{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b4-c7","title":{"source":"VII. И на чистом воздухе","translated":"And in the Open Air"},"section":"Book IV — Lacerations","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c7","lines":217},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-c7-s1","source":"— Воздух чистый-с, а в хоромах-то у меня и впрямь несвежо, во всех даже смыслах.","translation":"— The air is fresh, sir, while in my halls things really are none too fresh — in every sense of the word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"Snegiryov constantly tags his words with «-с» («чистый-с»), a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'). This 'slovoyer' particle lent obsequious politeness to 19th-century speech. Its relentless overuse here marks the captain's nervous self-abasement and clowning before a social superior; we render it as a tucked-in 'sir' where the English will bear it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в хоромах","title":"«хоромы» — a grand word turned bitter","body":"«Хоромы» properly means a spacious manor or fine wooden mansion. Applied by the destitute captain to his single squalid room it is savage self-irony — the swagger of a ruined gentleman naming his hovel a 'hall.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в хоромах-то","title":"Topic-marking «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» pinned to «хоромах» singles out the halls as the known topic the comment is about ('as for my halls…'). Distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», this is the colloquial focus particle that gives the captain's speech its sly, button-holing rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Воздух","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to чистый","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хоромах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хоромах","lemma":"хоромы","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of несвежо","gloss":"my halls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizing particle attached to хоромах","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor, idiom у меня = 'my'","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несвежо","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"несвежо","lemma":"несвежо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"not fresh"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смыслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of смыслах","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смыслах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смыслах","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несвежо","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-c7-s2","source":"Пройдемте, сударь, шажком.","translation":"Let us walk on, sir, at a gentle pace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пройдемте","title":"First-person-plural imperative «-те»","body":"«Пройдёмте» is a perfective 1st-plural future ('let us walk on') with the polite/plural «-те» suffixed — a hortative 'let's' addressed deferentially. The «-те» here both includes Alyosha and keeps the tone respectful."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шажком","title":"«шажком» — at a gentle little pace","body":"An adverbial instrumental from «шажок», the diminutive of «шаг» (step). The endearing suffix makes it 'at a slow, easy little pace' — softer and more ingratiating than the plain «шагом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пройдемте","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, hortative, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us walk"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"шажком","lemma":"шажок","morphology":"noun (adverbial), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of Пройдемте","gloss":"at a gentle pace"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-c7-s3","source":"Очень бы хотелось мне вас заинтересовать-с.","translation":"I should very much like to interest you in something, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень бы хотелось мне","title":"Dative experiencer with «бы»","body":"An impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, the experiencer «мне» stands in the dative, and the verb «хотелось» is neuter reflexive ('it would be desirable to me'). The particle «бы» softens the wish into a tentative 'I should very much like.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would like"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, formal singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заинтересовать","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to interest"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to заинтересовать","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-c7-s4","source":"— Я и сам к вам имею одно чрезвычайное дело… — заметил Алеша, — и только не знаю, как мне начать.","translation":"— I too have a certain extraordinary matter to put to you… — Alyosha remarked — only I do not know how to begin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мне начать","title":"Dative subject of an infinitive","body":"'How am I to begin' is built with no nominative: the person «мне» goes in the dative and the action is a bare infinitive «начать». This dative-plus-infinitive frames a deliberation or obligation ('how should I…') and is one of Russian's most characteristic subjectless turns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрезвычайное дело","title":"«чрезвычайный» — out of the ordinary","body":"«Чрезвычайный» means extraordinary, exceptional, urgent. Coupling it with the plain «дело» ('matter, business') gives Alyosha's announcement a weight that the captain will immediately, half-mockingly, register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies дело","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"I don't know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of начать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"to begin"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-c7-s5","source":"— Как не узнать, что у вас до меня дело-с?","translation":"— How could I fail to see that you have business with me, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не узнать","title":"Rhetorical «как не» + infinitive","body":"«Как не узнать…» literally 'how [is one] not to recognise' — a rhetorical infinitive question whose force is an emphatic affirmative: 'of course I could see.' The negation «не» on the infinitive flips the question into a confident claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас до меня дело","title":"«у вас… дело» — possession via «у» + genitive","body":"Russian 'to have' is expressed with «у» + genitive of the possessor and a nominative of the thing: «у вас… дело» = 'you have business.' The preposition «до» here governs the genitive «меня» in the sense 'business with/concerning me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"fail to see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, formal singular","role":"possessor of дело","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of дело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the subordinate clause","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to дело","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-c7-s6","source":"Без дела-то вы бы никогда ко мне и не заглянули.","translation":"Without some business you would never have looked in on me at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без дела-то вы бы никогда ко мне и не заглянули","title":"Counterfactual «бы» + double negation","body":"The past-form «заглянули» plus «бы» makes a counterfactual ('you would never have looked in'), while «никогда… не» is obligatory negative concord — the «ни»-word and «не» both stand. The «и» before «не» adds an emphatic 'at all.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заглянули","title":"«заглянуть» — to drop in","body":"Literally 'to glance in,' «заглянуть» idiomatically means to look in on someone, to pay a brief casual call. The captain's point is that the well-bred Alyosha would never have bothered without an errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of Без","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizing particle attached to дела","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, formal plural","role":"subject of заглянули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of заглянули","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглянули","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не заглянули","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заглянули","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заглянули","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked in"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-c7-s7","source":"Али в самом деле только жаловаться на мальчика приходили-с?","translation":"Or did you truly come only to complain about the boy, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Али","title":"«али» — folk 'or, or is it'","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, folksy variant of «или» ('or') / «разве» ('is it really'), tinged with peasant or old-fashioned speech. It opens a half-incredulous question and colours the captain's voice as homely and ironic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаловаться на мальчика приходили","title":"Imperfective of the visit, infinitive of purpose","body":"«Приходили» is imperfective past — a round-trip 'came (and went)' rather than a single arrival — and «жаловаться» is an imperfective infinitive of purpose ('came in order to complain'). The reflexive «жаловаться на» + accusative is the fixed frame 'to complain about someone.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (archaic/dialectal)","role":"introduces the alternative question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходили, idiom в самом деле","gloss":"truth","note":"в самом деле = 'indeed, truly.'"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жаловаться","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходили","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to приходили","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-c7-s8","source":"Так ведь это невероятно-с.","translation":"Why, that would be quite incredible, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ведь это невероятно-с","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'why, after all, you see' — inviting Alyosha to agree that mere complaining would be unthinkable. With «так» fronting it, the whole opener is a conversational nudge that English can only render with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial discourse particle","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это невероятно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невероятно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"невероятно","lemma":"невероятно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"incredible"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to невероятно","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-c7-s9","source":"А кстати о мальчике-с: я вам там всего изъяснить не мог-с, а здесь теперь сцену эту вам опишу-с.","translation":"And by the way, about the boy, sir: back there I could not explain it all to you, but here and now I will describe that scene for you, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изъяснить не мог… опишу","title":"Aspect across past and future","body":"The negated perfective past «не мог изъяснить» states a failure to complete ('I could not get it all explained'), while «опишу» is a perfective present-form used as future ('I will describe [and finish]'). The pair stages the contrast Russian draws constantly: a thing left undone there, a single completed act here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изъяснить","title":"«изъяснить» — to expound","body":"A bookish, slightly elevated verb for 'to explain, set forth fully,' loftier than the everyday «объяснить». In the captain's mouth it is a flourish of borrowed refinement, part of his clowning gentility."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverbial introducing о мальчике","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мальчике","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кстати","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to мальчике","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог/изъяснить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal singular","role":"indirect object of изъяснить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог/изъяснить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изъяснить","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"изъяснить","lemma":"изъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to мог","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опишу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опишу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of опишу","gloss":"that scene"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal singular","role":"indirect object of опишу","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"опишу","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I will describe"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to опишу","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-c7-s10","source":"Видите ли, мочалка-то была гуще-с, еще всего неделю назад, — я про бороденку мою говорю-с; это ведь бороденку мою мочалкой прозвали, школьники главное-с.","translation":"You see, sir, the wisp of tow was thicker only a week ago — I am speaking of my poor little beard, sir; it was my poor little beard they nicknamed 'the wisp of tow,' the schoolboys chiefly, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бороденку","title":"«бородёнка» — the pitiable little beard","body":"«Бородёнка» is «борода» (beard) with the pejorative-diminutive «-ёнк-», meaning a wretched, scanty little beard. The suffix does the work of self-mockery and pathos at once — not 'small' but 'poor, sorry.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гуще","title":"Comparative «гуще»","body":"«Гуще» is the irregular short comparative of «густой» ('thick, dense'), formed by a stem consonant change rather than a suffix — 'thicker.' Such predicative comparatives in «-е/-ще» are invariable and stand alone after the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мочалкой прозвали","title":"Instrumental of the name given","body":"«Прозвали… мочалкой» — 'nicknamed [it] the wisp of tow' — puts the bestowed name in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for the role or label assigned by verbs like «назвать, прозвать, считать». The subject «школьники» is held to the end for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse verb, idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom видите ли","gloss":"you see","note":"видите ли is a filler phrase, roughly 'you see.'"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была гуще","gloss":"the wisp of tow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizing particle attached to мочалка","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking мочалка to гуще","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"гуще","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective describing мочалка","gloss":"thicker"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to гуще","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying была гуще","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороденку","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"бороденку","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"my poor little beard"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бороденку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'm speaking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to говорю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun (expletive)","role":"expletive subject anticipating бороденку","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прозвали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бороденку","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прозвали","gloss":"my poor little beard"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бороденку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мочалкой","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of прозвали","gloss":"the wisp of tow"},{"surface":"прозвали","lemma":"прозвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nicknamed"},{"surface":"школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прозвали","gloss":"the schoolboys"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies школьники","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to главное","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-c7-s11","source":"Ну-с вот-с, тянет меня тогда ваш братец Дмитрий Федорович за мою бороденку, вытянул из трактира на площадь, а как раз школьники из школы выходят, а с ними и Илюша.","translation":"Well then, sir, your brother Dmitri Fyodorovich is dragging me by my poor little beard, hauled me out of the tavern into the square, and just then the schoolboys are coming out of school, and Ilyusha among them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тянет… вытянул… выходят","title":"The historic present in narration","body":"Snegiryov slides between present «тянет» / «выходят» and past «вытянул» to dramatise the scene as if it were unfolding now. This 'historic present,' mixing imperfective present for ongoing action with perfective past for the completed jerk «вытянул», is a vivid hallmark of oral storytelling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братец","title":"«братец» — diminutive of «брат»","body":"«Братец» softens «брат» with the affectionate-familiar «-ец»; in deferential mouths like the captain's it is also faintly ingratiating ('your dear brother'). The same suffix can patronise or warm, depending on tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трактир","title":"«трактир» — a tavern-inn","body":"A «трактир» was a popular tavern-cum-eating-house of the period, serving food, tea, and drink to a mixed, often low clientele — the very setting for the public scene of disgrace the captain is recounting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle (interjection)","role":"sentence-initial discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Ну","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies тянет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to вот","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"тянет","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is dragging"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of тянет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тянет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братец","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороденку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бороденку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бороденку","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тянет","gloss":"poor little beard"},{"surface":"вытянул","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тянет","gloss":"hauled"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянул","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площадь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"площадь","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянул","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (adverbial), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"then","note":"как раз = 'just then/right at that moment.'"},{"surface":"школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выходят","gloss":"the schoolboys"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"школы","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходят","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"выходят","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тянет","gloss":"are coming out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Илюша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject with школьники","gloss":"Ilyusha"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-c7-s12","source":"Как увидал он меня в таком виде-с, бросился ко мне: «Папа, кричит, папа!»","translation":"The moment he saw me in such a state, sir, he flung himself at me: 'Papa,' he cries, 'papa!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как увидал он меня… бросился","title":"«как» = 'the moment' + perfective pair","body":"Here «как» means 'as soon as, the moment that.' Two perfectives in sequence — «увидал» (caught sight of) then «бросился» (flung himself) — move the story forward in two quick completed strokes, the very rhythm of narrative event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Папа","title":"«папа» — the tender, un-Russian 'Papa'","body":"Ilyusha's «папа» is the intimate, slightly Frenchified 'Papa' rather than the homely «батя/тятя». The cry, repeated, is the emotional heart of the captain's whole tale and recurs as a leitmotif of the boy's love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to виде","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, quoted speech","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb within quoted speech","gloss":"he cries"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, quoted speech","gloss":"Papa"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-c7-s13","source":"Хватается за меня, обнимает меня, хочет меня вырвать, кричит моему обидчику: «Пустите, пустите, это папа мой, папа, простите его» — так ведь и кричит: «Простите»; ручонками-то тоже его схватил, да руку-то ему, эту самую-то руку его, и целует-с..","translation":"He clutches at me, throws his arms around me, tries to pull me free, cries out to my offender: 'Let go, let go, this is my papa, papa, forgive him' — that is the very word he cries: 'Forgive'; and with his little hands he seized hold of him too, and that hand of his, that very hand, he takes and kisses, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручонками","title":"«ручонки» — the little hands","body":"«Ручонки» is «руки» through the pitying-affectionate «-онк-», 'little (childish) hands.' Set beside «личико» (s14) and «бороденка», these diminutives build the tearful tenderness the captain layers over the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пустите, пустите… простите его","title":"Plural/polite imperatives","body":"«Пустите» and «простите» are imperatives with the «-те» that marks plural or politeness — the child addresses the grown men. Aspect is pointed: perfective «простите» asks for one complete act of forgiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руку-то ему, эту самую-то руку его","title":"Emphatic «-то» and dislocation","body":"The repeated «-то» and the restated object «эту самую-то руку его» ('that hand of his, that very hand') reproduce excited spoken syntax — the topic named, set aside, then resumed. It is Dostoevsky catching a trembling voice on the page."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидчику","title":"«обидчик» — the offender","body":"«Обидчик» (dative «обидчику») is 'the one who wronged/offended me,' from «обида» (insult, hurt). The word will recur — the captain's whole grievance turns on «обида», the personal insult Russian law of the day so poorly avenged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хватается","lemma":"хвататься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he clutches"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Хватается","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обнимает","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хватается","gloss":"embraces"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнимает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хватается","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вырвать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вырвать","lemma":"вырвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to pull free"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хватается","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчику","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"обидчику","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричит","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"Пустите","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause (object of кричит)","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"пустите","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустите","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate папа, copula omitted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of папа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to preceding папа","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"quoted imperative clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying кричит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"quoted speech, object of кричит","gloss":"forgive!"},{"surface":"ручонками","lemma":"ручонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил (instrument)","gloss":"with his little hands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to ручонками","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"-то here is an attached emphatic particle, not the pronoun 'that'."},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause, parallel to Хватается","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целует (topicalized)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to руку","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to руку","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to the earlier руку, direct object of целует","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifying руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целует","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to целует","gloss":"sir","note":"-с is a clipped 'sudar' (sir), a servile deferential tag the speaker appends to clauses; it is not the preposition 'with'."}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-c7-s14","source":"Помню я в ту минуту, какое у него было личико-с, не забыл-с и не забуду-с!..","translation":"I remember what his dear little face was like in that moment, sir — I have not forgotten it, sir, and I never shall, sir!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"личико","title":"«личико» — the dear little face","body":"«Личико» is «лицо» (face) with the tender «-ик-» diminutive, 'sweet little face.' It carries all the father's helpless love for the boy in a single word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забыл-с и не забуду-с","title":"Past and future of one perfective","body":"The same perfective verb «забыть» appears as past «забыл» and as future «забуду» (perfective present-form = future): 'I have not forgotten and never shall.' The aspect makes both points absolute — a completed non-forgetting and a once-for-all future one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel to забыл","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Помню","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, describing личико","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (у него было = he had)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clausal complement of Помню","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"little face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to личико","gloss":"sir","note":"-с is the deferential 'sudar' tag, not a word of its own."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Помню","gloss":"haven't forgotten"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to забыл","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"won't forget"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to забуду","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-c7-s15","source":"— Клянусь, — воскликнул Алеша, — брат вам самым искренним образом, самым полным, выразит раскаяние, хотя бы даже на коленях на той самой площади… Я заставлю его, иначе он мне не брат!","translation":"— I swear it, — Alyosha exclaimed, — my brother will express his repentance to you in the most sincere, the fullest way, even on his knees in that very square… I will make him do it, or else he is no brother of mine!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым искренним образом, самым полным","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Самым искренним образом» ('in the most sincere way') is an instrumental-of-manner phrase, with «образом» ('manner') the noun and the superlative «самым… полным» agreeing in the instrumental. The case quietly carries the adverbial 'how' of the repentance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже на коленях","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — 'even if'","body":"«Хотя бы (даже)» means 'even, if only, were it even' — a concessive that pushes the scenario to its extreme: even on his knees. The «бы» keeps the clause within the irrealis of a vowed possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе он мне не брат","title":"Zero copula + dative of relation","body":"'Or else he is no brother of mine' has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent. «Мне» is a dative of the personal stake ('to/for me'), and «не брат» negates the predicate noun outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Клянусь","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выразит","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies искренним","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"искренним","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner adverbial modifying выразит","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elided образом, coordinated with искренним","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"выразит","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will express"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразит","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(concessive)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коленях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial complement of выразит (concessive)","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of площади","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of выразит (place), coordinated with коленях","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заставлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"заставлю","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative (brother of mine)","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он, clause coordinated with заставлю","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-c7-s16","source":"— Ага, так это еще в прожекте находится.","translation":"— Aha, so it is still only at the planning stage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в прожекте","title":"«прожект» — a scheme on paper","body":"«Прожект» (from French projet) is an ironic, dated word for a fine plan that exists only as a project, not yet realised — 'still on the drawing board.' The captain pricks Alyosha's vow as mere intention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ага","lemma":"ага","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"aha"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прожекте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"прожекте","lemma":"прожект","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находится","gloss":"planning stage"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-c7-s17","source":"Не прямо от него, а от благородства лишь вашего сердца исходит пылкого-с.","translation":"It does not come straight from him, but only from the nobility of your own ardent heart, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от благородства лишь вашего сердца исходит пылкого","title":"Inversion splitting noun and adjective","body":"Ordinary order would be «от благородства вашего пылкого сердца». The captain hurls «пылкого» ('ardent') to the very end, after the verb, for rhetorical weight — a bookish hyperbaton in which adjective and noun «сердца… пылкого» strain apart across the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благородства","title":"«благородство» — nobility of birth and of heart","body":"«Благородство» means both noble birth/rank and moral nobility, and the captain plays on both senses — the 'noble' gentleman he no longer is, the nobility of heart he grants Alyosha. The pun runs through the whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исходит","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исходит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исходит","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородства","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"исходит","lemma":"исходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"пылкого","lemma":"пылкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to исходит","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-c7-s18","source":"Так бы и сказали-с.","translation":"You should have said as much, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так бы и сказали","title":"Reproachful past + «бы»","body":"«Так бы и сказали» — past-form «сказали» with «бы» — is the conditional used for mild reproach about the past: 'you might as well have said so, you should have said as much.' The «и» adds the resigned 'just.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms the conditional with сказали","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should have said"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to сказали","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-c7-s19","source":"Нет, уж в таком случае позвольте мне и о высочайшем рыцарском и офицерском благородстве вашего братца досказать, ибо он его тогда выразил-с.","translation":"No, in that case let me finish telling you about the loftiest knightly and officerly nobility your brother showed, for he did show it then, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте мне… досказать","title":"Polite imperative + dative + infinitive","body":"«Позвольте мне досказать» = 'allow me to finish telling' — the polite imperative «позвольте» governs a dative «мне» and an infinitive. The perfective prefix «до-» on «досказать» means to tell a thing all the way to its end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is a markedly archaic-literary causal conjunction, 'for, inasmuch as,' at home in Scripture and high oratory. In the captain's mouth it is another scrap of borrowed grandeur jostling against his servile «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to позвольте","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позвольте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвольте","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благородстве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"высочайшем","lemma":"высочайший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородстве","gloss":"loftiest"},{"surface":"рыцарском","lemma":"рыцарский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благородстве","gloss":"knightly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"офицерском","lemma":"офицерский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рыцарском","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"благородстве","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of досказать","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благородстве","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"досказать","lemma":"досказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to finish telling"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выразил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выразил","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to выразил","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-c7-s20","source":"Кончил он это меня за мочалку тащить, пустил на волю-с: «Ты, говорит, офицер, и я офицер, если можешь найти секунданта, порядочного человека, то присылай — дам удовлетворение, хотя бы ты и мерзавец!»","translation":"When he had done dragging me about by the wisp of tow, he let me go free, sir: 'You,' he says, 'are an officer, and I am an officer; if you can find a second, a decent man, then send him along — I will give you satisfaction, scoundrel though you are!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если можешь найти… то присылай","title":"Real conditional with «если… то»","body":"A real (open) conditional, not irrealis: «если можешь… то присылай» — 'if you can, then send.' The apodosis is an imperative «присылай» (imperfective, an open invitation), and no «бы» appears because the condition is presented as genuinely possible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы ты и мерзавец","title":"Concessive «хотя бы… и»","body":"«Хотя бы ты и мерзавец» — 'even though you are a scoundrel' — is a concessive clause; «хотя… и» grants the point while pressing on regardless. It captures Dmitri's swaggering magnanimity: I'll honour you with a duel, scoundrel that you are."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзавец","title":"«мерзавец» — scoundrel","body":"A strong term of contempt — 'scoundrel, blackguard, vile wretch' — from the root of «мерзкий» (loathsome). It lands all the harder for being flung inside an offer of gentlemanly 'satisfaction.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Кончил, anticipating тащить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of тащить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"мочалку","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащить","gloss":"wisp of tow"},{"surface":"тащить","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Кончил","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Кончил","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"волю","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to волю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of офицер","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, he says","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Ты","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of second офицер","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of я, coordinated with prior офицер","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"секунданта","lemma":"секундант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"порядочного","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to секунданта","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"присылай","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the consequent clause","gloss":"send him"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"удовлетворение","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(concessive)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мерзавец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мерзавец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мерзавец","lemma":"мерзавец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-c7-s21","source":"Вот что сказал-с.","translation":"That is what he said, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to сказал","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-c7-s22","source":"Воистину рыцарский дух!","translation":"A truly knightly spirit!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, in truth","body":"«Воистину» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavoured 'verily, truly' — the very word of the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе». Alyosha's earnest exclamation borrows this elevated register to crown Dmitri's 'knightly spirit.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"рыцарский","lemma":"рыцарский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"knightly"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the exclamation","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-c7-s23","source":"Удалились мы тогда с Илюшей, а родословная фамильная картина навеки у Илюши в памяти душевной отпечатлелась.","translation":"Ilyusha and I withdrew then, but that whole ancestral, family scene was stamped forever upon Ilyusha's very soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Удалились мы тогда с Илюшей","title":"Reflexive «удалиться» + comitative «с»","body":"«Удалились… с Илюшей» — the reflexive «удалиться» ('to withdraw, retire') with «с» + instrumental «Илюшей» for accompaniment. Russian often says 'we withdrew with Ilyusha' where English would say 'Ilyusha and I.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в памяти душевной отпечатлелась","title":"«отпечатлеться в памяти» — stamped on the memory","body":"«Отпечатлеться» (reflexive, 'to be imprinted, stamped') with «в памяти душевной» ('in his soul's memory') is an elevated, almost devotional phrasing. «Душевный» ('of the soul') lifts the boy's scarred recollection to something sacred — the register the captain reaches for whenever Ilyusha is in view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удалились","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we withdrew"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Удалились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Удалились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Удалились","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"родословная","lemma":"родословный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"ancestral"},{"surface":"фамильная","lemma":"фамильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картина","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"картина","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отпечатлелась","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпечатлелась","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Илюши","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"Ilyusha's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпечатлелась","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"душевной","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"soul's"},{"surface":"отпечатлелась","lemma":"отпечатлеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Удалились","gloss":"was imprinted"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-c7-s24","source":"Нет уж, где нам дворянами оставаться-с.","translation":"No indeed, what business have we to go on calling ourselves gentlemen, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где нам дворянами оставаться","title":"Rhetorical «где» + dative + instrumental predicate","body":"«Где нам… оставаться» is a rhetorical 'where/how are we to…', i.e. 'what business have we to remain' — a self-deprecating impossibility. The experiencer «нам» is dative, and «дворянами», the predicate of «оставаться», stands in the instrumental, as predicate nouns after such verbs do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to оставаться","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться (rhetorical)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of оставаться","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"дворянами","lemma":"дворянин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"as gentlemen"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to оставаться","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-c7-s25","source":"Да и посудите сами-с, изволили сами быть сейчас у меня в хоромах — что видели-с?","translation":"And judge for yourself, sir — you deigned to be in my halls just now — what did you see, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволили сами быть","title":"«изволить» — deigned to","body":"«Изволили… быть» = 'you were so good as to be, you deigned to be.' «Изволить» is an old deferential auxiliary used to flatter a superior's every act; the captain heaps it on as part of his cringing courtliness toward Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посудите сами","title":"Imperative «посудите» + intensifier «сами»","body":"«Посудите сами» — perfective imperative 'judge for yourself' with «сами» ('yourselves, on your own'), the emphatic pronoun, not the reflexive «-ся». It throws the conclusion onto the listener."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"посудите","lemma":"посудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies посудите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to сами","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посудите","gloss":"you deigned"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть (у меня, at my place)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хоромах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хоромах","lemma":"хоромы","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to видели","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-c7-s26","source":"Три дамы сидят-с, одна без ног слабоумная, другая без ног горбатая, а третья с ногами, да слишком уж умная, курсистка-с, в Петербург снова рвется, там на берегах Невы права женщины русской отыскивать.","translation":"Three women sitting there, sir: one legless and feeble-minded, another legless and hunchbacked, and the third with the use of her legs but altogether too clever, a girl student, sir, forever straining to get back to Petersburg, to seek out the rights of Russian womanhood there on the banks of the Neva.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одна… другая… а третья","title":"Correlatives joined by contrastive «а»","body":"«Одна… другая… а третья» strings the three women in parallel, with «а» before «третья» marking the gentle topic-shift Russian uses for contrast without real opposition. «А» is the untranslatable hinge that simply turns to a new item."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слабоумная","title":"«слабоумная» — feeble-minded","body":"«Слабоумный» literally 'weak-minded,' the period term for mental disability. Stacked with «без ног» (legless) and «горбатая» (hunchbacked), it sketches the captain's household of afflicted dependents with brutal plainness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дамы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sitting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to сидят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слабоумная","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"слабоумная","lemma":"слабоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of одна, in apposition to дамы","gloss":"feeble-minded"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горбатая","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"горбатая","lemma":"горбатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of другая, coordinated with слабоумная","gloss":"hunchbacked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"третья","lemma":"третий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with одна and другая","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies третья","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умная","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"умная","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of третья, coordinated with слабоумная","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"курсистка","lemma":"курсистка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to третья","gloss":"a girl student"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to курсистка","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвется","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рвется","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рвется","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидят, describing третья","gloss":"is longing"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рвется","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking берегах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"берегах","lemma":"берег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рвется","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"Невы","lemma":"Нева","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies берегах","gloss":"of the Neva"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отыскивать","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"of woman"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"отыскивать","lemma":"отыскивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of рвется","gloss":"to seek out"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-c7-s27","source":"Про Илюшу не говорю-с, всего девять лет-с, один как перст, ибо умри я — и что со всеми этими недрами станется, я только про это одно вас спрошу-с?","translation":"Of Ilyusha I say nothing, sir — only nine years old, sir, and alone as a single finger, for if I were to die, what would become of all these dependents of mine? — that is the one thing alone I would ask of you, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один как перст","title":"«один как перст» — alone as a single finger","body":"A set idiom for utter aloneness, 'all alone, solitary as one finger,' using the archaic «перст» (finger) instead of «палец». The Slavonic flavour of «перст» lends the phrase a fixed, proverbial weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо умри я — и что… станется","title":"Imperative-as-conditional «умри я»","body":"«Умри я» is an imperative form ('die') used for a hypothetical condition: 'were I to die.' This idiomatic conditional-by-imperative, with the subject «я» following the verb, is a vivid colloquial-archaic turn — 'should I but die, then…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недрами","title":"«недра» — 'these dependents'","body":"Literally «недра» means 'the depths, womb, bowels' (as of the earth). The captain uses it oddly for the helpless souls in his bosom — his charges, his 'innards' — and the word recurs as his private, half-comic name for the household he must keep alive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to говорю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девять","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement describing Ilyusha's age","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to лет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Илюша","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with перст","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of один (comparison)","gloss":"a finger"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умри","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form used as hypothetical), perfective","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"if I die","note":"умри is the imperative form used idiomatically as a hypothetical condition ('if I were to die'), not a literal command."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умри","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется (embedded question)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недрами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of недрами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of недрами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"недрами","lemma":"недра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"dependents","note":"недра literally means 'depths/bosom'; here it figuratively means his household of dependents."},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of про, modified by одно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to спрошу","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-c7-s28","source":"А если так, то вызови я его на дуэль, а ну как он меня тотчас же и убьет, ну что же тогда?","translation":"And if that is so, then suppose I were to call him out to a duel — and what if he killed me on the spot — well, what then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызови я его на дуэль","title":"Another imperative-conditional","body":"«Вызови я его» repeats the «умри я» trick: an imperative form «вызови» standing for 'suppose I were to call him out.' Russian leans on this terse conditional-by-imperative for lively, speech-like hypotheses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ну как он меня тотчас же и убьет","title":"«а ну как» — 'and what if'","body":"«А ну как…» is a colloquial 'and what if, suppose now that' introducing a feared possibility, here with perfective future «убьёт» ('kills [outright]'). The «и» before «убьёт» and «же» after «тотчас» pile on the anxious immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of the если-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вызови","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form used as hypothetical), perfective","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"suppose I called"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вызови","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызови","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызови","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а ну как","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а ну как","gloss":"(idiom: what if)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying убьет (immediately kills), within the а ну как clause","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а ну как clause","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical question что тогда (what then), a separate clause from убьет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-c7-s29","source":"С ними-то тогда со всеми что станется-с?","translation":"What would become of all of them then, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С ними-то тогда со всеми что станется","title":"Split phrase «с ними… со всеми»","body":"The instrumental phrase governed by «с» is split around the topic particle: «с ними-то… со всеми» repeats the preposition on «всеми» — a colloquial framing pattern. «Станется» is the reflexive impersonal 'what will become of,' which takes «с» + instrumental for the thing that suffers the fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to ними","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"in apposition to ними","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (sudar)","role":"deferential particle attached to станется","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-c7-s30","source":"Еще хуже того, если он не убьет, а лишь только меня искалечит: работать нельзя, а рот-то все-таки остается, кто ж его накормит тогда, мой рот, и кто ж их-то всех тогда накормит-с?","translation":"Or worse still: if he did not kill me, but only crippled me — I could not work, and yet the mouth still stays open to be fed, so who would feed it then, my mouth, and who would feed all of them then, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он не убьет, а лишь только меня искалечит","title":"Open conditional with contrastive «а»","body":"An open (real) conditional in the perfective future: «если… не убьёт, а… искалечит» — 'if he does not kill but only maims.' The «а» pivots from the rejected outcome to the worse real one, while «лишь только» narrows it to 'merely.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"работать нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«Работать нельзя» — 'one cannot work, it is impossible to work' — is a subjectless modal: the impersonal predicative «нельзя» plus a bare infinitive, the affected person left to be understood. This experiencer-first, nominative-less framing is everywhere in the captain's reckoning of ruin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рот-то все-таки остается","title":"«рот» — the mouth that must be fed","body":"The captain reduces himself to «рот» — a mouth that 'still stays open' to be fed though the hands can no longer work. The bleak synecdoche, with the topic particle «-то» pinning 'the mouth' as his theme, is grim, earthy realism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже (than that)","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of убьет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates убьет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause explaining того","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только, modifies искалечит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только, modifies искалечит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of искалечит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"искалечит","lemma":"искалечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"cripples"},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to work"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"parallel clause to искалечит","gloss":"is impossible"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on рот","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"The clitic -то here just adds emphasis to 'рот' — it does not translate as a separate word."},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies остается","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies остается","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of накормит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накормит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"накормит","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to остается","gloss":"will feed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накормит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рот","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of накормит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of накормит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on их","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накормит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"накормит","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормит (w24)","gloss":"will feed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to накормит","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffixed -с is an old servile/deferential particle roughly meaning 'sir' — Snegiryov uses it constantly when speaking to Alyosha."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-c7-s31","source":"Аль Илюшу вместо школы милостыню просить высылать ежедневно?","translation":"Or am I to send Ilyusha out begging for alms every day instead of to school?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль","title":"«аль» — colloquial 'or am I to'","body":"Again the folksy «аль» (= «или/разве») opens a desperate rhetorical question. Its peasant ring underlines how far the would-be gentleman has sunk in even contemplating sending Ilyusha out to beg."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"or","note":"'Аль' is a colloquial/dialectal form of 'или' ('or')."},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высылать","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школы","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"школы","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"милостыню","lemma":"милостыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of высылать","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"высылать","lemma":"высылать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"send out"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высылать","gloss":"every day"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-c7-s32","source":"Так вот что оно для меня значит-с на дуэль-то его вызвать-с, глупое это слово-с, и больше ничего-с.","translation":"So that is what it means for me, sir, to call him out to a duel — it is a foolish word, sir, and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что оно для меня значит… на дуэль-то его вызвать","title":"Cataphoric «оно» pointing ahead","body":"The neuter «оно» ('it') is an empty placeholder anticipating the real subject, the infinitive phrase «на дуэль… вызвать» ('to call him out to a duel'). Russian often props a clause open with «оно/это» and then delivers the weighty infinitive last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence, part of idiom так вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так вот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"predicate complement of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of значит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to значит","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвать","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on дуэль","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вызвать","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement clause explaining что/значит","gloss":"to challenge"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to вызвать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun describing вызвать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to слово","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with слово","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to ничего","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-c7-s33","source":"— Он будет у вас просить прощения, он посреди площади вам в ноги поклонится, — вскричал опять Алеша с загоревшимся взором.","translation":"— He will beg your forgiveness, he will bow down at your feet in the middle of the square, — Alyosha cried out again, his eyes alight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с загоревшимся взором","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Загоревшийся» is a past active participle of «загореться» ('to catch fire, blaze up'), here 'kindled, alight,' declined in the instrumental to agree with «взором» after «с». The participle compresses 'eyes that had caught fire' into a single literary modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of просить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"посреди","lemma":"посреди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонится","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поклонится","gloss":"at your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклонится","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"поклонится","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"will bow down"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb framing the quotation","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"загоревшимся","lemma":"загоревшийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies взором","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"взором","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-c7-s34","source":"— Хотел я его в суд позвать, — продолжал штабс-капитан, — но разверните наш кодекс, много ль мне придется удовлетворения за личную обиду мою с обидчика получить-с?","translation":"— I thought of taking him to court, — the staff-captain went on, — but open up our legal code: how much satisfaction shall I get from my offender for a personal insult, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ль мне придется… получить","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + clitic «ль»","body":"«Мне придётся получить» is the impersonal «прийтись» ('it will fall to me, I shall have to') with a dative experiencer «мне» and an infinitive. The clipped «ль» (= «ли») turns it into a sceptical question: 'how much, I wonder, shall I get?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвать","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"позвать","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb (parenthetical)","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first part of compound noun with капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разверните","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"open up"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кодекс","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"кодекс","lemma":"кодекс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разверните","gloss":"legal code"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying много","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of придется","gloss":"will I"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ли-clause","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"удовлетворения","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"личную","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиду","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить (via за)","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиду","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обидчика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"обидчика","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получить","gloss":"the offender"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on придется","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to получить","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-c7-s35","source":"А тут вдруг Аграфена Александровна призывает меня и кричит: «Думать не смей!","translation":"And then suddenly Agrafena Alexandrovna summons me and shouts: 'Don't you dare even think of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Думать не смей!","title":"Negated imperative «не смей»","body":"«Не смей думать» — 'don't you dare think' — is a sharp negated imperative from «сметь» (to dare), with the infinitive «думать» fronted for force. The imperfective negated imperative warns off the very act, the standard pattern for prohibitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призывает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призывает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of призывает","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"призывает","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summons"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of призывает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with призывает","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"Думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on смей","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates смей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смей","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"dare"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-c7-s36","source":"Если в суд его позовешь, так подведу так, что всему свету публично обнаружится, что бил он тебя за твое же мошенничество, тогда самого тебя под суд упекут».","translation":"If you take him to court, I will so contrive matters that it will come out publicly before all the world that he beat you for your own swindling, and then they will haul you yourself before the court.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подведу так, что… обнаружится","title":"Result clause «так, что»","body":"«Подведу так, что… обнаружится» — 'I'll so contrive it that it will come out' — a result clause: «так… что» links a manner to its consequence. Both verbs are perfective futures, threatening one decisive engineered exposure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за твое же мошенничество","title":"Emphatic «же» — 'your very own'","body":"The particle «же» on «за твоё же мошенничество» sharpens the possessive to 'your own, your very own swindling' — flinging the guilt squarely back on the captain. «Же» here is the insistent, accusing modal particle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"под суд упекут","title":"«упечь под суд» — to haul before the court","body":"«Упечь» is harsh colloquial for 'to pack off, land (someone) somewhere unpleasant'; «упечь под суд» means to get a person prosecuted, dragged before the bench. Grushenka's threat is street-tough and concrete."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позовешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позовешь","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позовешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"позовешь","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подведу","gloss":"you call"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подведу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"подведу","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will contrive"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнаружится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свету","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружится","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружится","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"обнаружится","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"result clause introduced by что, modifying так","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"subject clause of обнаружится","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мошенничество","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мошенничество","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твое, emphasizes ownership","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"мошенничество","lemma":"мошенничество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"swindling"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упекут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебя (intensifier)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упекут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упекут","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"упекут","lemma":"упечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"they'll haul off"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-c7-s37","source":"А господь один видит, от кого мошенничество-то это вышло-с и по чьему приказу я как мелкая сошка тут действовал-с, — не по ее ли самой распоряжению да Федора Павловича?","translation":"And the Lord alone sees from whom that swindling really came, sir, and by whose order I, a petty little cog, was acting in it, sir — was it not by her own direction and Fyodor Pavlovich's?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелкая сошка","title":"«мелкая сошка» — a petty cog","body":"«Мелкая сошка» is a fixed idiom for an insignificant small-fry, a person of no account doing others' bidding — 'a little cog, a nobody.' The captain casts himself as the disposable instrument of Grushenka and Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не по ее ли самой распоряжению","title":"«не… ли» — suggestive question","body":"«Не по её ли… распоряжению?» wraps the clause in «не… ли», the framing that turns a statement into a leading question expecting 'yes' — 'was it not by her own order?' «Ли» follows the focused word «её», thrust to the front."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господь (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мошенничество","lemma":"мошенничество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"swindling"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on мошенничество","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мошенничество","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видит","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to вышло","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чьему","lemma":"чей","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приказу","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"приказу","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of действовал","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of действовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks the comparison to сошка","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мелкая","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сошка","gloss":"a petty"},{"surface":"сошка","lemma":"сошка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to я (via как)","gloss":"cog","note":"'Мелкая сошка' is an idiom for an insignificant underling, literally 'a small pin/peg'."},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действовал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"действовал","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вышло (both complements of видит)","gloss":"was acting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to действовал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical negative question (не... ли)","gloss":"was it not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распоряжению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of распоряжению","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ее (intensifier)","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"распоряжению","lemma":"распоряжение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"rhetorical restatement of приказу","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Федора Павловича with ее","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ее","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-c7-s38","source":"«А к тому же, прибавляет, навеки тебя прогоню, и ничего ты у меня впредь не заработаешь.","translation":"'And besides,' she adds, 'I will drive you off forever, and you will earn nothing more from me henceforth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего ты у меня впредь не заработаешь","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"«Ничего… не заработаешь» — the negated object «ничего» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation), reinforcing the «ни»-word's negative concord with «не». Together they make the threat absolute: 'you'll earn nothing whatever.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впредь","title":"«впредь» — henceforth","body":"«Впредь» is a somewhat formal adverb, 'henceforward, from now on, in future.' In Grushenka's curt threat it has the ring of a sentence pronounced."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"прибавляет","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"she adds"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прогоню","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прогоню","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прогоню","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I will drive off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of заработаешь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заработаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of заработаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заработаешь","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates заработаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заработаешь","lemma":"заработать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прогоню","gloss":"will earn"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-c7-s39","source":"Купцу моему тоже скажу (она его так и называет, старика-то: купец мой), так и тот тебя сгонит».","translation":"I'll tell my merchant too (that is what she calls him, the old man: my merchant), and he will turn you out as well.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она его так и называет, старика-то","title":"Right-dislocation with «-то»","body":"The object is named by pronoun «его» and then spelled out as an afterthought «старика-то» ('the old man, that is'), with the topic particle «-то». This right-dislocation, tacking on the clarifying noun after the clause, is pure spoken syntax caught on the page."}],"words":[{"surface":"Купцу","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Купцу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of называет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и (just so)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"называет","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on старика","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика, the name she uses","gloss":"'merchant'"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сгонит, correlative так и (then too)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сгонит","gloss":"he too"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сгонит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сгонит","lemma":"согнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the тот-clause","gloss":"will turn out"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-c7-s40","source":"Вот и думаю, если уж и купец меня сгонит, то что тогда, у кого заработаю?","translation":"So I think to myself: if the merchant too turns me out, then what then, from whom shall I earn anything?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж и купец меня сгонит, то что тогда, у кого заработаю","title":"Open conditional + question apodosis","body":"«Если уж и купец… сгонит, то…» is an open conditional in the perfective future, its main clause collapsing into anxious questions ('then what? from whom shall I earn?'). The particle «уж» and «и» press the worst case — 'if even the merchant too drives me off.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот, intensifier","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сгонит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies купец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies купец","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сгонит","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сгонит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сгонит","lemma":"согнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive, introduces the apodosis","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"direct object of заработаю (elliptical, what then)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что (rhetorical: then what)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of заработаю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"заработаю","lemma":"заработать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final question clause","gloss":"will I earn"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-c7-s41","source":"Ведь они только двое мне и остались, так как батюшка ваш Федор Павлович не только мне доверять перестал, по одной посторонней причине-с, но еще сам, заручившись моими расписками, в суд меня тащить хочет.","translation":"For those two are all that is left to me, since your father Fyodor Pavlovich has not only ceased to trust me, on account of one extraneous matter, sir, but is himself bent, armed with my own promissory notes, on dragging me into court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… доверять перестал… но еще… тащить хочет","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"The paired conjunction «не только… но (ещё)» couples two charges against Fyodor Pavlovich — he has not only stopped trusting but actually wants to drag the captain to court. The construction builds a climbing, indignant climax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заручившись моими расписками","title":"Perfective gerund «заручившись»","body":"«Заручившись» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «заручиться» ('to secure, get hold of'), here 'having armed himself with' — an attendant prior circumstance sharing the subject Fyodor Pavlovich. The instrumental «расписками» ('promissory notes') is what he secured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остались, discourse particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двое","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остались, intensifier","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the compound conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшка","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to батюшка","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доверять","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доверять","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"to trust"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause, coordinated with хочет","gloss":"has ceased"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причине","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies причине","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"посторонней","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причине","gloss":"extraneous"},{"surface":"причине","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to причине","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of хочет (intensifier)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"заручившись","lemma":"заручиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial modifier of хочет","gloss":"having secured"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of расписками","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"расписками","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заручившись","gloss":"promissory notes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащить","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of тащить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тащить","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-c7-s42","source":"Вследствие всего сего я и притих-с, и вы недра видели-с.","translation":"In consequence of all this I have grown meek, sir, and you have seen my innermost recesses, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вследствие всего сего","title":"Archaic «сего» — 'of all this'","body":"«Сего» is the genitive of the bookish-archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), and «вследствие» ('in consequence of') governs the genitive. «Вследствие всего сего» is officialese-cum-archaism — the captain mimicking legal-literary loftiness even as he describes his own meekness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притих","title":"Inceptive perfective «притихнуть»","body":"«Притих» (perfective past of «притихнуть») means 'grew quiet, fell still, subsided.' The prefix «при-» gives it the sense of settling into a hushed, cowed state — the captain's resigned meekness as a completed change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"in consequence of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of притих","gloss":"this","note":"'Сие' is an archaic/bookish form of 'это' ('this')."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of притих","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притих, intensifier","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"притих","lemma":"притихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"grew meek"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to притих","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"недра","lemma":"недра","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"innermost recesses"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite clitic (-с) attached to видели","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-c7-s43","source":"А теперь позвольте спросить: больно он вам пальчик давеча укусил, Илюша-то?","translation":"And now allow me to ask: did he bite your finger hard just now, Ilyusha did?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальчик","title":"«пальчик» — the little finger","body":"«Пальчик» is «палец» (finger) with the affectionate diminutive «-ик»; the captain solicitously asks about Alyosha's bitten 'little finger.' The tenderness is part flattery, part his habitual diminutive-laden speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb for 'a short while ago, earlier today.' It dots the captain's speech with a homely, folk-narrative texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвольте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусил","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укусил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of укусил","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пальчик","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусил","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укусил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"укусил","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спросить","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on Илюша","gloss":"(emphasis)"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-c7-s44","source":"В хоромах-то я при нем войти в сию подробность не решился.","translation":"Back in my halls, in front of him, I did not venture to go into that detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сию подробность","title":"Archaic «сию» — 'this'","body":"«Сию», the feminine accusative of «сей» ('this'), survives almost only in fixed bookish or chancery phrases (сию минуту, в сию подробность). The captain reaches for it as another scrap of dignified, dated diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"войти… не решился","title":"Negated perfective of resolve","body":"«Не решился войти» — 'did not dare/venture to enter into' — pairs the negated perfective «решиться» (to bring oneself to, resolve) with an infinitive. «Войти в подробность» idiomatically means 'to go into a detail.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хоромах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хоромах","lemma":"хоромы","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of решился","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on хоромах","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"go into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подробность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подробность","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates решился","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"venture"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-c7-s45","source":"— Да, очень больно, и он очень был раздражен.","translation":"— Yes, very hard, and he was very much enraged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он очень был раздражен","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Раздражён» is the short-form past passive participle of «раздражить» ('to irritate, exasperate'), used predicatively with «был»: 'he was enraged.' This short participle-plus-«быть» is the standard way Russian states a resulting state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative particle answering the question","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздражен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раздражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"раздражен","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"enraged"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-c7-s46","source":"Он мне, как Карамазову, за вас отомстил, мне это ясно теперь.","translation":"He was avenging you on me, as a Karamazov — that is clear to me now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как Карамазову, за вас отомстил","title":"Instrumental-like «как» + dative «мне»","body":"«Отомстить» ('to take revenge') governs the dative of the person avenged upon — «мне» — and «за вас» ('for you, on your behalf') marks the cause. The apposition «как Карамазову» agrees in the dative with «мне»: he avenged himself on me 'as [on] a Karamazov.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отомстил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отомстил","gloss":"on me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces comparison with Карамазову","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отомстил","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отомстил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отомстил","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"avenged"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of ясно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate, parallel clause to отомстил","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-c7-s47","source":"Но если бы вы видели, как он с товарищами-школьниками камнями перекидывался?","translation":"But if you had seen how he was pelting stones at his schoolfellows!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вы видели, как он… перекидывался","title":"Counterfactual «если бы» + imperfective process","body":"«Если бы вы видели» is an irrealis with «бы» — 'if [only] you had seen' — left as an emotional exclamation rather than completed. The reflexive imperfective «перекидывался камнями» ('was pelting/exchanging stones') paints the action as an ongoing, repeated process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of видели","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перекидывался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перекидывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"товарищами","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перекидывался","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"школьниками","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to товарищами","gloss":"schoolboys"},{"surface":"камнями","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перекидывался","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"перекидывался","lemma":"перекидываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"was throwing"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-c7-s48","source":"Это очень опасно, они могут его убить, они дети, глупы, камень летит и может голову проломить.","translation":"It is very dangerous; they could kill him — they are children, foolish, a stone flies and may crack a skull open.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они дети, глупы","title":"Zero copula + short adjective","body":"Two predicate types sit side by side with no verb 'to be': the nominative noun «дети» ('they are children') and the short adjective «глупы» ('[they are] foolish'). The short form «глупы» is predicative-only and a touch bookish — the asyndetic piling marks Alyosha's earnest urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"камень летит и может голову проломить","title":"Gnomic present + modal infinitive","body":"The present-tense verbs «летит… может… проломить» state a general truth ('a stone flies and may crack a skull') rather than a particular event — the gnomic imperfective present. «Может проломить» is the modal 'can/may' plus a perfective infinitive of the potential single outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of опасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"опасно","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опасно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дети","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, subject они","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"глупы","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with дети","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летит","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"летит","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опасно","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опасно","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проломить","gloss":"a skull"},{"surface":"проломить","lemma":"проломить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"crack open"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-c7-s49","source":"— Да уж и попало-с, не в голову, так в грудь-с, повыше сердца-с, сегодня удар камнем, синяк-с, пришел, плачет, охает, а вот и заболел.","translation":"— And indeed he was hit, sir — not on the head, but on the chest, sir, just above the heart, sir; today the blow of a stone, a bruise, sir — he came home crying, moaning, and now he has fallen ill.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да уж и попало","title":"Impersonal «попало» — 'he got hit'","body":"«Попало» here is the impersonal perfective 'it struck (home), he got it' — no nominative subject, a neuter verb expressing that a blow landed. With «да уж и» ('and indeed, sure enough') it confirms Alyosha's fear with grim brevity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"синяк","title":"«синяк» — a bruise","body":"«Синяк», from «синий» (blue), is a bruise — a 'blue mark.' Listed in the captain's clipped, breathless inventory of hurts ('a bruise, sir — crying, moaning'), it sharpens the foreboding of Ilyusha's fatal illness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"попало","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пришел","gloss":"was hit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to попало","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies голову","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasts with не","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to грудь","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"повыше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies грудь","gloss":"just above"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повыше","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to сердца","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"удар","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"a blow"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies удар","gloss":"of a stone"},{"surface":"синяк","lemma":"синяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with удар","gloss":"a bruise"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to синяк","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"охает","lemma":"охать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"moaning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заболел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заболел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"fallen ill"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-c7-s50","source":"— И знаете, ведь он там сам первый и нападает на всех, он озлился за вас, они говорят, что он одному мальчику, Красоткину, давеча в бок перочинным ножиком пырнул…","translation":"— And you know, he is the very first to attack them all out there; he grew embittered on your account, and they say that just now he stabbed one boy, Krasotkin, in the side with a penknife…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам первый и нападает","title":"Intensifier «сам» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Сам первый» ('he himself, first of all') plus the emphatic particle «и» before the verb stresses that Ilyusha is the very one who starts the fights. «Сам» is the intensifying pronoun, not the reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлился","title":"«озлиться» — to grow embittered","body":"«Озлился» (perfective of «озлиться») means 'became embittered, filled with rancour,' from «зло» (evil, spite). It marks a hardening of the boy's heart — the «гнев» (anger) the captain and Alyosha will dwell on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перочинным ножиком пырнул","title":"«пырнуть» a «перочинный ножик»","body":"«Пырнуть» is blunt colloquial for 'to jab, stab' with a sharp point; «перочинный ножик» is a small penknife (literally a 'pen-cutting' knife, from quill-trimming days), the diminutive «ножик» making it a little pocket-knife. The everyday object turns alarming in a child's furious hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to listener","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of первый","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of первый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject он","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нападает","lemma":"нападать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with первый","gloss":"attacks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"всех","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of нападает","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озлился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew embittered"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of озлился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with озлился","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пырнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мальчику","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пырнул","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчику","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пырнул","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бок","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнул","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"перочинным","lemma":"перочинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножиком","gloss":"penknife"},{"surface":"ножиком","lemma":"ножик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнул","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"пырнул","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"stabbed"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-c7-s51","source":"— Слышал и про это, опасно-с: Красоткин это чиновник здешний, еще, может быть, хлопоты выйдут-с..","translation":"— I heard about that too — it is dangerous, sir: this Krasotkin is a local official, there may yet be trouble over it, sir..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хлопоты выйдут","title":"«выйдут хлопоты» — trouble will come of it","body":"«Хлопоты» (a plural-only noun: bother, fuss, troublesome business) with the perfective future «выйдут» — 'trouble may come out of it.' The verb «выйти» idiomatically renders a consequence that 'results, comes about.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опасно","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with Слышал","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to опасно","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чиновник","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with чиновник","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Слышал","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдут","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выйдут","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"хлопоты","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of выйдут","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"выйдут","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with чиновник","gloss":"will arise"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to выйдут","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-c7-s52","source":"— Я бы вам советовал, — с жаром продолжал Алеша, — некоторое время не посылать его вовсе в школу, пока он уймется… и гнев этот в нем пройдет…","translation":"— I would advise you, — Alyosha went on fervently, — not to send him to school at all for a while, until he calms down… and this anger in him passes…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не посылать его вовсе в школу, пока он уймется","title":"Imperfective infinitive of advice + «пока»","body":"Alyosha advises with a negated imperfective infinitive «не посылать» ('not to send' as an ongoing arrangement) and a «пока» clause of duration. «Пока он уймётся» uses the perfective future to mean 'until he settles down,' the standard 'until' with a completed end-point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уймется","title":"«уняться» — to calm down","body":"«Уняться» (perfective; future «уймётся») means 'to grow quiet, settle, leave off,' said of agitation, anger, or pain. Alyosha hopes the boy's storm will 'spend itself' and the «гнев» pass."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of советовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of советовал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of советовал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"советовал","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advise"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to советовал","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посылать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посылать","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посылать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies школу","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылать","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уймется","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уймется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уймется","lemma":"уняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посылать","gloss":"calms down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пройдет","gloss":"the anger"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with советовал","gloss":"will pass"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-c7-s53","source":"— Гнев-с! — подхватил штабс-капитан, — именно гнев-с.","translation":"— Anger, sir! — the staff-captain caught him up — anger indeed, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхватил","title":"«подхватить» — to catch up a word","body":"«Подхватил» (perfective of «подхватывать») here means 'caught up, took up [the word] eagerly,' seizing on Alyosha's «гнев» to echo it. The captain pounces on the term as exactly right."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to Гнев","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Гнев","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, part of compound","role":"part of the compound noun with капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to подхватил","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to гнев","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-c7-s54","source":"В маленьком существе, а великий гнев-с.","translation":"In a little creature, and yet a great anger, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В маленьком существе, а великий гнев","title":"Verbless antithesis with «а»","body":"A verbless, copula-free antithesis: 'in a little creature — and yet a great anger.' The contrastive «а» hinges the two halves, and the absence of any verb gives the line an aphoristic, weighing balance."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"маленьком","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существе","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"существе","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with существе","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to гнев","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-c7-s55","source":"Вы этого всего не знаете-с.","translation":"You do not know the whole of it, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы этого всего не знаете","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Under the negated «не знаете», the object shifts from accusative to genitive: «этого всего» ('all of this') in the genitive of negation. With an abstract, sweeping object this genitive is all but obligatory — 'you do not know all of it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to знаете","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-c7-s56","source":"Позвольте мне пояснить эту повесть особенно.","translation":"Allow me to set out this tale to you in particular.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пояснить эту повесть","title":"«повесть» — a tale, a 'story'","body":"«Повесть» is a narrative, tale, or 'story' (also a literary genre, the novella). The captain's calling Ilyusha's ordeal a «повесть» he must «пояснить» ('explain, set out') casts it, half-grandly, as a story worth the telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пояснить","lemma":"пояснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of повесть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"повесть","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пояснить","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пояснить","gloss":"in particular"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-c7-s57","source":"Дело в том, что после того события все школьники в школе стали его мочалкой дразнить.","translation":"The thing is that after that affair all the schoolboys at school began taunting him with the wisp of tow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали его… дразнить","title":"Inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Стали дразнить» — 'began to taunt' — uses the perfective «стать» as a phasal verb of beginning, which always takes an imperfective infinitive «дразнить» for the process that starts up. «Дразнить… мочалкой» governs the instrumental of the taunting name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Дело via в","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking события","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of события","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"события","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of школьники","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"schoolboys"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школьники","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мочалкой","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнить","gloss":"with the wisp of tow"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to taunt"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-c7-s58","source":"Дети в школах народ безжалостный, порознь ангелы божий, а вместе, особенно в школах, весьма часто безжалостны.","translation":"Children in schools are a merciless lot: singly they are angels of God, but together, and especially in schools, they are very often merciless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дети… народ безжалостный, порознь ангелы божий, а вместе… безжалостны","title":"Zero copula and long/short adjective","body":"A wholly verbless aphorism: «народ безжалостный» (long-form attributive) names what children are, then the short form «безжалостны» ('[are] merciless') predicates it of them together. The shift from long to short, hinged on contrastive «а», sharpens the maxim's two halves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of безжалостный","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"школах","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Дети","gloss":"schools"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дети","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"безжалостный","lemma":"безжалостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"merciless"},{"surface":"порознь","lemma":"порознь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ангелы","gloss":"singly"},{"surface":"ангелы","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with безжалостны","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ангелы","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безжалостны","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies школах","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"школах","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"schools"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безжалостны","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"безжалостны","lemma":"безжалостный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with божий","gloss":"merciless"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-c7-s59","source":"Начали они его дразнить, воспрянул в Илюше благородный дух.","translation":"They began to taunt him, and a noble spirit rose up in Ilyusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воспрянул в Илюше благородный дух","title":"Verb-first inversion for drama","body":"The verb «воспрянул» leads, the subject «благородный дух» ('a noble spirit') falling at the end as the stressed new information — 'there rose up in Ilyusha a noble spirit.' This verb-first, subject-last order is Russian's way of staging an emergence as an event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воспрянул","title":"«воспрянуть» — to rise up, revive","body":"«Воспрянуть» is an elevated, bookish-Slavonic verb, 'to rise up, leap up, take heart' (as in «воспрянуть духом»). Its solemn register dignifies the boy's defiance — a noble spirit kindling under mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Начали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начали","gloss":"to taunt"},{"surface":"воспрянул","lemma":"воспрянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начали","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюше","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Илюше","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспрянул","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспрянул","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-c7-s60","source":"Обыкновенный мальчик, слабый сын, — тот бы смирился, отца своего застыдился, а этот один против всех восстал за отца.","translation":"An ordinary boy, a weak son, would have given in, would have grown ashamed of his own father, but this one stood up alone against them all for his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот бы смирился… а этот… восстал","title":"Conditional «бы» against indicative","body":"The contrast turns on aspect-and-mood: «тот бы смирился… застыдился» is irrealis (past-form + «бы» — 'such a one would have submitted'), set against the plain perfective past «восстал» ('this one rose up') for what actually happened. «Тот… а этот» ('that sort… but this one') frames the antithesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отца своего застыдился","title":"Reflexive «свой» + genitive of «застыдиться»","body":"«Своего отца» means 'his own father' (the clause's own subject), distinct from «его отца» which would point to someone else's. The reflexive verb «застыдиться» ('to grow ashamed of') governs the genitive «отца», and «восстал за отца» — 'rose up for his father.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Обыкновенный","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"an ordinary"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смирился","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смирился","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of смирился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"смирился","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have given in"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застыдился","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"застыдился","lemma":"застыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смирился","gloss":"grown ashamed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"восстал","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смирился","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-c7-s61","source":"За отца и за истину-с, за правду-с.","translation":"For his father and for the truth, sir, for what is right, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The deferential «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» («истину-с», «правду-с») is a contraction of «сударь» (sir), tacked onto words to signal servile or anxious deference. Snegiryov sprays it through his whole speech, marking his cringing social inferiority — Garnett's repeated 'sir' renders exactly this verbal tic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истину… правду","title":"Two words for «truth»","body":"Russian splits 'truth' into «истина» (truth as objective reality, the truth of things) and «правда» (truth as justice and what is right). Pairing them — 'for the truth and for what is right' — is emphatic doubling, not redundancy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За отца и за истину","title":"«за» + accusative: 'for the sake of'","body":"The preposition «за» here governs the accusative and means 'for, on behalf of, in defence of' («за отца» — for his father). «отца» is the animate accusative, borrowed from the genitive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истину","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to истину","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"what is right"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to правду","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-c7-s62","source":"Ибо что он тогда вынес, как вашему братцу руки целовал и кричал ему: «Простите папочку, простите папочку», — то это только бог один знает да я-с.","translation":"For what he endured then, when he kissed your brother's hands and cried out to him: 'Forgive my dear papa, forgive my dear papa' — that, sir, God alone knows, and I.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» (for, because)","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated conjunction for 'for/because', felt as solemn and scriptural beside the plain «потому что». Its appearance in Snegiryov's mouth mixes his clownishness with a sudden churchly gravity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братцу","title":"Diminutive «братец» of «брат»","body":"«братец» (here dative «братцу») is the affectionate-deferential diminutive of «брат» (brother), used of Alyosha's brother Dmitri. In Snegiryov's anxious register the suffix softens and flatters rather than belittles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папочку","title":"«папочка» — 'dear papa'","body":"«папочка», diminutive of «папа», is the tender form a child uses; the boy crying «Простите папочку» ('Forgive my dear papa') makes the humiliation unbearable. The accusative «папочку» is the object of «простите»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки целовал","title":"Object before verb","body":"«руки целовал» ('kissed [his] hands') places the direct object «руки» (accusative plural) before the imperfective past verb «целовал». The fronted object is the topic; the lingering imperfective paints the kissing as a drawn-out, repeated act rather than one quick gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог один знает да я","title":"«да» as folksy 'and'","body":"Here «да» links «бог» and «я» as a homely, slightly archaic equivalent of «и» ('God alone knows, and I'). This «да» belongs to peasant and colloquial speech, coloring Snegiryov's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынес","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Ибо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынес","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on знает","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of целовал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братцу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братцу","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of целовал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вынес","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целовал","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кричал","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"папочку","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Простите","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Простите","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"папочку","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"resumes the clause of вынес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to я","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-c7-s63","source":"И вот так-то детки наши — то есть не ваши, а наши-с, детки презренных, но благородных нищих-с, — правду на земле еще в девять лет от роду узнают-с.","translation":"And so it is that our little ones — not yours, that is, but ours, sir, the little ones of despised but noble paupers, sir — come to learn the truth on earth while still only nine years old, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детки","title":"«детки» — 'little ones'","body":"«детки» is the affectionate diminutive plural of «дети» (children). Snegiryov's whole self-pitying tenderness rides on such suffixes; 'our little ones' versus the rich man's children sets up his bitter class contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ваши, а наши","title":"Corrective «не… а…»","body":"The pattern «не X, а Y» ('not X, but Y') uses the contrastive conjunction «а» to cancel one term and substitute another — 'not yours, but ours'. «а» here marks a sharp corrective shift, not mere addition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презренных, но благородных нищих","title":"«нищий» — pauper / beggar","body":"«нищий» means a destitute person, a beggar (genitive plural «нищих»). Snegiryov's oxymoron 'despised but noble paupers' («презренных, но благородных») fuses his shame and his wounded gentry-pride in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в девять лет от роду","title":"«от роду» — 'of age'","body":"«от роду» (literally 'from birth') is a fixed phrase meaning 'of age': «в девять лет от роду» = 'at nine years of age'. «роду» preserves an old genitive-locative form of «род», frozen in the idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детки","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детки","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of узнают","gloss":"little ones"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of детки","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ваши","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with ваши","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to наши","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to детки","gloss":"little ones"},{"surface":"презренных","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нищих","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"благородных","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with презренных","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"нищих","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies детки","gloss":"paupers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to нищих","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узнают","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"роду","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to learn"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to узнают","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-c7-s64","source":"Богатым где: те всю жизнь такой глубины не исследуют, а мой Илюшка в ту самую минуту на площади-то-с, как руки-то его целовал, в ту самую минуту всю истину произошел-с.","translation":"How should the rich? They never sound such depths in all their lives, while my Ilyushka, in that very minute on the square, sir, as he kissed his hands, in that very minute passed through the whole truth, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Богатым где","title":"Dative «богатым» + elliptical «где»","body":"«Богатым» is dative plural ('to/for the rich'), and «где» ('where?') stands in for a fuller dismissive question — 'How should the rich [sound such depths]?' The dative-experiencer frame leaves the rich as those to whom such knowing simply does not happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой глубины не исследуют","title":"Genitive of negation: «глубины»","body":"Under negation the object «глубину» (such a depth) shifts to genitive «глубины» after «не исследуют» — 'they do not sound such depths'. The genitive deepens the sense of total, sweeping non-attainment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшка","title":"«Илюшка» — rough-tender diminutive","body":"«Илюшка» is the «-ка» diminutive of Ilya (Ilyusha), here warm and possessive ('my Ilyushka'). The «-ка» suffix can be familiar or rough; in a father's mouth it is plain love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"площади-то-с","title":"Stacked particles «-то-с»","body":"«площади-то-с» piles the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» onto the deferential «-с»: 'on the square, you know, sir'. This stacking of particles is the very texture of Snegiryov's nervous, ingratiating speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю истину произошел","title":"«произойти» governing «всю истину»","body":"Snegiryov says «всю истину произошел» — 'passed through the whole truth' — using «произойти» transitively, an idiosyncratic, semi-illiterate stretch of the verb. «всю истину» is accusative direct object; the wrenched syntax marks his self-taught grandiloquence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Богатым","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, plural","role":"topic of the rhetorical question 'где'","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb (rhetorical)","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"how should they"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner (pronominal), nominative, plural","role":"subject of исследуют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying исследуют","gloss":"their whole life"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глубины","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исследуют (genitive under negation)","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates исследуют","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"исследуют","lemma":"исследовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject те)","gloss":"sound/explore"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Илюшка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Илюшка","lemma":"Илюшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"Ilyushka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of целовал","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of минуту","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to площади","gloss":"[emphasis]","note":"Colloquial '-то' clitic; untranslatable, adds emphasis rather than meaning."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to площади-то","gloss":"sir","note":"Fragment of the '-с' suffix (from сударь) that Snegiryov tacks onto phrases throughout his speech; rendered 'sir'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of целовал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to руки","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner (possessive), genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of произошел","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истину","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of произошел","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with исследуют via а)","gloss":"passed through","note":"Grammatically odd transitive use of произойти ('to happen'); part of Dostoevsky's rendering of Snegiryov's broken speech."},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to произошел","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-c7-s65","source":"Вошла в него эта истина-с и пришибла его навеки-с, — горячо и опять как бы в исступлении произнес штабс-капитан и при этом ударил правым своим кулаком в левую ладонь, как бы желая наяву выразить, как пришибла его Илюшу «истина».","translation":"That truth entered into him, sir, and crushed him forever, sir — hotly, and again as if in a kind of frenzy, the staff-captain pronounced this, and as he did so he struck his right fist into his left palm, as though wishing to make plain in the flesh how the 'truth' had crushed his Ilyusha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошла в него эта истина","title":"Inverted word order for drama","body":"The verb «Вошла» ('entered') is fronted before its subject «эта истина» ('this truth'), and the object phrase «в него» wedged between — a strongly marked inversion. Putting the entering first, the truth last, dramatizes the invasion of the boy's soul."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пришибла","title":"«пришибить» — to strike down, crush","body":"«пришибить» (perfective) is a blunt, physical verb: to fell or stun with a blow, to crush. Applied to «истина» it is violently concrete — the truth as a cudgel that 'crushed him forever'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy","body":"«исступление» denotes a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, transport, distraction. A favourite Dostoevsky word for the overwrought soul; «как бы в исступлении» ('as if in a frenzy') flags Snegiryov tipping toward hysteria."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы желая наяву выразить","title":"Gerund «желая» of attendant circumstance","body":"«желая» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of «желать» (to wish), sharing the subject of the main verb: 'as though wishing to express'. It compresses a simultaneous inner motive into a single adverbial phrase, a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истина","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Вошла","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to истина","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пришибла","lemma":"пришибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошла","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришибла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришибла","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to навеки","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase 'как бы'","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of phrase 'как бы'","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (first part of compound)","role":"part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес (head of штабс-капитан)","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил (idiom 'при этом')","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"правым","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кулаком","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кулаком","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударил","gloss":"fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонь","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ладонь","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase 'как бы'","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of phrase 'как бы'","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударил","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразить","gloss":"in the flesh"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"make plain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of выразить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"пришибла","lemma":"пришибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"had crushed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner (possessive), genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Илюшу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришибла","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришибла","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-c7-s66","source":"— В тот самый день он у меня в лихорадке был-с, всю ночь бредил.","translation":"— That very day he lay in a fever at my place, sir, and was delirious all night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бредил","title":"«бредить» — to be delirious, rave","body":"«бредить» means to rave or talk in delirium, especially in fever («в лихорадке»). The imperfective past «бредил» stretches it across 'all night' — a continuous, helpless raving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня… был","title":"«у меня» — possessive 'at my place'","body":"«у меня» (у + genitive of «я») here means 'at my place / with me' rather than 'I have'. «он у меня в лихорадке был» — 'he lay in a fever at my place', the «у меня» tinged with a parent's protective ownership."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying был","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of был (idiom 'у меня')","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лихорадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лихорадке","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to был","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying бредил","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"бредил","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"was delirious"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-c7-s67","source":"Весь тот день мало со мной говорил, совсем молчал даже, только заметил я: глядит, глядит на меня из угла, а всё больше к окну припадает и делает вид, будто бы уроки учит, а я вижу, что не уроки у него на уме.","translation":"All that day he spoke little to me, was even quite silent, only I noticed: he watches me, watches me from his corner, and yet keeps leaning toward the window, pretending he is learning his lessons, while I see that it is not lessons that are on his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядит, глядит на меня","title":"Repetition of imperfective «глядит»","body":"The doubled present-tense «глядит, глядит» ('watches, watches') uses imperfective repetition for iterative, lingering effect — the boy's eyes returning and returning. The historical present pulls the past scene vividly into the now."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадает","title":"«припадать» — to press / cling close","body":"«припадать» (here «припадает к окну») means to press oneself against, lean or cling close to something. The boy keeps pressing himself toward the window, body language of a child shrinking from his father's gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делает вид, будто бы уроки учит","title":"«будто бы» — 'as if', feigning","body":"«делает вид, будто бы…» ('pretends as if…') uses «будто бы» to mark a feigned or unreal appearance; the added «бы» tinges it with the hypothetical. «уроки учит» has the object «уроки» fronted before the verb for focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не уроки у него на уме","title":"Fronted negation of the object","body":"«не уроки у него на уме» ('it is not lessons that are on his mind') negates the specific noun «уроки» by placing «не» directly before it — contrastive negation of one element, not the whole clause. The idiom «на уме» means 'on one's mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying говорил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"he watches"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first глядит","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угла","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"his corner"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё больше","gloss":"more and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припадает","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припадает","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"припадает","lemma":"припадать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"keeps leaning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядит","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"a show","note":"Idiom 'делать вид' = 'to pretend'."},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учит","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of phrase 'будто бы'","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of учит","gloss":"his lessons"},{"surface":"учит","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on делает","gloss":"is learning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with учит","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates уроки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal in the что-clause","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уме (idiom 'у него на уме')","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the что-clause","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-c7-s68","source":"На другой день я выпил-с и многого не помню-с, грешный человек, с горя-с.","translation":"The next day I drank, sir, and remember little, sir — sinful man that I am — out of grief, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпил","title":"«выпить» as 'have a drink' / get drunk","body":"Absolute, objectless «выпил-с» ('I drank, sir') is the standard euphemism for taking drink, getting tipsy. The perfective marks the completed bout; the «-с» adds a wince of shame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многого не помню","title":"Genitive of negation: «многого»","body":"After negated «не помню» the object stands in genitive «многого» ('much') rather than accusative — 'remember little'. The genitive of negation is near-automatic with such quantified, non-specific objects."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешный человек","title":"«грешный человек» — 'sinful man that I am'","body":"«грешный человек» is a set self-deprecating aside — 'sinner that I am', confessing a weakness with rueful piety. It belongs to the religious texture of ordinary Russian speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с горя","title":"«с горя» — 'out of grief'","body":"«с» + genitive «горя» («горе», grief) expresses cause: 'out of / from grief'. This causal «с» + genitive («с горя», «со страху») is a fixed way of naming the emotion that drives an act."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying выпил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to выпил","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню (genitive under negation)","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выпил","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to помню","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"грешный","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to я (self-description)","gloss":"man that I am"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпил","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to горя","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-c7-s69","source":"Маменька тоже тут плакать начала-с — маменьку-то я очень люблю-с — ну с горя и клюкнул на последние-с.","translation":"My dear wife began to cry too just then, sir — I love my dear wife very much, sir — well, out of grief I tippled away on our last few coins, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Маменька","title":"«маменька» — affectionate 'mama'","body":"«маменька» is the tender, old-fashioned diminutive of «мама», used here oddly of Snegiryov's own wife ('my dear wife'). The childlike word fits the broken-down family in which the father speaks of his wife as the children would."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клюкнул","title":"«клюкнуть» — to tipple, knock one back","body":"«клюкнуть» is low colloquial slang for taking a drink, to tipple or knock one back. Vivid and a little comic, it marks Snegiryov's self-mocking candour about his drinking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на последние","title":"Substantivized «на последние [деньги]»","body":"«на последние» ('on the last [money]') is an adjective used as a noun with «деньги» understood — 'on our last few coins'. Russian freely drops a clear-from-context noun, leaving the agreeing adjective to carry it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"маменьку-то я очень люблю","title":"Topic clitic «-то» and fronted object","body":"«маменьку-то» fronts the object and tags it with topic-marking «-то»: 'my dear wife, her I love very much'. The clitic singles out the wife as the known topic against which the new comment ('I love very much') lands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"my dear wife"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to cry"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to начала","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю (fronted)","gloss":"my dear wife"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to маменьку","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to люблю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клюкнул","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клюкнул","lemma":"клюкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"tippled away"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последние","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of клюкнул","gloss":"our last coins"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to последние","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-c7-s70","source":"Вы, сударь, не презирайте меня: в России пьяные люди у нас самые добрые.","translation":"Do not despise me, sir: in Russia the drunken folk among us are the very kindest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — 'sir'","body":"«сударь» is the polite pre-revolutionary term of address to a gentleman, 'sir'. It is the full word behind Snegiryov's clipped «-с»; using it whole here lends a brief flicker of dignity to his plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не презирайте меня","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не презирайте» is a negated imperfective imperative ('do not despise me'). With «не» Russian regularly uses the imperfective imperative for a prohibition or plea, against the perfective of a one-off command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презирайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates презирайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"презирайте","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of добрые","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"пьяные","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of добрые","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of добрые (idiom 'у нас')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies добрые","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"kindest"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-c7-s71","source":"Самые добрые люди у нас и самые пьяные.","translation":"The kindest people among us are also the most given to drink.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Самые добрые… самые пьяные","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«самые добрые», «самые пьяные» build the superlative analytically with «самый» ('most'), which declines and agrees with the adjective and noun. The chiastic repetition ('the kindest… the most drunken') gives Snegiryov's apologia an almost proverbial ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies добрые","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"kindest"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the subject phrase","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies люди (idiom 'у нас')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the second predicate (meaning 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies пьяные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"пьяные","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"second predicate, coordinated with добрые","gloss":"given to drink"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-c7-s72","source":"Лежу это я и Илюшу в тот день не очень запомнил, а в тот-то именно день мальчишки и подняли его на смех и в школе с утра-с: «Мочалка, — кричат ему, — отца твоего за мочалку из трактира тащили, а ты подле бежал и прощения просил».","translation":"So there I lie, and I did not much take in about Ilyusha that day, but it was on that very day that the boys made a mock of him at school from the morning on, sir: 'Wisp of tow,' they shout at him, 'they dragged your father out of the tavern by the wisp of tow, and you ran alongside begging forgiveness.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лежу это я","title":"Historical present «лежу» + filler «это»","body":"«Лежу это я» uses the vivid historical present ('So there I lie') with the narrative filler «это», an untranslatable particle that sets the scene with a storyteller's 'so'. The dropped-then-restated «я» after the verb is colloquial, almost theatrical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в тот-то именно день","title":"Emphatic «-то… именно»","body":"«в тот-то именно день» stacks the emphatic clitic «-то» with «именно» ('exactly, precisely') on the demonstrative «тот» — 'on that very day'. The doubling drives home the fateful coincidence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мочалка","title":"«мочалка» — the cruel nickname","body":"«мочалка» is a bast-fibre wisp or scouring-wisp; the boys seize on it as a taunt because Dmitri dragged Snegiryov by his thin wispy beard, 'the wisp of tow'. The nickname brands the whole humiliation onto the son."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трактир","title":"«трактир» — tavern","body":"«трактир» is a cheap tavern or eating-house, a low-class drinking place. That the father was dragged out of one 'by the wisp of tow' fixes the scene of disgrace in a setting already shameful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подняли его на смех","title":"Idiom «поднять на смех»","body":"«поднять на смех» ('to raise to laughter') is a fixed idiom meaning to mock, make a laughing-stock of someone. The perfective «подняли» marks the single decisive act of derision that began the boy's ordeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"I lie"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (colloquial filler)","role":"modifies Лежу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Илюшу","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying запомнил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнил","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying подняли","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подняли","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause (idiom 'поднять на смех')","gloss":"made a mock","note":"Idiom 'поднять на смех' = 'to make a mockery of someone'."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies школе (idiom 'с утра')","gloss":"morning on"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential particle attached to утра","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted nickname shouted at him","gloss":"Wisp of tow"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричат","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тащили","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мочалку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"мочалку","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащили","gloss":"the wisp of tow"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащили","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"тащили","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричат","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тащили","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просил (genitive object)","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"begged"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-c7-s73","source":"На третий это день пришел он опять из школы, смотрю — лица на нем нет, побледнел.","translation":"On the third day he came home from school again, and I look — there is no face left on him, he had gone pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лица на нем нет","title":"Idiom «лица нет» with genitive of negation","body":"«лица на нем нет» literally 'there is no face on him' is an idiom for being deathly pale or distraught. «нет» forces the genitive «лица» (from «лицо»), the standard genitive of a negated existential subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На третий это день","title":"Ordinal in a time phrase + filler «это»","body":"«На третий день» ('on the third day') uses «на» + accusative for a point in a counted sequence; the inserted narrative «это» again gives the storyteller's casual 'so'. The pattern «на первый/второй/третий день» runs through this whole recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (colloquial filler)","role":"modifies день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying пришел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"школы","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with пришел","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative (existential negation)","role":"predicate, parallel to смотрю","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"had gone pale"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-c7-s74","source":"Что ты, говорю?","translation":"What is it, I say?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты, говорю?","title":"Elliptical «Что ты?» + inquit «говорю»","body":"«Что ты?» ('What's with you? / What is it?') is an elliptical idiom of alarmed concern, with the verb left out. The bare «говорю» ('I say') is the inquit tag dropped into the middle of reported dialogue, present-tense for immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun (interrogative), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"what's the matter","note":"Idiom 'Что ты?' = 'What's wrong with you?'"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-c7-s75","source":"Молчит.","translation":"He is silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчит.","title":"Subjectless «Молчит»","body":"A one-word sentence: «Молчит» ('He is silent') drops the pronoun «он», since the third-person ending already carries it. The bare imperfective present captures a held, continuing silence — and Dostoevsky lets it stand alone as a whole paragraph."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is silent"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-c7-s76","source":"Ну в хоромах-то нечего было разговаривать, а то сейчас маменька и девицы участие примут, — девицы-то к тому же всё уже узнали, даже еще в первый день.","translation":"Well, there was no talking it over in my halls, or my dear wife and the girls would take part at once — and the girls, what is more, already knew it all, even from that first day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хоромах","title":"«хоромы» — ironic 'halls'","body":"«хоромы» properly means spacious wooden mansion-halls; Snegiryov uses it bitterly of his cramped hovel, 'in my halls'. The grand word over a wretched room is self-mockery, his recurring mode."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего было разговаривать","title":"Impersonal «нечего» + dative logic","body":"«нечего было разговаривать» ('there was nothing to talk about / no point talking') is an impersonal negative construction with «нечего» plus an infinitive and past «было». Such subjectless 'there-is-nothing-to' phrases are a core part of Russian's impersonal repertoire."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девицы","title":"«девицы» — the girls / unmarried daughters","body":"«девицы» (singular «девица») are young unmarried women, here his daughters, 'the girls'. Slightly old-fashioned and formal, it sits among Snegiryov's mixed high-and-low diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"участие примут","title":"Perfective future «примут»","body":"«примут» is the perfective future of «принять» — conjugated like a present but meaning a completed future act: 'would take part'. Idiom «принять участие» = 'to take part'. The perfective foresees the women jumping in all at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хоромах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хоромах","lemma":"хоромы","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нечего","gloss":"my grand halls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to хоромах","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative (impersonal)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there was no point"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нечего","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"разговаривать","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"talking it over"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, part of phrase 'а то'","role":"part of the phrase а то, introduces the clause of примут","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of примут","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девицы","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with маменька","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of примут (idiom 'принять участие')","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а то","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"девицы","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to девицы","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition, part of phrase 'к тому же'","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular, part of phrase 'к тому же'","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, part of phrase 'к тому же'","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнали","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase 'еще в первый день'","role":"modifies день (idiom 'as early as')","gloss":"as early as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying узнали","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-c7-s77","source":"Варвара-то Николавна уже стала ворчать: «Шуты, паяцы, разве может у вас что разумное быть?»","translation":"Varvara Nikolavna had already begun to grumble: 'Buffoons, clowns, can anything sensible ever come from the lot of you?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шуты, паяцы","title":"«шуты, паяцы» — buffoons, clowns","body":"«шут» is a fool/jester, «паяц» a carnival clown (from Italian pagliaccio). Hurled at the Snegiryov men, the pair brands them as figures of ridicule — Varvara's contempt for her own family's clowning poverty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве может… что разумное быть?","title":"Rhetorical «разве» + predicate «быть»","body":"«разве» opens an incredulous rhetorical question expecting 'no' — 'can anything sensible really come?'. «что разумное» is indefinite «что» ('anything') with the substantivized adjective, and «быть» here means 'to come of / exist'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Варвара","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"Николавна","lemma":"Николавна","morphology":"proper noun (patronymic), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"ворчать","lemma":"ворчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to grumble"},{"surface":"Шуты","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, not part of the question's grammar","gloss":"buffoons","note":"Vocative exclamation aimed at the family, separate from the following rhetorical question."},{"surface":"паяцы","lemma":"паяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Шуты, vocative address","gloss":"clowns"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of может (idiom 'у вас')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"разумное","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-c7-s78","source":"— «Так точно, говорю, Варвара Николавна, разве может у нас что разумное быть?»","translation":"— 'Just so, I say, Varvara Nikolavna, can anything sensible ever come from us?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так точно","title":"«Так точно» — military 'just so'","body":"«Так точно» is the formulaic soldier's 'Yes, exactly so / just so', a subordinate's assent. The old staff-captain reflexively answers his scornful daughter as he once answered a superior officer — submission turned into bitter irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве может у нас что разумное быть?","title":"Echoed rhetorical question","body":"Snegiryov repeats Varvara's words almost verbatim, swapping «у вас» for «у нас» ('from us'), accepting the insult and folding himself into it. The retained «разве» keeps the self-cancelling, ironic 'can anything sensible come from us?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase 'так точно'","role":"part of the phrase так точно","gloss":"just","note":"Idiom 'так точно' = 'just so', an old deferential affirmation."},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase 'так точно'","role":"part of the phrase так точно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Варвара","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"Николавна","lemma":"Николавна","morphology":"proper noun (patronymic), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвара, vocative address","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of может (idiom 'у нас')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"разумное","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-c7-s79","source":"Тем на тот раз и отделался.","translation":"And with that I got off for the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем на тот раз и отделался","title":"Instrumental «тем» of means + idiom «отделаться»","body":"«Тем… и отделался» ('and with that I got off') uses instrumental «тем» ('by that') and the reflexive verb «отделаться» — to get off, escape with little cost. The subjectless verb again drops «я», typical of this rapid colloquial narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделался","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before отделался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отделался","lemma":"отделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got off"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-c7-s80","source":"Вот-с к вечеру я и вывел мальчика погулять.","translation":"So toward evening, sir, I took the boy out for a walk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот-с к вечеру","title":"«к вечеру» — 'toward evening'","body":"«к» + dative «вечеру» ('toward evening') marks approach to a point in time. The opening «Вот-с» ('So, sir') is the narrator's framing flourish, complete with deferential «-с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вывел мальчика погулять","title":"Perfective «вывел» + purpose infinitive","body":"«вывел… погулять» pairs the perfective «вывести» ('led out') with the bare infinitive «погулять» of purpose — 'took him out [in order] to walk'. The prefix «по-» on «гулять» gives the cosy sense of a short stroll."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Вот","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic -с is a servant-class marker of deferential speech, roughly 'sir.'"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывел","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before вывел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"погулять","lemma":"погулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of вывел","gloss":"for a walk"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-c7-s81","source":"А мы с ним, надо вам знать-с, каждый вечер и допрежь того гулять выходили, ровно по тому самому пути, по которому с вами теперь идем, от самой нашей калитки до вон того камня большущего, который вон там на дороге сиротой лежит у плетня и где выгон городской начинается: место пустынное и прекрасное-с.","translation":"And the two of us, you should know, sir, used to go out walking every evening even before that, by the very same route along which we are going with you now, from our own gate to that great big stone yonder, the one that lies there on the road like an orphan by the wattle fence, where the town common begins: a deserted and lovely spot, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрежь","title":"«допрежь» — archaic 'before'","body":"«допрежь (того)» is a markedly archaic, folk-and-bookish word for 'before, previously'. It flavours Snegiryov's tale with old-fashioned popular speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по которому с вами теперь идем","title":"Relative «который» with preposition","body":"«по тому самому пути, по которому… идем» ('the route along which we are walking') shows «который» taking the case its own clause demands: dative after «по», while agreeing in number/gender with «путь». The clause unfolds a long, looping descriptive sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сиротой лежит","title":"«сиротой» — instrumental simile 'like an orphan'","body":"The stone «сиротой лежит» — 'lies like an orphan'. The instrumental «сиротой» (from «сирота», orphan) expresses a likeness/role without 'like', a poignant personification of the lonely boulder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плетня… выгон","title":"«плетень» and «выгон» — the rural scene","body":"«плетень» is a wattle fence of woven branches; «выгон» is the common pasture-land where village cattle are driven out to graze. Both root the 'deserted and lovely spot' in plain provincial Russia."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"большущего","title":"Augmentative «большущий»","body":"«большущий» ('great big, enormous') is an expressive augmentative of «большой» with the intensifying suffix «-ущ-». It belongs to warm, child-friendly colloquial speech — the stone as a child would describe it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выходили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"joined with мы (‘he and I’)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"you should"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to знать","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic -с is a servant-class marker of deferential speech, roughly 'sir.'"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying выходили","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"допрежь","lemma":"допрежь","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"temporal adverbial modifying выходили, coordinated with вечер","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of допрежь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гулять","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of выходили","gloss":"to walk"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we used to go out"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пути","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пути","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самому","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пути","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идем","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of идем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on пути","gloss":"we are walking"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нашей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of калитки","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"калитки","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили (route)","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходили (route)","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"большущего","lemma":"большущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"great big"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"сиротой","lemma":"сирота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner complement of лежит","gloss":"like an orphan"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on камня","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плетня","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"wattle fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинается","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"выгон","lemma":"выгон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинается","gloss":"the common"},{"surface":"городской","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выгон","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"начинается","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежит","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пустынное","gloss":"a spot"},{"surface":"пустынное","lemma":"пустынный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of место","gloss":"deserted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пустынное","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to прекрасное","gloss":"sir","note":"The enclitic -с is a servant-class marker of deferential speech, roughly 'sir.'"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-c7-s82","source":"Идем мы с Илюшей, ручка его в моей руке, по обыкновению; махонькая у него ручка, пальчики тоненькие, холодненькие, — грудкой ведь он у меня страдает.","translation":"Ilyusha and I are walking, his little hand in mine, as usual; a tiny hand he has, the little fingers thin and cold — it is his chest, you see, that ails him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручка… пальчики… махонькая","title":"A cluster of tender diminutives","body":"«ручка» (little hand), «пальчики» (little fingers), «холодненькие» (so cold and small), and folk «махонькая» (tiny) pile up affectionate diminutives. The suffixes pour the father's tenderness over the frail, dying child's body."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идем мы с Илюшей","title":"Comitative «с Илюшей» = 'Ilyusha and I'","body":"«мы с Илюшей» literally 'we with Ilyusha' is the standard Russian way of saying 'Ilyusha and I'; the plural «мы» already includes the speaker. «с» + instrumental «Илюшей» names the companion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грудкой страдает","title":"«грудью страдать» — to be consumptive","body":"«грудью (грудкой) страдает» ('he suffers in the chest') is the period euphemism for consumption/tuberculosis. The diminutive «грудкой» softens the dread into something small and pitiable; the instrumental «грудкой» names the part that ails."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we walk"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Идем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшей","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Идем","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"ручка","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to Идем (his hand [is] in mine)","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ручка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руке","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ручка","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обыкновению","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обыкновению","lemma":"обыкновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Идем","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"махонькая","lemma":"махонький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of ручка","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махонькая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ручка","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of махонькая","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"пальчики","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of тоненькие","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"тоненькие","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of пальчики","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"холодненькие","lemma":"холодненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with тоненькие","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"грудкой","lemma":"грудка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдает","gloss":"in his chest"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдает","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of страдает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement modifying он (‘my boy’)","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"страдает","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffers"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-c7-s83","source":"«Папа, говорит, папа!» — «Что?» — говорю ему; глазенки, вижу, у него сверкают.","translation":"'Papa,' he says, 'papa!' — 'What?' I say to him; and I see his little eyes are flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазенки","title":"«глазёнки» — 'little eyes'","body":"«глазёнки» is the tender diminutive of «глаза» (eyes), 'his little eyes'. It recurs as a leitmotif of Ilyusha's flashing, burning gaze — the child's fierce soul shining out of the small frail body."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазенки, вижу, у него сверкают","title":"Parenthetical «вижу» + «у него» possessor","body":"«вижу» ('I see') is dropped in parenthetically; «у него… сверкают» uses «у» + genitive to mark the possessor of the flashing eyes ('his eyes are flashing'). Russian commonly states a body part with «у» + person rather than a possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation (direct speech)","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation (direct speech, repeated)","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamation (direct speech)","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"глазенки","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкают","gloss":"his little eyes"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сверкают","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sparkling"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-c7-s84","source":"«Папа, как он тебя тогда, папа!» — «Что делать, Илюша», — говорю.","translation":"'Papa, the way he treated you that time, papa!' — 'What's to be done, Ilyusha,' I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он тебя тогда","title":"Elliptical 'the way he [did] to you'","body":"«как он тебя тогда, папа!» leaves the verb unspoken — 'the way he [treated/did to] you then'. The child cannot name the deed; the gap itself, the bare «как… тебя… тогда», carries the unspeakable humiliation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что делать","title":"«Что делать» — 'what's to be done'","body":"«Что делать?» (infinitive, no subject) is the resigned 'what is to be done?'. A famous phrase in Russian (Chernyshevsky, Tolstoy), here it is the helpless father's shrug before the boy's outrage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause (verb elided)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of the elided verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause (‘what is to be done’)","gloss":"is to be done"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-c7-s85","source":"«Не мирись с ним, папа, не мирись.","translation":"'Don't make peace with him, papa, don't make peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не мирись с ним","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не мирись»","body":"«Не мирись» is the negated imperfective imperative of reflexive «мириться» ('make peace, be reconciled'), repeated for force: 'don't make peace, don't make peace'. The «-ся» verb means to reconcile oneself with someone (с + instrumental «с ним»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мирись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"мирись","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make peace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мирись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мирись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"мирись","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb (emphatic)","gloss":"make peace"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-c7-s86","source":"Школьники говорят, что он тебе десять рублей за это дал».","translation":"The schoolboys say he gave you ten roubles for it.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"десять рублей… дал","title":"Numeral «десять» + genitive plural","body":"«десять рублей» — the numeral 'ten' (five and above) governs the genitive plural «рублей». Compare «два рубля» (genitive singular after 2–4); the case is dictated by the number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"the schoolboys"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-c7-s87","source":"— «Нет, говорю Илюша, я денег от него не возьму теперь ни за что».","translation":"— 'No, Ilyusha,' I say, 'I will not take money from him now, not for anything.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег от него не возьму","title":"Genitive of negation + «ни за что»","body":"Under negated future «не возьму» the object «деньги» becomes genitive «денег» ('I will not take [any] money'). «ни за что» ('not for anything') reinforces with the «ни»-series; «возьму» is perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-c7-s88","source":"Так он и затрясся весь, схватил мою руку в свои обе ручки, опять целует.","translation":"At that he trembled all over, seized my hand in both his little hands, and kisses it again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"затрясся… схватил… целует","title":"Perfective burst then imperfective present","body":"Two perfective pasts «затрясся» (started trembling), «схватил» (seized) snap off the sudden movements, then the verb shifts to imperfective present «целует» ('kisses') — the historical present prolonging the final, lingering act of love."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обе ручки","title":"«обе ручки» — both little hands","body":"«обе» is the feminine 'both', agreeing with «ручки» (little hands); «схватил… в свои обе ручки» — 'seized it in both his little hands'. The diminutive keeps the gesture small and heartbreaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрясся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies затрясся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of затрясся","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрясся","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ручки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on ручки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"little hands"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целует","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"целует","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with затрясся","gloss":"kisses"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-c7-s89","source":"«Папа, говорит, папа, вызови его на дуэль, в школе дразнят, что ты трус и не вызовешь его на дуэль, а десять рублей у него возьмешь».","translation":"'Papa,' he says, 'papa, call him out to a duel; at school they taunt me that you are a coward and will not call him out to a duel, but will take ten roubles from him instead.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызови","title":"Perfective imperative «вызови»","body":"«вызови» is the perfective imperative of «вызвать» ('call out, challenge'), a single decisive command — against the imperfective imperatives of prohibition seen earlier («не мирись»). The boy demands one definitive act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трус","title":"«трус» — coward","body":"«трус» is a coward — the cruellest possible word for a child to hear flung at his father at school. It crystallizes the whole agony: that taking money instead of fighting looks like cowardice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"вызови","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызови","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызови","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"школе","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнят","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"дразнят","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"they taunt me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трус","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трус","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of дразнят","gloss":"a coward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызовешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"вызовешь","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трус","gloss":"will call out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызовешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызовешь","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of возьмешь","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмешь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"возьмешь","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вызовешь","gloss":"will take"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-c7-s90","source":"— «На дуэль, Илюша, мне нельзя его вызвать», — отвечаю я и излагаю ему вкратце всё то, что и вам на сей счет сейчас изложил.","translation":"— 'A duel, Ilyusha — I cannot call him out to a duel,' I answer, and I lay out for him in brief all that I have just now laid out for you on this score.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне нельзя его вызвать","title":"Dative «мне» + «нельзя»","body":"«мне нельзя… вызвать» ('I cannot / am not permitted to call him out') is the impersonal dative-subject construction: experiencer «мне» in the dative, the predicate word «нельзя», and an infinitive. There is no nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сей счет","title":"«на сей счёт» — archaic 'on this score'","body":"«на сей счёт» ('on this matter, on this score') uses the bookish archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this') instead of «этот». «сей» is a hallmark of 19th-century elevated and clichéd phrasing surviving in fixed expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted object, resumed by его вызвать","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate (impersonal) of the clause","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вызвать","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"излагаю","lemma":"излагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечаю","gloss":"lay out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of излагаю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вкратце","lemma":"вкратце","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies излагаю","gloss":"in brief"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of излагаю","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, antecedent of что clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изложил, relative clause on то","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изложил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изложил","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"laid out"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-c7-s91","source":"Выслушал он.","translation":"He heard me out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушал он.","title":"Perfective «выслушал» + inverted subject","body":"«Выслушал он» ('He heard me out') ends with the postposed subject «он», throwing weight onto the completed act «выслушал». The prefixed perfective «выслушать» means to hear right through to the end — the boy listened in full."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выслушал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-c7-s92","source":"«Папа, говорит, папа, все-таки не мирись: я вырасту, я вызову его сам и убью его!»","translation":"'Papa,' he says, 'papa, all the same do not make peace: I will grow up, I will call him out myself and kill him!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-таки не мирись","title":"Concessive «всё-таки»","body":"«всё-таки» ('all the same, still') concedes the father's reasoning yet overrides it — 'all the same, do not make peace'. The particle marks the child holding his ground after hearing the argument out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вырасту, я вызову… и убью","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«вырасту… вызову… убью» are three perfective futures ('I will grow up, will challenge, will kill'), each a single completed act, lining up the boy's fierce resolve as a sequence of finished deeds. The repeated «я» hammers the vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (first part of the compound все-таки)","role":"modifies мирись","gloss":"still","note":"'Все-таки' as a whole is a single discourse particle meaning 'nonetheless, all the same.'"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle (second part of the compound все-таки)","role":"modifies мирись","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мирись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"мирись","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make peace"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вырасту","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вырасту","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мирись","gloss":"will grow up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вызову","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вызову","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырасту","gloss":"will call out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызову","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic ‘myself’)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырасту","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-c7-s93","source":"Глазенки-то сверкают и горят.","translation":"His little eyes flashing and burning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глазенки-то сверкают и горят.","title":"Topic «-то» on the recurring «глазёнки»","body":"«Глазёнки-то» tags the now-familiar little eyes with topic-marking «-то» ('the little eyes, you know'). The imperfective present pair «сверкают и горят» ('flashing and burning') holds the image in continuous, vivid motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глазенки","lemma":"глазенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкают","gloss":"his little eyes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Глазенки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сверкают","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flash"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горят","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сверкают","gloss":"burn"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-c7-s94","source":"Ну при всем том ведь я и отец, надобно ж было ему слово правды сказать.","translation":"Well, for all that, I am his father, and a word of truth had to be spoken to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надобно ж было ему слово правды сказать","title":"Dative «ему» + «надобно» + particle «ж»","body":"«надобно… ему… сказать» is an impersonal obligation: dative experiencer «ему», the archaic predicate «надобно» ('it was needful'), past «было», and infinitive. The clitic «ж» (= «же») insists: 'a word of truth simply had to be spoken to him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я и отец","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — 'after all, I am his father'. Snegiryov leans on «ведь» to justify himself to Alyosha, invoking the obvious truth of his fatherly duty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слово правды","title":"«слово правды» — a word of truth","body":"«слово правды» ('a word of truth/righteousness', with «правда» as moral truth) is an almost biblical phrase. The genitive «правды» modifies «слово», casting the father's correction as a sacred duty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of том","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец (concessive adverbial)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отец (elided copula)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я (elided copula)","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate (impersonal) of the sentence","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надобно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-c7-s95","source":"«Грешно, — говорю я ему, — убивать, хотя бы и на поединке».","translation":"'It is a sin,' I say to him, 'to kill, even in a duel.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грешно… убивать","title":"Impersonal «грешно» + infinitive","body":"«Грешно… убивать» ('it is a sin to kill') is an impersonal predicate-adverb «грешно» governing an infinitive, with no subject. This is the morality of the whole novel compressed into a subjectless statement of conscience."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и на поединке","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with «бы»","body":"«хотя бы (и)» ('even if only, even in') concedes an extreme case — 'even in a duel'. The «бы» here is the irrealis particle fused into the concessive idiom. «поединок» is the more elevated word for single combat / duel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грешно","lemma":"грешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate (impersonal) of the sentence","gloss":"it is a sin"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Грешно (infinitive subject)","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поединке","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поединке","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поединке","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивать","gloss":"a duel"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-c7-s96","source":"— «Папа, говорит, папа, я его повалю, как большой буду, я ему саблю выбью своей саблей, брошусь на него, повалю его, замахнусь на него саблей и скажу ему: мог бы сейчас убить, но прощаю тебя, вот тебе!»","translation":"— 'Papa,' he says, 'papa, I will throw him down when I am grown; I will knock the sabre out of his hand with my own sabre, I will rush at him, throw him down, raise my sabre over him, and say to him: I could kill you this instant, but I forgive you — there, take that!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повалю… выбью… брошусь… замахнусь… скажу","title":"Cascade of perfective futures","body":"The boy's fantasy pours out as a chain of perfective futures — «повалю» (throw down), «выбью» (knock out), «брошусь» (rush, reflexive), «замахнусь» (raise to strike, reflexive), «скажу» (say) — each a vivid completed act, the whole heroic scene rehearsed in one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как большой буду","title":"Compound future «буду» + predicate 'when grown'","body":"«как большой буду» ('when I am big/grown') uses the future «буду» of «быть» with the predicate «большой» — the imperfective compound future of a state. The childish «как большой» ('when grown-up') is exactly how a boy frames his someday."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы сейчас убить, но прощаю","title":"Conditional «мог бы» of magnanimity","body":"«мог бы… убить» ('I could kill you') is the conditional — past «мог» plus «бы» — naming an unrealized possibility, set against the actual «прощаю» ('I forgive'). The grammar itself stages the boy's dreamed-of Christ-like mercy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сабля","title":"«сабля» — sabre","body":"«сабля» (sabre) is the cavalry officer's curved sword, the boy's emblem of soldierly honour. His whole revenge fantasy revolves around the «сабля» — vengeance and chivalry fused in a child's imagination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of повалю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повалю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повалю","lemma":"повалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will throw down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of большой","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (with буду)","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to большой","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбью (from him)","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"саблю","lemma":"сабля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбью","gloss":"the sabre"},{"surface":"выбью","lemma":"выбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повалю","gloss":"will knock out"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of саблей","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"саблей","lemma":"сабля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of выбью","gloss":"sabre"},{"surface":"брошусь","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбью","gloss":"will rush"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошусь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повалю","lemma":"повалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брошусь","gloss":"will throw down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повалю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"замахнусь","lemma":"замахнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повалю","gloss":"will raise my sabre"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замахнусь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"саблей","lemma":"сабля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of замахнусь","gloss":"sabre"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with замахнусь","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прощаю","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"I forgive"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прощаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (‘there!’)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"part of the idiom вот тебе (‘take that’)","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-c7-s97","source":"Видите, видите, сударь, какой процессик в головке-то его произошел в эти два дня, это он день и ночь об этом именно мщении с саблей думал и ночью, должно быть, об этом бредил-с.","translation":"You see, you see, sir, what a little drama played itself out in his small head in these two days; day and night he was brooding on this very vengeance with the sabre, and at night, it must be, he was raving of it in his sleep, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"процессик… в головке","title":"Ironic-tender diminutives «процессик», «головка»","body":"«процессик» (a little 'process'/drama) and «головка» (little head) shrink grand words to a child's scale. The diminutive on «процесс» (a near-legal/clinical term) is gently ironic — a whole inner trial unfolding in so small a head."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть, бредил","title":"«должно быть» — 'it must be'","body":"«должно быть» ('it must be, probably') is an impersonal parenthetical of inference. Snegiryov reconstructs the child's nights — 'at night, it must be, he was raving' — the imperfective «бредил» stretching the delirium across the dark hours."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мщении","title":"«мщение» — bookish 'vengeance'","body":"«мщение» (vengeance, retribution) is the elevated, -ние abstract noun beside the plainer «месть». Its solemn weight ironically dignifies the boy's sabre-fantasy as a grand 'vengeance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видите (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of процессик","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"процессик","lemma":"процессик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"little drama"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"головке","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"his little head"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to головке","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"The enclitic -то adds colloquial emphasis and isn't separately translated."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of головке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Видите","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive particle introducing он думал","gloss":"it was that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying думал, coordinated with ночь","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links день and ночь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying думал, coordinated with день","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мщении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мщении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мщении","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"мщении","lemma":"мщение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саблей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"саблей","lemma":"сабля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мщении","gloss":"the sabre"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to произошел","gloss":"was brooding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links думал and бредил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бредил","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, with быть)","role":"parenthetical modifying бредил","gloss":"it must be","note":"должно быть is a frozen parenthetical meaning \"probably, must be\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бредил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бредил","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"was raving"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential politeness particle attached to бредил","gloss":"sir","note":"The archaic clitic -с (from сударь) marks obsequious, deferential speech."}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-c7-s98","source":"Только стал он из школы приходить больно битый, это третьего дня я всё узнал, и вы правы-с; больше уж в школу эту я его не пошлю-с.","translation":"Only he started coming home from school badly beaten — I learned all of this the day before yesterday, and you are right, sir; I will not send him to that school any longer, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"больно битый","title":"Colloquial «больно» = 'very'","body":"«больно» here is not 'painfully' but the folk intensifier 'very, badly' — «больно битый» = 'badly beaten'. This popular «больно» colours Snegiryov's narration with peasant idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — 'the day before yesterday'","body":"«третьего дня» (genitive of time, literally 'of the third day') is a fixed older expression for 'the day before yesterday'. The genitive-of-time phrase is archaic-flavoured beside modern «позавчера»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше уж… не пошлю","title":"Negated perfective future «не пошлю»","body":"«больше… не пошлю» ('I will not send any more') is the negated perfective future with «больше» ('no longer') and emphatic «уж». The perfective frames a single firm future decision: that school is finished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"школы","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies битый","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"битый","lemma":"битый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing он","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал, coordinated with всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning \"the day before yesterday.\""},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стал","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"parallel clause to узнал","gloss":"are right"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential politeness particle attached to правы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошлю","gloss":"any longer","note":"больше ... не combine to mean \"no longer.\""},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошлю","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of школу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пошлю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошлю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to узнал","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential politeness particle attached to пошлю","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-c7-s99","source":"Узнаю я, что он против всего класса один идет и всех сам вызывает, сам озлился, сердце в нем зажглось, — испугался я тогда за него.","translation":"I learn that he goes alone against the whole class, and challenges them all himself; he had grown embittered himself, his heart had taken fire — and then I grew frightened for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"против всего класса один идет","title":"«против» + genitive; «один» 'alone'","body":"«против всего класса» ('against the whole class') has «против» governing the genitive «класса»; «один идет» — 'goes alone'. «один» here means not 'one' but 'by himself, single-handed', the lone boy versus the crowd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам озлился, сердце в нем зажглось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» change-of-state verbs","body":"«озлился» (grew embittered) and «зажглось» (took fire, of «сердце») are «-ся» verbs of inner change of state. The reflexive marks an event happening within the boy himself — embitterment and a kindled heart welling up of their own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"испугался я тогда за него","title":"«испугаться за» + accusative","body":"«испугался… за него» — 'I grew frightened for him'. The reflexive «испугаться» ('take fright') with «за» + accusative «него» means fear on someone's behalf. Inverted «испугался я» throws the verb forward for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I learn"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Узнаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking класса","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of класса","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"класса","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of он, modifies идет","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Узнаю","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links идет and вызывает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"всех","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызывает","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он, modifies вызывает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вызывает","lemma":"вызывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идет","gloss":"challenges"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он, modifies озлился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with идет","gloss":"grew embittered"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зажглось","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"зажглось","lemma":"зажечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with идет","gloss":"had caught fire"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Узнаю","gloss":"grew frightened"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испугался","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-c7-s100","source":"Опять ходим, гуляем.","translation":"Again we go out, again we walk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опять ходим, гуляем.","title":"Multidirectional «ходим» + imperfective present","body":"«ходим» is the multidirectional motion verb (habitual, back-and-forth walking), not unidirectional «идём» — fitting the repeated evening strolls. With «гуляем» ('we stroll') and «опять» ('again'), the imperfective present paints the recurring ritual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходим","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ходим","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we go out"},{"surface":"гуляем","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходим","gloss":"we walk"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-c7-s101","source":"« Папа, спрашивает, папа, ведь богатые всех сильнее на свете?» — «Да, говорю, Илюша, нет на свете сильнее богатого».","translation":"'Papa,' he asks, 'papa, the rich are the strongest of all in the world, aren't they?' — 'Yes, Ilyusha,' I say, 'there is no one in the world stronger than a rich man.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь богатые всех сильнее на свете?","title":"Particle «ведь» + comparative «сильнее всех»","body":"«ведь» seeks confirmation ('the rich are strongest, aren't they?'). «всех сильнее» is the comparative «сильнее» plus genitive «всех» ('stronger than all') — the standard way to form a superlative idea: strongest of all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет на свете сильнее богатого","title":"Comparative with genitive of comparison","body":"«сильнее богатого» ('stronger than a rich man') uses the comparative «сильнее» followed by the genitive «богатого» — the genitive-of-comparison construction, without «чем». «нет… сильнее» frames it as an absolute: none stronger exists."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"he asks"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"aren't they"},{"surface":"богатые","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, plural","role":"subject of сильнее","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сильнее","gloss":"than everyone"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"are stronger"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сильнее","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"response particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb (existential negation), present, indicative","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"comparative predicate with нет","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"богатого","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сильнее","gloss":"than a rich man"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-c7-s102","source":"— «Папа, говорит, я разбогатею, я в офицеры пойду и всех разобью, меня царь наградит, я приеду, и тогда никто не посмеет…»","translation":"— 'Papa,' he says, 'I will grow rich, I will become an officer and rout them all, the Tsar will reward me, I will come back, and then no one will dare…'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разбогатею… пойду… разобью… приедет… приеду","title":"String of perfective futures","body":"«разбогатею» (grow rich), «пойду» (go), «разобью» (rout), «приеду» (come back) line up as perfective futures — the boy's whole rise told as a sequence of completed triumphs. «никто не посмеет» ('no one will dare') caps it with a negated perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в офицеры пойду","title":"«в» + accusative plural of role","body":"«пойти в офицеры» uses «в» + a special non-prepositional accusative plural «офицеры» (= nominative form) to mean entering a profession or rank — 'to become an officer'. This idiom («в солдаты», «в монахи») marks taking on a role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разбогатею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разбогатею","lemma":"разбогатеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will grow rich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеры","gloss":"as","note":"пойти в офицеры is an idiom meaning \"become an officer\"; офицеры keeps the idiomatic nominative-plural form."},{"surface":"офицеры","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбогатею","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разобью","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"разобью","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбогатею","gloss":"will defeat"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of наградит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"царь","lemma":"царь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наградит","gloss":"the Tsar"},{"surface":"наградит","lemma":"наградить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбогатею","gloss":"will reward"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбогатею","gloss":"will come back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмеет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of посмеет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмеет","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбогатею","gloss":"will dare"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-c7-s103","source":"Потом помолчал да и говорит — губенки-то у него всё по-прежнему вздрагивают: «Папа, говорит, какой это нехороший город наш, папа!»","translation":"Then he fell silent a while and says — his little lips still quivering as before: 'Papa,' he says, 'what a bad town ours is, papa!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"губенки","title":"«губёнки» — 'little lips'","body":"«губёнки» is the pitying diminutive of «губы» (lips). The quivering «губёнки» — like «глазёнки», «ручки», «пальчики» — keep the dying child small and tender before us, his trembling mouth giving away the grief he holds back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помолчал да и говорит","title":"«помолчал» + «да и» + historical present","body":"«помолчал» (perfective, with «по-» meaning 'kept silent a while') is followed by colloquial «да и» ('and then') and the shift to present «говорит» — the storyteller's pivot from a closed pause into the live moment of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent a while"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (with и)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (with да)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"губенки","lemma":"губенки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вздрагивают","gloss":"his little lips"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to губенки","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"The enclitic -то adds colloquial emphasis and isn't separately translated."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрагивают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрагивают","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-прежнему)","role":"modifies вздрагивают","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-прежнему)","role":"modifies вздрагивают","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вздрагивают","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause on губенки","gloss":"are quivering"},{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate pronoun linking to город","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нехороший","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"papa"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-c7-s104","source":"— «Да, говорю, Илюшечка, не очень-таки хорош наш город».","translation":"— 'Yes,' I say, 'Ilyushechka, our town is not such a very good one.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — the tenderest form","body":"«Илюшечка» climbs another rung of the affectionate ladder (Илья → Илюша → Илюшечка), the most caressing diminutive of the boy's name. The father reaches for the softest form just as he gently agrees with the child's bitter judgement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очень-таки хорош","title":"Short adjective «хорош» + softening «-таки»","body":"«хорош» is the short (predicative) form of «хороший», stating a temporary judgement: 'is not such a very good one'. The clitic «-таки» on «очень» softens and qualifies — the father half-conceding the town's badness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"response particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорош","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорош","gloss":"so","note":"не очень-таки together mean \"not all that.\""},{"surface":"хорош","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хорош","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-c7-s105","source":"— «Папа, переедем в другой город, в хороший, говорит, город, где про нас и не знают».","translation":"— 'Papa, let us move to another town, to a good one,' he says, 'a town where they know nothing about us.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переедем в другой город","title":"Prefixed motion «переехать» — to move/relocate","body":"«переедем» is the perfective future of «переехать» — with prefix «пере-» ('across, over') it means to move house, relocate. «в другой город» takes «в» + accusative for motion toward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где про нас и не знают","title":"«про» + accusative; impersonal «не знают»","body":"«про нас» ('about us') uses «про» + accusative, a colloquial alternative to «о» + prepositional. The subjectless 'they' of «не знают» ('they know nothing') is the indefinite-personal construction — anyone, no one in particular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"переедем","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's move"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переедем","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хороший","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город (second instance)","gloss":"a good one"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to город (first instance), modified by хороший","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on город","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of знают","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не знают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on город","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-c7-s106","source":"— «Переедем, говорю, переедем, Илюша, — вот только денег скоплю».","translation":"— 'We will move, I say, we will move, Ilyusha — just as soon as I have saved up the money.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Переедем, говорю, переедем","title":"Repeated perfective future for reassurance","body":"The father echoes the boy's «переедем» ('we will move'), repeating the perfective future to soothe and promise. The doubling — a tender verbal embrace — mirrors how Snegiryov keeps repeating words throughout to comfort his child."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег скоплю","title":"Genitive partitive «денег» + perfective «скоплю»","body":"«денег скоплю» ('I'll save up [some] money') has «деньги» in the partitive genitive «денег» (an amount of money) with perfective «скопить» (save up, accumulate). The fronted «денег» before the verb gives 'just as soon as I've saved the money'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Переедем","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we will move"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting the quote","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"переедем","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Переедем","gloss":"we will move"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скоплю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of скоплю","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"скоплю","lemma":"скопить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying Переедем","gloss":"I save up"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-c7-s107","source":"Обрадовался я случаю отвлечь его от мыслей темных, и стали мы мечтать с ним, как мы в другой город переедем, лошадку свою купим да тележку.","translation":"I was glad of the chance to draw him away from dark thoughts, and we began to dream together of how we would move to another town, buy a little horse of our own and a cart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обрадовался я случаю","title":"«обрадоваться» + dative «случаю»","body":"«обрадовался… случаю» ('I was glad of the chance') is the reflexive «обрадоваться» governing the dative «случаю» (occasion, chance). 'To be glad at' something takes the dative of the cause of joy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали мы мечтать","title":"Phasal «стать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стали… мечтать» ('we began to dream') uses perfective «стать» as a phasal verb with the imperfective infinitive «мечтать» to mark the onset of an ongoing activity. «стать» + imperfective infinitive is the common way to say 'started doing'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лошадку… тележку","title":"«лошадка», «тележка» — the little horse and cart","body":"«лошадка» (little horse) and «тележка» (little cart) are warm diminutives of «лошадь» and «телега». The whole shared dream is built of these small, tender objects — the modest paradise the poor family longs for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was glad"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Обрадовался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Обрадовался","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"отвлечь","lemma":"отвлечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies случаю","gloss":"to distract"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвлечь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвлечь","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"темных","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обрадовался","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to dream"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мечтать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переедем","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переедем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переедем","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"переедем","lemma":"переехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мечтать (introduced by как)","gloss":"would move"},{"surface":"лошадку","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of купим","gloss":"a little horse"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лошадку","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"купим","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with переедем","gloss":"will buy"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тележку","lemma":"тележка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лошадку, object of купим","gloss":"a cart"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-c7-s108","source":"Маменьку да сестриц усадим, закроем их, а сами сбоку пойдем, изредка тебя подсажу, а я тут подле пойду, потому лошадку свою поберечь надо, не всем же садиться, так и отправимся.","translation":"We would seat my dear wife and the sisters, tuck them in, while we ourselves walked alongside; now and then I would lift you up, but I'd walk here beside you, since the little horse must be spared — not everyone can ride — and so off we would set.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усадим… закроем… подсажу… поберечь","title":"Perfective futures of the planned scene","body":"«усадим» (seat them), «закроем» (tuck them in), «подсажу» (lift you up) are perfective futures imagining each completed step of the journey. «поберечь» ('to spare/take care of', perfective infinitive) names the reason the horse must be walked beside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не всем же садиться","title":"Dative «всем» + «не… же» + infinitive","body":"«не всем же садиться» ('not everyone can ride / get in') is impersonal: dative «всем» ('for all'), negated, with insistent «же» and the infinitive «садиться». A subjectless 'one can't all sit', the father reasoning gently with the child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сестриц","title":"«сестрицы» — 'dear sisters'","body":"«сестрицы» (genitive/accusative «сестриц») is the affectionate diminutive of «сёстры» (sisters), 'the dear sisters'. The tender suffix folds the daughters into the family's gentle daydream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усадим, coordinated with сестриц","gloss":"my dear wife"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Маменьку and сестриц","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сестриц","lemma":"сестрица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of усадим, coordinated with Маменьку","gloss":"the sisters"},{"surface":"усадим","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we will seat"},{"surface":"закроем","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадим","gloss":"will tuck in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of закроем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic subject pronoun modifying пойдем","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадим","gloss":"will walk"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсажу","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of подсажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подсажу","lemma":"подсадить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадим","gloss":"I'll lift up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"beside you"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадим","gloss":"will walk"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"лошадку","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поберечь","gloss":"the little horse"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лошадку","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"поберечь","lemma":"поберечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to spare"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"main predicate of the reason clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of садиться","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"садиться","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"to ride"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправимся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отправимся","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with усадим","gloss":"will set off"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-c7-s109","source":"Восхитился он этим, а главное, что своя лошадка будет и сам на ней поедет.","translation":"He was delighted with all this, and most of all that there would be a horse of his own and that he himself would ride on it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восхитился он этим","title":"«восхититься» + instrumental «этим»","body":"«восхитился… этим» ('was delighted with this') is the reflexive «восхититься» governing the instrumental «этим» — the thing one delights in stands in the instrumental. Inverted «Восхитился он» fronts the emotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своя лошадка… сам на ней поедет","title":"Reflexive possessive «своя» + «сам»","body":"«своя лошадка» ('a horse of his own') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», referring back to the boy as owner; «сам… поедет» ('he himself will ride') adds the intensifier «сам». Together they crown the dream: his own horse, ridden by himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восхитился","lemma":"восхититься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was delighted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Восхитился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Восхитился","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (used parenthetically), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical introducing что-clause","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поедет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"своя","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лошадка","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лошадка","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"a little horse"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (existential), future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links будет and поедет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of он, modifies поедет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поедет","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"would ride"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-c7-s110","source":"А уж известно, что русский мальчик так и родится вместе с лошадкой.","translation":"And as is well known, a Russian boy is born already wedded to a horse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"русский мальчик так и родится вместе с лошадкой","title":"Gnomic present «родится» + «так и»","body":"«родится» here is the timeless, gnomic present ('is born') stating a general truth, with «так и» ('just so, right away') intensifying. «вместе с лошадкой» ('together with a little horse') takes «с» + instrumental — a sweeping folk generalization about the Russian boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is well known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of родится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of родится","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родится","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"already","note":"так и together give the sense \"is born already [wedded to a horse].\""},{"surface":"родится","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"is born"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родится","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лошадкой","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"a little horse"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-c7-s111","source":"Болтали мы долго, слава богу, думаю, развлек я его, утешил.","translation":"We chattered on a long while; thank God, I think to myself, I have distracted him, comforted him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слава богу","title":"«слава богу» — 'thank God'","body":"«слава богу» ('glory to God', i.e. 'thank God') is the reflexive pious interjection threaded through everyday Russian speech. Here it marks the father's relief at having drawn the child out of his darkness, however briefly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развлек я его, утешил","title":"Perfective pair «развлёк… утешил»","body":"«развлёк» (distracted) and «утешил» (comforted) are two perfective pasts naming completed results — what the father believes he has achieved. The asyndeton (no 'and') and inverted «развлёк я» quicken the hopeful inner monologue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Болтали","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we chattered"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Болтали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Болтали","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation (idiom with богу)","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"развлек","lemma":"развлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Болтали","gloss":"I distracted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of развлек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развлек","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"утешил","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with развлек","gloss":"comforted him"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-c7-s112","source":"Это третьего дня вечером было, а вчера вечером уже другое оказалось.","translation":"That was the day before yesterday, in the evening, but yesterday evening it turned out otherwise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже другое оказалось","title":"Reflexive «оказаться» — 'it turned out'","body":"«оказалось» (perfective reflexive «оказаться») means 'it turned out / proved to be'; impersonal here with «другое» ('something else'). The «-ся» verb names a result revealing itself — the next day brought a different, worse turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning \"the day before yesterday.\""},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось, coordinated with вечером","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оказалось, coordinated with вчера","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"something different"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"turned out"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-c7-s113","source":"Опять он утром в эту школу пошел, мрачный вернулся, очень уж мрачен.","translation":"Again he went off to that school in the morning, and came back gloomy, very gloomy indeed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачный вернулся, очень уж мрачен","title":"Long «мрачный» then short «мрачен»","body":"«мрачный вернулся» uses the long-form adjective adverbially with the verb, then «очень уж мрачен» repeats it in the short predicative form «мрачен» ('very gloomy indeed'). The shift to the short form, with intensifying «уж», sharpens the state into a stark verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of школу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"мрачный","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing он, modifies вернулся","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"вернулся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мрачен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мрачен","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"gloomy"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-c7-s114","source":"Вечером взял я его за ручку, вывел гулять, молчит, не говорит.","translation":"In the evening I took him by the little hand and led him out to walk; he is silent, he does not speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял я его за ручку","title":"«взять за» + accusative of the body part","body":"«взял… за ручку» ('took him by the little hand') uses «за» + accusative «ручку» for the part one grasps, with the person as the object «его». The diminutive «ручку» keeps the recurring image of the small cold hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчит, не говорит","title":"Imperfective present pair, present-tense silence","body":"«молчит, не говорит» ('he is silent, he does not speak') restates the held silence in two imperfective presents, one positive, one negated. The historical present makes the boy's muteness press on the listener in real time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"the little hand"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"led out"},{"surface":"гулять","lemma":"гулять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вывел","gloss":"to walk"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"he is silent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"he speaks"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-c7-s115","source":"Ветерок тогда начался, солнце затмилось, осенью повеяло, да и смеркалось уж, — идем, обоим нам грустно.","translation":"A little wind had got up by then, the sun had darkened, there was a breath of autumn in the air, and dusk was already falling — we walk on, and both of us feel sad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"солнце затмилось… осенью повеяло","title":"Reflexive and impersonal nature verbs","body":"«затмилось» (the sun «-ся»-darkened) is a reflexive change-of-state; «осенью повеяло» ('there was a breath of autumn') is impersonal with instrumental «осенью» as the source of the wafting. Russian readily lets weather and atmosphere happen subjectlessly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обоим нам грустно","title":"Dative «обоим нам» + «грустно»","body":"«обоим нам грустно» ('both of us feel sad') is the dative-experiencer construction: dative «нам» with «обоим» ('to both of us'), the impersonal predicate «грустно», no subject. The feeling settles on them rather than being something they 'do'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ветерок","title":"«ветерок» — 'a little wind'","body":"«ветерок» is the diminutive of «ветер» (wind), 'a light breeze'. The soft suffix tints the gathering autumn dusk with the same tenderness that pervades the whole walk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ветерок","lemma":"ветерок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"a little wind"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затмилось","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"затмилось","lemma":"затмиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начался","gloss":"darkened"},{"surface":"осенью","lemma":"осень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повеяло","gloss":"of autumn"},{"surface":"повеяло","lemma":"повеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начался","gloss":"there came a breath"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смеркалось","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начался","gloss":"dusk was falling"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеркалось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to начался","gloss":"we walk on"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"quantifies нам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with идем","gloss":"feel sad"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-c7-s116","source":"«Ну, мальчик, как же мы, говорю, с тобой в дорогу-то соберемся?» — думаю на вчерашний-то разговор навести.","translation":"'Well, my boy, how are we, I say, going to get ready for our journey, you and I?' — thinking to lead him back to yesterday's talk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же мы… в дорогу-то соберемся?","title":"Particles «же» and «-то» in the question","body":"«как же… соберёмся?» uses «же» to press the question warmly ('well, how shall we…?'), and «в дорогу-то» tags the journey with topic «-то». «собраться в дорогу» = 'to get ready for a journey'; «соберёмся» is perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"думаю… навести","title":"«навести на разговор» — to steer the talk","body":"«навести на… разговор» (perfective infinitive «навести», 'to lead/steer onto') means to bring the conversation around to a topic. The bare «думаю… навести» ('thinking to lead him back') drops the conjunction, mimicking quick inner intention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to мальчик","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соберемся","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of соберемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to соберемся","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"тобой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of соберемся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соберемся","gloss":"the journey"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic '-то' attached to the preceding word; adds no separate meaning."},{"surface":"соберемся","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will we get ready"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мальчик","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчерашний","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic '-то', not a separate word."},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of навести (object of preposition на, idiom навести на разговор = to steer to a topic)","gloss":"the talk"},{"surface":"навести","lemma":"навести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думаю","gloss":"to turn"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-c7-s117","source":"Молчит.","translation":"He is silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчит.","title":"The recurring one-word «Молчит»","body":"«Молчит» ('He is silent') returns as a stark one-word sentence, the pronoun dropped, the imperfective present holding the silence open. Its repetition across the chapter makes the boy's wordlessness a refrain of dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he is silent"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-c7-s118","source":"Только пальчики его, слышу, в моей руке вздрогнули.","translation":"Only his little fingers, I feel, trembled in my hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пальчики его, слышу, в моей руке вздрогнули","title":"Perfective «вздрогнули» of a single shudder","body":"«вздрогнули» is the perfective of «вздрогнуть» — a single sudden start or shudder, the «-ну-» suffix marking the instantaneous flicker. The parenthetical «слышу» ('I feel/sense') and diminutive «пальчики» keep the moment tactile and tender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пальчики","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пальчики","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вздрогнули","gloss":"little fingers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive use: \"his fingers\")","role":"modifies пальчики","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пальчики","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руке","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнули","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вздрогнули","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-c7-s119","source":"«Э, думаю, плохо, новое есть».","translation":"'Ah,' I think, 'this is bad, there is something new.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"новое есть","title":"Substantivized neuter «новое» + «есть»","body":"«новое есть» ('there is something new') uses the neuter adjective «новое» as a noun ('a new thing') with existential «есть». The father's inner «Э… плохо, новое есть» is the clipped, foreboding monologue of a man bracing for fresh grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to плохо","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"this is bad"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something new"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-c7-s120","source":"Дошли мы, вот как теперь, до этого самого камня, сел я на камень этот, а на небесах всё змеи запущены, гудят и трещат, змеев тридцать видно.","translation":"We reached, just as we have now, this very stone; I sat down on this stone, and up in the heavens kites were all let loose, droning and rattling — some thirty kites in sight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"змеи запущены… змеев тридцать","title":"«змей» — kite (the toy)","body":"Here «змей» (also «бумажный змей») means a paper kite, not a serpent; «змеи запущены» — 'kites are let loose', «змеев тридцать» — 'some thirty kites'. The boys' kites droning in the autumn sky set the lyrical, doomed backdrop of the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"змеи запущены","title":"Short passive participle «запущены»","body":"«запущены» is the short-form past passive participle of «запустить» ('to launch/let fly'): 'kites are [have been] let loose'. The short passive participle states a result — the sky already full of launched kites."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"змеев тридцать","title":"Inverted numeral «змеев тридцать» = 'about thirty'","body":"Placing the noun before the numeral — «змеев тридцать» instead of «тридцать змеев» — signals approximation: 'some thirty kites'. The genitive plural «змеев» is governed by the numeral 'thirty'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сел я на камень этот","title":"Postposed demonstrative «камень этот»","body":"«на камень этот» places the demonstrative «этот» after its noun ('this stone'), a colloquial, gesturing word order — the speaker pointing as he tells. Throughout, «этот самый камень» / «камень этот» fixes the very spot of the remembered scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we reached"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Дошли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот как, modifies Дошли","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вот как, compares to теперь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дошли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of камня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Дошли","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дошли","gloss":"I sat down"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камень","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камень","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небесах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небесах","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of запущены","gloss":"the heavens"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of змеи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"змеи","lemma":"змея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive запущены","gloss":"kites"},{"surface":"запущены","lemma":"запустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"were let loose"},{"surface":"гудят","lemma":"гудеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"droning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трещат","lemma":"трещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гудят","gloss":"rattling"},{"surface":"змеев","lemma":"змей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of тридцать","gloss":"of kites"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of видно","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"in sight"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-c7-s121","source":"Ведь ныне змеиный сезон-с.","translation":"After all, sir, it's snake season now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» opens the line by appealing to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know how it is'. It is one of the small modal particles that carry, with a single word, the conversational warmth English can only manage through intonation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сезон-с","title":"The deferential «-с»","body":"The clipped «-с» tacked onto «сезон» is the obsequious particle (a contraction of «сударь», 'sir') that the impoverished staff captain sprinkles through his speech to mark servility before his social betters. It pervades this whole scene and is the verbal signature of his cringing self-abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сезон","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сезон","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"змеиный","lemma":"змеиный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сезон","gloss":"snake"},{"surface":"сезон","lemma":"сезон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"season"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to сезон","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile, old-fashioned politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-c7-s122","source":"«Вот, говорю, Илюша, пора бы и нам змеек прошлогодний запустить.","translation":"'Look here, Ilyusha,' I say, 'it's high time we got last year's kite up again.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пора бы и нам","title":"«бы» softening into 'it's about time'","body":"«пора бы» uses the irrealis particle «бы» to soften the bare «пора» ('it's time') into a gentle, coaxing 'it's high time we…'. The subjectless «пора бы нам» is dative-experiencer in feel: the action is owed by 'us', framed without a nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"змеек","title":"«змейка» — kite, the little 'snake'","body":"«змейка» is the diminutive of «змея» ('snake') and is the ordinary Russian word for a paper kite — so called for its long serpentine tail. The diminutive here is doubly tender: a small toy, named with a father's softness. Note the wordplay back to «змеиный сезон» ('snake season') two lines earlier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запустить","title":"«запустить змейку» — to fly a kite","body":"«запустить» literally 'to set going, launch'; with «змейку» it is the idiom for getting a kite up into the air. The perfective frames it as a single completed launch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to пора","gloss":"look here"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Вот","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's time"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пора","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пора","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"змеек","lemma":"змеек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запустить","gloss":"the kite"},{"surface":"прошлогодний","lemma":"прошлогодний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies змеек","gloss":"last year's"},{"surface":"запустить","lemma":"запустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пора","gloss":"to fly"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-c7-s123","source":"Починю-ка я его, где он у тебя там спрятан?»","translation":"'Let me mend it for you — now where have you hidden it away?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Починю-ка","title":"Coaxing «-ка» on the future","body":"«Починю» is the perfective simple future ('I'll mend [and finish]') — a perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings yields future meaning. The attached «-ка» softens the resolve into a friendly, half-to-oneself 'let me just mend it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где он у тебя там спрятан?","title":"Short passive participle «спрятан»","body":"«спрятан» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle of «спрятать» — 'is hidden'. The short passive joins an understood «быть» to state a result; here the resulting state of the kite, 'where is it hidden away'. The «у тебя» ('by/at yours') gives a homely possessive flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Починю","lemma":"починить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll mend"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Починю","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Починю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Починю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятан","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive спрятан","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятан","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятан","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"спрятан","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on его","gloss":"hidden"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-c7-s124","source":"Молчит мой мальчик, глядит в сторону, стоит ко мне боком.","translation":"My boy says nothing, looks off to the side, stands turned away from me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчит мой мальчик, глядит в сторону, стоит","title":"Imperfective present for vivid narration","body":"The captain narrates a past scene in the historical present, stacking three imperfective presents — «молчит… глядит… стоит» — to hold the moment open as ongoing process. Russian's imperfective is exactly the aspect for this standing, unfolding background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчит мой мальчик","title":"Verb-first, topic-comment order","body":"Placing the verb «молчит» before the subject «мой мальчик» is free under Russian's case-driven word order; fronting the verb throws weight onto the action — his stubborn silence — with the subject trailing as known information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says nothing"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Молчит","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Молчит","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчит","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"боком","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of стоит","gloss":"turned sideways"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-c7-s125","source":"А тут ветер вдруг загудел, понесло песком… Бросился он вдруг ко мне весь, обнял мне обеими ручонками шею, стиснул меня.","translation":"And just then the wind suddenly began to howl, carrying the sand along… All at once he flung himself against me, threw both little arms around my neck, and clutched me tight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понесло песком","title":"Impersonal «понесло» + instrumental","body":"«понесло песком» is a vivid impersonal construction: no subject at all, a neuter past verb, and the sand «песком» in the instrumental as the stuff carried/whirled by an unnamed force. This subjectless 'it carried with sand' is a quintessentially Russian way to render nature's blind agency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бросился он… обнял… стиснул","title":"Perfective chain of sudden events","body":"After the imperfective standstill, three perfectives — «бросился… обнял… стиснул» — fire off the sudden burst of motion, each a single completed act moving the story forward. The reflexive «-ся» on «бросился» marks the self-directed lunge, 'flung himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручонками","title":"«ручонки» — the pitying diminutive","body":"«ручонки» (instrumental «ручонками») is an expressive diminutive of «руки» — 'little arms/hands' — but the «-онк-» suffix adds a note of tenderness and pity rather than mere smallness. It makes the child's embrace heartbreakingly small."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загудел","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загудел","gloss":"the wind"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загудел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"загудел","lemma":"загудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to howl"},{"surface":"понесло","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загудел","gloss":"swept along"},{"surface":"песком","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понесло","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"Бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he flung himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бросился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Бросился","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обнял","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ручонками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ручонками","lemma":"ручонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of обнял","gloss":"little arms"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"стиснул","lemma":"стиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Бросился","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of стиснул","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-c7-s126","source":"Знаете, детки коли молчаливые да гордые, да слезы долго перемогают в себе, да как вдруг прорвутся, если горе большое придет, так ведь не то что слезы потекут-с, а брызнут, словно ручьи-с.","translation":"You know how it is with children — the silent, proud ones who hold their tears back in themselves a long while, and then, when some great grief comes, suddenly burst: it isn't that the tears trickle out, sir, they gush, like little streams.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли молчаливые да гордые","title":"Folksy «коли» and «да»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic 'if/when' (for «если/когда»), and «да» here is the folksy coordinator 'and' rather than 'yes' — both mark the captain's homely, peasant-tinged speech. The piled «да… да… да…» gives the breathless rhythm of oral storytelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы долго перемогают в себе","title":"Reflexive «в себе» — holding back within","body":"«перемогают в себе» pairs the verb with «в себе» ('within themselves'), the prepositional of the reflexive pronoun «себя», which always points back to the clause's own subject. The image is of children mastering tears inside themselves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перемогают","title":"«перемогать» — to overpower, master","body":"«перемогать» is a bookish-folk verb meaning to overcome or hold down by main force; here, to choke back tears. It conveys not gentle restraint but a wrestling-down of grief, fitting the 'silent, proud' children he describes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что слезы потекут-с, а брызнут","title":"«не то что… а…» contrast","body":"The frame «не то что X, а Y» ('it isn't that X, rather Y') sets the gentle «потекут» ('trickle') against the violent «брызнут» ('gush, spurt'), both perfective futures used gnomically for what habitually happens. The contrastive «а» is the hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to коли","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of молчаливые","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"молчаливые","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of детки","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордые","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with молчаливые","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of перемогают","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перемогают","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"перемогают","lemma":"перемогать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by коли, subject детки","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of перемогают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорвутся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прорвутся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прорвутся","lemma":"прорваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перемогают","gloss":"they burst"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by если","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom не то что, contrasts with а брызнут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потекут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of потекут","gloss":"the tears"},{"surface":"потекут","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"will trickle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to потекут","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брызнут","lemma":"брызнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with потекут","gloss":"they gush"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ручьи","lemma":"ручей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of словно, compares to брызнут","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to ручьи","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-c7-s127","source":"Теплыми-то брызгами этими так вдруг и обмочил он мне всё лицо.","translation":"And with those warm streams of his he drenched my whole face all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теплыми-то брызгами этими","title":"Topic-marking «-то» and instrumental of means","body":"The clitic «-то» pins «тёплыми… брызгами» as the emphasised, already-known topic ('those warm streams of his, you see'). The phrase is in the instrumental, the case of means: it is with these streams that he drenched the father's face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вдруг и обмочил","title":"Emphatic «так… и» + perfective","body":"The framing «так… и» around the perfective «обмочил» heightens the suddenness and completeness of the act — 'and so, all at once, drenched'. «обмочил» (perfective, prefix «об-» 'all over') views the soaking as a single finished whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теплыми","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies брызгами","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Теплыми","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic '-то', not a separate word."},{"surface":"брызгами","lemma":"брызги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обмочил","gloss":"streams"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of брызгами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обмочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обмочил","lemma":"обмочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drenched"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обмочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обмочил","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обмочил","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-c7-s128","source":"Зарыдал как в судороге, затрясся, прижимает меня к себе, я сижу на камне, «Папочка, вскрикивает, папочка, милый папочка, как он тебя унизил!»","translation":"He sobbed as though in a fit, shook all over, pressed himself to me — I was sitting on a stone — 'Papa,' he cries out, 'papa, dear papa, how he humiliated you!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зарыдал… затрясся","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-»","body":"Both «зарыдал» and «затрясся» carry the perfective prefix «за-», which marks the inception of an action — 'burst out sobbing', 'began to shake all over'. This 'began-to' aspect, dropping the subject, gives the staccato onset of the child's collapse. «затрясся» also bears reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Папочка","title":"«папочка» — the tenderest 'papa'","body":"«папочка», with the affectionate «-очк-» suffix, is far warmer than plain «папа» — 'dear little papa', a small child's cry of love. Its repetition is the emotional climax of the captain's tale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он тебя унизил!","title":"Perfective «унизил» — the single wounding act","body":"«унизил» is perfective: the humiliation is seen as one completed, decisive blow (Dmitri dragging the captain by his beard). The whole exclamation hangs on that single act the boy witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sobbed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies Зарыдал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судороге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судороге","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зарыдал","gloss":"a convulsion"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Зарыдал","gloss":"shook all over"},{"surface":"прижимает","lemma":"прижимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зарыдал","gloss":"presses"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прижимает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of прижимает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зарыдал","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"камне","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"вскрикивает","lemma":"вскрикивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сижу","gloss":"he cries out"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies папочка","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унизил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унизил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of унизил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"унизил","lemma":"унизить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вскрикивает","gloss":"humiliated"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-c7-s129","source":"Зарыдал тут и я-с, сидим и сотрясаемся обнявшись.","translation":"And then I broke into sobs too, sir, and we sat there shaking, locked in each other's arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидим и сотрясаемся обнявшись","title":"Gerund «обнявшись» of attendant circumstance","body":"«обнявшись» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of the reflexive «обняться» — 'having embraced / locked in each other's arms' — describing the manner attending the main imperfective verbs «сидим… сотрясаемся». The reflexive «-ся» here is reciprocal: they embrace each other."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I broke into sobs"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Зарыдал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Зарыдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to я","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."},{"surface":"сидим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зарыдал","gloss":"we sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сотрясаемся","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидим","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"обнявшись","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, adverbial participle (gerund), perfective","role":"adverbial modifier of сотрясаемся","gloss":"having embraced"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-c7-s130","source":"«Папочка, говорит, папочка!» — «Илюша, — говорю ему, — Илюшечка!»","translation":"'Papa,' he says, 'papa!' — 'Ilyusha,' I say to him, 'Ilyushechka!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечка","title":"«Илюшечка» — a name's diminutive ladder","body":"The boy is Илья → Илюша → Илюшечка: each suffix climbs a rung of tenderness. The father answers his son's «папочка» with the most caressing form of the name he can reach, the doubled diminutive of grief and love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to папочка","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Илюша","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Илюшечка","lemma":"илюшечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"little Ilyusha"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-c7-s131","source":"Никто-то нас тогда не видел-с, бог один видел, авось мне в формуляр занесет-с.","translation":"No one saw us then, sir, God alone saw — perhaps He'll set it down on my record, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто-то нас тогда не видел-с","title":"Negative concord with «никто… не»","body":"Russian requires negative concord: the negative pronoun «никто» still demands «не» on the verb — two negatives, one meaning, 'no one saw'. The clitic «-то» on «никто» adds a wistful emphasis, 'not a soul'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"авось","title":"«авось» — the Russian 'maybe, God willing'","body":"«авось» is the famous untranslatable particle of hopeful resignation — 'perhaps, with luck, who knows'. It leans on chance and providence at once, and is deeply characteristic of the Russian fatalistic temper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Никто","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic clitic '-то', not a separate word."},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to видел","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"авось","lemma":"авось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занесет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of занесет","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking формуляр","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"формуляр","lemma":"формуляр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занесет","gloss":"my record"},{"surface":"занесет","lemma":"занести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will set down"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to занесет","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-c7-s132","source":"Поблагодарите вашего братца, Алексей Федорович.","translation":"Give your brother my thanks, Alexei Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поблагодарите","title":"Polite plural imperative","body":"«Поблагодарите» is the perfective imperative with polite/plural «-те» — 'do thank' (your brother). Perfective imperatives request one complete act; the «-те» marks the respectful «вы» address to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поблагодарите","lemma":"поблагодарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Поблагодарите","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-c7-s133","source":"Нет-с, я моего мальчика для вашего удовлетворения не высеку-с!","translation":"No, sir, I will not flog my boy for your satisfaction, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я моего мальчика… не высеку-с","title":"Genitive-flavoured object under negation? No — animate accusative","body":"«мальчика» is the accusative of the animate masculine noun, which borrows the genitive ending «-а» (animate accusative = genitive). So «не высеку мальчика» is 'I won't flog [my] boy', the object kept accusative; the «-а» reflects animacy, not the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для вашего удовлетворения","title":"«для» + genitive","body":"«для» governs the genitive: «вашего удовлетворения» ('for your satisfaction'). The whole phrase carries a bitter sarcasm — he will not whip his son to gratify a stranger's sense of justice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, negates the following statement","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высеку","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высеку","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовлетворения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовлетворения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"удовлетворения","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высеку","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высеку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"высеку","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will flog"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (deferential 'sir')","role":"polite particle attached to высеку","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffix '-с' is a servile politeness marker ('sir'), not a separate word."}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-c7-s134","source":"Кончил он опять со своим давешним злым и юродливым вывертом.","translation":"He finished once again with that same spiteful, buffoonish twist as before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юродливым вывертом","title":"«юродивый» — the holy-fool register","body":"«юродливый» (here «юродливым») derives from «юродивый», the 'holy fool' who feigns madness for God's sake — a charged Russian Orthodox figure. Applied to the captain's «выверт» ('twist, contortion') it names his self-mocking, buffoonish swerve away from his own tenderness, a holy-foolishness gone sour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со своим давешним… вывертом","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своим» is the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'his own', referring back to the clause's subject (the captain). Using «его» instead would point to someone else's twist; «свой» keeps it his."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешним","title":"«давешний» — 'the earlier, just-now'","body":"«давешний» is a colloquial-archaic adjective meaning 'of a little while ago, the aforementioned earlier one'. It is a flavour-word of 19th-century and folk speech, pointing back to something seen moments before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he finished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Кончил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вывертом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вывертом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давешним","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вывертом","gloss":"same as before"},{"surface":"злым","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вывертом","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юродливым","lemma":"юродливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злым","gloss":"buffoonish"},{"surface":"вывертом","lemma":"выверт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончил","gloss":"twist"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-c7-s135","source":"Алеша почувствовал, однако, что ему уж он доверяет и что будь на его месте другой, то с другим этот человек не стал бы так «разговаривать» и не сообщил бы ему того, что сейчас ему сообщил.","translation":"Alyosha sensed, all the same, that the man now trusted him, and that in someone else's place this man would not have 'talked' that way to another, nor told him what he had just told him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь на его месте другой, то… не стал бы… и не сообщил бы","title":"Conditional «бы» with imperative-as-protasis","body":"A counterfactual: the apodosis runs on «бы» + past forms («не стал бы… не сообщил бы», 'would not have talked… would not have told'), while the protasis uses the bare imperative «будь» ('were [someone] in his place') as a terse, bookish 'if'-clause — a vivid 19th-century turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ему уж он доверяет","title":"Dative object of «доверять»","body":"«доверять» governs the dative: «ему» ('to him') is the one trusted. The verb takes its complement in the dative — the case of the person something is done to or for — not the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того, что сейчас ему сообщил","title":"Correlative «то, что» as relative","body":"«того, что» is the bookish correlative construction: «то» ('that thing', here genitive «того» as object of «не сообщил бы») picks up a clause introduced by relative «что» — 'what he had just told him'. This «тот… что/кто» pairing is a hallmark of literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доверяет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доверяет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доверяет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доверяет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"доверяет","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал (first что-clause)","gloss":"trusts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional copula introducing the clause, subject другой","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будь","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"someone else"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of the counterfactual будь-clause, not если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional apodosis, clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разговаривать","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"разговаривать","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сообщил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сообщил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-c7-s136","source":"Это ободрило Алешу, у которого душа дрожала от слез.","translation":"This heartened Alyosha, whose own soul was trembling on the verge of tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого душа дрожала от слез","title":"Relative «который» in its own case","body":"«у которого» shows «который» agreeing with its antecedent (Alyosha, masculine) but taking the case its own clause demands — genitive after «у», 'whose soul…'. The «у + genitive» frames possession: literally 'by whom the soul trembled'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дрожала от слез","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«от слёз» — «от» governs the genitive and here marks cause: the soul trembled 'from / on account of' tears. «от + genitive» regularly expresses the source or cause of a state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ободрило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ободрило","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heartened"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ободрило","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дрожала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"дрожала","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Алешу","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"on the verge of"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дрожала","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-c7-s137","source":"— Ах, как бы мне хотелось помириться с вашим мальчиком! — воскликнул он. — Если б вы это устроили.","translation":"\"Ah, how I should like to make peace with your boy!\" he exclaimed. \"If only you could arrange it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы мне хотелось помириться","title":"Dative subject + «бы» of yearning","body":"«мне хотелось бы» is the impersonal dative-experiencer construction: no nominative subject, the person in the dative «мне», and the verb in neuter «хотелось» — 'how I should like'. The «бы» softens the wish into the wistful conditional, 'how I would like to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б вы это устроили","title":"Conditional «если б»","body":"«если б» (= «если бы») opens an unfulfilled conditional with the past form «устроили» — 'if only you would arrange it'. The whole sentence is a wish trailing off, the аподosis left unspoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with хотелось","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of хотелось","gloss":"I / to me"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, impersonal, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should like"},{"surface":"помириться","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to make peace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчиком","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мальчиком","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помириться","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of устроили","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with устроили","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устроили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устроили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"устроили","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"could arrange"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-c7-s138","source":"— Точно так-с, — пробормотал штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"Just so, sir,\" muttered the staff captain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Точно так-с","title":"«точно так-с» — 'just so, sir'","body":"«Точно так» is the deferential military 'exactly so / yes sir', and the appended «-с» (the «сударь» particle) doubles the servility — the staff captain's reflexive subordinate's assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"deferential enclitic on так","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential particle -с (a shortened сударь), added to a word to show politeness/subservience."},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound subject штабс-капитан","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-c7-s139","source":"— Но теперь не про то, совсем не про то, слушайте, — продолжал восклицать Алеша, — слушайте.","translation":"\"But that's not the point now, not at all the point — listen,\" Alyosha went on exclaiming, \"listen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не про то, совсем не про то","title":"«про» + accusative; emphatic negation","body":"«про то» — «про» ('about') governs the accusative «то». The doubled «не про то, совсем не про то» ('not about that, not at all about that') is emphatic negation pushing the topic aside to reach the real point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушайте","title":"Polite imperative «слушайте»","body":"«слушайте» is the imperative of imperfective «слушать» with polite «-те» — 'listen!'. The imperfective imperative urges the ongoing activity of listening rather than a single act, fitting Alyosha's breathless insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates про то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of the sentence","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates про то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"exclaiming"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second imperative clause","gloss":"listen"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-c7-s140","source":"Я имею к вам поручение: этот самый мой брат, этот Дмитрий, оскорбил и свою невесту, благороднейшую девушку, и о которой вы, верно, слышали.","translation":"I've come on an errand: that very brother of mine, that Dmitri, also insulted his own betrothed, a girl of the noblest sort — one of whom you have surely heard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я имею к вам поручение","title":"Bookish «иметь» + «к» dative","body":"«иметь поручение к вам» — 'to have a commission to you' — is a slightly formal, bookish construction (everyday Russian prefers «у меня есть»). «к вам» uses «к» + dative, the direction 'toward', here figuratively 'a charge addressed to you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благороднейшую девушку","title":"Bookish superlative «-ейш-»","body":"«благороднейшую» is the suffixal superlative in «-ейш-» — 'most noble, of the noblest sort'. This synthetic superlative (over the everyday «самый благородный») is markedly elevated and literary, lending Katerina Ivanovna a heightened dignity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невесту","title":"«невеста» — betrothed/bride","body":"«невеста» means both 'fiancée/betrothed' and 'bride'. Here it is Dmitri's affianced, Katerina Ivanovna, whom he has wronged — the social weight of a broken engagement is heavier in this world than the English 'girlfriend' would suggest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"intensifies этот брат","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оскорбил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дмитрий","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"оскорбил","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свою невесту (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбил","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"благороднейшую","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушку","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"девушку","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to невесту","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on девушку","gloss":"have heard"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-c7-s141","source":"Я имею право вам открыть про ее оскорбление, я даже должен так сделать, потому что она, узнав про вашу обиду и узнав всё про ваше несчастное положение, поручила мне сейчас… давеча… снести вам это вспоможение от нее… но только от нее одной, не от Дмитрия, который и ее бросил, отнюдь нет, и не от меня, от брата его, и не от кого-нибудь, а от нее, только от нее одной!","translation":"I have the right to tell you of the insult done to her — indeed I am bound to do it — because, on learning of the wrong done to you, and learning all about your wretched circumstances, she charged me just now… a moment ago… to bring you this assistance from her… but only from her alone, not from Dmitri, who abandoned her too, by no means, and not from me, his brother, and not from anyone else, but from her, from her alone!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнав про вашу обиду и узнав всё","title":"Repeated perfective gerund «узнав»","body":"«узнав» is the perfective past gerund of «узнать» — 'having learned'. Repeated, it stacks two prior, completed acts of learning before the main verb «поручила», all sharing her as subject. The gerund is a signature device of literary compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от Дмитрия… и не от меня… а от нее, только от нее одной","title":"Insistent «не… а…» with «от» + genitive","body":"A cascade of «от» + genitive phrases («от Дмитрия… от меня… от неё») all governed by «от» (genitive, 'from'), structured by the contrastive «не… а…» to hammer home the single source: from her, and her alone. The piling-up enacts Alyosha's anxious precision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспоможение","title":"«вспоможение» — bookish 'assistance'","body":"«вспоможение» is an elevated, slightly old-fashioned word for aid or relief — weightier and more dignified than plain «помощь». Choosing it lets Alyosha frame the money as charitable 'assistance' rather than a humiliating handout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отнюдь нет","title":"«отнюдь» — 'by no means'","body":"«отнюдь» is an emphatic, bookish negator meaning 'by no means, not in the least', here reinforcing «нет». It belongs to careful, insistent speech and underscores Alyosha's determination to detach the gift from Dmitri."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открыть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of право","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оскорбление","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of оскорбление","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"оскорбление","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыть","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with имею as second main clause","gloss":"am bound"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, part of compound conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of поручила","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of compound conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поручила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поручила","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиду","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поручила, coordinated with узнав","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнав","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положение","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"несчастное","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положение","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнав","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"поручила","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поручила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поручила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"a moment ago"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручила","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of снести","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вспоможение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вспоможение","lemma":"вспоможение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"assistance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снести","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от нее","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"restates from снести clause","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies нее","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates от Дмитрия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нее","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ее (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрия","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"emphatic negation, exclamatory","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates от меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"coordinated with Дмитрия as source excluded","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to меня","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates от кого-нибудь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого-нибудь","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, part of indefinite pronoun","role":"part of кого-нибудь","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite, part of indefinite pronoun","role":"part of кого-нибудь","gloss":"[indefinite]"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, contrastive","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"restates source, coordinated with от кого-нибудь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от нее одной","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"restates source, final emphasis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies нее","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-c7-s142","source":"Она вас умоляет принять ее помощь… вы оба обижены одним и тем же человеком…","translation":"She implores you to accept her help… you have both been wronged by one and the same man…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы оба обижены одним и тем же человеком","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«обижены» is the short past passive participle ('have been wronged'), and the agent — «одним и тем же человеком» ('by one and the same man') — stands in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for the doer of a passive. A textbook passive construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она вас умоляет","title":"Present «умоляет» for urgent appeal","body":"«умоляет» is the imperfective present, 3rd singular — 'she implores/beseeches', an ongoing, pressing entreaty. The imperfective keeps the pleading live and continuous rather than packaging it as a single done act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умоляет","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of умоляет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умоляет","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implores"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умоляет","gloss":"to accept"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of помощь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обижены","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"appositive to вы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"обижены","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence (predicative)","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеком","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces тем","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of обижены","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-c7-s143","source":"Она и вспомнила-то о вас лишь тогда, когда вынесла от него такую же обиду (по силе обиды), как и вы от него!","translation":"And she only remembered you when she had suffered a wrong from him just as great (in the measure of the wrong) as the one you suffered from him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она и вспомнила-то о вас лишь тогда, когда…","title":"Emphatic «и… -то» and «тогда, когда» correlative","body":"«и вспомнила-то» uses fronting «и» plus the clitic «-то» to emphasise the single act ('she only even remembered you…'). The «тогда, когда» correlative ('then… when') frames the timing tightly — she remembered only at the moment she herself was wronged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынесла… такую же обиду… как и вы","title":"«такую же… как» comparison of equality","body":"«такую же обиду… как и вы» builds an equality comparison — 'a wrong just as great as the one you suffered'. «такой же… как» is the standard frame for 'the same kind as', here measuring her injury against the captain's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вспомнила (only)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вспомнила","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic enclitic on вспомнила","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вспомнила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of вынесла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вынесла","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause modifying тогда","gloss":"had suffered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиду","gloss":"as great a"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces такую (equally)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынесла","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силе","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of обиду","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силе","gloss":"of the wrong"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with вы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вы (too)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided вынесли in the comparison","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided вынесли","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-c7-s144","source":"Это значит, сестра идет к брату с помощью..","translation":"It means a sister is coming to a brother's aid..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сестра идет к брату с помощью","title":"«к» dative of goal, «с» instrumental of accompaniment","body":"Two prepositions do precise work: «к брату» ('to a brother', «к» + dative of the goal of motion) and «с помощью» ('with help', «с» + instrumental of accompaniment). The case after each is half its meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идет","title":"Unidirectional motion verb «идти»","body":"«идёт» is from «идти», the unidirectional motion verb — going one way, on a single trajectory ('is coming to'), as opposed to multidirectional «ходить'. Here it frames the sister's approach as a single purposeful coming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"a sister"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"a brother"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"помощью","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"aid"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-c7-s145","source":"Она именно поручила мне уговорить вас принять от нее вот эти двести рублей как от сестры.","translation":"She charged me expressly to persuade you to take these two hundred roubles from her, as you would from a sister.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поручила мне уговорить вас принять","title":"Chain of infinitives after «поручила»","body":"«поручила» ('charged, commissioned') takes a dative «мне» (the one charged) and then a string of infinitives — «уговорить… принять» ('to persuade… to accept'). The dative-plus-infinitive frame is how Russian builds 'charged me to do X'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поручила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поручила","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"поручила","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поручила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"уговорить","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручила","gloss":"to persuade"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уговорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уговорить","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти двести рублей","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison от сестры","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сестры","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided принять in the comparison","gloss":"a sister"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-c7-s146","source":"Никто-то об этом не узнает никаких несправедливых сплетен не может произойти вот эти двести рублей, и, клянусь, вы должны принять их, иначе… иначе, стало быть, все должны быть врагами друг другу на свете!","translation":"No one will ever know of it, no unjust gossip can come of it — these two hundred roubles — and, I swear, you must take them, or else… or else it would mean that everyone in this world is bound to be enemies of one another!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никто-то об этом не узнает","title":"Negative concord + perfective future","body":"«Никто… не узнает»: the negative pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the verb (negative concord), and «узнает» is the perfective simple future — 'no one will [ever] find out'. The clitic «-то» adds reassuring emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе… все должны быть врагами друг другу","title":"«быть» + instrumental predicate","body":"«быть врагами» — after the infinitive «быть» the predicate noun «врагами» goes in the instrumental, not the nominative ('to be enemies'). Russian regularly puts a predicate complement of «быть/стать» in the instrumental, especially outside the present tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, it would mean'","body":"«стало быть» is a colloquial-discursive connector meaning 'so then, that is to say, it follows that' — a thinking-aloud marker very common in Dostoevsky's speakers as they reason themselves toward a conclusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"No one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic enclitic on никто","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates узнает","gloss":"will never"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сплетен","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"несправедливых","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сплетен","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"сплетен","lemma":"сплетня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of может произойти (genitive of negation)","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти двести рублей","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"appositive naming the source of произойти","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, predicative, plural","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the consequence clause (trailing off)","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats, introduces стало быть clause","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, part of the phrase стало быть","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"it would mean"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, part of the phrase стало быть","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть","gloss":"[fixed phrase]"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, predicative, plural","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"is bound"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, copula, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to врагами","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"врагами","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, reciprocal, part of фразы друг другу","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг другу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, reciprocal, dative, part of фразы друг другу","role":"modifies врагами, part of друг другу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies должны быть врагами","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-c7-s147","source":"Но ведь есть же и на свете братья…","translation":"But surely there are brothers in the world too…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь есть же и на свете братья","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же… и»","body":"Three particles crowd this short clause: «ведь» ('after all', appealing to shared sense), «же' (insistent emphasis on «есть»), and «и» ('even / too'). Together they press the point — 'but surely there really are brothers in the world too'. This particle-thick texture is the very voice of Dostoevsky's pleading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на свете","title":"«на свете» — 'in the world'","body":"«свет» here means 'the world' (cf. «весь свет», all the world), and «на свете» is the fixed idiom 'in the world, on earth'. It carries a faintly elevated, almost wondering tone — there are, after all, such things as brothers in this world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces ведь","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes на свете (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"brothers"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-c7-s148","source":"У вас благородная душа вы должны это понять, должны!","translation":"You have a noble soul — you must understand this, you must!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы должны это понять, должны!","title":"«должны» + infinitive; insistent repetition","body":"«должны» (short form of «должный») + infinitive «понять» expresses obligation — 'you must understand'. Its bare repetition, «должны!», with the infinitive elided, intensifies the moral pressure Alyosha brings to bear."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"[possessive: you have]"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the phrase у вас (you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благородная","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the у вас construction","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, predicative, plural","role":"main predicate of the first clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, predicative, plural","role":"repeated for emphasis, elliptical clause","gloss":"you must"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-c7-s149","source":"И Алеша протянул ему две новенькие радужные сторублевые кредитки.","translation":"And Alyosha held out to him two crisp, brand-new rainbow hundred-rouble notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"новенькие","title":"«новенькие» — crisp and new","body":"«новенькие» is the expressive diminutive-adjective of «новый» — 'nice and new, brand-new, fresh'. The «-еньк-» suffix lends a tactile, almost caressing quality, evoking the crispness of the unhandled banknotes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"протянул ему","title":"Dative «ему» — the one held out to","body":"«протянул ему» — the dative «ему» marks the recipient toward whom Alyosha extends the notes ('held out to him'). The dative is the case of the person something is given or directed to."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies кредитки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"новенькие","lemma":"новенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"crisp, brand-new"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"rainbow"},{"surface":"сторублевые","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"notes"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-c7-s150","source":"Оба они стояли тогда именно у большого камня, у забора, и никого кругом не было.","translation":"The two of them were standing just then beside the big stone, by the fence, with no one anywhere around.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у большого камня, у забора","title":"«у» + genitive of location","body":"«у большого камня… у забора» — «у» governs the genitive and here means 'by, beside, near'. The adjective «большого» agrees with «камня» in the genitive, making the case visible across the phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого кругом не было","title":"Genitive of negation in existential","body":"«никого… не было» — the absent subject of a negated existential «не было» stands obligatorily in the genitive: «никого» (genitive of «никто'), 'no one was around'. This is the genitive of negation at its most characteristic, with negative concord besides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"appositive to они","gloss":"The two"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were standing"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces тогда","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"the big"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with камня","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates было","gloss":"was not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-c7-s151","source":"Кредитки произвели, казалось, на штабс-капитана страшное впечатление: он вздрогнул, но сначала как бы от одного удивления: ничего подобного ему и не мерещилось, и такого исхода он не ожидал вовсе.","translation":"The banknotes seemed to make a terrible impression on the staff captain: he gave a start, but at first as if from sheer astonishment — nothing of the kind had ever crossed his mind, and such an outcome he had not anticipated in the least.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произвели… страшное впечатление","title":"Idiom «произвести впечатление»","body":"«произвести впечатление на + accusative» is the set idiom 'to make an impression on'. The perfective «произвели» views the impact as a single accomplished effect; «на штабс-капитана» is the accusative governed by «на»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы от одного удивления","title":"«как бы» — 'as if, as it were'","body":"«как бы» here is not the conditional «бы» but the hedging idiom 'as if, as it were', softening the diagnosis of his reaction. «от… удивления» uses «от» + genitive of cause: 'from sheer astonishment'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ему и не мерещилось","title":"«мерещиться» — to seem, to be dimly imagined","body":"«мерещиться» means to appear faintly, to flit before the mind as a half-seen vision or fancy. The dative «ему» plus negated «не мерещилось» says 'nothing of the kind had ever even hazily crossed his mind'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of произвели","gloss":"The banknotes"},{"surface":"произвели","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to make"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying произвели","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штабс-капитана","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound оblique complement штабс-капитана","gloss":"the staff"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвели","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвели","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как бы от одного удивления","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase как бы","role":"introduces the comparison от удивления","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle, part of phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"[part of \"as if\"]"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивления","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies удивления","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"удивления","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of мерещилось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"of the kind"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates мерещилось","gloss":"had never"},{"surface":"мерещилось","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"crossed his mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of исхода","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исхода","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал (genitive with negation)","gloss":"an outcome"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates ожидал","gloss":"had not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fourth clause","gloss":"anticipated"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"in the least"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-c7-s152","source":"Помощь от кого-нибудь, да еще такая значительная, ему и не мечталась даже во сне.","translation":"Help from anyone at all, and so substantial besides, he had not dreamed of even in his sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему и не мечталась даже во сне","title":"Dative experiencer + reflexive «мечталась»","body":"«ему… не мечталась» is dative-experiencer: the help (subject «помощь», feminine, hence «мечталась») 'did not even dream itself to him'. The reflexive «-ся» turns «мечтать» middle/impersonal, and the dative «ему» names whose unimagined hope it was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мечталась","gloss":"Help"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of от","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"at all","note":"кого-нибудь is one indefinite pronoun, \"anyone at all\"; split across two tokens."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of значительная","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"значительная","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Помощь","gloss":"substantial"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of мечталась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечталась","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечталась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мечталась","lemma":"мечтаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been dreamed of"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies во сне","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мечталась","gloss":"his sleep"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-c7-s153","source":"Он взял кредитки и с минуту почти и отвечать не мог, совсем что-то новое промелькнуло в лице его.","translation":"He took the notes and for nearly a minute could scarcely even answer; something altogether new flickered across his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с минуту почти и отвечать не мог","title":"«с» + accusative for approximate measure","body":"«с минуту» uses «с» + accusative to mean 'about a minute, the better part of a minute' — an approximative measure. The framing «почти и… не мог» ('could scarcely even') intensifies his speechlessness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промелькнуло","title":"«промелькнуть» — to flit, flash past","body":"«промелькнуть» is to flash or flit by in an instant; of an expression, to flicker fleetingly across a face. The perfective «про-» catches the momentary, here-and-gone quality of the new feeling crossing his features."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the notes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новое","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-c7-s154","source":"— Это мне-то, мне-с, это столько денег, двести рублей!","translation":"\"This, for me — for me, sir — all this money, two hundred roubles!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это мне-то, мне-с","title":"Emphatic «-то» and deferential «-с» on a pronoun","body":"The repeated dative «мне» ('to me') carries first the emphatic clitic «-то» ('me, of all people') and then the servile «-с» — an astonishing little cluster compressing his disbelief and his cringing self-deprecation into two syllables."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"in apposition to Это","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"sir","note":"\"-с\" is a shortened, servile address particle (from сударь/сударыня), roughly \"sir/ma'am\"; it recurs on many words in Snegiryov's speech."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"quantifier, nominative","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to денег","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-c7-s155","source":"Батюшки!","translation":"Good heavens!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшки!","title":"«Батюшки!» — 'Good heavens!'","body":"«Батюшки!» is an exclamation of astonishment, literally the plural of «батюшка» ('dear father') used as 'good gracious, my goodness!'. It is folksy and heartfelt, the cry of an ordinary, pious person overwhelmed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшки","lemma":"батюшки","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Good heavens"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-c7-s156","source":"Да я уж четыре года не видал таких денег, господи!","translation":"Why, it's been four years since I've seen money like this, Lord!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж четыре года не видал таких денег","title":"Numeral «четыре» + genitive singular, and genitive of negation","body":"«четыре года» — the numeral «четыре» governs the genitive singular «года» ('four years'). Meanwhile the negated «не видал таких денег» puts the object «таких денег» in the genitive (genitive of negation): he hasn't seen 'any such money'. The particle «уж» adds 'why, already'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господи!","title":"«Господи!» — the vocative cry 'Lord!'","body":"«Господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('Lord'), used as an exclamation of awe or distress. It is one of the fossil vocatives a reader of Dostoevsky meets constantly in prayer and impassioned speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection, vocative","role":"exclamatory address to God","gloss":"Lord"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-c7-s157","source":"И говорит, что сестра… и вправду это, вправду?","translation":"And you say it's the sister… and it's true, is it, really true?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вправду","title":"«вправду» — 'really, in truth'","body":"«вправду» is a colloquial 'really, truly, in actual fact'. Its doubling — «вправду это, вправду?» — voices the captain's stunned, almost childlike need to have the impossible confirmed."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сестра","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"the sister"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies это","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вправду","gloss":"really true"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-c7-s158","source":"— Клянусь вам, что всё, что я вам сказал, правда! — вскричал Алеша.","translation":"\"I swear to you that everything I've told you is the truth!\" Alyosha cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Клянусь вам, что всё, что я вам сказал, правда","title":"Reflexive-only «клясться» + dative","body":"«клянусь» is from «клясться», a verb existing only in the «-ся» form (to swear, vow). It takes a dative of the person sworn to — «вам» ('to you'). The «-ся» is lexicalised here, not separable from the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что я вам сказал","title":"Correlative «всё, что»","body":"«всё, что» is the correlative relative: «всё» ('everything') is taken up by «что» ('that which') introducing the clause — 'everything that I told you'. «что» here is a relative pronoun, not the conjunction «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of всё","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Клянусь","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-c7-s159","source":"Штабс-капитан покраснел.","translation":"The staff captain blushed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснел","title":"Inceptive perfective «покраснеть»","body":"«покраснел» is the perfective of «краснеть» with «по-», naming the single completed change of state — 'turned red, blushed'. The perfective frames the blush as one accomplished event, a sudden surge of feeling made visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, compound element","role":"compound with капитан","gloss":"Staff"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"Captain"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-c7-s160","source":"— Послушайте-с, голубчик мой, послушайте-с, ведь если я и приму, то ведь не буду же я подлецом?","translation":"\"Listen, sir, my dear fellow, listen, sir — if I do take it, then I won't be a scoundrel, will I?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь если я и приму, то ведь не буду же я подлецом?","title":"Conditional «если… то», particles, instrumental predicate","body":"A dense little knot: «если… то» frames the condition ('if I do take it, then…'); «и приму» concedes ('even if I do accept'); «ведь… же» press the appeal; and «не буду подлецом» puts the predicate noun «подлецом» in the instrumental after «быть» ('I won't be a scoundrel'). The trailing question pleads for moral absolution."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик мой","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear little dove'","body":"«голубчик» (from «голубь», 'dove') is a warm, pleading term of endearment, 'my dear, my dear fellow'. From the cringing captain to the boy Alyosha it is intimate and beseeching, the address of someone clutching at sympathy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies Послушайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голубчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Послушайте","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies послушайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приму","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying буду","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to подлецом","gloss":"will...be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлецом","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-c7-s161","source":"В глазах-то ваших, Алексей Федорович, ведь не буду, не буду подлецом?","translation":"In your eyes, Alexei Fyodorovich, I won't be — I won't be a scoundrel, will I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В глазах-то ваших… не буду подлецом?","title":"Topic «-то» and predicate instrumental again","body":"«В глазах-то ваших» fronts the locative phrase ('in your eyes', «в» + prepositional) with the emphatic clitic «-то». The repeated «не буду подлецом» keeps «подлецом» in the instrumental as the predicate of «быть» — his anxious refrain seeking reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подлецом","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will...be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"подлецом","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-c7-s162","source":"Нет-с, Алексей Федорович, вы выслушайте, выслушайте-с, — торопился он, поминутно дотрагиваясь до Алеши обеими руками, — вы вот уговариваете меня принять тем, что «сестра» посылает, а внутри-то, про себя-то — не восчувствуете ко мне презрения, если я приму-с, а?","translation":"No, sir, Alexei Fyodorovich, hear me out, hear me out, sir,\" he hurried on, every moment touching Alyosha with both hands, \"you're urging me to take it on the grounds that 'a sister' is sending it — but inwardly, deep down within yourself — won't you feel contempt for me if I accept, sir, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы выслушайте, выслушайте-с","title":"Subject pronoun + imperative for entreaty","body":"Including the subject «вы» before the imperative «выслушайте» ('hear me out') is emphatic and pleading rather than commanding — 'do you, please, listen'. The perfective «выслушать» asks for a complete hearing-out, and «-с» adds the servile note."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поминутно дотрагиваясь до Алеши","title":"Gerund «дотрагиваясь» + «до» genitive","body":"«дотрагиваясь» is an imperfective present gerund ('touching, while touching') of attendant circumstance, sharing the subject of «торопился». «дотрагиваться до» governs «до» + genitive «Алеши» — to touch 'up to / at' someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а внутри-то, про себя-то — не восчувствуете ко мне презрения","title":"Reflexive «про себя», genitive of negation","body":"«про себя» ('to/within oneself') uses the reflexive «себя'; «не восчувствуете… презрения» puts the negated object «презрения» in the genitive (genitive of negation) — 'won't you feel [any] contempt'. «восчувствовать» is a bookish-elevated 'to come to feel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection opening the sentence","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выслушайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выслушайте","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear...out"},{"surface":"выслушайте","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушайте","gloss":"hear me out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies выслушайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выслушайте","gloss":"hurried on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торопился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дотрагиваясь","gloss":"every moment"},{"surface":"дотрагиваясь","lemma":"дотрагиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on торопился","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотрагиваясь","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дотрагиваясь","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уговариваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уговариваете","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уговариваете","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're urging"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уговариваете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уговариваете","gloss":"to accept"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уговариваете","gloss":"on the grounds"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посылает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посылает","gloss":"a sister"},{"surface":"посылает","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"is sending it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восчувствуете","gloss":"inwardly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies внутри","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of восчувствуете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восчувствуете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"восчувствуете","lemma":"восчувствовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will you feel"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of восчувствуете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of восчувствуете","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приму","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on восчувствуете","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse tag question","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-c7-s163","source":"— Да нет же, нет!","translation":"\"Why no, no!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да нет же, нет!","title":"«да… же» reinforcing a denial","body":"«Да» here is not 'yes' but an intensifying opener ('why,…'), and «же» drives the insistence home — 'why no, of course not!'. The cluster «да нет же» is a fixed, emphatic Russian way of brushing aside a worry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-c7-s164","source":"Спасением моим клянусь вам, что нет!","translation":"I swear it to you by my salvation, that I won't!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спасением моим клянусь вам","title":"Instrumental of the thing sworn by","body":"«Спасением моим» ('by my salvation') is in the instrumental, the case Russian uses for what one swears by with «клясться». Fronting it before the verb gives the oath its solemn weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасением","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"by...salvation"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Спасением","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"clausal complement of клянусь","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-c7-s165","source":"И никто не узнает никогда, только мы: я, вы, да она, да еще одна дама, ее большой друг…","translation":"And no one will ever know — only we: I, you, and she, and one other lady besides, a great friend of hers…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не узнает никогда","title":"Triple negative concord","body":"«никто… не… никогда» stacks three negatives for one meaning — 'no one will ever know' — exactly the negative concord Russian requires: the ни-words and the verbal «не» all cooperate rather than cancel."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will know"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to никто","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to мы","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies дама","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дама","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-c7-s166","source":"— Что дама!","translation":"\"What of the lady!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что дама!","title":"Dismissive «Что…!»","body":"«Что дама!» is an idiomatic dismissive exclamation — 'What of the lady! / Never mind the lady!' — brushing the detail aside as unimportant. «что» here is not a real question but a rhetorical wave of the hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"exclamatory pronoun","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the lady"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-c7-s167","source":"Слушайте, Алексей Федорович, выслушайте-с, ведь уж теперь минута такая пришла-с, что надо выслушать, ибо вы даже и понять не можете, что могут значить для меня теперь эти двести рублей, — продолжал бедняк, приходя постепенно в какой-то беспорядочный, почти дикий восторг.","translation":"Listen, Alexei Fyodorovich, hear me out, sir — for now a moment has come, sir, that I must be heard out, since you cannot even comprehend what these two hundred roubles can mean to me now,\" the poor man went on, gradually working himself up into a kind of disordered, almost wild rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь уж теперь минута такая пришла-с, что надо выслушать","title":"«такая… что» result clause","body":"«минута такая… что надо выслушать» is a result construction: 'such a moment has come that one must hear me out'. The «такой… что» frame links a quality to its consequence; «надо выслушать» is the impersonal 'one must'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is an archaic-literary causal conjunction, 'for, because', with a scriptural, elevated ring quite unlike everyday «потому что». In the mouth of the half-broken captain it lends an oddly solemn, sermonising note to his plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что могут значить для меня… эти двести рублей","title":"Numeral phrase as plural subject; «для» + genitive","body":"«двести рублей» (the numeral phrase, «двести» governing genitive plural «рублей») is the subject of plural «могут значить» — 'what these two hundred roubles can mean'. «для меня» ('for me') is «для» + genitive of the personal pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"выслушайте","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Слушайте","gloss":"hear me out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies выслушайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Слушайте","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of минута","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"hear...out"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"comprehend"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object / predicate complement of значить (the что-clause as a whole is the object of понять, not of могут)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"значить","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of значить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of двести","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of значить","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушайте","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"бедняк","lemma":"бедняк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the poor man"},{"surface":"приходя","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"working himself into"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходя","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"-kind of"},{"surface":"беспорядочный","lemma":"беспорядочный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"disordered"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дикий","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспорядочный","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходя","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-c7-s168","source":"Он был как бы сбит с толку, говорил же чрезвычайно спеша и торопясь, точно опасаясь, что ему не дадут всего высказать.","translation":"He was, as it were, knocked off his bearings, and spoke with extraordinary haste and hurry, as though afraid he would not be allowed to get it all out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был как бы сбит с толку","title":"Short passive «сбит» in idiom 'thrown off'","body":"«сбит с толку» pairs the short past passive participle «сбит» ('knocked') with the set idiom «сбить с толку» ('to confuse, throw off one's bearings'). With «был» it forms a past passive state — 'he was, as it were, bewildered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша и торопясь… точно опасаясь","title":"Chain of present gerunds","body":"Three imperfective present gerunds — «спеша… торопясь… опасаясь» — pile up manner and motive simultaneously with «говорил» ('spoke hurrying… as though fearing'). Such gerund chains are a signature of the novel's narrative texture. «опасаясь» also bears reflexive «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сбит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сбит","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"сбит","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocked off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбит","gloss":"his bearings"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбит","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"hastening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спеша","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on торопясь","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дадут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дадут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of опасаясь","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies высказать","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дадут","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-c7-s169","source":"— Кроме того, что это честно приобретено, от столь уважаемой и святой «сестры-с», знаете ли вы, что я маменьку и Ниночку — горбатенького-то ангела моего, дочку-то, полечить теперь могу?","translation":"\"Besides the fact that this is honourably come by, from so respected and holy a 'sister,' sir, do you know that I can now have my mama and my Ninochka — my hunchbacked angel, my little daughter — treated by a doctor?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете ли вы, что… полечить теперь могу?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«знаете ли вы» uses the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question — 'do you know…?' — more formal than mere intonation. «полечить» (perfective, prefix «по-») means 'to give a course of treatment, treat for a while'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горбатенького-то ангела моего","title":"«горбатенький» — the tender diminutive of 'hunchbacked'","body":"«горбатенький», diminutive of «горбатый» ('hunchbacked'), softens a harsh affliction into something pitied and cherished — 'my poor little hunchbacked angel'. The «-еньк-» suffix turns description into a caress of love for his crippled daughter Ninochka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменьку и Ниночку","title":"«маменька» and «Ниночка» — diminutives of intimacy","body":"«маменька» is an affectionate-archaic 'mama, mamma dear', and «Ниночка» the tender diminutive of Нина. The accusative «-у» endings mark them as objects of «полечить»; the suffixes mark them as the captain's beloved dependents."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of Кроме","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приобретено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive приобретено","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобретено","gloss":"honourably"},{"surface":"приобретено","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"come by"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сестры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаемой","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уважаемой","lemma":"уважаемый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестры","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уважаемой","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"сестры","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"deferential particle","role":"modifies сестры","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полечить","gloss":"my mama"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ниночку","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with маменьку","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"горбатенького","lemma":"горбатенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангела","gloss":"little hunchbacked"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies горбатенького","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ангела","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ниночку","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангела","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дочку","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ниночку","gloss":"little daughter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies дочку","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"полечить","lemma":"полечить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"get treated"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-c7-s170","source":"Приезжал ко мне доктор Герценштубе, по доброте своего сердца, осматривал их обеих целый час: «Не понимаю, говорит, ничего», а, однако же, минеральная вода, которая в аптеке здешней есть (прописал он ее), несомненную пользу ей принесет, да ванны ножные из лекарств тоже ей прописал.","translation":"Doctor Herzenstube came to see me, out of the goodness of his heart, and examined them both for a whole hour: 'I understand nothing of it,' he says — but all the same, the mineral water they have at the chemist's here (which he prescribed for her) will do her undoubted good, and he also prescribed her medicinal foot baths.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осматривал их обеих целый час","title":"Imperfective «осматривал» for duration","body":"«осматривал» is imperfective past, chosen for an action extended over time — 'examined them for a whole hour'. The duration phrase «целый час» pairs naturally with the imperfective's view of process, against the perfective's single point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ванны ножные","title":"«ванны ножные» — foot baths","body":"«ножные ванны» (here with the words inverted) are medicinal foot-baths, a common 19th-century remedy. The everyday medical detail grounds the captain's hopeless poverty in the concrete: even thirty-kopeck cures lie beyond him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приезжал","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приезжал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приезжал","gloss":"Doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброте","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приезжал","gloss":"goodness"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"осматривал","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приезжал","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of осматривал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies их (both)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"accusative of duration modifying осматривал (\"for a whole hour\"), not a direct object","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, reports the quote","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесет","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"минеральная","lemma":"минеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вода","gloss":"mineral"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесет","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аптеке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"аптеке","lemma":"аптека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"chemist's"},{"surface":"здешней","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies аптеке","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying вода","gloss":"is available"},{"surface":"прописал","lemma":"прописать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying вода","gloss":"prescribed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прописал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прописал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"несомненную","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пользу","gloss":"undoubted"},{"surface":"пользу","lemma":"польза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесет","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"принесет","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приезжал","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ванны","lemma":"ванна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прописал","gloss":"baths"},{"surface":"ножные","lemma":"ножной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ванны","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лекарств","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лекарств","lemma":"лекарство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ванны","gloss":"medicines"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прописал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прописал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прописал","lemma":"прописать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приезжал","gloss":"prescribed"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-c7-s171","source":"Минеральная-то вода стоит тридцать копеек, а кувшинов-то надо выпить, может быть, сорок.","translation":"The mineral water costs thirty kopecks, and she'd have to drink, perhaps, forty jugfuls of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кувшинов-то надо выпить… сорок","title":"Numeral «сорок» + genitive plural; impersonal «надо»","body":"«сорок… кувшинов» — the numeral «сорок» ('forty') governs the genitive plural «кувшинов». «надо выпить» is the impersonal-necessity construction ('one must drink'), with the implied dative experiencer left unstated. «-то» topicalises the jugs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Минеральная","lemma":"минеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вода","gloss":"mineral"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Минеральная","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"тридцать","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on копеек","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"копеек","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"kopecks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кувшинов","lemma":"кувшин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of сорок","gloss":"jugfuls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to кувшинов","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies кувшинов, object of выпить","gloss":"forty"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-c7-s172","source":"Так я взял да рецепт и положил на полку под образа, да там и лежит.","translation":"So I just took the prescription and laid it on the shelf under the icons, and there it lies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так я взял да рецепт и положил","title":"Folksy «взял да… и» of abrupt action","body":"«взял да… и положил» is a colourful colloquial construction: «взять да (и)» + a second verb means 'up and did it', a sudden or careless act — 'so I just up and laid the prescription on the shelf'. It captures the captain's resigned shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"particle intensifying взял","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"рецепт","lemma":"рецепт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"prescription"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полку","lemma":"полка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"shelf"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образа","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"icons"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-c7-s173","source":"А Ниночку прописал купать в каком-то растворе, в горячих ваннах таких, да ежедневно утром и вечером, так где ж нам было сочинить такое леченье-с, у нас-то, в хоромах-то наших, без прислуги, без помощи, без посуды и воды-с?","translation":"And for Ninochka he prescribed bathing in some sort of solution, in hot baths of that kind, every day, morning and evening — but where were we to contrive such a course of treatment, sir, here, in these mansions of ours, with no servants, no help, no vessels, and no water, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где ж нам было сочинить такое леченье","title":"Dative + «было» + infinitive: 'where were we to…'","body":"«где ж нам было сочинить» is an impersonal dative-experiencer construction: the dative «нам» plus neuter «было» plus infinitive — 'where were we to contrive…?', a rhetorical despair. The particle «ж» (= «же») sharpens the hopelessness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без прислуги, без помощи, без посуды и воды","title":"Anaphoric «без» + genitive","body":"Repeated «без» each governs the genitive — «прислуги… помощи… посуды… воды» — piling up the family's deprivations: 'with no servants, no help, no vessels, no water'. The drumbeat of genitives enacts the bare poverty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в хоромах-то наших","title":"«хоромы» — grand 'mansions', bitterly ironic","body":"«хоромы» means a large, lordly dwelling, grand halls. Applied with «-то» to the captain's single squalid rented room, it is savage self-irony — 'these mansions of ours' — the gentleman's word for his hovel."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ниночку","lemma":"Ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прописал","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"прописал","lemma":"прописать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prescribed"},{"surface":"купать","lemma":"купать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of прописал","gloss":"bathing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking растворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of растворе","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то (some kind of)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"растворе","lemma":"раствор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of купать","gloss":"solution"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ваннах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячих","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies ваннах","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"ваннах","lemma":"ванна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of купать, coordinated with растворе","gloss":"baths"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of ваннах","gloss":"of that kind"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies купать","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies купать, coordinated with вечером","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with утром","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинить","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of было сочинить","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сочинить","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"сочинить","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"contrive"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of леченье","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"леченье","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сочинить","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to леченье","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сочинить","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to нас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хоромах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"хоромах","lemma":"хоромы","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сочинить, coordinated with нас","gloss":"mansions"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to хоромах","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of хоромах","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прислуги","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"прислуги","lemma":"прислуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочинить","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощи","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочинить, coordinated with прислуги","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посуды","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"посуды","lemma":"посуда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with помощи","gloss":"vessels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with посуды","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to воды","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-c7-s174","source":"А Ниночка-то вся в ревматизме, я вам это еще и не говорил, по ночам ноет у ней вся правая половина, мучается и, верите ли, ангел божий, крепится, чтобы нас не обеспокоить, не стонет, чтобы нас не разбудить.","translation":"And Ninochka is racked with rheumatism all over — I haven't told you that yet — at night her whole right side aches, she's in torment, and, would you believe it, the angel of God bears it stoically so as not to disturb us, doesn't groan so as not to wake us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепится, чтобы нас не обеспокоить","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы нас не обеспокоить» is a purpose clause: «чтобы» plus an infinitive when the subject is the same — 'so as not to disturb us'. The «чтобы… не» frames her self-effacing intent, repeated in «чтобы нас не разбудить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"«верите ли» — 'would you believe'","body":"«верите ли» again deploys the interrogative particle «ли» in a parenthetical appeal, 'would you believe it'. It is a conversational hook drawing the listener into shared wonder at Ninochka's stoicism."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ниночка","lemma":"ниночка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied predicate (вся в ревматизме)","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Ниночка","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate modifier of Ниночка","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревматизме","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ревматизме","lemma":"ревматизм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вся","gloss":"rheumatism"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ночам","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ноет","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"ноет","lemma":"ныть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause, coordinated with мучается","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ноет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половина","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"правая","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ноет","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"мучается","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ноет","gloss":"suffers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (верите ли)","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the subject of крепится","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"крепится","lemma":"крепиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with мучается","gloss":"bears up"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обеспокоить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обеспокоить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обеспокоить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обеспокоить","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крепится","gloss":"to trouble"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стонет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стонет","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крепится","gloss":"groans"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбудить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разбудить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разбудить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стонет","gloss":"to wake"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-c7-s175","source":"Кушаем мы что попало, что добудется, так ведь она самый последний кусок возьмет, что собаке только можно выкинуть: «Не стою я, дескать, этого куска, я у вас отнимаю, вам бременем сижу».","translation":"We eat whatever comes to hand, whatever can be got, and yet she'll take the very last scrap — the kind you'd only toss to a dog: 'I'm not worth this morsel,' she means to say, 'I'm taking it from you, I sit here a burden on you.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что попало, что добудется","title":"Indefinite «что попало»; reflexive-passive «добудется»","body":"«что попало» is the idiom 'whatever comes to hand, anything at all'. «что добудется» uses reflexive «-ся» in a passive sense — 'whatever can be got' — a middle/passive built with «-ся» rather than a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что собаке только можно выкинуть","title":"Dative «собаке» + impersonal «можно»","body":"«собаке… можно выкинуть» — the dative «собаке» ('to a dog') with impersonal «можно» plus infinitive, 'the scrap one could only throw to a dog'. The dative marks the recipient in this subjectless 'one may' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«дескать» flags the following words as someone else's imagined or reported speech — 'as if to say, she means'. The captain uses it to voice the silent self-reproach he reads in Ninochka's gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кушаем","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we eat"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Кушаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of попало","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"попало","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying что (direct object of Кушаем)","gloss":"turns up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun, coordinated with что (w3)","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"добудется","lemma":"добыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel relative clause to попало","gloss":"gets got"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последний","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кусок","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"scrap"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Кушаем","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying кусок","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"выкинуть","lemma":"выкинуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"throw out"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle marking reported speech","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of куска","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"куска","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of стою","gloss":"morsel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отнимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отнимаю","lemma":"отнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"am taking"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бременем","lemma":"бремя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"a burden"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"sit"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-c7-s176","source":"Вот что ее взгляд ангельский хочет изобразить.","translation":"That is what her angelic gaze means to convey.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот что ее взгляд ангельский хочет изобразить","title":"Free word order for emphasis","body":"The order «её взгляд ангельский» (possessive — noun — adjective, with «ангельский» after its noun) and the fronted «Вот что» throw the rhetorical weight onto 'that is what her angelic gaze means to convey'. Russian's case-marked freedom lets the adjective trail for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Вот что (that is what)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изобразить, fronted","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"ангельский","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"изобразить","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to convey"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-c7-s177","source":"Служим мы ей, а ей это тягостно: «Не стою я того, не стою, недостойная я калека, бесполезная», — а еще бы она не стоила-с, когда она всех нас своею ангельскою кротостью у бога вымолила, без нее, без ее тихого слова, у нас был бы ад-с, даже Варю и ту смягчила.","translation":"We wait on her, and to her it's a torment: 'I'm not worth it, I'm not worth it, an unworthy cripple, useless' — and how could she not be worth it, sir, when by her angelic meekness she has won all of us our place with God; without her, without her quiet word, our home would be a hell, sir — she even softened Varya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своею ангельскою кротостью","title":"Instrumental of means with archaic «-ою»","body":"«своею… кротостью» ('by her meekness') is in the instrumental of means — the means by which she won grace for the family. The long ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») on «своею ангельскою» is a 19th-century literary-poetic variant, lending solemn cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был бы ад","title":"Conditional «был бы» — counterfactual","body":"«без неё… у нас был бы ад» is a counterfactual conditional formed with «был бы» — 'without her there would be a hell'. The «бы» + past form names the unrealised consequence of her absence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у бога вымолила","title":"«вымолить» — to win by prayer","body":"«вымолить» (perfective, prefix «вы-» of achieved result) means to obtain something by persistent prayer or entreaty — here, to have 'prayed down' from God their very place/grace. The verb steeps the daughter's meekness in an act of intercession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Служим","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we serve"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Служим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Служим","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of тягостно","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тягостно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тягостно","lemma":"тягостный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Служим","gloss":"a burden"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of стою","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"недостойная","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied predicate (калека)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"калека","lemma":"калека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing я","gloss":"cripple"},{"surface":"бесполезная","lemma":"бесполезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with калека, describes я","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase а еще бы (how could... not)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стоила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоила","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"be worth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to стоила","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вымолила","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вымолила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of нас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вымолила","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кротостью","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"ангельскою","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кротостью","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"кротостью","lemma":"кротость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вымолила","gloss":"meekness"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вымолила","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вымолила","lemma":"вымолить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоила","gloss":"won by prayer"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тихого","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был, coordinated with нее","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to ад","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Варю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Варю","lemma":"Варя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смягчила","gloss":"Varya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смягчила, in apposition to Варю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"смягчила","lemma":"смягчить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"softened"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-c7-s178","source":"А Варвару-то Николавну тоже не осуждайте-с, тоже ангел она, тоже обиженная.","translation":"And don't condemn Varvara Nikolavna either, sir — she too is an angel, she too has been wronged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не осуждайте-с","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не осуждайте» is a negated imperfective imperative — 'don't condemn'. Russian prefers the imperfective for negative commands ('don't [ever] do X'), where the perfective would warn against an accidental single act. The «-с» keeps the servile colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Варвару","lemma":"Варвара","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осуждайте","gloss":"Varvara"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Варвару","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Николавну","lemma":"Николавна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осуждайте, in apposition to Варвару","gloss":"Nikolavna"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осуждайте","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осуждайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осуждайте","lemma":"осуждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"condemn"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to осуждайте","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ангел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, she is an angel","gloss":"an angel"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, predicate is ангел","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиженная","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"обиженная","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with ангел (she too has been wronged)","gloss":"wronged"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-c7-s179","source":"Прибыла она к нам летом, а было с ней шестнадцать рублей, уроками заработала и отложила их на отъезд, чтобы в сентябре, то есть теперь то, в Петербург на них воротиться.","translation":"She came to us in the summer, and had sixteen roubles with her, earned by giving lessons and put aside for her journey back, so that in September — that is, just about now — she could return on it to Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было с ней шестнадцать рублей","title":"Numeral «шестнадцать» + genitive plural","body":"«шестнадцать рублей» — numerals from five upward (and the teens) govern the genitive plural «рублей». The neuter «было» agrees by default with such a quantified subject. «с ней» ('with her', «с» + instrumental) marks accompaniment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уроками заработала и отложила","title":"Instrumental of means «уроками»","body":"«уроками заработала» — «уроками» ('by lessons') is the instrumental of means: the money earned by giving lessons. The two perfectives «заработала… отложила» package the earning and setting-aside as completed acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибыла","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Прибыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Прибыла","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"летом","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прибыла","gloss":"in summer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прибыла","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"шестнадцать","lemma":"шестнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"sixteen"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"уроками","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of заработала","gloss":"by lessons"},{"surface":"заработала","lemma":"заработать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прибыла","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отложила","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прибыла","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отложила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезд","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отъезд","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложила","gloss":"her departure"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротиться","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сентябре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сентябре","lemma":"сентябрь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"September"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"clarifies сентябре (that is, now)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to теперь","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"it (the money)"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отложила","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-c7-s180","source":"А мы взяли денежки-то ее и прожили и не на что ей теперь воротиться, вот как-с.","translation":"But we took her bit of money and spent it, and now she's nothing to go back on, that's how it is, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денежки-то ее","title":"«денежки» — the pitying diminutive of money","body":"«денежки», diminutive of «деньги» ('money'), is tender and slightly shamefaced here — 'her bit of money, her little savings'. With «-то» it marks the painful topic: it was her hard-won, cherished sixteen roubles that the family devoured."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на что ей теперь воротиться","title":"Negative «не на что» + dative","body":"«не на что… воротiться» is a negative existential of means: «не на что» ('there is nothing to… on') with infinitive, and the dative «ей» naming who lacks it — 'she has nothing to go back on'. This «не + interrogative + infinitive» pattern is a compact Russian way of saying 'there is no X to do'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот как-с","title":"«вот как-с» — 'that's how it is, sir'","body":"«вот как» is a resigned summing-up, 'that's how things are', and the «-с» seals it with the captain's habitual servility. The phrase lets him close the bleak of confession with a small, bitter shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to денежки","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of денежки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прожили","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяли","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of воротиться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the не-на-что clause","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вот как (that's how it is)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to как","gloss":"(sir)"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-c7-s181","source":"Да и нельзя воротиться-то, потому на нас, как каторжная, работает — ведь мы ее как клячу запрягли-оседлали, за всеми ходит, чинит, моет, пол метет, маменьку в постель укладывает, а маменька капризная-с, а маменька слезливая-с, а маменька сумасшедшая-с!..","translation":"And she can't go back anyway, because she slaves for us like a convict — for we've harnessed and saddled her like a nag: she waits on us all, mends, washes, sweeps the floor, puts mama to bed — and mama is capricious, sir, and mama is tearful, sir, and mama is mad, sir!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как клячу запрягли-оседлали","title":"«кляча» — a broken-down nag","body":"«кляча» is a worn-out, sorry old horse, used here for the daughter the family works to death. The doubled verbs «запрягли-оседлали» (harnessed-and-saddled) heap the image up; the captain's whole speech runs on these hyphenated pairs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому на нас, как каторжная, работает","title":"Folk «потому» for «потому что»","body":"In the captain's substandard speech «потому» alone serves as the causal conjunction 'because', dropping the «что» of standard «потому что». «как каторжная» ('like a convict-woman') is a short feminine form used adverbially."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька капризная-с","title":"«маменька» and the deferential «-с»","body":"«маменька» is an affectionate-folksy 'mama' (diminutive of «мама»). The clitic «-с», tacked onto word after word here («капризная-с», «слезливая-с», «сумасшедшая-с»), is the obsequious «слово-ер», a contraction of «сударь» ('sir') that marks the captain's cringing servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"go back"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to воротиться","gloss":"emphatic marker"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies работает","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of работает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of каторжная","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"каторжная","lemma":"каторжный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the как-clause, compares the subject of работает to a convict","gloss":"a convict"},{"surface":"работает","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the потому-clause (subject unstated: she)","gloss":"slaves"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of запрягли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запрягли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запрягли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking клячу","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"клячу","lemma":"кляча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying ее","gloss":"a nag"},{"surface":"запрягли","lemma":"запрячь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to работает","gloss":"harnessed"},{"surface":"оседлали","lemma":"оседлать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with запрягли","gloss":"saddled"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"всеми","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чинит (parallel predicate, subject: she)","gloss":"waits on"},{"surface":"чинит","lemma":"чинить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"mends"},{"surface":"моет","lemma":"мыть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"washes"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on метет","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"метет","lemma":"мести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"sweeps"},{"surface":"маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of укладывает","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укладывает","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"укладывает","lemma":"укладывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"puts to bed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of капризная (elliptical copula)","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"капризная","lemma":"капризный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of маменька (elliptical copula)","gloss":"capricious"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to капризная","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слезливая (elliptical copula)","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"слезливая","lemma":"слезливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of маменька (elliptical copula)","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to слезливая","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сумасшедшая (elliptical copula)","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"сумасшедшая","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of маменька (elliptical copula)","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to сумасшедшая","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b4-c7-s182","source":"Так ведь теперь я на эти двести рублей служанку нанять могу-с, понимаете ли вы, Алексей Федорович, лечение милых существ предпринять могу-с, курсистку в Петербург направлю-с, говядины куплю-с, диету новую заведу-с.","translation":"And so now, with these two hundred roubles, I can hire a servant, sir — do you understand, Alexei Fyodorovich — I can undertake the treatment of these dear creatures, sir, I can send the student off to Petersburg, sir, buy beef, sir, set up a new diet, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"служанку нанять могу-с","title":"Perfective infinitives of plan","body":"The captain stacks perfective infinitives — «нанять» (hire), «предпринять» (undertake), «направить» (send off), «купить» (buy), «завести» (set up) — each naming a single completed deed he could now accomplish. The perfective is the natural aspect for these one-off, result-bearing acts of his daydream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of двести","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нанять","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"служанку","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нанять","gloss":"a servant"},{"surface":"нанять","lemma":"нанять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"hire"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to могу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"independent clause (interjected question)","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Алексей Федорович","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предпринять","gloss":"the treatment"},{"surface":"милых","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies лечение","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"предпринять","lemma":"предпринять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу (second instance)","gloss":"undertake"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу (first instance), main verb","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to могу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"курсистку","lemma":"курсистка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of направлю","gloss":"the student"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петербург","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направлю","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"направлю","lemma":"направить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause (parallel to могу)","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to направлю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"говядины","lemma":"говядина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of куплю","gloss":"beef"},{"surface":"куплю","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause (parallel to могу)","gloss":"will buy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to куплю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"диету","lemma":"диету","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заведу","gloss":"a diet"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies диету","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"заведу","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause (parallel to могу)","gloss":"will set up"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to заведу","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b4-c7-s183","source":"Господи, да ведь это мечта!","translation":"Lord, why, it's a dream!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь это мечта!","title":"Particles «да» and «ведь»","body":"Opening «да» here is not 'yes' but an emphatic launching particle ('why,'); «ведь» appeals to a shared, self-evident truth ('after all, you see'). Together they give the exclamation its breathless, confiding rush."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи","title":"«Господи» — vocative 'O Lord'","body":"«Господи» is the old Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (Lord), surviving only in exclamation and prayer. Here it is a reflexive cry of wonder, not address — the captain marvelling at his own dream."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection/vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle introducing exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мечта","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b4-c7-s184","source":"Алеша был ужасно рад, что доставил столько счастия и что бедняк согласился быть осчастливленным.","translation":"Alyosha was terribly glad that he had brought so much happiness, and that the poor man had consented to be made happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что доставил столько счастия и что бедняк согласился","title":"Twin «что»-clauses of cause","body":"Both clauses after «рад, что…» are reported-fact «что» complements explaining what gladdened Alyosha. «счастия» is the older bookish genitive of «счастье» (modern «счастья»), an -ия form typical of Dostoevsky's elevated register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"согласился быть осчастливленным","title":"«осчастливленный» — made happy","body":"«осчастливить» means 'to make happy', and «осчастливленным» is its past passive participle in the instrumental ('to be made happy'). The faintly ironic, bookish phrasing — consenting to be made happy — captures Alyosha's tender amusement at the poor man's pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доставил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доставил","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on счастия","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доставил","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бедняк","lemma":"бедняк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"the poor man"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доставил","gloss":"had consented"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to осчастливленным","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"осчастливленным","lemma":"осчастливленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of быть (copula complement)","gloss":"made happy"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b4-c7-s185","source":"— Стойте, Алексей Федорович, стойте, — схватился опять за новую, вдруг представивишуюся ему мечту штабс-капитан и опять затараторил исступленною скороговоркой, — да знаете ли вы, что мы с Илюшкой, пожалуй, и впрямь теперь мечту осуществим: купим лошадку да кибитку, да лошадку-то вороненькую, он просил непременно чтобы вороненькую, да и отправимся, как третьего дня расписывали.","translation":"\"Wait, Alexei Fyodorovich, wait,\" the staff captain broke in, seizing all at once on a new dream that had suddenly presented itself to him, and rattling on again in a frenzied patter, \"why, do you know that Ilyushka and I may now, perhaps, really make a dream come true: we'll buy a little horse and a covered cart, and a black little horse at that — he insisted it absolutely had to be black — and we'll set off, just as we were planning the day before yesterday.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг представившуюся ему мечту","title":"Past active participle modifying «мечту»","body":"«представившуюся» is a past active participle of «представиться» ('to present itself'), declined to agree with «мечту» (feminine accusative) — 'a dream that had suddenly presented itself'. It packs a whole который-clause into one word, a hallmark of literary narration. (The input's «представивишуюся» is a typo for «представившуюся».)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затараторил исступленною скороговоркой","title":"«тараторить», «скороговорка»","body":"«тараторить» is to jabber or rattle on; the prefix «за-» marks the sudden onset ('he started rattling away'). «скороговорка» literally 'fast-talk', a breathless patter. «исступленною» is the older instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой», frenzied/frantic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лошадку-то вороненькую","title":"Diminutives «лошадка», «вороненькая», «кибитка»","body":"«лошадка» (little horse), «вороненькая» (a dear little black one, from «вороной», raven-black coat), and «кибитка» (a covered cart) pile up tender diminutives. The «-то» on «лошадку-то» is the topic-marking clitic, foregrounding the horse as the cherished thing. The captain dreams in endearments."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation (imperative)","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated imperative, coordinated with Стойте","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"схватился","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause (subject: штабс-капитан)","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новую","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечту (object of за)","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представивишуюся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"представивишуюся","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies мечту (relative clause)","gloss":"that had presented itself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представивишуюся","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"мечту","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first part of compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of схватился","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"second part of compound noun штабс-капитан, subject of схватился","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затараторил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"затараторил","lemma":"затараторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватился","gloss":"rattled on"},{"surface":"исступленною","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"frenzied","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою (modern -ой)."},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of затараторил","gloss":"patter"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осуществим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of осуществим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Илюшкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Илюшкой","lemma":"илюшкой","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"Ilyushka"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осуществим (parenthetical)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom и впрямь ('really')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осуществим","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осуществим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мечту","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осуществим","gloss":"the dream"},{"surface":"осуществим","lemma":"осуществить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with знаете","gloss":"will make come true"},{"surface":"купим","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to осуществим","gloss":"we'll buy"},{"surface":"лошадку","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of купим","gloss":"a little horse"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кибитку","lemma":"кибитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of купим","gloss":"a cart"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лошадку","lemma":"лошадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"topicalized direct object (resumes лошадку from купим)","gloss":"the horse"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, topicalizing","role":"emphatic particle attached to лошадку","gloss":"topic marker"},{"surface":"вороненькую","lemma":"вороненькую","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лошадку","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вороненькую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вороненькую","lemma":"вороненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical complement clause after чтобы (referring to лошадку being black)","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отправимся","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with купим (parallel plan verb)","gloss":"we'll set off"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расписывали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расписывали","gloss":"yesterday","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning 'the day before yesterday'."},{"surface":"расписывали","lemma":"расписывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifies отправимся","gloss":"were planning"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b4-c7-s186","source":"У меня в К-ской губернии адвокат есть знакомый-с, с детства приятель-с, передавали мне чрез верного человека, что если приеду, то он мне у себя на конторе место письмоводителя будто бы даст-с, так ведь, кто его знает, может, и даст.","translation":"I have an acquaintance, a lawyer, in K—— province, sir, a friend from childhood, sir — word was passed to me through a trustworthy man that if I came, he'd supposedly give me a clerk's post in his office, sir; well, who knows, perhaps he really will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если приеду, то он мне... даст","title":"Real conditional with perfective futures","body":"A real (not hypothetical) condition: «если приеду… то даст» — 'if I come, he'll give'. Both verbs are perfective presents functioning as simple futures («приеду» from «приехать», «даст» from «дать»), the normal way Russian states a single completed future act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы даст-с","title":"«будто бы» — reported hearsay","body":"«будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags the promise as second-hand and uncertain, reinforced by «кто его знает, может» ('who knows, maybe'). The captain hedges his own hope even as he voices it."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at","note":"У + genitive + есть is the Russian construction for 'to have'."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"К.","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"modifies губернии (censored place name)","gloss":"K—"},{"surface":"ской","lemma":"-ской","morphology":"adjective suffix, locative, feminine, singular","role":"suffix forming adjective with К, modifies губернии","gloss":"of K—"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to знакомый (predicate: a lawyer)","gloss":"a lawyer"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to знакомый","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приятель","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"приятель","lemma":"приятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to знакомый","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to приятель","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, impersonal ('I was told')","gloss":"I was told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"through","note":"чрез is an archaic form of через ('through')."},{"surface":"верного","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"trustworthy"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даст","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приеду","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of себя","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition у, modifies конторе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конторе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конторе","lemma":"контора","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifies место (location)","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"a post"},{"surface":"письмоводителя","lemma":"письмоводитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"clerk's"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to даст","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing next remark","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiom кто его знает ('who knows')","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies даст (second instance)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to даст, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause (subject он, object implied)","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b4-c7-s187","source":"Ну так посадить бы маменьку, посадить бы Ниночку, Илюшечку править посажу, а я бы пешечком, пешечком, да всех бы и повез-с.","translation":"So we'd seat mama, and seat Ninochka, set Ilyushechka to drive, and I'd go on foot, on foot beside them, and carry the whole lot along, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посадить бы маменьку, посадить бы Ниночку","title":"«бы» + infinitive for hopeful planning","body":"«посадить бы» is the irrealis particle «бы» with a bare infinitive, expressing a wished-for plan — 'we'd seat…, we'd seat…'. The construction softens the daydream into the conditional-optative mood that colours the captain's whole flight of fancy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечку... а я бы пешечком, пешечком","title":"Tender diminutives «Илюшечка», «пешечком»","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly endeared form of Ilyusha (Ilya). «пешечком» is a caressing diminutive of «пешком» ('on foot') — 'on my own two little feet' — repeated for warmth. Even his self-effacement comes out in diminutives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да всех бы и повез-с","title":"«да… и» — and so, the upshot","body":"The folksy «да… и» frame caps the sentence with its result: 'and so I'd cart the whole lot along'. «повез» is perfective («повезти»), conditional with «бы»; «всех» is the animate accusative ('everyone')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посадить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would seat"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посадить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"маменьку","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with посадить","gloss":"would seat"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посадить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ниночку","lemma":"ниночку","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"Ninochka"},{"surface":"Илюшечку","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посажу","gloss":"Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"править","lemma":"править","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посажу","gloss":"to drive"},{"surface":"посажу","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"I'll set"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (I would go)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker in the elliptical clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пешечком","lemma":"пешечком","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate (I'd go) on foot","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"пешечком","lemma":"пешечком","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with пешечком","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"всех","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of повез","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of повез","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повез","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"повез","lemma":"повезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посадить","gloss":"would carry"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to повез","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b4-c7-s188","source":"Господи, да если бы только один должок пропащий здесь получить, так, может достанет даже и на это-с!","translation":"Lord, if I could only collect one lost debt of mine here, then maybe there'd even be enough for that, sir!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только один должок... получить","title":"Hypothetical «если бы»","body":"«если бы только… получить» is the unreal conditional — 'if only I could collect' — built on «бы» plus a perfective infinitive. The «только» intensifies it into a wistful 'if only', matching the captain's longing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"должок пропащий","title":"«должок», «пропащий»","body":"«должок» is the diminutive of «долг» (debt) — 'a little debt owed to me'. «пропащий» means 'lost, hopeless, as good as gone'; a «должок пропащий» is a debt he had written off as uncollectable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может достанет даже и на это-с","title":"Impersonal «достанет» — 'there'll be enough'","body":"«достанет» here is impersonal — 'it will suffice / there'll be enough' — with no nominative subject; what is needed («на это», for that) follows «на». «может» is parenthetical 'maybe'. A neat subjectless turn typical of colloquial reckoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection/vocative","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse particle introducing exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (получить)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of может","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies должок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"должок","lemma":"должок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"пропащий","lemma":"пропащий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies должок","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (subject: I, implied)","gloss":"to collect"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying достанет","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"достанет","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be enough"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic particle reinforcing даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential address ('sir')","role":"attached to это","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b4-c7-s189","source":"— Достанет, достанет! — воскликнул Алеша, — Катерина Ивановна вам пришлет еще, сколько угодно, и знаете ли, у меня тоже есть деньги, возьмите сколько вам надо, как от брата, как от друга, потом отдадите… (Вы разбогатеете, разбогатеете!)","translation":"\"There will be, there will be!\" exclaimed Alyosha. \"Katerina Ivanovna will send you more, as much as you like, and you know, I have money too — take however much you need, as from a brother, as from a friend, you'll pay it back later… (You'll grow rich, you'll grow rich!)\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько вам надо","title":"Dative-experiencer «вам надо»","body":"«вам надо» is the impersonal necessity construction — the person who needs stands in the dative («вам»), with no nominative subject and the invariable predicate «надо». 'However much you need.' This dative-first framing pervades Russian's expression of need and feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Катерина Ивановна вам пришлет... потом отдадите","title":"Perfective futures of promise","body":"Alyosha's reassurances run in perfective simple futures — «пришлет» (will send), «отдадите» (you'll give back), «разбогатеете» (you'll grow rich) — each a single completed act seen as accomplished. The aspect makes the promise sound settled and sure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как от брата, как от друга","title":"«от» + genitive of source","body":"«от брата», «от друга» — the preposition «от» governs the genitive to mark the source ('as from a brother, as from a friend'). Alyosha reframes the loan as fraternal, dissolving the shame of charity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Достанет","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"there will be enough"},{"surface":"достанет","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Достанет","gloss":"there will be enough"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to достанет","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришлет","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановна","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пришлет","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: Катерина Ивановна)","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"head of the idiom сколько угодно ('as much as you like')","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"as you like","note":"сколько угодно is an idiom meaning 'as much as you like'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with достанет","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of возьмите","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"verb of the relative clause (сколько вам надо)","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмите","gloss":"a brother"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking друга","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмите","gloss":"a friend"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдадите","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"отдадите","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (you'll pay it back)","gloss":"you'll pay back"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разбогатеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разбогатеете","lemma":"разбогатеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll grow rich"},{"surface":"разбогатеете","lemma":"разбогатеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with разбогатеете","gloss":"you'll grow rich"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b4-c7-s190","source":"И знаете, что никогда вы ничего лучше даже и придумать не в состоянии, как этот переезд в другую губернию!","translation":"And you know, you could never even think of anything better than this move to another province!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего лучше... придумать не в состоянии","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"Russian negative concord: the ни-word «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») requires the verb-phrase still to carry a negation, here «не в состоянии» ('not in a position / unable'). Literally 'you're not able to think up anything better' — two negatives, one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего лучше","title":"Comparative «лучше»","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better'), invariable in form. With genitive «ничего» it yields 'nothing better' — a fixed and very common Russian collocation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause (не в состоянии придумать)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоянии (never able)","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (не в состоянии придумать)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of придумать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придумать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of phrase даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb complement of состоянии","gloss":"think up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause ('не в состоянии' = not able), subject вы","gloss":"able","note":"'не в состоянии' is an idiom meaning 'not able to'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of губернию","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of переезд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"переезд","lemma":"переезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the comparison phrase (than this move)","gloss":"the move"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другую","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернию","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"губернию","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, modifies переезд","gloss":"province"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b4-c7-s191","source":"В этом ваше спасение, а главное, для вашего мальчика — и знаете, поскорее бы, до зимы бы, до холодов, и написали бы нам оттуда, и остались бы мы братьями… Нет, это не мечта!","translation":"In it lies your salvation, and above all your boy's — and you know, the sooner the better, before winter, before the cold, and you'd write to us from there, and we'd remain brothers… No, this is no dream!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поскорее бы, до зимы бы... и написали бы... и остались бы","title":"Optative «бы» chain — 'if only'","body":"A cascade of «бы»: the bare «поскорее бы», «до зимы бы» express a wish ('if only the sooner, if only before winter'), then «написали бы… остались бы» are full conditionals. Russian uses «бы» plus a past-form verb both for wishes and for would-clauses, and Alyosha pours out both at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом ваше спасение","title":"Fronted «в этом» + zero copula","body":"Word order is inverted for weight: «В этом ваше спасение» — 'In this [is] your salvation', with no copula in the present (the predicate «спасение» simply stands in the nominative). Topic-comment fronting gives the sentence its solemn, sermon-like emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of В","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of спасение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying мальчика","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with спасение","gloss":"boy's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the sooner"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поскорее","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зимы","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"зимы","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поскорее","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холодов","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"холодов","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поскорее","gloss":"you'd write"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of написали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of написали","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поскорее","gloss":"we'd remain"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of остались","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"братьями","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мечта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a dream"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b4-c7-s192","source":"Алеша хотел было обнять его, до того он был доволен.","translation":"Alyosha was on the point of embracing him, so pleased was he.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было обнять","title":"«было» — the aborted-action particle","body":"«хотел было обнять» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or about to begin but then checked or reversed — 'was on the point of embracing him [but stopped]'. It quietly foreshadows the reversal in the very next sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того он был доволен","title":"«до того… что» — 'so much so'","body":"«до того» ('to such a degree') sets up an unspoken result clause — 'so pleased was he'. «доволен» is a short-form adjective (predicate only), the bookish form preferred for a momentary state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of хотел, marking near-completion","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнять","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to such a degree"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by до того","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b4-c7-s193","source":"Но, взглянув на него, он вдруг остановился: тот стоял, вытянув шею, вытянув губы, с исступленным и побледневшим лицом и что-то шептал губами, как будто желая что-то выговорить; звуков не было, а он всё шептал губами, было как-то странно.","translation":"But, glancing at him, he suddenly stopped short: the man stood there, his neck craned forward, his lips thrust out, his face frenzied and gone pale, whispering something with his lips as if trying to bring out some word; there was no sound, yet he kept whispering with his lips — it was somehow strange.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянув на него","title":"Perfective gerund «взглянув»","body":"«взглянув» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «взглянуть» — 'having glanced'. It names the prior action whose result is the main verb «остановился», sharing Alyosha as subject: a compact 'glancing at him, he stopped'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытянув шею, вытянув губы","title":"Stacked gerunds painting the pose","body":"Two more perfective gerunds, «вытянув шею» and «вытянув губы» ('having craned his neck', 'having thrust out his lips'), pile up to freeze the captain's posture — a chain of «деепричастия» that condenses several actions into one taut image, very characteristic of Dostoevsky's nervous description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с побледневшим лицом","title":"Past active participle «побледневший»","body":"«побледневшим» is a past active participle of «побледнеть» ('to turn pale'), agreeing with «лицом» in the instrumental ('with a face that had gone pale'). The perfective stem gives the completed sense — already drained of colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"взглянув","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянув","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to остановился","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"вытянув","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"craning"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытянув","gloss":"his neck"},{"surface":"вытянув","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"thrusting out"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вытянув","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"исступленным","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побледневшим","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with исступленным","gloss":"gone pale"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of шептал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of шептал","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"шептал","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шептал","gloss":"with his lips"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шептал","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выговорить","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выговорить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"выговорить","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"звуков","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептал","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"шептал","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"whispering"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шептал","gloss":"with his lips"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странно","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of было","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b4-c7-s194","source":"— Чего вы! — вздрогнул вдруг отчего-то Алеша.","translation":"\"What's the matter with you!\" Alyosha gave a start, for some reason, all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего вы!","title":"Genitive «чего» in an alarmed cry","body":"«Чего вы!» is colloquial for «Что с вами!» — 'What's the matter with you!'. «чего» is the genitive of «что», common in such elliptical exclamations of surprise or remonstrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул вдруг отчего-то","title":"Indefinite «отчего-то»","body":"«отчего-то» — 'for some reason' — is «отчего» ('why, from what') plus the clitic «-то», which marks a real but unidentified cause. Alyosha startles at something he cannot yet name, and the «-то» registers exactly that vague unease."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's the matter"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"with you"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b4-c7-s195","source":"— Алексей Федорович… я… вы… — бормотал и срывался штабс-капитан, странно и дико смотря на него в упор с видом решившегося полететь с горы, и в то же время губами как бы и улыбаясь, — я-с… вы-с… А не хотите ли, я вам один фокусик сейчас покажу-с! — вдруг прошептал он быстрым, твердым шепотом, речь уже не срывалась более.","translation":"\"Alexei Fyodorovich… I… you…\" the staff captain mumbled and faltered, staring at him fixedly, strangely and wildly, with the look of a man resolved to fling himself off a cliff, and at the same time as if smiling with his lips, \"I, sir… you, sir… How about it — shall I show you a little trick right now, sir!\" he whispered suddenly in a rapid, firm whisper, his speech no longer faltering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на него в упор","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is an imperfective present gerund of «смотреть» — 'staring', an attendant simultaneous action accompanying «бормотал». «в упор» is the fixed phrase 'point-blank, straight at'. The imperfective gerund holds the stare open across the whole sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фокусик","title":"«фокусик» — a little trick","body":"«фокус» is a conjuring trick or stunt; «фокусик» is its diminutive, 'a little trick'. The captain's coy, childish word for what will turn out to be a violent gesture of wounded pride is chillingly at odds with the act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не хотите ли, я вам... покажу-с","title":"Polite «не хотите ли»","body":"«не хотите ли» couples the interrogative particle «ли» with a negated verb to make a softened, courteous offer — 'wouldn't you care to / how about'. «покажу» is the perfective future ('I'll show'). The forced politeness heightens the menace beneath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"решившегося полететь с горы","title":"«с видом решившегося полететь с горы»","body":"«решившегося» is a past active participle of «решиться» ('to resolve, bring oneself to'), in the genitive after «с видом» — 'with the look of one who has resolved to fling himself off a cliff'. The image fixes the captain's reckless, on-the-brink desperation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"interrupted fragment","gloss":"I..."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"interrupted fragment","gloss":"you..."},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"срывался","lemma":"срываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бормотал","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"point-blank"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"решившегося","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"of one resolved"},{"surface":"полететь","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решившегося","gloss":"to fling himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полететь","gloss":"a cliff"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of улыбаясь","gloss":"with his lips"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"interrupted fragment","gloss":"I,"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to я","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"interrupted fragment","gloss":"you,"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies фокусик","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"фокусик","lemma":"фокусик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"little trick"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хотите","gloss":"I'll show"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to покажу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"быстрым","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"in a rapid"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with быстрым","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошептал","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of срывалась","gloss":"his speech"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies срывалась","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies срывалась","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"срывалась","lemma":"срываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошептал","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies срывалась","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b4-c7-s196","source":"— Какой фокусик?","translation":"\"What little trick?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой фокусик?","title":"Agreeing interrogative «какой»","body":"«какой» ('what kind of, which') is an adjectival interrogative agreeing in gender, number, and case with «фокусик» (masculine). Alyosha echoes the captain's own diminutive «фокусик» in puzzled alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of фокусик","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"фокусик","lemma":"фокусик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trick"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b4-c7-s197","source":"— Фокусик, фокус-покус такой, — всё шептал штабс-капитан; рот его скривился на левую сторону, левый глаз прищурился, он, не отрываясь всё смотрел на Алешу, точно приковался к нему.","translation":"\"A little trick, a hocus-pocus of a kind,\" the staff captain kept whispering; his mouth twisted to the left, his left eye narrowed, and, without taking his eyes off Alyosha, he kept staring at him as though riveted to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фокус-покус","title":"«фокус-покус» — hocus-pocus","body":"A jingling reduplication, the Russian equivalent of 'hocus-pocus', the patter of a stage magician. The childlike sing-song clashes grotesquely with the man's twisted, riveted stare described in the same sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отрываясь всё смотрел","title":"Negated gerund «не отрываясь»","body":"«не отрываясь» is an imperfective gerund of the reflexive «отрываться» ('to tear oneself away'), negated — 'without taking his eyes off'. The «-ся» verb plus negation yields the fixed adverbial 'unwaveringly', reinforced by «всё» ('the whole time')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рот его скривился... глаз прищурился... точно приковался","title":"Middle/reflexive «-ся» of bodily change","body":"Three «-ся» verbs — «скривился» (twisted), «прищурился» (narrowed), «приковался» (became riveted) — are middle/change-of-state intransitives: the mouth and eye move 'of themselves', as if the body acts apart from the will. The reflexive marking makes the spasm seem involuntary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фокусик","lemma":"фокусик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A little trick"},{"surface":"фокус","lemma":"фокус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фокусик","gloss":"hocus"},{"surface":"покус","lemma":"покус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фокусик","gloss":"pocus"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Фокусик","gloss":"of a kind"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"шептал","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispering"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шептал","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шептал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скривился","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рот","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"скривился","lemma":"скривиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шептал","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скривился","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"левый","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прищурился","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"прищурился","lemma":"прищуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скривился","gloss":"narrowed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрываясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"отрываясь","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"tearing his eyes away"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скривился","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приковался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"приковался","lemma":"приковаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скривился","gloss":"riveted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приковался","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b4-c7-s198","source":"— Да что с вами, какой фокус? — прокричал тот уж совсем в испуге","translation":"\"But what's wrong with you, what trick?\" the other cried out, now thoroughly alarmed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что с вами","title":"«что с вами» + instrumental «с»","body":"«что с вами?» — literally 'what [is] with you?', i.e. 'what's wrong with you?' — uses «с» plus the instrumental «вами» in its fixed idiomatic sense of an afflicting state. Opening «да» is the emphatic exclamatory particle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричал тот уж совсем в испуге","title":"«тот» tracking the other man","body":"«тот» ('the other one, that one') is the far demonstrative used to switch reference cleanly between the two men without a name. The particle «уж» (a clipped «уже») here is intensifying — 'now thoroughly, by this point'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of фокус","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"фокус","lemma":"фокус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b4-c7-s199","source":"— А вот какой, глядите! — взвизгнул вдруг штабс-капитан.","translation":"\"Here's what kind — look!\" the staff captain shrieked suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнул","title":"«взвизгнуть» — to shriek out","body":"«взвизгнуть» is to give a sudden shrill shriek or squeal; the prefix «вз-» captures the abrupt upward burst of sound. Dostoevsky repeats it («взвизгнул… взвизгнул») to convey the captain's hysterical, animal pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот какой, глядите!","title":"Imperative «глядите»","body":"«глядите» is the plural/polite imperative of «глядеть» ('to look'), formed on the present stem with «-те» — 'look!'. «А вот какой» ('here's what kind') answers his own taunting question of the line before."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"глядите","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"взвизгнул","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнул","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнул","gloss":"captain"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b4-c7-s200","source":"И показав ему обе радужные кредитки, которые всё время, в продолжение всего разговора, держал обе вместе за уголок большим и указательным пальцами правой руки, он вдруг с каким-то остервенением схватил их, смял и крепко зажал в кулаке правой руки.","translation":"And showing him both rainbow notes, which throughout the whole conversation he had held together by one corner between the thumb and forefinger of his right hand, he suddenly seized them with a kind of fury, crumpled them, and gripped them tight in the fist of his right hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обе радужные кредитки","title":"«радужная» — a 'rainbow' banknote","body":"A «кредитка» is a paper credit-note (banknote). «радужная» ('rainbow-coloured') was the period nickname for the hundred-rouble note, printed in iridescent hues — so 'both rainbow notes' = the two hundred-rouble bills, the whole gift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые... держал обе вместе за уголок","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«которые» heads a relative clause and is accusative (object of «держал»), agreeing with «кредитки» in plural — 'which he had held'. The relative clause nests a long parenthetical of manner before resolving in the main verb, slowing the moment before the violent gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил их, смял и крепко зажал","title":"Perfective chain of sudden acts","body":"Three perfectives in a row — «схватил» (seized), «смял» (crumpled), «зажал» (gripped) — drive the action forward as a sequence of single completed blows. Against the imperfective background of «держал», the perfectives detonate the turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с каким-то остервенением","title":"«остервенение» — frenzied fury","body":"«остервенение» is a savage, raging frenzy — from «стерва/стерво» ('carrion'); the 'beast-like' sense is a semantic association, not an etymological tie to «зверь». «с каким-то» ('with a kind of') marks it as an access of fury that overtakes the man almost from outside himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"показав","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on схватил","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on кредитки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"rainbow"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of показав","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продолжение","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"the course"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговора","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кредитки","gloss":"had held"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"them both"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголок","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"уголок","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальцами","gloss":"thumb"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указательным","lemma":"указательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большим","gloss":"forefinger"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пальцами","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остервенением","gloss":"a kind"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остервенением","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"остервенением","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"смял","lemma":"смять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зажал","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"зажал","lemma":"зажать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кулаке","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажал","gloss":"his fist"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кулаке","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b4-c7-s201","source":"— Видели-с, видели-с! — взвизгнул он Алеше, бледный и исступленный, и вдруг, подняв вверх кулак, со всего размаху бросил обе смятые кредитки на песок, — видели-с? — взвизгнул он опять, показывая на них пальцем, — ну так вот же-с!..","translation":"\"You saw, sir, you saw!\" he shrieked at Alyosha, pale and frenzied, and suddenly, raising his fist aloft, he hurled both crumpled notes down onto the sand with all his might — \"you saw, sir?\" he shrieked again, pointing at them with his finger, \"well then, there it is, sir!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видели-с, видели-с!","title":"Repeated imperfective past «видели»","body":"«видели» is the imperfective past plural ('you saw'; perfective would be «увидели»), gendered/numbered by the «-и» ending rather than person. The doubling, capped with the servile «-с», turns a simple 'you saw' into a triumphant, taunting refrain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подняв вверх кулак","title":"Perfective gerund «подняв»","body":"«подняв» — 'having raised' — is a perfective past gerund accompanying «бросил» (hurled): the raising precedes the throw. The «деепричастие» again compresses two actions into one rushing motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну так вот же-с!","title":"Particle stack «ну так вот же»","body":"A pile-up of pointing particles: «ну» (well), «так» (so), «вот» (there), and the insistent «же» ('then, I tell you'), sealed with «-с». Untranslatable as words, together they slam down the gesture — 'well then, there it is!' — pure spoken emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fragment","gloss":"You saw"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to Видели","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Видели","gloss":"you saw"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to видели","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"взвизгнул","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взвизгнул","gloss":"at Alyosha"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленный","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бледный","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросил","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняв","gloss":"aloft"},{"surface":"кулак","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"his fist"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of размаху","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"размаху","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгнул","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on кредитки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"смятые","lemma":"смятые","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies кредитки","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking песок","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"песок","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the sand"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the fragment","gloss":"You saw"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to видели","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"взвизгнул","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взвизгнул","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"with his finger"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there it is"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite particle attached to вот","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b4-c7-s202","source":"И вдруг, подняв правую ногу, он с дикою злобой бросился их топтать каблуком, восклицая и задыхаясь с каждым ударом ноги.","translation":"And suddenly, lifting his right foot, he set to trampling them under his heel with savage rage, crying out and gasping for breath with each stamp of his foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился их топтать","title":"Reflexive «броситься» + infinitive","body":"«бросился топтать» — 'he flung himself into trampling' — is the reflexive «броситься» ('to rush, hurl oneself') governing an imperfective infinitive «топтать», which presents the trampling as a sustained, repeated process. The «-ся» verb conveys the headlong, involuntary plunge into the act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицая и задыхаясь с каждым ударом","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds","body":"«восклицая» (crying out) and «задыхаясь» (gasping, from reflexive «задыхаться») are imperfective gerunds of simultaneous, ongoing action accompanying the trampling — both panting and shouting at once, with «с каждым ударом» ('with each stamp') marking the rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"lifting"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"his right"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дикою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"дикою","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of топтать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"топтать","lemma":"топтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"trampling"},{"surface":"каблуком","lemma":"каблук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of топтать","gloss":"under his heel"},{"surface":"восклицая","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задыхаясь","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with топтать","gloss":"gasping"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ударом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ударом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ударом","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задыхаясь","gloss":"stamp"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ударом","gloss":"of his foot"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b4-c7-s203","source":"— Вот ваши деньги-с! Вот ваши деньги-с! Вот ваши деньги-с! Вот ваши деньги-с!","translation":"\"There's your money, sir! There's your money, sir! There's your money, sir! There's your money, sir!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ваши деньги-с!","title":"Presentational «вот» + plurale tantum «деньги»","body":"«вот» presents and points ('there's / here's'). «деньги» (money) exists only in the plural, taking plural agreement «ваши». The fourfold repetition, each stamped with «-с», marks each blow of the heel — servility and rage fused in one cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presents the phrase ваши деньги-с","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite enclitic","role":"polite particle attached to деньги","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile suffix -с (from сударь \"sir\"), tacked onto a word to show deference."},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presents the phrase ваши деньги-с","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite enclitic","role":"polite particle attached to деньги","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presents the phrase ваши деньги-с","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite enclitic","role":"polite particle attached to деньги","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presents the phrase ваши деньги-с","gloss":"There's"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite enclitic","role":"polite particle attached to деньги","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b4-c7-s204","source":"— Вдруг он отскочил назад и выпрямился пред Алешей.","translation":"Suddenly he sprang back and drew himself up straight before Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отскочил назад и выпрямился","title":"Perfective «отскочил», reflexive «выпрямился»","body":"«отскочил» (sprang back, perfective, with directional prefix «от-») and «выпрямился» (drew himself up straight, reflexive «-ся», change of state) mark two abrupt completed movements. The «-ся» makes the straightening a movement the body does to itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред Алешей","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«пред» is the bookish/older variant of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «Алешей». The clipped form lends the line a slightly elevated, almost theatrical poise to match his sudden drawing-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отскочил","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отскочил","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отскочил","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпрямился","lemma":"выпрямиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отскочил","gloss":"drew himself up"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпрямился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b4-c7-s205","source":"Весь вид его изобразил собой неизъяснимую гордость.","translation":"His whole bearing expressed an inexpressible pride.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неизъяснимую гордость","title":"«неизъяснимый» — inexpressible","body":"«неизъяснимый» ('inexplicable, beyond words', from «изъяснить», to explain) is a high, bookish adjective. Paired with «гордость» (pride) it dignifies the ruined captain in his one moment of erect, untranslatable dignity — and chimes with «невыразимою грустью» a few lines on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь вид его изобразил собой","title":"«изобразить собой» — to embody","body":"«изобразил собой» literally 'depicted by itself', i.e. 'expressed/embodied' — the instrumental reflexive «собой» is idiomatic here. «Весь вид его» ('his whole bearing') is fronted as topic; the bookish phrasing elevates the gesture to a tableau."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изобразил","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"postposed determiner of вид","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изобразил","lemma":"изобразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase изобразил собой","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"неизъяснимую","lemma":"неизъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордость","gloss":"inexpressible"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изобразил","gloss":"pride"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b4-c7-s206","source":"— Доложите пославшим вас, что мочалка чести своей не продает-с! — вскричал он, простирая на воздух руку.","translation":"\"Report to those who sent you that the bath-rag does not sell his honour, sir!\" he cried out, flinging his arm up into the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доложите пославшим вас","title":"Imperative «доложите» + past active participle as noun","body":"«доложите» is the polite imperative of «доложить» ('report'). «пославшим» is a past active participle of «послать» ('to send'), used substantively in the dative plural — 'to those who sent you'. The participle-as-noun gives the retort its terse, formal grandeur."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мочалка чести своей не продает","title":"«мочалка» — the bath-wisp self-insult","body":"A «мочалка» is a loofah-like wisp of soaked bast for scrubbing in the bathhouse. The captain has earlier dubbed himself «мочалка» — a thing to be wrung and discarded — so here he speaks of himself in the third person: 'the bath-rag does not sell his honour'. Self-contempt and fierce pride collide in one image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чести своей не продает","title":"Genitive of negation + reflexive «свой»","body":"Under the negated «не продает», the object slips into the genitive «чести» (genitive of negation, from «честь», honour). «своей» is the reflexive possessive 'his own', pointing back to the «мочалка»/captain himself. Word order fronts «чести своей» for stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доложите","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"Report"},{"surface":"пославшим","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"substantivized indirect object of Доложите (\"to those who sent\")","gloss":"those who sent"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пославшим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мочалка","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продает","gloss":"bath-rag"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мочалка","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чести","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"продает","lemma":"продавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Доложите","gloss":"sells"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite enclitic","role":"polite particle attached to продает","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile suffix -с (from сударь), showing exaggerated deference."},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простирая","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"flinging out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздух","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирая","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простирая","gloss":"his arm"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b4-c7-s207","source":"Затем быстро повернулся и бросился бежать; но он не пробежал и пяти шагов, как, весь повернувшись опять, вдруг сделал Алеше ручкой.","translation":"Then he turned sharply and rushed off at a run; but he had not run five paces when, turning right round again, he suddenly gave Alyosha a wave of the hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пробежал и пяти шагов","title":"Genitive after a numeral, under negation","body":"«пяти шагов» — 'five paces' — shows the numeral «пять» governing the genitive plural «шагов», and the whole phrase itself in the genitive «пяти» under the negated «не пробежал» ('hadn't run [even] five paces'). The «и» here is emphatic 'even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь повернувшись опять","title":"Reflexive gerund «повернувшись»","body":"«повернувшись» is a perfective gerund of the reflexive «повернуться» ('to turn round') — 'having turned right round'. The «-вши» variant of the perfective gerund is slightly older/folksier than «-в», and the reflexive «-ся» becomes «-сь» after the vowel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сделал Алеше ручкой","title":"Idiom «сделать ручкой»","body":"«сделать ручкой» ('to make a little hand') is a fixed idiom meaning to wave goodbye, often with a faintly childish or mocking flavour — «ручкой» is the diminutive instrumental of «рука». The captain's wave is at once farewell and a bitter little flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"rushed off"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробежал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробежал","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to бросился","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пяти (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пробежал","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of сделал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, describing the turn as complete","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделал","gloss":"turning round"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернувшись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by как","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ручкой","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"a wave of the hand","note":"Idiom сделать ручкой = to wave goodbye."}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b4-c7-s208","source":"Но и опять, не пробежав пяти шагов, он в последний уже раз обернулся, на этот раз без искривленного смеха в лице, а напротив, всё оно сотрясалось слезами.","translation":"And again, before he had run five paces, he turned back this one last time, his face now without the contorted laugh upon it but, on the contrary, all of it shaking with tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пробежав пяти шагов","title":"Negated perfective gerund","body":"«не пробежав» is a negated perfective gerund — 'not having run [five paces]' / 'before he had run'. Russian routinely renders English 'before…' with a negated perfective gerund, and the repetition of the «пяти шагов» motif marks his repeated, helpless turnings-back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё оно сотрясалось слезами","title":"Instrumental of cause/means «слезами»","body":"«сотрясалось слезами» — 'was shaking with tears' — uses the instrumental «слезами» to name what convulses the face. «сотрясалось» is a reflexive imperfective («-ся»), the shaking happening to the face of itself; «всё оно» fronts 'all of it' for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять (emphatic)","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробежав","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробежав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробежав","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обернулся","gloss":"having run"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пробежав","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned round"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясалось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеха","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"искривленного","lemma":"искривлённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смеха","gloss":"contorted"},{"surface":"смеха","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смеха","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сотрясалось","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сотрясалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сотрясалось","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обернулся","gloss":"was shaking"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сотрясалось","gloss":"with tears"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b4-c7-s209","source":"Плачущею, срывающеюся, захлебывающеюся скороговоркой прокричал он:","translation":"In a weeping, faltering, choking patter he cried out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Плачущею, срывающеюся, захлебывающеюся скороговоркой","title":"Three present active participles in -ущ-/-ющ-","body":"«плачущею» (weeping), «срывающеюся» (breaking, reflexive), «захлебывающеюся» (choking, reflexive) are present active participles, all agreeing with «скороговоркой» in the older instrumental ending «-ею» (for «-ей»). The triple participial chain makes the very manner of his cry shudder before he speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плачущею","lemma":"плачущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"срывающеюся","lemma":"срывающийся","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"захлебывающеюся","lemma":"захлёбывающийся","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"choking"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"patter"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b4-c7-s210","source":"— А что ж бы я моему мальчику-то сказал, если б у вас деньги за позор наш взял? — и, проговорив это, бросился бежать, на сей раз уже не оборачиваясь.","translation":"\"And what would I have told my boy, if I'd taken your money for our disgrace?\" — and, having said this, he rushed off at a run, this time without turning back at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж бы я моему мальчику... сказал, если б... взял","title":"Unreal conditional with «бы»","body":"A counterfactual: «что ж бы я… сказал, если б… взял» — 'what would I have said, if I'd taken'. Both clauses use a past-tense verb plus «бы»/«б», the regular irrealis pattern; «ж» (=«же») and «-то» on «мальчику-то» add the choked emphasis of the question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорив это, бросился бежать","title":"Perfective gerund «проговорив»","body":"«проговорив это» ('having said this') is a perfective gerund marking the prior act, before «бросился бежать» ('rushed off running'). «на сей раз» uses the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), a bookish flourish in the narrator's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks сказал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчику","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix -то, untranslated."},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks взял as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of позор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"rushed off"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборачиваясь","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оборачиваясь","lemma":"оборачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежать","gloss":"turning back"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b4-c7-s211","source":"Алеша глядел ему вслед с невыразимою грустью.","translation":"Alyosha gazed after him with inexpressible sorrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел ему вслед","title":"Dative «ему» with «вслед»","body":"«вслед» ('after, in the wake of') governs the dative «ему» — 'gazed after him'. It is a postpositional adverb of direction, and the dative marks the receding figure being followed by the eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с невыразимою грустью","title":"«невыразимая грусть» — inexpressible sorrow","body":"«невыразимый» ('inexpressible', what cannot be uttered) deliberately mirrors «неизъяснимую гордость» from the captain's proud moment: his unspeakable pride answered by Alyosha's unspeakable grief. «-ою» is again the older instrumental ending for «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грустью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невыразимою","lemma":"невыразимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грустью","gloss":"inexpressible"},{"surface":"грустью","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"sorrow"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b4-c7-s212","source":"О, он понимал, что тот до самого последнего мгновения сам не знал, что скомкает и швырнет кредитки.","translation":"Oh, he understood that the man had not himself known, until the very last instant, that he would crumple and fling away the notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не знал, что скомкает и швырнет","title":"Perfective futures in reported thought","body":"Inside the «что»-clause, «скомкает» (would crumple) and «швырнет» (would fling) are perfective simple futures expressing future-in-the-past — what the man, even at the last instant, did not yet know he would do. «сам» ('himself') intensifies the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до самого последнего мгновения","title":"Intensifier «самого» + genitive of «до»","body":"«самый» here intensifies a noun — «до самого последнего мгновения», 'to the very last instant' — agreeing with «мгновения» in the genitive that «до» governs. This «самый» ('the very') is distinct from its use in forming superlatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to понимал","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот (emphatic \"himself\")","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимал","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скомкает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скомкает","lemma":"скомкать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would crumple"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"швырнет","lemma":"швырнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скомкает","gloss":"would fling"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of швырнет","gloss":"the notes"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b4-c7-s213","source":"Бежавший ни разу не обернулся, так и знал Алеша, что не обернется.","translation":"The one who had fled never once looked back, and Alyosha knew he would not look back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бежавший ни разу не обернулся","title":"Past active participle as subject noun","body":"«Бежавший» ('the one who was fleeing/had fled') is a past active participle of «бежать», used substantively as the sentence's subject — 'the fleeing man'. Using it instead of a name keeps the figure anonymous, a receding back. «ни разу… не» is negative concord ('not once')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и знал Алеша, что не обернется","title":"Emphatic «так и» + perfective future of certainty","body":"«так и знал» — 'just knew it [all along]', the «так и» framing a confirmed expectation. The embedded «не обернется» is a perfective future ('he would not turn back'), Alyosha's certainty about what the man will do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бежавший","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"the fleeing man"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся (ни разу = \"not once\")","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обернулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked back"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и знал","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обернулся","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обернется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обернется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обернется","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would look back"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b4-c7-s214","source":"Преследовать и звать его он не захотел, он знал почему.","translation":"He had no wish to pursue him or call after him — he knew why.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Преследовать и звать его он не захотел","title":"Fronted infinitives as topic","body":"The two imperfective infinitives «преследовать» (pursue) and «звать» (call) are fronted before the main verb «не захотел» ('did not want to'), making them the topic — 'as for pursuing and calling him, he didn't wish to'. Russian's free word order lets the infinitives carry the weight first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он знал почему","title":"Headless «почему»","body":"«он знал почему» — 'he knew why' — leaves the interrogative «почему» as a bare embedded question with its content unspoken. The terse withholding deepens the sense of an understanding too painful or delicate to state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Преследовать","lemma":"преследовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"pursue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Преследовать","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотел","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b4-c7-s215","source":"Когда же тот исчез из виду, Алеша поднял обе кредитки.","translation":"When the man had vanished from sight, Alyosha picked up both notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же тот исчез из виду","title":"Temporal «когда» + emphatic «же»","body":"«когда» opens a temporal subordinate clause ('when'), and «же» here is a mild narrative connective ('and when…, then'). «тот» again tracks the captain as 'the other'. «исчез из виду» ('vanished from sight') uses «из» + genitive «виду» (older partitive-locative form)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша поднял обе кредитки","title":"«обе» — feminine 'both'","body":"«обе» is the feminine form of 'both' (masculine/neuter «оба»), agreeing with «кредитки» and governing it like a low numeral. «поднял» is the perfective past ('picked up'), the decisive single act that quietly answers the captain's violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчез","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчез","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"исчез","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднял","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчез","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on кредитки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"notes"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b4-c7-s216","source":"Они были лишь очень смяты, сплюснуты и вдавлены в песок, но совершенно целы и даже захрустели, как новенькие, когда Алеша развертывал их и разглаживал.","translation":"They were only badly crumpled, flattened, and pressed into the sand, but quite intact, and even crackled like new ones as Alyosha unfolded and smoothed them out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они были лишь очень смяты, сплюснуты и вдавлены","title":"Short-form past passive participles","body":"«смяты», «сплюснуты», «вдавлены» are short-form past passive participles (from «смять», «сплюснуть», «вдавить»), joined to «были» to state the notes' resulting condition — 'were crumpled, flattened, pressed in'. This «быть» + short passive participle is the standard Russian resultative passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захрустели, как новенькие","title":"«новенькие» — crisp little new ones","body":"«захрустели» ('began to crackle', prefix «за-» for onset) plus the diminutive «новенькие» ('nice and new, fresh') makes the banknotes sound almost cheerful — an oddly tender, intact detail after the violence, underscoring that nothing real has been destroyed but the man's pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive смяты","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of смяты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смяты","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"смяты","lemma":"смять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"сплюснуты","lemma":"сплюснуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смяты","gloss":"flattened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдавлены","lemma":"вдавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смяты","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking песок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"песок","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вдавлены","gloss":"the sand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целы","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"целы","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"coordinated with смяты","gloss":"intact"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захрустели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"захрустели","lemma":"захрустеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смяты","gloss":"crackled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase новенькие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"новенькие","lemma":"новенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of захрустели","gloss":"new ones"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развертывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развертывал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"развертывал","lemma":"развёртывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on захрустели","gloss":"unfolded"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of развертывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разглаживал","lemma":"разглаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развертывал","gloss":"smoothed"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b4-c7-s217","source":"Разгладив, он сложил их, сунул в карман и пошел к Катерине Ивановне докладывать об успехе ее поручения.","translation":"Having smoothed them, he folded them up, slipped them into his pocket, and went off to Katerina Ivanovna to report on the success of her errand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разгладив, он сложил их, сунул в карман и пошел","title":"Perfective gerund + chain of perfectives","body":"«Разгладив» ('having smoothed them out') is a perfective gerund opening a brisk sequence of perfective past verbs — «сложил» (folded), «сунул» (slipped), «пошел» (set off). The string of completed acts winds the scene down into ordinary, purposeful motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел... докладывать об успехе","title":"Purpose infinitive after a motion verb","body":"«пошел докладывать» — 'set off to report' — pairs the perfective motion verb «пошел» (from «пойти») with an imperfective infinitive of purpose. «об успехе… поручения» uses «о/об» + prepositional «успехе» ('about the success'), the topic case after «докладывать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разгладив","lemma":"разгладить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сложил","gloss":"having smoothed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сложил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сложил","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сложил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сложил","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сложил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"докладывать","lemma":"докладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking успехе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"успехе","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of докладывать","gloss":"the success"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of поручения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поручения","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies успехе","gloss":"errand"}]}]}