apple.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яблочко","title":"«яблочко» — a little apple","body":"Diminutive of «яблоко» ('apple'): 'a little apple'. The tender diminutive makes the boy's small gift the more touching — the whole of the mother's recounted joy resting on this one humble offering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вчера яблочко принес","title":"Perfective past with dropped subject","body":"«принёс» (perfective past, 'brought') names a single completed act; the subject «он» (Ilyusha) is dropped, recoverable from context, as Russian freely allows. The whole little sentence is object-first and clipped, like remembered speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"яблочко","lemma":"яблочко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"apple"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-c6-s165","source":"Простите, батюшки, простите, голубчики, мать родную, простите меня, совсем одинокую, а и чего вам мой воздух противен стал!","translation":"Forgive me, my dear ones, forgive me, my darlings, your own mother — forgive me, all alone as I am, and however did my air come to be so loathsome to you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите … простите … простите меня","title":"Imperative of pleading","body":"The triple perfective imperative «Простите» ('forgive!', polite-plural) builds the incantatory rhythm of her plea. «меня … мать родную» are the accusative objects begging forgiveness for herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего вам мой воздух противен стал","title":"Dative experiencer + «стал» + predicate","body":"«вам» is the dative of the one to whom the air became loathsome; «противен» is a short-form predicate adjective ('repugnant'), and «стал» ('became') is its linking verb. The whole frames the offence as something that happened to them, the dative-experiencer pattern. «чего» is colloquial for «почему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear ones"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated imperative, parallel to Простите","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"голубчики","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"darlings"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the preceding простите (self-reference)","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"родную","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated imperative, parallel to Простите","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одинокую","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"одинокую","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying чего","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (how/why), modifies стал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of противен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of воздух","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of противен","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"противен","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with стал","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (стал противен = became loathsome)","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-c6-s166","source":"И бедная вдруг разрыдалась, слезы брызнули ручьем.","translation":"And the poor woman suddenly burst into sobs, the tears streaming down in a flood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрыдалась … слезы брызнули","title":"Inceptive perfectives","body":"«разрыдалась» (reflexive «-ся», perfective with the inceptive prefix «раз-», 'burst into sobs') and «брызнули» ('gushed, spurted') both seize the sudden onset of weeping as a single completed burst — the perfective's gift for catching an action's threshold."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы брызнули ручьем","title":"Instrumental of manner «ручьём»","body":"«ручьём» ('in a stream') is the instrumental of «ручей», used adverbially to describe how the tears flowed — 'streaming down like a brook'. The instrumental of manner is a vivid, compact alternative to a prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of разрыдалась","gloss":"poor woman"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрыдалась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разрыдалась","lemma":"разрыдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"burst into sobs"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of брызнули","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"брызнули","lemma":"брызнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"streamed"},{"surface":"ручьем","lemma":"ручей","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of брызнули (manner)","gloss":"in a flood"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-c6-s167","source":"Штабс-капитан стремительно подскочил к ней.","translation":"The staff captain rushed headlong to her side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремительно подскочил к ней","title":"Perfective of motion + dative goal","body":"«подскочил» (perfective, prefix «под-» of approach, 'sprang up to') names a single darting movement; «к ней» is the dative after «к» marking the goal. The prefixed motion verb pins down both completion and direction at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, indeclinable prefix","role":"part of the compound title штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подскочил","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочил","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-c6-s168","source":"— Маменька, маменька, голубчик, полно, полно! Не одинокая ты.","translation":"— Mama, mama, my darling, that's enough, that's enough! You are not alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полно, полно","title":"«полно» — there, there; enough","body":"«полно» (lit. 'it is full') is a soothing check meaning 'enough now, there, there', used to calm or hush someone. Doubled, it is the captain's tender attempt to still his wife's sobbing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не одинокая ты","title":"Negation fronted for emphasis","body":"The neutral order would be «Ты не одинокая»; throwing «Не одинокая» to the front stresses the denial — 'not alone, you're not'. The reordering, possible because the long adjective and pronoun are unambiguous, weights the comfort he offers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, repeated","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker, repeated","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одинокая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одинокая","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies ты","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-c6-s169","source":"Все-то тебя любят, все обожают! — и он начал опять целовать у нее обе руки и нежно стал гладить по ее лицу своими ладонями; схватив же салфетку, начал вдруг обтирать с лица ее слезы Алеше показалось даже, что у него и у самого засверкали слезы.","translation":"Everyone loves you, everyone adores you! — and he began once more to kiss both her hands and tenderly to stroke her face with his palms; then, snatching up a napkin, he suddenly began to wipe the tears from her face. It seemed to Alyosha that tears had even started to glisten in his own eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все-то тебя любят","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «все»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «все» intensifies the sweeping claim — 'every single one of them loves you'. The dropped contrast and the topic-marking «-то» give his reassurance a warm, overflowing insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив же салфетку, начал … обтирать","title":"Perfective gerund «схватив»","body":"«схватив» ('having snatched up') is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) expressing a prior, completed action sharing the main subject — he snatched the napkin, then began wiping. The «же» here is a light narrative connective ('and then')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него и у самого засверкали слезы","title":"Intensive «у самого» — 'in his own eyes too'","body":"«у самого» ('in his very own [eyes]') intensifies the possessor — even he himself. «засверкали» (perfective, inceptive prefix «за-», 'began to glisten') seizes the moment the tears welled up. The construction «у него … слёзы» expresses 'he had tears' via «у» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Все","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обожают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"обожают!","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любят","gloss":"adore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique possessive complement of целовать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гладить","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"гладить","lemma":"гладить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to stroke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гладить","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of ладонями","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental modifier of гладить","gloss":"palms"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on the second начал","gloss":"snatching up"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies схватив","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"салфетку","lemma":"салфетка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"napkin"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (after схватив)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обтирать","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обтирать","lemma":"обтирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to wipe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обтирать","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обтирать","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of показалось","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засверкали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of показалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засверкали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes самого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with него","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"засверкали","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"started to glisten"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of засверкали","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-c6-s170","source":"— Ну-с, видели-с? Слышали-с? — как-то вдруг яростно обернулся он к нему, показывая рукой на бедную слабоумную.","translation":"— Well, sir, you have seen it, sir? You have heard it, sir? — he turned to him all at once, somehow furiously, pointing with his hand at the poor feeble-minded woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видели-с? Слышали-с?","title":"Perfective past as a curt question","body":"«видели … слышали» (perfective past, polite-plural) frame the seeing and hearing as completed wholes — 'you've seen it? you've heard it?'. The «-с» on each keeps up the servile politeness even in his sudden fury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернулся он к нему, показывая рукой","title":"Present gerund «показывая»","body":"«показывая» ('pointing') is an imperfective present gerund of simultaneous action: he turned while pointing. The instrumental «рукой» ('with his hand') names the instrument of the gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слабоумную","title":"«слабоумная» — the feeble-minded woman","body":"«слабоумный» (from «слабый» 'weak' + «ум» 'mind') means 'feeble-minded, simple'. Substantivized in the feminine accusative «слабоумную», it bluntly names the wife's condition — the captain pointing at 'the poor feeble-minded one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (polite suffix)","role":"attaches politeness marker to Ну","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first question","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (polite suffix)","role":"attaches politeness marker to видели","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"с?","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (polite suffix)","role":"attaches politeness marker to Слышали","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverb как-то, modifies обернулся","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix forming как-то","gloss":"indefinite suffix"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обернулся","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of показывая","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабоумную","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабоумную","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"слабоумную","lemma":"слабоумный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, substantivized","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"feeble-minded woman"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-c6-s171","source":"— Вижу и слышу, — пробормотал Алеша","translation":"— I see and I hear, — Alyosha murmured.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вижу и слышу","title":"Imperfective present of ongoing perception","body":"«вижу … слышу» are imperfective presents of verbs of perception, naming a state rather than an event — 'I see and I hear [it]'. Perception verbs live by nature in the imperfective. Alyosha's bare answer drops the pronoun «я», the ending alone marking first person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слышу,","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Вижу","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, parenthetical clause introducing the speaker","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-c6-s172","source":"— Папа, папа! Неужели ты с ним… Брось ты его, папа! — крикнул вдруг мальчик, привстав на своей постельке и горящим взглядом смотря на отца.","translation":"— Papa, papa! Surely you won't with him… Leave him be, papa! — the boy suddenly cried out, rising up on his little bed and gazing at his father with burning eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели ты с ним…","title":"Incredulous particle «неужели»","body":"«неужели» is the particle of astonished disbelief — 'surely not?, can it really be that…'. The boy breaks off, leaving the verb unspoken; the particle alone conveys his anguished 'you can't really side with him!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брось ты его","title":"Imperative with intrusive «ты»","body":"«Брось» ('drop, leave!') is a perfective imperative; the inserted «ты» between verb and object is an emphatic, emotional colloquialism — 'oh leave him, you!'. «его» is the animate accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привстав … смотря на отца","title":"Two gerunds: perfective then imperfective","body":"«привстав» is a perfective past gerund ('having half-risen', prior completed act); «смотря» an imperfective present gerund ('gazing', simultaneous). The pair stacks a finished movement and an ongoing one onto the single subject — the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies ты с ним","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (ты ... с ним)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Брось","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Брось","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Брось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"папа!","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"привстав","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"rising up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постельке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постельке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"постельке","lemma":"постелька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привстав","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горящим","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of смотря","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул, coordinated with привстав","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-c6-s173","source":"— Да полноте вы, наконец, паясничать, ваши выверты глупые показывать, которые ни к чему никогда не ведут! — совсем уже озлившись, крикнула всё из того угла Варвара Николаевна, даже ногой топнула.","translation":"— Do stop your buffoonery at last, putting on your stupid antics that never lead anywhere! — Varvara Nikolaevna, now thoroughly enraged, cried out from that same corner, and even stamped her foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выверты … которые ни к чему никогда не ведут","title":"Relative clause with negative concord","body":"«которые» (relative, nominative plural, agreeing with «выверты») heads a clause piling up negatives: «ни к чему никогда не ведут» — 'lead to nothing, ever'. Russian negative concord stacks «ни … никогда … не» as one emphatic negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем уже озлившись","title":"Perfective gerund «озлившись»","body":"«озлившись» ('having grown enraged', reflexive «-ся», perfective past gerund) marks the completed shift into anger that precedes and frames her outburst. «совсем уже» ('now utterly') stresses how far her temper has risen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes полноте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection/predicate, imperative sense","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"logical subject of паясничать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полноте","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"паясничать","lemma":"паясничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полноте","gloss":"playing the fool"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of выверты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"выверты","lemma":"выверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of показывать","gloss":"antics"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies выверты","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with паясничать, complement of полноте","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ведут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of negative idiom, modifies ведут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведут","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведут","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведут!","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying выверты","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлившись","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"озлившись","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнула","gloss":"enraged"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of крикнула","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of угла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнула","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николаевна","lemma":"николаевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара (patronymic)","gloss":"Nikolaevna"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies топнула","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ногой","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental modifier of топнула","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"топнула","lemma":"топнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнула","gloss":"stamped"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-c6-s174","source":"— Совершенно справедливо на этот раз изволите из себя выходить, Варвара Николавна, и я вас стремительно удовлетворю.","translation":"— This time you are entirely right to fly into a temper, Varvara Nikolavna, and I shall satisfy you at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволите из себя выходить","title":"«изволите» + «выходить из себя»","body":"«изволите» is an obsequious auxiliary ('you are pleased to, you deign to'), mock-deferential here. «выходить из себя» is the idiom 'to lose one's temper, fly into a rage' (lit. 'to go out of oneself'). Together: the captain's grovelling way of saying 'you're quite right to be furious'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас стремительно удовлетворю","title":"Perfective future of a single promise","body":"«удовлетворю» (perfective future, 'I shall satisfy') frames the promised act as one completed thing to come. «вас» is the accusative object; «стремительно» ('headlong, at once') is comically grandiose for so small a concession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies справедливо","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate adverb modifying изволите...выходить","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at","note":"на этот раз is a set phrase meaning 'this time'."},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, forming adverbial 'this time'","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you deign to","note":"Archaic, mock-servile polite verb: 'you are so good as to...'"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"object of из, idiom with выходить","gloss":"yourself","note":"выходить из себя = 'to lose one's temper.'"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to fly into a temper"},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николавна","lemma":"николавна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удовлетворю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, formal singular","role":"direct object of удовлетворю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удовлетворю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"удовлетворю","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with изволите via и","gloss":"I will satisfy"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-c6-s175","source":"Шапочку вашу наденьте, Алексей Федорович, а я вот картуз возьму — и пойдемте-с.","translation":"Put on your little cap, Alexey Fyodorovich, and I'll take my own cap — and let us be off, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шапочку вашу наденьте … я вот картуз возьму","title":"Imperative paired with perfective future","body":"«наденьте» (polite imperative, 'put on') directs Alyosha; «возьму» (perfective future, 'I'll take') states the captain's own next act. The two clauses split the action between 'you do this' and 'I'll do that'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шапочку … картуз","title":"«шапочка» vs «картуз»","body":"«шапочка» is the diminutive of «шапка» ('little cap'), a courteous touch for the guest's hat; «картуз» is a man's peaked cloth cap, plain and lower-class — the captain's own. The two words quietly mark the social gap between guest and host."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдемте-с","title":"«пойдёмте» — let's go (polite)","body":"«пойдёмте» is the 1st-person-plural exhortation ('let us go'), the «-те» making it polite/plural, with the deferential «-с» appended. It is the perfective unidirectional motion verb «пойти» pressed into a 'let's set off' summons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шапочку","lemma":"шапочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наденьте","gloss":"little cap"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Шапочку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"наденьте","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"картуз","lemma":"картуз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with наденьте","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, hortative, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of third clause","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to пойдемте","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential particle ('-s'), tacked onto the previous word in old-fashioned polite speech."}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-c6-s176","source":"Надобно вам одно серьезное словечко сказать, только вне этих стен.","translation":"I have one serious little word to say to you, only outside these walls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надобно … одно … словечко сказать","title":"Impersonal «надобно» + infinitive","body":"«надобно» is the bookish, slightly archaic variant of «надо» ('it is needful'), governing the infinitive «сказать». The unstated experiencer ('I need to') keeps the construction impersonal, in the dative-subject family."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"«словечко» — a little word","body":"Diminutive of «слово» ('word'): 'a little word'. The diminutive softens and intimates — he has just one small, serious word for Alyosha's ear, and the affectionate suffix coaxes him to come along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence, governs сказать","gloss":"it's necessary"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal singular","role":"experiencer of Надобно","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словечко","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словечко","gloss":"serious little"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Надобно","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вне этих стен","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стен","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of стен","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"стен","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition вне, adverbial modifier of сказать","gloss":"walls"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-c6-s177","source":"Эта вот сидящая девица — это дочка моя-с, Нина Николаевна-с, забыл я вам ее представить — ангел божий во плоти… к смертным слетевший… если можете только это понять…","translation":"This girl sitting here — this is my daughter, sir, Nina Nikolaevna, sir; I forgot to present her to you — an angel of God in the flesh… come down among mortals… if only you can grasp that…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта вот сидящая девица","title":"Present active participle «сидящая»","body":"«сидящая» ('sitting') is a present active participle agreeing with «девица», compressing 'the girl who is sitting' into one attributive word — a bookish economy. «вот» deictically points her out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забыл я вам ее представить","title":"Dative + accusative with «представить»","body":"«представить» splits its objects: «вам» (dative, to-whom) and «её» (accusative, whom). «забыл … представить» ('I forgot to present') frames the omission. The pronoun «я» trails after the verb, an emotional inversion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ангел божий во плоти","title":"«ангел божий во плоти» — an angel in the flesh","body":"An elevated, churchly phrase: «ангел божий» ('angel of God') «во плоти» ('in the flesh', with the Slavonic preposition form «во» and the archaic «плоть'). The captain raises his crippled daughter to a heavenly being — pathos pitched in sacred register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девица","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидящая","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидящая","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies девица","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate nominal дочка","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun (expletive)","role":"expletive subject linking девица to дочка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дочка","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to моя","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential particle ('-s'), tacked onto the previous word."},{"surface":"Нина","lemma":"нина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочка","gloss":"Nina"},{"surface":"Николаевна","lemma":"николаевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Нина","gloss":"Nikolaevna"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Николаевна","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal singular","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to present"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing девица","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плоти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"плоти","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"the flesh"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертным","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"смертным","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of слетевший","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"слетевший","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"to grasp"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-c6-s178","source":"— Весь ведь так и сотрясается, словно судорогой его сводит, — продолжала в негодовании Варвара Николаевна.","translation":"— Why, he is simply shaking all over, as though a convulsion had him in its grip, — Varvara Nikolaevna went on indignantly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь … так и сотрясается","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«сотрясается» (reflexive «-ся», 'is shaking, convulsing') is a middle/intransitive — the trembling happens to him. The idiom «так и» ('simply, just') intensifies the ongoing imperfective: 'he is positively shaking all over'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словно судорогой его сводит","title":"Impersonal «сводит» + instrumental cause","body":"«сводит» here is impersonal ('it cramps/convulses [him]'), with «его» as accusative object and «судорогой» in the instrumental naming the cause/means — 'as if a convulsion were cramping him'. Such subjectless 'it grips him with X' constructions are very Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясается ('all over')","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сотрясается","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотрясается","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сотрясается","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is shaking"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"судорогой","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental agent of сводит","gloss":"a convulsion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сводит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сводит,","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by словно","gloss":"grips"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжала","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николаевна","lemma":"николаевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара","gloss":"Nikolaevna"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-c6-s179","source":"— А эта, вот что теперь на меня ножкой топает и паяцем меня давеча обличила, — это тоже ангел божий во плоти-с и справедливо меня обозвала-с.","translation":"— And this one here, the one who now stamps her little foot at me and called me a buffoon just now — she too is an angel of God in the flesh, sir, and she named me rightly, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что теperь на меня ножкой топает","title":"Relative «что» + instrumental of body part","body":"Colloquial «что» stands in for «которая» as the relative ('the one who…'). «ножкой топает» — «топать чем» governs the instrumental, and «ножкой» is the diminutive 'little foot'; 'who stamps her little foot at me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"паяцем меня … обличила … обозвала","title":"Instrumental of the name called","body":"«обозвать кого кем» and the like put the epithet in the instrumental: «паяцем» ('as a buffoon') is the name she flung at him. Both «обличила» ('exposed, denounced') and «обозвала» ('named, called') are perfective pasts of completed acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — just now, a while ago","body":"A colloquial-archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, just now'. It belongs to the same homely, old-fashioned speech-layer the captain and his wife share, and dates the daughter's insult to moments past."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the relative clause топает/обличила","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот что","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of топает","gloss":"who","note":"вот что ... топает = 'the one who ... stamps'."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies топает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of топает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ножкой","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of топает","gloss":"her little foot"},{"surface":"топает","lemma":"топать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying эта","gloss":"stamps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"паяцем","lemma":"паяц","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of обличила","gloss":"a buffoon"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обличила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обличила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"обличила,","lemma":"обличить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with топает, second relative clause on эта","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun (expletive)","role":"expletive subject referring back to эта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плоти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"плоти","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"the flesh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to плоти","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обозвала","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обозвала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обозвала","lemma":"обозвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ангел, second main clause","gloss":"named"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to обозвала","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-c6-s180","source":"Пойдемте же, Алексей Федорович, покончить надо-с…","translation":"Let us be off, then, Alexey Fyodorovich, there's an end to be made, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пойдемте же … покончить надо-с","title":"Exhortation + impersonal necessity","body":"«Пойдёмте» ('let's go') with insistent «же» urges departure; «покончить надо» ('there's an end to be made') is the impersonal necessity construction with the infinitive. «покончить» (perfective) frames the finishing as one decisive act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, hortative, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пойдемте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexey"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"second predicate, coordinated with Пойдемте","gloss":"we need"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to надо","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-c6-s181","source":"И, схватив Алешу за руку, он вывел его из комнаты прямо на улицу.","translation":"And, seizing Alyosha by the arm, he led him out of the room straight into the street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив Алешу за руку","title":"Perfective gerund + «за руку» idiom","body":"«схватив» ('having seized', perfective past gerund) marks the completed grasp preceding the leading-out. «схватить кого за руку» — 'to seize someone by the arm' — puts the person in the accusative and the body part after «за» in the accusative: «за руку»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вывел его … прямо на улицу","title":"Prefixed motion verb «вывел»","body":"«вывел» (perfective, prefix «вы-» 'out', from «вести') means 'led out'. The prefix supplies both direction and completion; «на улицу» is the accusative of motion-toward after «на» — out of the room and straight into the street."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вывел","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на улицу","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"the street"}]}]}