{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c1","title":{"source":"I. Сговор","translated":"The Engagement"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c1","lines":253},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b4-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c1-s1","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова опять встретила Алешу первая.","translation":"Madame Hohlakova was again the first to meet Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретила Алешу первая","title":"«первая» as a depictive nominative","body":"«первая» is the long (full) form (nominative singular feminine of the ordinal «первый»), used as a depictive secondary predicate agreeing with «Госпожа Хохлакова», not with the object — it tells us how the subject met him: «she was the first to meet him». Russian readily uses such an agreeing adjective where English needs a relative or infinitive phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Госпожа","title":"«госпожа» — Madame, Mrs.","body":"«госпожа» is the polite title for a married or genteel woman (its masculine counterpart is «господин»). With the surname «Хохлакова» — itself a feminine form of «Хохлаков» — it marks her standing as a propertied lady of the town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встретила","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретила","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"встретила","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретила","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of встретила","gloss":"first"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c1-s2","source":"Она торопилась: случилось нечто важное: истерика Катерины Ивановны кончилась обмороком, затем наступила «ужасная, страшная слабость, она легла, завела глаза и стала бредить.","translation":"She was in a hurry: something important had happened: Katerina Ivanovna's hysterics had ended in a fainting fit, and then had come on \"a terrible, dreadful weakness; she had lain down, rolled up her eyes, and begun to rave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилось нечто важное","title":"Neuter agreement with «нечто»","body":"«случилось» takes the neuter -ло past because its subject is «нечто» (something), an indeclinable neuter pronoun; the adjective «важное» likewise agrees in the neuter. Russian past tenses agree in gender and number rather than person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончилась обмороком","title":"Instrumental of the outcome","body":"«обмороком» (fainting fit) is in the instrumental: the reflexive «кончиться» — to end — frames what the hysterics ended in / resolved into. This instrumental of result is idiomatic with verbs of ending and becoming."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала бредить","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (inceptive)","body":"«стала бредить» means 'began to rave': the perfective «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive is the ordinary way to mark the onset of an activity. The chain «легла, завела глаза и стала бредить» strings perfective verbs to move the narrative forward event by event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истерика","title":"«истерика» — a hysterical fit","body":"«истерика» is a fit of hysterics, a near-clinical word much used of overwrought women in 19th-century fiction. Coupled with «обморок» (a swoon) and «бредить» (to rave) it sketches the period's vocabulary of nervous collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of торопилась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"торопилась","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was in a hurry"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to торопилась","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончилась","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истерика","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"кончилась","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to случилось","gloss":"had ended"},{"surface":"обмороком","lemma":"обморок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончилась","gloss":"a faint"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наступила","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончилась","gloss":"had set in"},{"surface":"ужасная","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слабость","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасная","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"слабость","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наступила","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of легла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"легла","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончилась","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"завела","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with легла","gloss":"rolled up"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of завела","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завела","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"бредить","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to rave"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c1-s3","source":"Теперь жар, послали за Герценштубе, послали за тетками.","translation":"Now there was fever; they had sent for Herzenstube, they had sent for the aunts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послали за Герценштубе, послали за тетками","title":"Impersonal plural «послали» + «за» for fetching","body":"«послали» is a subjectless third-person plural ('they sent', i.e. 'someone was sent'), a common impersonal device. «За» plus the instrumental («за Герценштубе», «за тетками») means 'to fetch / send for' someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жар","title":"«жар» — fever, heat","body":"«жар» here is feverish heat of the body. The clipped «Теперь жар» — verbless, just 'now [there is] fever' — captures Madame Hohlakova's breathless, headlong manner of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жар","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"жар","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (there is fever)","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"послали","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Герценштубе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"послали","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with послали","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тетками","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тетками","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"the aunts"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c1-s4","source":"Тетки уж здесь, а Герценштубе еще нет.","translation":"The aunts are here already, but Herzenstube is not yet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тетки уж здесь, а Герценштубе еще нет","title":"Contrastive «а» and a zero copula","body":"Both clauses drop the verb 'to be' — Russian uses no present-tense copula — and «а» hinges them in mild contrast ('the aunts are here, whereas Herzenstube is not yet'). «уж» (= «уже») and «ещё нет» set 'already' against 'not yet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тетки","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"The aunts"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"is not here"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c1-s5","source":"Все сидят в ее комнате и ждут.","translation":"They are all sitting in her room and waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидят... и ждут","title":"Present imperfectives for the standing scene","body":"«сидят» and «ждут» are imperfective presents — only the imperfective forms a present tense — holding the scene in an ongoing, vivid present as Madame Hohlakova reports it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидят","gloss":"are waiting"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c1-s6","source":"Что-то будет, а она без памяти.","translation":"Something will come of it, and she lies there unconscious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то будет","title":"«будет» as the future of «быть»","body":"Here «будет» is the simple future of «быть» used existentially: «Что-то будет» — 'something will happen / come of it'. With «-то», «что-то» is a specific-but-unknown 'something'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без памяти","title":"«без памяти» — unconscious","body":"The set phrase «без памяти» (literally 'without memory/consciousness') means 'unconscious, senseless'. In other contexts the same idiom can mean 'madly, head over heels' (любить без памяти)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"Something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"part of the pronoun что-то","gloss":"(no separate meaning — indefinite suffix of что-то)"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (она без памяти)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"consciousness","note":"Idiom без памяти = unconscious."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c1-s7","source":"А ну если горячка!»","translation":"And what if it turns to brain fever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ну если горячка!","title":"Elliptical conditional exclamation","body":"A verbless conditional cry: «если горячка!» — '[and] what if [it's] brain fever!' The opening «А ну» is an alarmed colloquial 'and suppose now…', the conjunction «если» dangling without a main clause, all consequence left to the imagination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячка","title":"«горячка» — brain fever, delirium","body":"«горячка» (from «горячий», hot) is the period term for a high feverish delirium, the dreaded 'brain fever' of 19th-century novels. It carries real menace: such fevers were often fatal."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase (with если, \"what if\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горячка","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"горячка","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (if it's brain fever)","gloss":"brain fever"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c1-s8","source":"Восклицая это, госпожа Хохлакова имела вид серьезно испуганный: «Это уж серьезно, серьезно!» — прибавляла она к каждому слову, как будто всё, что случалось с ней прежде, было несерьезно.","translation":"As she cried this out, Madame Hohlakova wore a look of genuine fright: \"This is serious now, serious!\"—she added to every word, as though everything that had befallen her before had not been serious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восклицая это","title":"«деепричастие»: simultaneous gerund «восклицая»","body":"«Восклицая» is an imperfective present gerund ('exclaiming, as she cried out'), an indeclinable verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «имела». It must share the main clause's subject — Madame Hohlakova — and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имела вид серьезно испуганный","title":"Instrumental-free предложный? No — set phrase «иметь вид»","body":"«иметь вид» + a long-form adjective ('to have a … look') keeps the adjective in the accusative, agreeing with «вид» (испуганный, accusative masc.). The adverb «серьезно» modifies the adjective: 'a seriously frightened look'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто всё, что случалось с ней прежде, было несерьезно","title":"«как будто» + irrealis comparison","body":"«как будто» ('as though') opens an unreal comparison; inside, the relative «что» picks up «всё» («всё, что случалось» — everything that used to happen). The imperfective «случалось» gives the iterative sense of recurring past episodes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восклицая","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial gerund modifying имела","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Восклицая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakova"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"a look"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуганный","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"испуганный","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate серьезно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb, used predicatively","role":"predicate of Это (source repeats 'серьезно' twice for emphasis; only one token is tagged)","gloss":"serious","note":"The source reads «Это уж серьезно, серьезно!»; only one instance of серьезно survived tokenization here."},{"surface":"прибавляла","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to имела","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавляла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавляла","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было (как будто = as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"had befallen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случалось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking всё to несерьезно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несерьезно","lemma":"несерьёзный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, describing всё","gloss":"not serious"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c1-s9","source":"Алеша выслушал ее с горестью; начал было излагать ей и свои приключения, но она его с первых же слов прервала: ей было некогда, она просила посидеть у Lise и у Lise подождать ее.","translation":"Alyosha listened to her with sorrow; he had begun to set out his own adventures to her as well, but she cut him off at his very first words: she had no time for it, she begged him to sit with Lise and to wait for her there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было излагать","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted attempt","body":"«было» after a past-tense verb marks an action begun but checked or reversed: «начал было излагать» — 'he had just begun to set out…', the implication being that he was cut off. It is a compact 19th-century device for the abortive action, fulfilled here by «прервала»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей было некогда","title":"Dative-subject impersonal «ей было некогда»","body":"A classic impersonal: no nominative subject, the experiencer «ей» in the dative, and «некогда» ('there is no time') as the impersonal predicate with neuter «было». English needs a full subject ('she had no time'); Russian frames it as a state befalling her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горестью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестью","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушал","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking an interrupted/incomplete action","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"was starting to","note":"«начал было» marks an action begun but then cut short."},{"surface":"излагать","lemma":"излагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to set out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of излагать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приключения (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of приключения","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"приключения","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of излагать","gloss":"adventures"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прервала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прервала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прервала","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"прервала","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer, subject of было некогда","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of ей было (no time)","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просила","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of подождать","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"подождать","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with посидеть, complement of просила","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подождать","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c1-s10","source":"— Lise, милейший Алексей Федорович, — зашептала она ему почти на ухо, — Lise меня странно удивила сейчас, но и умилила, а потому сердце мое ей всё прощает.","translation":"\"Lise, dearest Alexei Fyodorovich,\"—she whispered to him almost in his ear,—\"Lise has just surprised me strangely, but she has also touched me, and so my heart forgives her everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милейший","title":"«милейший» — dearest, kindest","body":"«милейший» is the superlative of «милый» (dear, sweet) in the bookish suffix «-ейший». As a form of address it is warmly effusive — 'my dearest Alexei Fyodorovich' — exactly Madame Hohlakova's gushing register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце мое ей всё прощает","title":"«свой» avoided — possessive «мое» and dative «ей»","body":"«ей» is the dative of the person forgiven ('forgives her'), «всё» the accusative of what is forgiven. Note «сердце мое» with the possessive postposed after the noun, a slightly elevated, emotive word order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилила","title":"«умилить» — to move to tenderness","body":"«умилить» / «умиление» denotes a soft, tender, often tearful emotion — being touched to the heart. It is a key Dostoevskian feeling-word, distinct from mere 'surprise' («удивила»), with which it is paired here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"exclamatory topic, introduces Lise","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"милейший","lemma":"милейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Алексей","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative name, apposition to милейший","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"зашептала","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зашептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зашептала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на ухо","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ухо,","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашептала","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of удивила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивила","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"удивила","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умилила, part of но и (but also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"умилила","lemma":"умилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивила","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прощает","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of прощает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прощает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прощает","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивила","gloss":"forgives"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c1-s11","source":"Представьте, только что вы ушли, она вдруг искренно стала раскаиваться, что над вами будто бы смеялась вчера и сегодня.","translation":"Just imagine, the moment you had gone, she suddenly, in all sincerity, began to repent of having seemingly laughed at you yesterday and today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представьте","title":"Polite imperative «представьте»","body":"«Представьте» ('imagine!') is the plural/polite imperative of perfective «представить», with «себе» often understood. It is a conversational hook — 'just imagine' — peppering Madame Hohlakova's chatter (cf. «представьте себе это» in s19)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала раскаиваться, что над вами будто бы смеялась","title":"«будто бы» — alleged, supposed","body":"«будто бы» colours the reported reason with doubt or report ('that she had supposedly laughed at you'), echoing Madame Hohlakova's view that Liza did not really laugh. «над вами смеялась» uses «смеяться над» + instrumental, 'to laugh at'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что вы ушли","title":"«только что» + perfective past","body":"«только что ушли» — 'the moment you had just left'; «только что» plus a perfective past pins an action to the immediate recent past. «ушли» is a prefixed perfective of motion (у- 'away' + -йти)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of ушли","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ушли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ушли","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стала","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Представьте","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"раскаиваться","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to repent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеялась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of раскаиваться","gloss":"had laughed"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вчера","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c1-s12","source":"Но ведь она не смеялась, она лишь шутила.","translation":"But she really was not laughing, she was only joking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь она не смеялась","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but you see / after all, she wasn't laughing'. It softens the assertion into something the hearer is invited to grant, a tiny but essential brushstroke of Dostoevsky's conversational voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она лишь шутила","title":"Imperfective «шутила» — was only joking","body":"The imperfective past «шутила» views the joking as an ongoing activity/manner ('she was merely joking'), set against the denied «смеялась». «лишь» is a bookish 'only, merely', a touch more elevated than «только»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of смеялась","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause, contrasted with шутила","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шутила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутила","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шутила","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was joking"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c1-s13","source":"Но так серьезно раскаивалась, почти до слез, так что я удивилась.","translation":"Yet she repented so seriously, almost to the point of tears, that I was astonished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так серьезно раскаивалась... так что я удивилась","title":"Correlative «так... так что» (degree → result)","body":"«так серьёзно… так что…» links intensity to consequence: 'she repented so seriously… that I was astonished'. «так что» introduces a result clause; the perfective «удивилась» registers the single moment of astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"раскаивалась","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repented"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раскаивалась","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause of удивилась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"удивилась","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"result clause (так...что) of раскаивалась","gloss":"was astonished"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c1-s14","source":"Никогда она прежде серьезно не раскаивалась, когда надо мною смеялась, а всё в шутку.","translation":"Never before had she seriously repented when she laughed at me, but always treated it as a jest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда она прежде серьезно не раскаивалась","title":"Negative concord with «никогда… не»","body":"The negative adverb «никогда» still requires «не» on the verb — Russian uses negative concord, so 'never … not' together mean a single 'never'. The fronted «Никогда» throws emphatic weight onto the time-frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо мною смеялась","title":"«надо мною» — instrumental of «смеяться над»","body":"«надо мною» is «над» + the instrumental of «я» (with the older fuller form «мною» and «надо» for euphony before the m-cluster). The verb «смеяться над» governs the instrumental: 'to laugh at me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раскаивалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскаивалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раскаивалась","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repented"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеялась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition (dialectal variant of над before мною)","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause (когда...)","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (always), coordinated with раскаивалась","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в шутку, modifies the elided verb, parallel to раскаивалась","gloss":"jest"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c1-s15","source":"А вы знаете, она поминутно надо мною смеется.","translation":"And you know, she laughs at me every single minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она поминутно надо мною смеется","title":"Habitual imperfective present","body":"The imperfective present «смеётся» with «поминутно» ('every minute, constantly') expresses a habitual, repeated action — the imperfective's natural job. «А вы знаете» is a conversational tag drawing the listener in."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition (dialectal variant of над before мною)","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"laughs"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c1-s16","source":"А вот теперь она серьезно, теперь пошло всё серьезно.","translation":"But now she is in earnest, now it has all turned serious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь пошло всё серьезно","title":"«пошло» — inceptive 'it has started'","body":"«пошло» (perfective past of «пойти», 'to go') is used idiomatically for something setting in or getting under way: «пошло всё серьёзно» — 'now it's all turned serious / started in earnest'. The neuter «-ло» agrees with the indefinite «всё»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of серьезно","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with серьезно","gloss":"has turned"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"serious"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c1-s17","source":"Она чрезвычайно ценит ваше мнение, Алексей Федорович, и если можете, то не обижайтесь на нее и не имейте претензии.","translation":"She values your opinion extraordinarily, Alexei Fyodorovich, and if you can, do not take offense at her and bear her no grudge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не обижайтесь на нее и не имейте претензии","title":"Negated imperatives → imperfective","body":"Negated commands in Russian normally take the imperfective: «не обижайтесь» and «не имейте». «обижайтесь» is a reflexive «-ся» imperative ('don't take offense'); after «на» the person is in the accusative («на неё»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иметь претензии","title":"«иметь претензию» — to bear a grievance","body":"«претензия» here is a grievance or claim against someone; «не имейте претензии» means 'hold no grudge, make no complaint'. A faint Gallicism (cf. French prétention) suited to this Frenchified household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ценит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценит","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"ценит","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"values"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ценит","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обижайтесь","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обижайтесь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обижайтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обижайтесь","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижайтесь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имейте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имейте","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обижайтесь","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"претензии","lemma":"претензия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имейте","gloss":"grudges"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c1-s18","source":"Я сама только и делаю, что щажу ее, потому что она такая умненькая — верите ли вы?","translation":"I myself do nothing but spare her, because she is so very clever—would you believe it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и делаю, что щажу ее","title":"Idiom «только и делаю, что…»","body":"«только и делаю, что + verb» means 'I do nothing but…', emphatically exclusive. «щажу» is the present of «щадить» (to spare), with the characteristic д→ж consonant mutation in the first person singular."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умненькая","title":"«умненькая» — clever little thing","body":"«умненькая» is the diminutive-expressive of «умная» (clever), in the affectionate «-еньк-» suffix — 'so clever, the dear', tender and slightly indulgent. Such suffixes carry feeling, not size."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли вы?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«верите ли вы?» ('would you believe it?') is a yes/no question formed with the enclitic «ли» after the focused verb — more literary and emphatic than mere question intonation, and very typical of Dostoevsky's spoken-sounding prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifier of Я (myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делаю, emphatic (только и делаю = all I do)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of щажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"щажу","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делаю","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щажу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of умненькая (потому что = because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умненькая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of умненькая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умненькая","lemma":"умненькая","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"do believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите (question marker)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верите","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c1-s19","source":"Она говорила сейчас, что вы были другом ее детства, — «самым серьезным другом моего детства», — представьте себе это, самым серьезным, а я-то?","translation":"She was saying just now that you had been the friend of her childhood,—'the most serious friend of my childhood,'—just imagine that, the most serious, and what about me, then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы были другом ее детства","title":"Predicate instrumental «другом»","body":"After past-tense «были», the predicate noun «другом» (friend) stands in the instrumental, not the nominative — the rule for «быть» in the past and future. The superlative «самым серьёзным другом» agrees with it in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я-то?","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» on «я»","body":"«я-то?» — 'and what about me, then?' The hyphenated clitic «-то» here is the emphatic kind that highlights a known topic (distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»), giving an injured, self-pitying stress to her «я»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking вы to другом","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорила","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of детства","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"детства,","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies другом","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies серьезным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другом (w12)","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"repeats другом (w7) in the quoted phrase","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детства","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"детства»,","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies другом (w12)","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to говорила","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies серьезным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to это, restating the elided другом","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (and what about me?)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to я (я-то)","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c1-s20","source":"У ней на этот счет чрезвычайно серьезные чувства и даже воспоминания, а главное, эти фразы и словечки, самые неожиданные эти словечки, так что никак не ожидаешь, а вдруг оно и выскочит.","translation":"On that score she has extraordinarily serious feelings and even memories, but the main thing is these phrases and little turns of speech, the most unexpected little turns, so that you never expect them, and then suddenly out one pops.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У ней на этот счет","title":"Colloquial «у ней» for «у неё»","body":"«у ней» is a colloquial/older variant of «у неё» (possessive 'she has…'). After «у», the third-person pronoun takes the н- prefix («неё/ней»), and this dative-like «ней» form for the genitive is a period and speech flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не ожидаешь","title":"Generalizing 2nd-person «не ожидаешь»","body":"«не ожидаешь» is a generic 'you' (anyone) rather than 'you, Alyosha', a common Russian way of universalizing experience. «никак не» intensifies the negation: 'you simply never expect them'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечки","title":"«словечки» — little turns of phrase","body":"«словечки» is the diminutive plural of «слово» (word) — pet phrases, droll little expressions, said with fond amusement. The diminutive conveys affection for Liza's verbal quirks rather than literal smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessor); archaic genitive form неё","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase на этот счет, modifies чувства","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезные","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"серьезные","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the sentence (existential, elided есть)","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспоминания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"воспоминания","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, introduces the following list","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of фразы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"фразы","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"словечки","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with фразы","gloss":"sayings"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies неожиданные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неожиданные","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies словечки (w21)","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of словечки (w21)","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словечки","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"restates словечки (w17), modified by самые неожиданные","gloss":"little sayings"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ожидаешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не ожидаешь","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидаешь","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause (так...что), main verb","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выскочит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выскочит (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"выскочит","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ожидаешь","gloss":"pops out"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c1-s21","source":"Вот недавно о сосне, например стояла у нас в саду в ее первом детстве сосна, может и теперь стоит, так что нечего говорить в прошедшем времени.","translation":"Lately, for instance, about a pine—there used to stand a pine in our garden in her earliest childhood, perhaps it is standing there still, so there is no need to speak in the past tense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояла у нас в саду... сосна","title":"Locative «в саду» and topic-final subject","body":"«в саду» uses the special stressed locative «-у́» that a few masculine nouns take after «в/на» (в саду, в лесу), where one might expect «в са́де». Note too the subject «сосна» held to the very end — topic-comment order presenting the pine as the new information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего говорить в прошедшем времени","title":"Genitive-impersonal «нечего»","body":"«нечего говорить» — 'there's no need / nothing to speak of': «нечего» is the genitive negative-existential pronoun used impersonally with an infinitive. The whole turn frames absence of necessity without any subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, modifies an elided verb of speaking","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сосне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сосне","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb of speaking","gloss":"a pine"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies стояла","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"our place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies детстве","gloss":"earliest"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"сосна","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies стоит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит (even/still)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of нечего","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, indeclinable","role":"predicate (no need), main word of the result clause","gloss":"no need"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошедшем","lemma":"прошедший","morphology":"participle, past, active, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"tense"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c1-s22","source":"Сосны не люди, они долго не изменяются Алексей Федорович «Мама, говорит, я помню эту сосну, как со сна» — то есть «сосну, как со сна» — это как-то она иначе выразилась, потому что тут путаница, «сосна» слово глупое, но только она мне наговорила по этому поводу что-то такое оригинальное, что я решительно не возьмусь передать.","translation":"Pines are not people, they do not change for a long time, Alexei Fyodorovich. 'Mama,' she says, 'I remember that pine as in a dream'—that is, 'a pine, as in a dream'—somehow she put it differently, because there is a muddle here, 'pine' is a silly word, but the point is she said something to me on the subject so original that I positively could not undertake to repeat it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сосны не люди","title":"Zero copula with a negated equation","body":"«Сосны не люди» — 'pines are not people': a present-tense identity with no verb 'to be', simply negated by «не». Both nouns stand in the nominative, the unmarked form of the equative copula in the present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сосну, как со сна","title":"The pun «сосна / со сна»","body":"Liza's wordplay turns on «сосна» (a pine) sounding like «со сна» ('out of a dream / on waking'), hence 'I remember that pine as if out of a dream'. Madame Hohlakova's tangled retelling — «тут путаница» — is the joke, and the untranslatable pun is flagged in our English with 'as in a dream'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я решительно не возьмусь передать","title":"Reflexive «взяться» + infinitive (negated)","body":"«не возьмусь передать» — 'I will not undertake to convey it': «взяться» (reflexive «-ся») plus an infinitive means 'to take it upon oneself / set about'. «возьмусь» is a perfective simple future ('I won't undertake'), and «решительно» intensifies: 'positively cannot'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сосны","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of люди","gloss":"pines"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of Сосны (copula: 'pines are not people')","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изменяются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменяются","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменяются","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменяются","lemma":"изменяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to люди","gloss":"do not change"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address inside the quoted speech","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing the quotation ('she says')","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сосну","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сосну","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison со сна","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сна»","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сна»","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of со, forms the idiom как со сна ('as if half-asleep')","gloss":"sleep","note":"«как со сна» is idiomatic for 'as though still drowsy from sleep', not a literal simile."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть ('that is')","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"сосну","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"cited word, restating сосну above (metalinguistic quotation)","gloss":"pine","note":"She is quoting/correcting her own choice of word, not opening a new clause."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison со сна (repeated citation)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сна»","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сна»","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of со, modifies the cited сосну","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive topic pronoun anticipating выразилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то ('somehow'), modifies выразилась","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то ('somehow')","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразилась","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"выразилась","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of потому что ('because')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of потому что ('because')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies путаница","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"путаница","lemma":"путаница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the causal clause (потому что тут путаница)","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"сосна","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of слово (copula: 'pine' is a silly word)","gloss":"pine","note":"Cited as the word itself, in quotation."},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun with сосна as subject","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наговорила (но только ~ 'but the thing is')","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of наговорила","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"наговорила","lemma":"наговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поводу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поводу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наговорила","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то ('something'), direct object of наговорила","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то ('something')","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оригинальное","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оригинальное","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то, in apposition to the direct object of наговорила","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of возьмусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьмусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмусь","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмусь","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"undertake"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возьмусь","gloss":"repeat"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c1-s23","source":"Да и всё забыла.","translation":"And besides, I have forgotten it all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и всё забыла","title":"Additive «да и»","body":"«Да и» chains on a further point — 'and besides / and anyway' — a colloquial coordinator adding a clinching afterthought. «забыла» is a perfective past: the forgetting is complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, part of Да и ('and besides')","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да (Да и = 'besides')","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыла","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c1-s24","source":"Ну, до свиданья, я очень потрясена и, наверно, с ума схожу.","translation":"Well, good-bye, I am terribly shaken and surely going out of my mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я очень потрясена","title":"Short-form passive participle «потрясена»","body":"«потрясена» is the feminine short form of the past passive participle «потрясённый» (shaken), used predicatively: 'I am terribly shaken'. The short form states a resultant state and is markedly bookish — comic in this gushing mouth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ума схожу","title":"«сходить с ума» — to go mad","body":"The idiom «сходить с ума» (literally 'to come down off one's mind') means 'to go out of one's mind, lose one's reason'. The present «схожу» here verges on the hyperbolic, in keeping with her flustered self-dramatizing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиданья","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свиданья","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of до, forms the idiom до свиданья ('goodbye')","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потрясена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясена","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"потрясена","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies схожу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схожу","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"схожу","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потрясена","gloss":"am going mad"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c1-s25","source":"Ах, Алексей Федорович, я два раза в жизни с ума сходила, и меня лечили.","translation":"Ah, Alexei Fyodorovich, twice in my life I have gone out of my mind, and they treated me for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня лечили","title":"Impersonal plural «лечили»","body":"«меня лечили» — 'they treated me [for it]', the agentless third-person plural again standing for 'I was treated'. «два раза» is an accusative-of-frequency phrase ('twice')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker before сходила","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сходила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходила","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходила","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"сходила","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went mad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of лечили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лечили","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сходила","gloss":"treated"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c1-s26","source":"Ступайте к Lise.","translation":"Go in to Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступайте к Lise","title":"«ступайте» — a brisk imperative 'go'","body":"«ступайте» is the polite imperative of «ступать», a slightly old-fashioned, faintly peremptory 'go along, off you go'. «к Lise» uses «к» + dative for motion toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of Ступайте","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c1-s27","source":"Ободрите ее, как вы всегда прелестно это сумеете сделать Lise, — крикнула она, подходя к ее двери, — вот я привела к тебе столь оскорбленного тобою Алексея Федоровича, и он нисколько не сердится, уверяю тебя, напротив, удивляется, как ты могла подумать!","translation":"Cheer her up, as you always know so charmingly how to do. Lise,\"—she called out, going up to her door,—\"here I have brought you Alexei Fyodorovich, whom you so insulted, and he is not in the least angry, I assure you, on the contrary, he is amazed that you could have thought such a thing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы всегда прелестно это сумеете сделать","title":"«суметь» + infinitive — 'manage to'","body":"«сумеете сделать» pairs perfective «суметь» (to manage, know how) with a perfective infinitive: 'as you will always so charmingly manage to do it'. The perfective future «сумеете» reads as a confident generalization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь оскорбленного тобою Алексея Федоровича","title":"Passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«оскорблённого тобою» is a past passive participle ('insulted') modifying «Алексея Фёдоровича» in the animate accusative, with the agent «тобою» in the instrumental — the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive. «столь» is a bookish 'so'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подходя к ее двери","title":"Gerund «подходя» of accompanying motion","body":"«подходя» is the present gerund of «подходить» ('approaching, as she went up to'), expressing the motion accompanying «крикнула». «к её двери» is «к» + dative (motion toward)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ободрите","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cheer up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Ободрите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумеете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прелестно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"прелестно","lemma":"прелестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумеете","gloss":"charmingly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сумеете","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Ободрите","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеете","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"Lise,","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause (introduces the quotation)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подходя","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнула","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери,","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of двери,","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"двери,","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходя","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies привела","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"привела","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of привела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбленного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оскорбленного","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative(animate), perfective","role":"modifies Алексея","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent complement of оскорбленного ('by you')","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привела","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сердится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привела","gloss":"is angry"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привела","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies удивляется","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"удивляется","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with привела","gloss":"is amazed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляется","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c1-s28","source":"— Merci, maman; войдите, Алексей Федорович.","translation":"\"Merci, maman; come in, Alexei Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдите, Алексей Федорович","title":"Prefixed-motion imperative «войдите»","body":"«войдите» is the polite imperative of perfective «войти» (в- 'in' + -йти), 'come in'. The prefix converts the bare motion verb «идти» into an ordinary perfective with a fixed direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Merci","lemma":"merci","morphology":"interjection (French)","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"maman","lemma":"maman","morphology":"proper noun (French)","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"войдите","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c1-s29","source":"Алеша вошел.","translation":"Alyosha went in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша вошел","title":"Perfective «вошёл» moves the scene","body":"«вошёл» (perfective past of «войти») reports a single completed entrance, advancing the narrative by one event — the perfective's storytelling role. The masculine «-ёл» past agrees with Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c1-s30","source":"Lise смотрела как-то сконфуженно и вдруг вся покраснела.","translation":"Lise looked somehow embarrassed and suddenly flushed all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг вся покраснела","title":"Inceptive perfective «покраснела»","body":"«покраснела» (perfective) with «вдруг» captures the sudden onset and completion of the blush — 'suddenly flushed all over'. «вся» ('all of her') agrees with the implied feminine subject, intensifying the flush."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сконфуженно","title":"«сконфуженно» — in confusion","body":"«сконфуженно» (from «сконфузиться», to be abashed) is an adverb of bashful embarrassment, a faintly Latinate, genteel word. It recurs in the chapter («перестал конфузиться», s35), tracking both young people's self-consciousness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то ('somehow'), modifies сконфуженно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-то ('somehow')","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"сконфуженно","lemma":"сконфуженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрела","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"floating quantifier agreeing with Lise, modifies покраснела","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрела","gloss":"flushed"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c1-s31","source":"Она видимо чего-то стыдилась и, как всегда при этом бывает, быстро-быстро заговорила совсем о постороннем, точно этим только посторонним она и интересовалась в эту минуту.","translation":"She was evidently ashamed of something and, as always happens in such cases, began very quickly to talk about something entirely beside the point, as though that irrelevant matter were the only thing that interested her at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего-то стыдилась","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive","body":"«стыдиться» (reflexive «-ся», to be ashamed) governs the genitive of what one is ashamed of: «чего-то» ('of something', specific-but-unnamed with «-то'). The genitive of the cause is built into the verb's case-frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как всегда при этом бывает","title":"Iterative «бывает» — 'as always happens'","body":"«бывает» (imperfective, frequentative of «быть») means 'happens to be the case, tends to happen' — a generalizing aside: 'as always happens in such cases'. It steps out of the scene to state a habitual truth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о постороннем","title":"«постороннее» — irrelevant matters","body":"«постороннее» (used as a noun, 'the extraneous / beside-the-point') names anything outside the real subject. The whole sentence turns on it: she talks «о постороннем» to avoid what truly preoccupies her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стыдилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдилась","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-то ('something'), oblique complement of стыдилась","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чего-то ('something')","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"стыдилась","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"such cases"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговорила","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила (first half of быстро-быстро)","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорила (second half of быстро-быстро)","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"заговорила","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стыдилась","gloss":"began to talk"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постороннем","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постороннем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"постороннем","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорила","gloss":"irrelevant matters"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison (as though)","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посторонним","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"посторонним","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовалась, agrees with этим","gloss":"irrelevant"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of интересовалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying интересовалась ('indeed')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"интересовалась","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the comparison clause","gloss":"was interested"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересовалась","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c1-s32","source":"— Мама мне вдруг передала сейчас, Алексей Федорович, всю историю об этих двухстах рублях и об этом вам поручении… к этому бедному офицеру… и рассказала всю эту ужасную историю, как его обидели, и, знаете, хоть мама рассказывает очень нетолково… она всё перескакивает… но я слушала и плакала.","translation":"\"Mama has just suddenly told me, Alexei Fyodorovich, the whole story of those two hundred roubles and of this errand of yours… to that poor officer… and she told me the whole dreadful story of how he was insulted, and, you know, although mama tells it very incoherently… she keeps jumping about… still, I listened and I cried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этих двухстах рублях","title":"Declined numeral «двухстах»","body":"«двухстах рублях» shows the compound numeral «двести» (200) declined in the prepositional after «об» — both the numeral («двухстах») and the noun («рублях») take the case. Russian numerals decline through the cases when a preposition governs the whole phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как его обидели","title":"Agentless plural «обидели»","body":"«как его обидели» — 'how he was insulted', with the impersonal third-person plural standing for the passive (no named agent). «его» is the animate accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нетолково","title":"«нетолково» — incoherently","body":"«нетолково» (от «толковый», sensible/clear) means 'unclearly, incoherently'; «перескакивает» ('keeps jumping about') completes Liza's gentle dig at her mother's scattered storytelling — a self-aware joke embedded in the prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of передала","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передала","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"передала","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передала","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двухстах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of двухстах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"двухстах","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, locative, plural","role":"modifies рублях","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублях","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of об","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поручении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies поручении ('errand to you')","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"поручении","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рублях (object of об)","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицеру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бедному","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицеру","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поручении (errand concerning the officer)","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with передала","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасную","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обидели","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of историю (explains the story)","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with рассказала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with рассказывает","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывает","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"рассказывает","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетолково","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нетолково","lemma":"нетолково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывает","gloss":"confusedly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перескакивает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескакивает ('constantly')","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"перескакивает","lemma":"перескакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"jumps around"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слушала","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушала","gloss":"cried"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c1-s33","source":"Что же, как же, отдали вы эти деньги, и как же теперь этот несчастный?..","translation":"Well, what came of it, did you give him the money, and how is that unfortunate man now?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же, как же","title":"Insistent particle «же» in questions","body":"«Что же, как же» — 'well, what then? how, then?': the particle «же» presses and urges the question along, conveying eager impatience. It adds insistence English can only render with stress or 'then/on earth'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдали вы эти деньги","title":"«деньги» — pluralia tantum object","body":"«деньги» (money) exists only in the plural; «эти деньги» is its accusative plural object of «отдали» ('did you give over the money'). The perfective «отдать» asks specifically about the completed handing-over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдали (как же ~ 'well then')","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отдали","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отдали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative predicate, modifies несчастный","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate как)","gloss":"unfortunate man"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c1-s34","source":"— То-то и есть, что не отдал, и тут целая история, — ответил Алеша, с своей стороны как бы именно более всего озабоченный тем, что деньги не отдал, а между тем Lise отлично заметила, что и он смотрит в сторону и тоже видимо старается говорить о постороннем.","translation":"\"That's just it, I did not give it to him, and there is a whole story behind it,\"—answered Alyosha, as though, for his part, he were most of all troubled precisely by his not having given over the money, while Lise noticed perfectly well that he too was looking aside and was likewise evidently trying to talk about something beside the point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То-то и есть, что не отдал","title":"Idiom «то-то и есть» with «-то»","body":"«То-то и есть, что…» is a fixed colloquial frame — 'that's just the point, that…' — built on the emphatic clitic «-то» doubled. It concedes and underscores at once: 'that's exactly it — I did not give it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы именно более всего озабоченный","title":"«как бы» hedging + comparative «более всего»","body":"«как бы» softens to 'as if, as it were'; «более всего» is the comparative «более» used superlatively ('most of all'). «озабоченный» is a past passive participle in the nominative, predicating his troubled state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с своей стороны","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» in «с своей стороны»","body":"«с своей стороны» ('for his part') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause's subject, Alyosha. The older «с своей» (rather than modern «со своей») is a 19th-century orthographic touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то-то и есть ('that's just it')","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of то-то и есть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in то-то и есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula completing то-то и есть ('that's just it')","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of то-то и есть","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies история,","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история,","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"история,","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (тут целая история = 'there is a whole story here')","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"idiom с своей стороны ('for his part'), modifies озабоченный","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of как бы ('as if')","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабоченный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of более (более всего = 'most of all')","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"озабоченный","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing Алеша","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of озабоченный ('by the fact')","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of между тем ('meanwhile')","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of между тем ('meanwhile')","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдал (main clause)","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle ('too'), modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметила","gloss":"was looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит (в сторону = 'aside')","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видимо","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старается","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"старается","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"was trying"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of старается","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постороннем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"постороннем","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"irrelevant matters"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c1-s35","source":"Алеша присел к столу и стал рассказывать, но с первых же слов он совершенно перестал конфузиться и увлек, в свою очередь, Lise.","translation":"Alyosha sat down at the table and began to tell the tale, but from his very first words he completely stopped being embarrassed and in his turn carried Lise away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присел к столу и стал рассказывать","title":"Perfective onset «стал рассказывать»","body":"A perfective chain: «присел» (sat down) then «стал рассказывать», where «стать» + imperfective infinitive marks the beginning of the telling. «к столу» is «к» + dative for sitting up to the table."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увлек, в свою очередь, Lise","title":"«увлечь» + accusative — carried her away","body":"«увлёк» (perfective of «увлечь», to carry away/captivate) takes the accusative «Lise»; the parenthetical «в свою очередь» means 'in his turn'. The mutual carrying-away (he had stopped being shy, now she is enthralled) is the sentence's quiet pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"присел","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with присел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to tell the story"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первых (emphatic)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with присел","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"конфузиться","lemma":"конфузиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"being embarrassed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увлек","lemma":"увлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with присел","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в, forming the idiom в свою очередь ('in turn'), modifies увлек","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of увлек","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c1-s36","source":"Он говорил под влиянием сильного чувства и недавнего чрезвычайного впечатления, и рассказать ему удалось хорошо и обстоятельно.","translation":"He spoke under the sway of a strong feeling and of a recent, extraordinary impression, and he managed to tell it well and in full detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под влиянием сильного чувства","title":"Genitive chain after «под влиянием»","body":"«под влиянием … чувства … впечатления» strings genitives of the thing whose influence acts on him. «под влиянием» ('under the influence of') is itself an instrumental phrase governing a following genitive — a layered, bookish construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказать ему удалось","title":"Dative-subject «ему удалось»","body":"«удалось» is impersonal: the person who succeeds stands in the dative («ему»), with an infinitive complement — «рассказать ему удалось» = 'he managed to tell'. There is no nominative subject; success 'befalls' him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обстоятельно","title":"«обстоятельно» — thoroughly, in full detail","body":"«обстоятельно» (from «обстоятельство», circumstance) means 'circumstantially, in full and orderly detail'. It praises Alyosha's telling as the methodical opposite of Madame Hohlakova's «нетолково»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking влиянием","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"влиянием","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the sway"},{"surface":"сильного","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"of a strong"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влиянием","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недавнего","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"of a recent"},{"surface":"чрезвычайного","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject infinitive of удалось","gloss":"to tell it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of удалось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обстоятельно","lemma":"обстоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"in full detail"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c1-s37","source":"Он и прежде, еще в Москве, еще в детстве Lise, любил приходить к ней и рассказывать то из случившегося с ним сейчас, то из прочитанного, то вспоминать из прожитого им детства.","translation":"Even earlier, back in Moscow, when Lise was still a child, he had liked to come to her and tell her either of what had just happened to him, or of what he had read, or to recall things from the childhood he had lived through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил приходить к ней и рассказывать","title":"Imperfective infinitives for habit","body":"«любил» + the imperfective infinitives «приходить» and «рассказывать» expresses a settled habit ('he liked to come and tell'). «приходить» is the imperfective prefixed motion verb (round trips, repeated visits), apt for recurring calls."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то из случившегося... то из прочитанного... то вспоминать","title":"Correlative «то… то…» and substantivized participles","body":"«то… то…» means 'now this, now that', listing alternatives. «случившегося» and «прочитанного» are past participles used as nouns in the genitive after «из» ('of what had happened', 'of what he had read') — a compact, literary nominalization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Москве","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детстве","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies детстве","gloss":"of Lise"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had liked"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходить","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative with следующее то","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случившегося","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"случившегося","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"what had happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случившегося","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случившегося","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative with предыдущее то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочитанного","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прочитанного","lemma":"прочитанный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"what he had read"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative introducing вспоминать","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассказывать","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прожитого","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies детства","gloss":"lived through"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of прожитого","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминать","gloss":"childhood"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c1-s38","source":"Иногда даже оба мечтали вместе и сочиняли целые повести вдвоем, но большею частью веселые и смешные.","translation":"Sometimes the two of them even dreamed together and made up whole tales between them, but for the most part cheerful, funny ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"большею частью","title":"Archaic instrumental «большею частью»","body":"«большею частью» ('for the most part') is a fixed adverbial instrumental, preserving the older bookish ending «-ею» where modern Russian writes «большей». Such frozen instrumentals of manner are common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сочиняли целые повести","title":"«повесть» — a tale/novella","body":"«повесть» is a literary 'tale' or short novel (Dostoevsky's own term for many of his works). That the children would «сочинять целые повести» — make up whole stories together — quietly mirrors the novelist's own art."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтали","gloss":"Sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оба","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of мечтали","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"мечтали","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтали","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сочиняли","lemma":"сочинять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мечтали","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies повести","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"повести","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сочиняли","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"вдвоем","lemma":"вдвоём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочиняли","gloss":"between them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies частью","gloss":"for the most"},{"surface":"частью","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of веселые","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"веселые","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies повести","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смешные","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with веселые","gloss":"funny ones"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c1-s39","source":"Теперь они оба как бы вдруг перенеслись в прежнее московское время, года два назад.","translation":"Now it was as though they had both suddenly been carried back to the old Moscow days, a couple of years ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг перенеслись","title":"Reflexive «перенестись» — were carried back","body":"«перенеслись» is the reflexive/middle of «перенести» ('to transport'): «перенестись» means to be carried over, here back into the past. «как бы» hedges it to 'as though', and «вдруг' makes it sudden."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в прежнее московское время","title":"«прежнее» — former, of old","body":"«прежний» means 'former, earlier, of old' — «прежнее московское время» is 'the old Moscow days'. The adjective gently colours the memory with nostalgia, reinforced by «года два назад» ('a couple of years ago')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенеслись","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of перенеслись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перенеслись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перенеслись","lemma":"перенестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been carried back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"московское","lemma":"московский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенеслись","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase года два назад","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies года","gloss":"a couple of"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c1-s40","source":"Lise была чрезвычайно растрогана его рассказом.","translation":"Lise was extraordinarily moved by his story.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была чрезвычайно растрогана его рассказом","title":"Short participle «растрогана» + instrumental cause","body":"«растрогана» is the feminine short past passive participle ('moved, touched'), predicating Liza's state, with the cause «его рассказом» in the instrumental — the instrumental of the agent/means in a passive. «чрезвычайно» ('extraordinarily') is a favourite Hohlakova-register intensifier echoing through the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive растрогана","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of растрогана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растрогана","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"растрогана","lemma":"растрогать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of рассказом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рассказом","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of растрогана","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c1-s41","source":"Алеша с горячим чувством сумел нарисовать перед ней образ «Илюшечки».","translation":"With ardent feeling Alyosha managed to draw before her the image of \"little Ilyusha.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумел нарисовать перед ней образ","title":"«суметь» + perfective infinitive","body":"«сумел нарисовать» — 'managed to draw/depict': «суметь» (to manage/be able) with a perfective infinitive, both perfective, reporting a completed feat of vivid telling. «нарисовать образ» is metaphorical, 'to paint a picture/image'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечки","title":"«Илюшечка» — little Ilyusha","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly tender diminutive of «Илья/Илюша» (the boy Ilyusha Snegiryov), with the affectionate «-ечк-» suffix; the quotation marks frame it as Alyosha's own pitying word. The pathos of the whole Snegiryov episode is folded into that one caressing name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячим","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сумел","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"нарисовать","lemma":"нарисовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to draw"},{"surface":"перед","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарисовать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нарисовать","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"of little Ilyusha","note":"\"Илюшечка\" is an affectionate diminutive of Ilyusha; grammatically genitive here even though ending looks feminine."}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c1-s42","source":"Когда же кончил во всей подробности сцену о том, как тот несчастный человек топтал деньги, то Lise всплеснула руками и вскричала в неудержимом чувстве:","translation":"And when he had finished, in every particular, the scene of how that unfortunate man had trampled the money, Lise clasped her hands and cried out in an irrepressible feeling:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же кончил во всей подробности сцену","title":"«когда же» + perfective sequence","body":"«Когда же кончил…, то Lise всплеснула…» frames a 'when X, then Y' sequence with perfective verbs marking two completed events. The «же» here lends a narrative 'and when at last…'; «то» picks up the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот несчастный человек топтал деньги","title":"Imperfective «топтал» for the dwelt-on action","body":"«топтал» (imperfective past) renders the trampling as a drawn-out, dwelt-on process within the recounted scene, against the perfectives that frame it. «тот несчастный человек» — 'that unfortunate man' — uses the distal demonstrative «тот» to point back to the known figure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснула руками","title":"«всплеснуть руками» — to throw up one's hands","body":"«всплеснуть руками» is the vivid gesture of clasping/throwing up the hands in astonishment or dismay — a stock expressive movement. «в неудержимом чувстве» ('in irrepressible feeling') marks Liza's impulsive warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on всплеснула","gloss":"he had finished"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сцену","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of топтал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of топтал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"топтал","lemma":"топтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had trampled"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of топтал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle before всплеснула","gloss":"[then]"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of всплеснула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"всплеснула","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of всплеснула","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with всплеснула","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неудержимом","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувстве","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"чувстве","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричала","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c1-s43","source":"— Так вы не отдали денег, так вы так и дали ему убежать!","translation":"\"So you did not give him the money, so you simply let him run off!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так вы так и дали ему убежать","title":"«так и» — 'simply went and…'","body":"«так и дали ему убежать» — 'you simply let him run off (just like that)'. The «так и» before a verb conveys that the action happened plainly/unchecked. «дали убежать» is 'let/allowed to run away', with the dative «ему» as the one allowed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убежать","title":"Prefixed-motion perfective «убежать»","body":"«убежать» (у- 'away' + «бежать», to run) is a perfective verb of motion meaning 'to run off, escape'. The directional prefix у- both fixes the direction and makes the verb perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдали","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отдали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдали","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"отдали","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of отдали","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отдали","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убежать","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"run off"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c1-s44","source":"Боже мой, да вы хоть бы побежали за ним сами и догнали его…","translation":"Good heavens, you might at least have run after him yourself and caught up with him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да вы хоть бы побежали за ним сами","title":"«хоть бы» + past form — reproachful irrealis","body":"«хоть бы побежали» uses the irrealis particle «бы» on a past-form verb to reproach a thing not done: 'you might at least have run after him'. «хоть бы» means 'if only / at least', and «бы» is the engine of the unreal mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежали за ним... и догнали его","title":"«за» + instrumental (pursuit) vs accusative object","body":"«побежали за ним» — 'ran after him', «за» + instrumental for pursuit; then «догнали его» with the animate accusative for the one overtaken. The pair «побежать / догнать» are perfectives of motion staging the imagined chase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"God","note":"Fixed exclamation \"Боже мой\" = \"Good heavens/my God.\""},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of побежали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have run"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"догнали","lemma":"догнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежали","gloss":"caught up with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of догнали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c1-s45","source":"— Нет, Lise, этак лучше, что я не побежал, — сказал Алеша, встал со стула и озабоченно прошелся по комнате.","translation":"\"No, Lise, it is better that I did not run after him,\"—said Alyosha, rising from his chair and pacing the room anxiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этак лучше, что я не побежал","title":"Comparative «лучше» as predicate","body":"«лучше» is the invariable comparative of «хороший/хорошо» (suppletive — 'better'), used predicatively in the impersonal frame 'it's better that I didn't run'. «этак» is a colloquial 'this way, so'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал со стула и озабоченно прошелся по комнате","title":"Perfective verbs of stage-action","body":"«встал» (rose) and «прошёлся» (paced, made a turn about) are perfectives staging Alyosha's movement. «прошёлся» is the reflexive «-ся» form giving 'took a turn / paced'; «по комнате» is «по» + dative ('about the room')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is better"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"побежал,","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of лучше","gloss":"run,"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошелся","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"прошелся","lemma":"пройтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошелся","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c1-s46","source":"— Как лучше, чем лучше?","translation":"\"How is it better, why better?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как лучше, чем лучше?","title":"Instrumental «чем» of the measure","body":"«чем лучше?» — 'better by what? in what way better?': «чем» is the instrumental of «что», here asking the respect or measure. The clipped echo of «лучше» catches Liza's quick, challenging retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"is it better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies second лучше","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c1-s47","source":"Теперь они без хлеба и погибнут!","translation":"Now they will be without bread and will perish!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь они без хлеба и погибнут","title":"«без» + genitive; perfective future «погибнут»","body":"«без хлеба» ('without bread') is «без» + genitive. «погибнут» is a perfective simple future ('will perish') — the perfective conjugated like a present yields future meaning, here a dire prediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погибнут","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погибнут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлеба","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибнут","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погибнут","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will perish"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c1-s48","source":"— Не погибнут, потому что эти двести рублей их все-таки не минуют.","translation":"\"They will not perish, because those two hundred roubles will not pass them by all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти двести рублей их все-таки не минуют","title":"«минуть» + accusative — 'will not pass them by'","body":"«не минуют» is a perfective future ('will not pass by, will not escape'); the two hundred roubles are the subject and «их» the accusative object — 'the money will not miss them'. «все-таки» = 'all the same, after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибнут","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"погибнут","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perish"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of минуют","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of минуют","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"минуют","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on погибнут","gloss":"pass by"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c1-s49","source":"Он всё равно возьмет их завтра.","translation":"He will take them tomorrow regardless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он всё равно возьмет их завтра","title":"Perfective future «возьмёт»","body":"«возьмёт» (perfective future of «взять») predicts a single completed act — 'he will take them'. «всё равно» means 'all the same, regardless'; the perfective conveys Alyosha's confident certainty about tomorrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"regardless"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё равно","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c1-s50","source":"Завтра-то уж наверно возьмет, — проговорил Алеша, шагая в раздумье. — Видите ли, Lise, — продолжал он, вдруг остановясь пред ней, — я сам тут сделал одну ошибку, но и ошибка-то вышла к лучшему.","translation":"Tomorrow he will certainly take them,\"—pronounced Alyosha, striding along in thought.—\"You see, Lise,\"—he went on, suddenly stopping before her,—\"I myself made a mistake here, but even the mistake turned out for the best.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра-то уж наверно возьмет","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «уж»","body":"«Завтра-то уж наверно» piles the topic-emphatic clitic «-то» on «завтра» with the insistent particle «уж» ('to be sure') — 'tomorrow, now, he'll certainly take them'. The particles convey settled conviction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг остановясь пред ней","title":"Perfective gerund «остановясь»","body":"«остановясь» is a perfective past gerund ('having stopped, stopping suddenly') of «остановиться», naming the prior/coincident action to «продолжал». The «-ясь» form (beside «остановившись») is the more bookish, period variant; «пред» is the archaic «перед»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ошибка-то вышла к лучшему","title":"Idiom «выйти к лучшему» — to turn out for the best","body":"«вышла к лучшему» ('turned out for the best') uses perfective «выйти» idiomatically for how a thing ends up; «к лучшему» = «к» + dative of the comparative «лучшее». The «-то» on «ошибка» again marks the topic with a faint stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Завтра","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"возьмет,","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will take,"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"шагая","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"striding along"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздумье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздумье.","lemma":"раздумье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагая","gloss":"thought."},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"Lise,","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise,"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановясь","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"stopping"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановясь","gloss":"her,"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ошибку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ошибку","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибка","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ошибка","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"the mistake"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to ошибка","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c1-s51","source":"— Какая ошибка и почему к лучшему?","translation":"\"What mistake, and why for the best?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая ошибка и почему к лучшему?","title":"Interrogative «какой» agreeing as feminine","body":"«Какая ошибка?» — 'what mistake?': the interrogative «какой» (which/what kind) agrees like an adjective with the feminine «ошибка». Liza's two-part question presses both for the fact and the reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ошибка","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ошибка","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучшему","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ошибка","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c1-s52","source":"— А вот почему, это человек трусливый и слабый характером.","translation":"\"Here is why: he is a timid man and weak in character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это человек трусливый и слабый характером","title":"Instrumental of respect «слабый характером»","body":"«слабый характером» — 'weak in character': the instrumental «характером» specifies in what respect he is weak (instrumental of limitation/respect). The zero-copula 'this is a … man' frames the whole characterization."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"[And]"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copular particle before человек","gloss":"[he is]"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"трусливый","lemma":"трусливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with трусливый","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слабый","gloss":"in character"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c1-s53","source":"Он такой измученный и очень добрый.","translation":"He is so worn out, and very kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"измученный","title":"«измученный» — worn out, tormented","body":"«измученный» is the past passive participle of «измучить» (to wear out, torment utterly), used adjectivally: 'so worn out, harrowed'. The prefix из- gives the sense of being exhausted to the very limit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of измученный","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of измученный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"измученный","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добрый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with измученный","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c1-s54","source":"Я вот теперь всё думаю: чем это он так вдруг обиделся и деньги растоптал, потому что, уверяю вас, он до самого последнего мгновения не знал, что растопчет их.","translation":"I keep thinking now: what was it that made him take offense so suddenly and trample the money, because, I assure you, up to the very last instant he himself did not know that he would trample it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем это он так вдруг обиделся","title":"Instrumental «чем» — cause of taking offense","body":"«обидеться» ('to take offense', reflexive «-ся») governs «чем» — the instrumental of «что» — for the thing one is offended by: 'at what did he so suddenly take offense'. «это» here is an emphatic particle, not a pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал, что растопчет их","title":"Perfective future in reported thought «растопчет»","body":"Within «не знал, что растопчет их», the perfective future «растопчет» ('that he would trample them') reports a future-relative-to-past event. The «что» is the reporting conjunction 'that', set off by a comma."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of обиделся","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in чем это","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обиделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиделся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of растоптал","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"растоптал","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обиделся","gloss":"trample"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обиделся","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of растопчет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"растопчет","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"he would trample"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of растопчет","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c1-s55","source":"И вот мне кажется, что он многим тут обиделся… да и не могло быть иначе в его положении…","translation":"And it seems to me that he took offense at a great many things here… and it could not have been otherwise, given his position…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне кажется, что он многим тут обиделся","title":"Dative-subject «мне кажется» + instrumental «многим»","body":"«мне кажется» is the dative-experiencer impersonal ('it seems to me'). «обиделся многим» again pairs «обидеться» with an instrumental of cause — «многим» ('by many things'), the instrumental of «многое»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могло быть иначе в его положении","title":"Impersonal «не могло быть иначе»","body":"«не могло быть иначе» ('it could not have been otherwise') is a subjectless modal with neuter «могло»; «в его положении» ('given his position') sets the circumstance. A compact way to state inevitability without a subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of кажется","gloss":"it seems to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обиделся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обиделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of обиделся","gloss":"at a great many things"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиделся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"[intensifier]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to иначе","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of иначе","gloss":"position"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c1-s56","source":"Во-первых, он уж тем обиделся, что слишком при мне деньгам обрадовался и предо мною этого не скрыл.","translation":"In the first place, he took offense at the very fact that he had rejoiced too much over the money in front of me and had not hidden it from me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он уж тем обиделся, что","title":"Instrumental «тем» anticipating a «что»-clause","body":"«тем… что…» is a correlative: «тем» (instrumental of «то») is the cause of «обиделся», spelled out by the following «что»-clause — 'he took offense at the very fact that…'. A classic Russian way to embed a clausal cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком при мне деньгам обрадовался","title":"«обрадоваться» + dative «деньгам»","body":"«обрадоваться» ('to be gladdened by') governs the dative of what delights one: «деньгам» ('at the money'). «при мне» is «при» + prepositional, 'in my presence'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиделся","gloss":"in the first place","note":"«Во-первых» is one idiomatic adverb tokenized in two halves; its meaning belongs to the whole."},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb, second half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase Во","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обиделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of the что-clause, complement of обиделся","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрадовался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрадовался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деньгам","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обрадовался","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обиделся","gloss":"he rejoiced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыл","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрыл (genitive of negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрыл","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадовался","gloss":"hidden"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c1-s57","source":"Если б обрадовался, да не очень, не показал этого, фасоны бы стал делать, как другие, принимая деньги, кривляться, ну тогда бы еще мог снести и принять, а то он уж слишком правдиво обрадовался, а это-то и обидно.","translation":"Had he rejoiced, but not too much, had he not shown it, had he put on airs as others do when they take money, made a show of reluctance, then he might still have endured it and accepted, but as it was he rejoiced too truthfully, and that is just what is humiliating.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б обрадовался, да не очень, ... тогда бы еще мог снести","title":"Counterfactual «если б… тогда бы…»","body":"A full unreal conditional: «если б … тогда бы … мог снести» — 'had he rejoiced … then he might still have endured it'. Both halves use past-form verbs with the particle «бы/б» («б» being the reduced enclitic), the apodosis carrying «бы» on «тогда»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фасоны бы стал делать","title":"«делать фасоны» — to put on airs","body":"«фасоны делать» (от «фасон», a cut/style, fashion) is a colloquial idiom 'to put on airs, make a show'. Paired with «кривляться» ('to grimace, posture'), it pictures the affected reluctance others fake when taking money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а это-то и обидно","title":"Dative-less impersonal «обидно» with «-то и»","body":"«обидно» is an impersonal predicate adverb ('it is galling/humiliating'); «это-то и обидно» = 'and that is just what is humiliating', with «-то и» singling out the precise point. Such «-о» predicatives are the backbone of Russian's feeling-statements."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to показал (hypothetical list)","gloss":"he'd rejoiced"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обрадовался","gloss":"shown it"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"фасоны","lemma":"фасон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"airs"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показал","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on делать","gloss":"while taking"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принимая","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"кривляться","lemma":"кривляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делать","gloss":"made a show of it"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bear it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with снести","gloss":"accept it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom а то","role":"part of the phrase а","gloss":"instead","note":"«а то» is a fixed idiom meaning \"but as it is / instead\"; то is not a subordinating conjunction here."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрадовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правдиво","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"правдиво","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"honestly"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а то clause","gloss":"he rejoiced"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"offensive"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c1-s58","source":"Ах, Lise, он правдивый и добрый человек, вот в этом-то и вся беда в этих случаях!","translation":"Ah, Lise, he is a truthful and kind man, and that is precisely the whole trouble in cases like this!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот в этом-то и вся беда","title":"Cleft emphasis «вот в этом-то и…»","body":"«вот в этом-то и вся беда» — 'and that is precisely the whole trouble': «вот … и» frames an emphatic cleft, «-то» pinning the locus («в этом», prepositional after «в»). The piled particles drive home Alyosha's insight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беда","title":"«беда» — trouble, calamity","body":"«беда» is misfortune, calamity, 'the trouble of it' — a weighty, almost fated word in Russian, heavier than English 'trouble'. Here it names the paradox that the man's very truthfulness is what undoes him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"правдивый","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"truthful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with правдивый","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, correlates with беда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беда","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"cases"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c1-s59","source":"У него всё время, пока он тогда говорил, голос был такой слабый, ослабленный, и говорил он так скоро-скоро, всё как-то хихикал таким смешком, или уже плакал… право, он плакал, до того он был в восхищении… и про дочерей своих говорил… и про место, что ему в другом городе дадут…","translation":"The whole time he was talking, his voice was so weak, so feeble, and he spoke so very fast, kept somehow giggling with a sort of little laugh, or else was already weeping… honestly, he was weeping, he was in such rapture… and he spoke of his daughters… and of the post he would be given in another town…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос был такой слабый, ослабленный","title":"Imperfective «был» for the sustained state","body":"The whole sentence stays in the imperfective past («был», «говорил», «хихикал», «плакал») to hold a continuous, lingering picture of the captain's faltering manner. The participle «ослабленный» ('weakened') intensifies «слабый»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хихикал таким смешком","title":"«хихикать», «смешок» — nervous tittering","body":"«хихикать» is to titter/giggle nervously, and «смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» (laugh) — 'a little laugh'. The instrumental «таким смешком» ('with such a little laugh') and the suffix together convey a pitiful, embarrassed giggle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ему в другом городе дадут","title":"Impersonal plural «дадут» (future)","body":"«дадут» is the perfective future, impersonal third-person plural — 'that they would give him' = 'that he would be given' a post. «ему» is the dative recipient; the agentless plural is Russian's everyday passive substitute."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor, modifies голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial of duration, modifies говорил","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying время","gloss":"was talking"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слабый","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слабый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слабый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"слабый","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of голос","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"ослабленный","lemma":"ослабленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слабый","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"he talked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро (reduplication)","gloss":"very fast"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, first half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase (with то)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, second half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"хихикал","lemma":"хихикать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"giggled"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешком","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хихикал","gloss":"little laugh"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хихикал","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies плакал (below)","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the emphatic restatement","gloss":"he wept"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of extent, modifies был","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восхищении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерей","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"дочерей","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил (below)","gloss":"his daughters"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дочерей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил (elided)","gloss":"the post"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дадут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дадут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дадут","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying место","gloss":"would be given"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c1-s60","source":"И чуть только излил душу, вот вдруг ему и стыдно стало за то, что он так всю душу мне показал.","translation":"And the moment he had poured out his soul, suddenly he felt ashamed of having shown me his whole soul like that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть только излил душу, вот вдруг ему и стыдно стало","title":"«чуть только» + dative-subject «ему стыдно стало»","body":"«чуть только излил» ('the moment he had poured out') marks the instant of completion; the main clause is the dative-experiencer «ему стыдно стало» — 'he felt ashamed', with «стало» making the shame come on suddenly. No nominative subject: the feeling befalls him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"излил душу","title":"«излить душу» — to pour out one's soul","body":"«излить душу» ('to pour out the soul') is the heightened idiom of unburdening one's whole inner self — echoed in «всю душу мне показал». This baring of the soul, and the shame that instantly follows it, is the very heart of the Dostoevskian psychology Alyosha is diagnosing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть только","morphology":"adverb, first half of the phrase","role":"modifies излил","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"чуть только","morphology":"particle, second half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase чуть","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"излил","lemma":"излить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of излил","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate complement of стало","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with излил","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had shown"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c1-s61","source":"Вот он меня сейчас и возненавидел.","translation":"And so at once he came to hate me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот он меня сейчас и возненавидел","title":"Narrative «вот… и» framing","body":"The frame «вот… и» (\"and so, just like that…\") presents an outcome as the natural, almost inevitable upshot of what preceded; the particle «и» here is not \"and\" but an emphatic \"precisely then.\" Spoken Alyosha leans on these particles to dramatize a turn of events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возненавидел","title":"«возненавидеть» — to come to hate","body":"The prefix «воз-» on «ненавидеть» (to hate) marks the perfective onset: not \"hated\" as a state but \"conceived a hatred,\" the very moment hatred set in. «сейчас» here is old-fashioned for \"at once, straightaway,\" not \"right now.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to hate"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c1-s62","source":"А он из ужасно стыдливых бедных.","translation":"And he is one of those terribly bashful poor people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из ужасно стыдливых бедных","title":"Partitive «из» + genitive plural","body":"«из» (\"out of, from among\") governs the genitive and frames a person as one member drawn from a class: \"one of those bashful poor folk.\" The adjectives «стыдливых… бедных» stand substantivized in the genitive plural — «бедных» works as a noun, \"the poor.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стыдливых","title":"«стыдливый» — bashful, easily shamed","body":"«стыдливый» (from «стыд», shame) is the quality of being quick to feel shame or embarrassment — touchier than English \"shy.\" It keys the whole psychology of the wounded captain Snegiryov: a pride built on the fear of humiliation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бедных","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедных","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдливых","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"стыдливых","lemma":"стыдливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бедных","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"predicate complement (via из) of он","gloss":"poor people"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c1-s63","source":"Главное же, обиделся тем, что слишком скоро меня за своего друга принял и скоро мне сдался; то бросался на меня, пугал, а тут вдруг, только что увидел деньги, и стал меня обнимать.","translation":"But the chief thing is, he took offense at having accepted me as his friend too quickly and given in to me too quickly; at first he threw himself at me, frightened me, and then suddenly, the moment he saw the money, he began to embrace me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обиделся тем, что","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental «тем»","body":"«обидеться» (to take offense) is a reflexive verb whose cause is expressed by the instrumental «тем, что…» — literally \"was offended by the fact that.\" The «-ся» turns transitive «обидеть» (to offend someone) into an inward state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за своего друга принял","title":"«принять за» + accusative — to take as","body":"«принять кого за кого» means \"to accept/take someone as\" — here \"accepted me as his friend.\" «своего друга» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» because the friend belongs to the clause's own subject (he)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то бросался на меня… а тут вдруг… и стал","title":"Imperfective vs perfective in narration","body":"The imperfective «бросался… пугал» paints repeated, ongoing behavior (\"kept throwing himself, kept frightening\"), against which the perfectives «увидел… стал» mark the single decisive turns. This is aspect doing the work of an English contrast between \"used to\" and \"suddenly did.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, parenthetical","role":"modifies обиделся, parenthetical","gloss":"mainly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Главное","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he took offense"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate complement of обиделся","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друга","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдался","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сдался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сдался","lemma":"сдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"gave in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросался","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"бросался","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обиделся (new clause)","gloss":"he'd throw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пугал","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросался","gloss":"frighten me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle, first half of the phrase","role":"introduces the clause of увидел","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, second half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying стал","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнимать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обнимать","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to embrace"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c1-s64","source":"Потому что он меня обнимал, всё руками трогал.","translation":"For he kept embracing me, kept touching me with his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё руками трогал","title":"Iterative imperfective + instrumental of means","body":"The imperfective past «трогал» with «всё» (\"keeps on, all the while\") reads as repeated, insistent action. «руками» is the instrumental of means — \"with his hands\" — the case that names the instrument of an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, first half of the phrase","role":"introduces the clause of обнимал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, second half of the phrase","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обнимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнимал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обнимал","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трогал","gloss":"kept embracing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трогал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of трогал","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"трогал","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touching me"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c1-s65","source":"Это именно вот в таком виде он должен был всё это унижение почувствовать, а тут как раз я эту ошибку сделал, очень важную: я вдруг и скажи ему, что если денег у него недостанет на переезд в другой город, то ему еще дадут, и даже я сам ему дам из моих денег сколько угодно.","translation":"It was precisely in such a frame of mind that he was bound to feel the whole of this humiliation, and just then I happened to make a mistake, a very serious one: I suddenly up and told him that if he had not enough money for the move to another town, he would be given more, and that I myself would even give him as much as he liked out of my own money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был всё это унижение почувствовать","title":"«должен был» + perfective infinitive — bound to","body":"«должен был» here is not obligation but necessity/inevitability: \"was bound to feel.\" It pairs with the perfective infinitive «почувствовать», viewing the feeling as a single accomplished event he could not escape."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вдруг и скажи ему","title":"The \"dramatic imperative\" «скажи»","body":"«скажи» looks like a command but is the colloquial narrative imperative: a past-tense form using the imperative ending to convey a sudden, unexpected action — \"and I suddenly up and told him.\" The added «и» and «вдруг» heighten the abruptness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если денег у него недостанет","title":"Genitive of negation with «недостанет»","body":"«недостанет» (\"there will not be enough\") is impersonal, and the thing in short supply, «денег», stands in the genitive — the genitive of a negated/absent quantity, paralleling «нет денег.»"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то ему еще дадут","title":"Indefinite-personal «дадут»","body":"Third-person plural «дадут» with no subject is the indefinite-personal construction — \"they'll give him more\" = \"he'll be given more.\" «ему» is the dative recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"state of mind"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (with был)","gloss":"was bound"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"унижение","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовать","gloss":"this humiliation"},{"surface":"почувствовать","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен был","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb, first half of the phrase","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"noun, second half of the phrase, fixed","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ошибку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ошибку","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"mistake"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важную","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ошибку (in apposition)","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажи","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies скажи","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past narrative (colloquial imperative form used for vivid past), perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"blurted out","note":"«и скажи» uses the imperative form colloquially for a sudden past action — a common vivid-narrative device, not a real command."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of недостанет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостанет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"недостанет","lemma":"недостать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"isn't enough"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переезд","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"переезд","lemma":"переезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостанет","gloss":"the move"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переезд","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, marks the apodosis","role":"introduces the clause of дадут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дадут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"would be given"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дадут","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of дам","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сколько","gloss":"he liked"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c1-s66","source":"Вот это вдруг его и поразило: зачем, дескать, и я выскочил ему помогать?","translation":"That is what suddenly struck him: why, he thought, must I too leap forward to help him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот это вдруг его и поразило","title":"Topic-comment fronting with «вот это»","body":"«Вот это» fronts the topic (\"this — precisely this\") before the verb «поразило», a topic-comment order that case-marking makes possible: «это» is here the subject and «его» the accusative object, sorted out by form, not position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative \"he says/thinks\"","body":"«дескать» is a quotative particle flagging that the following words report someone else's thought or speech, often with a shade of irony — here Alyosha voices Snegiryov's inner objection. Like «мол» and «де», it has no clean English equivalent; we render it \"he thought.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reported thought","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, marks reported speech","role":"parenthetical, marks free indirect speech","gloss":"he thought","note":"«дескать» is a reported-speech particle (\"so he thought/said\"), not a verb."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"had leapt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выскочил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"помогать","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of выскочил","gloss":"to help"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c1-s67","source":"Знаете, Lise, это ужасно как тяжело для обиженного человека, когда все на него станут смотреть его благодетелями… я это слышал, мне это старец говорил.","translation":"You know, Lise, it is dreadfully hard for an injured man when everyone begins to look upon him as his benefactors… I have heard this, the elder told me so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ужасно как тяжело для обиженного человека","title":"Impersonal predicate «тяжело»","body":"«тяжело» is an impersonal predicative (\"it is hard\"), with no nominative subject; the affected party is introduced by «для» + genitive. The colloquial «ужасно как» (\"dreadfully so\") intensifies it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотреть… его благодетелями","title":"Instrumental of the predicate role","body":"«смотреть на кого как на…» normally takes «как на», but the instrumental «благодетелями» here frames the role people assume toward him — \"to look upon him as benefactors,\" the instrumental marking an assumed capacity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addresses the listener","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тяжело","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"обиженного","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"an injured"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тяжело","gloss":"will begin"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, invariant possessive","role":"determiner of благодетелями","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благодетелями","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of смотреть","gloss":"benefactors"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"told me"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c1-s68","source":"Я не знаю, как это выразить, но я это часто и сам видел.","translation":"I do not know how to put it, but I have often seen it for myself, too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам видел","title":"Intensive «сам» — myself","body":"«сам» (\"oneself, in person\") intensifies the subject: \"I have often seen it myself.\" Reinforced by «и» it stresses Alyosha's firsthand witness as distinct from what the elder merely told him in the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to put it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"have seen"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c1-s69","source":"Да я ведь и сам точно так же чувствую.","translation":"Why, I feel exactly the same way myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я ведь и сам точно так же чувствую","title":"Particle pile-up «да… ведь… и»","body":"Three particles cluster: «да» opens with a confiding \"why,\"; «ведь» appeals to shared understanding (\"after all, you know\"); «и» with «сам» adds \"I too, myself.\" Such stacking is the very texture of Dostoevsky's spoken voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c1-s70","source":"А главное то, что хоть он и не знал до самого последнего мгновения, что растопчет кредитки, но все-таки это предчувствовал, это уж непременно.","translation":"And the main thing is that, although he did not know up to the very last instant that he would trample the banknotes, still he had a foreboding of it, that is beyond doubt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть он и не знал… но… предчувствовал","title":"Concessive «хоть… но» with «и»","body":"«хоть… но» (\"although… still\") frames a concession; the «и» inside the «хоть»-clause emphasizes the conceded verb («хоть он и не знал» = \"even though he did NOT know\"). The clause uses simple sentential negation, «не знал» (negative concord would require an additional ни-word)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что растопчет кредитки","title":"Perfective future «растопчет»","body":"«растопчет» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning inside the reported clause: \"that he would trample (and finish trampling) the banknotes.\" The «рас-» prefix adds the sense of grinding it utterly underfoot."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (used substantively)","role":"topic of the sentence","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal anticipating the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying предчувствовал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies последнего (modifies мгновения)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновения","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of растопчет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"растопчет","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of знал)","gloss":"would trample"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of растопчет","gloss":"the banknotes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предчувствовал","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb coordinated with знал (contrastive)","gloss":"had sensed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of непременно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb (used predicatively)","role":"predicate of это (w22)","gloss":"beyond doubt"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c1-s71","source":"Потому-то и восторг у него был такой сильный, что он предчувствовал…","translation":"That is precisely why his ecstasy was so strong, because he had a foreboding of it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому-то и восторг у него был такой сильный","title":"Emphatic «потому-то… и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «потому» (\"that is precisely why\") emphasizes the known cause, and «и» before the predicate underscores the consequence. «у него был» is the Russian \"have\" pattern — possession via «у» + genitive plus «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторг","title":"«восторг» — rapture, ecstasy","body":"«восторг» is a heightened, almost spiritual exaltation, stronger than \"delight.\" Applied to the captain's wild reaction, it carries Dostoevsky's characteristic fusion of self-abasement and ecstatic pride; the same word colors Alyosha's own «упоение» (rapture) below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восторг","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"ecstasy"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был (у него был = he had)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сильный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, agrees with восторг","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of предчувствовал (такой...что construction)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (causal)","gloss":"had a foreboding"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c1-s72","source":"И вот хоть всё это так скверно, но все-таки к лучшему.","translation":"And so, although all this is so wretched, still it is for the best.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть всё это так скверно, но все-таки к лучшему","title":"«к лучшему» — dative of \"for the best\"","body":"«к лучшему» (\"toward the better, for the best\") uses «к» + dative of the comparative «лучшее». The concessive «хоть… но все-таки» again sets the wretchedness against the redemptive outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверно","title":"«скверно» — foul, wretched, nasty","body":"«скверный» originally meant ritually unclean or vile; weakened, it now means \"bad, wretched, rotten.\" Here «скверно» is the moral ugliness of the whole episode, which Alyosha insists is nonetheless \"for the best.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скверно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скверно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скверно","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicative)","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучшему","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучшему","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular (substantive, superlative)","role":"predicate complement, object of к (это к лучшему)","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c1-s73","source":"Я так даже думаю, что к самому лучшему, лучше и быть не могло…","translation":"I even think it is for the very best, that it could not have turned out better…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к самому лучшему","title":"Superlative «самый» + «лучший»","body":"«самый» is the periphrastic superlative marker, declining with its adjective; «к самому лучшему» = \"for the very best.\" Combined with the already-suppletive comparative «лучший» (from «хороший»), it pushes the claim to its extreme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше и быть не могло","title":"«не могло быть» — could not have been","body":"Impersonal «быть не могло» (\"it could not have been\") with comparative «лучше» voices counterfactual certainty: nothing better was possible. The «и» again emphasizes the negated verb, a hallmark of this insistent spoken register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies лучшему","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular (substantive, superlative)","role":"object of к, predicate of implied это","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of быть/могло","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думаю (second clausal complement)","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c1-s74","source":"— Почему, почему лучше и быть не могло? — воскликнула Lise, с большим удивлением смотря на Алешу.","translation":"\"Why, why could it not have turned out better?\"—exclaimed Lise, looking at Alyosha with great astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с большим удивлением смотря на Алешу","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «смотреть» — \"(while) looking,\" an attendant circumstance simultaneous with «воскликнула». It shares the main subject, Lise, and packs her gaze into a single adverbial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Lise","title":"«Lise» — the French form of Liza","body":"Dostoevsky writes Lise's name in French (\"Lise\" for Liza/Lizaveta), a fashionable affectation of gentry households where French was the language of refinement. The Latin script in the Russian text signals her class and her girlish, half-playful self-styling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло (first, emphatic repetition)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of быть/могло","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло?","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c1-s75","source":"— Потому, Lise, что если б он не растоптал, а взял эти деньги, то, придя домой, чрез час какой-нибудь и заплакал бы о своем унижении, вот что вышло бы непременно.","translation":"\"Because, Lise, if he had not trampled the money but had taken it, then, having come home, within an hour or so he would have wept over his humiliation, that is what would surely have happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б он не растоптал, а взял… то… заплакал бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A textbook irrealis: «если б… то… заплакал бы», past-tense verbs plus the particle «бы», expressing a hypothetical that did not happen — \"if he had not trampled… he would have wept.\" The contrastive «а» (\"but rather\") opposes the two outcomes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придя домой","title":"Perfective gerund «придя»","body":"«придя» is the perfective past деепричастие of «прийти» — \"having come (home),\" a prior completed action framing the weeping that follows. Note the prefixed motion verb «прийти» (при- + idti), arrival viewed as a single accomplished act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез час какой-нибудь","title":"«чрез» — bookish for «через»","body":"«чрез» is the elevated, contracted variant of «через» (\"within, after [a span]\"), a literary flavor typical of 19th-century prose. «какой-нибудь» here softens to \"an hour or so, some hour or other.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason (answers Lise's question)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, address to Lise","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому... что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional (combines with если)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of растоптал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies растоптал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"растоптал","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"had trampled"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растоптал (contrastive)","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the result clause (если...то)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"придя","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заплакал","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придя","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of чрез","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час (какой-нибудь)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of determiner какой-нибудь","gloss":"or so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"would have wept"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заплакал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking унижении","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of унижении","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"унижении","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"humiliation"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло (part of вот что)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"would have happened"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вышло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"surely"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c1-s76","source":"Заплакал бы и, пожалуй, завтра пришел бы ко мне чем свет и бросил бы, может быть, мне кредитки и растоптал бы как давеча.","translation":"He would have wept and, very likely, would have come to me at first light tomorrow and flung the banknotes at me, perhaps, and trampled them as he did just now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заплакал бы и… пришел бы… и бросил бы… и растоптал бы","title":"Chain of conditional «бы» verbs","body":"The whole sentence is a cascade of «бы» counterfactuals (\"would have wept… would have come… would have flung… would have trampled\"), the particle riding each past-tense verb. The mobile «бы» can repeat freely across coordinated predicates."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чем свет","title":"«чем свет» — at the crack of dawn","body":"«чем свет» (more fully «чуть свет») is an idiom meaning \"at first light, very early in the morning,\" literally \"as soon as it's light.\" It heightens the picture of the captain rushing over at daybreak in his shame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a little while ago\"","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, now-archaic adverb for \"earlier today, just now, a short while back.\" It belongs to the homely, slightly old-fashioned speech Dostoevsky gives his characters; we render it \"just now.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (first coordinated clause, elided subject он)","gloss":"would have wept"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Заплакал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies пришел","gloss":"very likely"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заплакал","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пришел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем свет","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (idiom)","role":"part of idiom чем свет, modifies пришел","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"чем свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (idiom)","role":"part of idiom чем свет (=at dawn), modifies пришел","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"would have flung"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of бросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (idiom)","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"может быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (idiom)","role":"part of idiom может быть, complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of бросил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"the banknotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"растоптал","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"would have trampled"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of растоптал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies растоптал (comparison)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растоптал","gloss":"just now"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c1-s77","source":"А теперь он ушел ужасно гордый и с торжеством, хоть и знает, что «погубил себя».","translation":"But now he has gone off terribly proud and triumphant, even though he knows that he has 'ruined himself.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел ужасно гордый и с торжеством","title":"Predicative adjective of manner «гордый»","body":"«гордый» (proud) agrees with the masculine subject in the nominative and works almost adverbially — \"he went off proud,\" describing his state as he left. It pairs with the prepositional phrase «с торжеством» (\"in triumph\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"погубил себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«себя» is the reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the subject (he ruined himself); unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», it is a full object with its own case forms and no nominative. The quotation marks mark it as the captain's own melodramatic phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гордый","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate, complement of ушел","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торжеством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"торжеством","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гордый (secondary predicate)","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of знает","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погубил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"погубил","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"has ruined"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of погубил","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c1-s78","source":"А стало быть, теперь уж ничего нет легче, как заставить его принять эти же двести рублей не далее как завтра, потому что он уж свою честь доказал, деньги швырнул, растоптал…","translation":"And so nothing could be easier now than to make him accept these same two hundred roubles no later than tomorrow, because he has already proved his honour, he has flung the money down, trampled it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего нет легче, как заставить","title":"«нет легче» — genitive comparative of ease","body":"«ничего нет легче, как…» (\"nothing is easier than to…\") combines the existential negative «нет» (which takes genitive «ничего») with the comparative «легче» and «как» + infinitive. The negation drives «ничего» into the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (idiom)","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (idiom)","role":"part of idiom стало быть, complement of стало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (existential negation)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies ничего (comparative predicate)","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"заставить","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal subject, complement of как","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заставить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставить","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принять","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of idiom не далее как","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of доказал (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of доказал","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"доказал","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the causal clause","gloss":"has proved"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of швырнул","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"швырнул","lemma":"швырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доказал","gloss":"has flung"},{"surface":"растоптал","lemma":"растоптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доказал","gloss":"trampled"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c1-s79","source":"Не мог же он знать, когда топтал, что я завтра их ему опять принесу.","translation":"He could not have known, while he trampled it, that I would bring it back to him again tomorrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не мог же он знать","title":"Particle «же» in negation + fronting","body":"«же» here insists on the obvious (\"he surely could NOT have known\"), wedged between the negated «не мог» and the subject. The inversion «не мог же он» throws the rhetorical weight onto the impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда топтал","title":"Imperfective «топтал» — while trampling","body":"The imperfective past «топтал» (vs. perfective «растоптал» elsewhere) views the trampling as an ongoing process — \"while he was trampling\" — the durative backdrop to the point he could not have known."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of топтал","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"топтал","lemma":"топтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on знать","gloss":"he was trampling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принесу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принесу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принесу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принесу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"принесу","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать (object clause)","gloss":"would bring"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c1-s80","source":"А между тем деньги-то эти ему ужасно как ведь нужны.","translation":"And yet this money is dreadfully needed by him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги-то эти ему ужасно как ведь нужны","title":"Particles «-то» and «ведь» + dative of need","body":"«деньги-то» foregrounds the money as the known topic; «ведь» appeals to the obvious. Need is expressed impersonally: «ему… нужны», dative experiencer plus the short adjective «нужны» agreeing with «деньги»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition (idiom)","role":"part of idiom между тем, marks тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (idiom)","role":"object of между, part of idiom между тем","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes деньги (деньги-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужны","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies нужны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c1-s81","source":"Хоть он теперь и горд, а все-таки ведь даже сегодня будет думать о том, какой помощи он лишился.","translation":"Though he is proud now, still he will surely be thinking even today of what help he has deprived himself of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, какой помощи он лишился","title":"«лишиться» + genitive","body":"The reflexive «лишиться» (\"to lose, be deprived of\") governs the genitive: «какой помощи» (\"what help\") stands in the genitive as its complement. The correlative «о том, …» sets up the embedded indirect question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть он теперь и горд, а все-таки","title":"Short adjective «горд» in concession","body":"«горд» is the short (predicative) form of «гордый», bookish and stative — \"he is proud.\" Short forms thrive in such generalizing, sententious clauses; the «хоть… а все-таки» frame concedes his pride before the \"but.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of горд","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горд","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горд","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горд","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"горд","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of думать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of помощи","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лишился","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лишился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишился","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"was deprived of"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c1-s82","source":"Ночью будет еще сильнее думать, во сне будет видеть, а к завтрашнему утру, пожалуй, готов будет ко мне бежать и прощенья просить.","translation":"At night he will think of it still more keenly, he will see it in his dreams, and by tomorrow morning, very likely, he will be ready to run to me and beg my pardon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет думать… будет видеть","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будет думать», «будет видеть» are the analytic imperfective future — «будет» plus an imperfective infinitive — naming ongoing, repeated future action (\"he will keep thinking… will keep seeing\"). By contrast «готов будет… бежать» = 'will be ready to run' (short adjective «готов» + future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive «бежать») is not a perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощенья просить","title":"«просить прощенья» — genitive object","body":"«просить» (to ask for) takes the genitive of the thing requested when abstract: «прощенья» (genitive of «прощение», forgiveness). The colloquial spelling «прощенья» for «прощения» reflects spoken contraction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of думать","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of думать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"more intensely"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of видеть","gloss":"his dreams"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of видеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думать","gloss":"see it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утру","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"завтрашнему","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утру","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"утру","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of готов будет","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies готов","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with думать/видеть","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готов","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прощенья","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежать (complement of готов)","gloss":"beg"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c1-s83","source":"А я-то вот тут и явлюсь: «Вот, дескать, вы гордый человек, вы доказали, ну теперь возьмите, простите нас».","translation":"And it is just then that I shall turn up: 'There now,' I shall say, 'you are a proud man, you have proved it, well, now take it, forgive us.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то вот тут и явлюсь","title":"Emphatic «я-то… и» + perfective future","body":"«я-то» spotlights the speaker (\"I, for my part\"); «вот тут… и» pins the dramatic moment; «явлюсь» is the perfective future of reflexive «явиться» — \"I shall (suddenly) appear.\" The whole frame stages Alyosha's imagined timely entrance."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of явлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я (я-то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явлюсь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явлюсь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"явлюсь","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"there now"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech","gloss":"so he says"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гордый","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (вы... человек)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of доказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"доказали","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with человек (clause)","gloss":"have proved it"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"возьмите","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative clause coordinated with явлюсь","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмите","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c1-s84","source":"Вот тут-то он и возьмет!","translation":"And then he will take it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот тут-то он и возьмет","title":"Triple emphasis «вот… -то… и»","body":"Three emphatic devices converge — «вот», the clitic «-то» on «тут», and «и» before the verb — to clinch the climactic prediction: \"And THEN he will take it!\" «возьмет» is the perfective future of «взять»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take it"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c1-s85","source":"Алеша с каким-то упоением произнес: «Вот тут-то он и возьмет!»","translation":"Alyosha pronounced, with a kind of rapture: \"And then he will take it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упоением","title":"«упоение» — rapture, intoxication","body":"«упоение» (instrumental «упоением», \"with rapture\") is an ecstatic, self-forgetting exaltation — literally a being \"drunk\" with feeling (root «пои-», to give to drink). It marks Alyosha's almost mystical excitement at his scheme, echoing the captain's «восторг»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то упоением","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» + instrumental of manner","body":"«с каким-то упоением» (\"with a kind of rapture\") uses «какой-то» — the «-то» indefinite marking a real but hard-to-name quality — with «с» governing the instrumental of accompanying manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упоением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упоением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of determiner каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"упоением","lemma":"упоение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of произнес","gloss":"will take it"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c1-s86","source":"Lise захлопала в ладошки.","translation":"Lise clapped her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ладошки","title":"«ладошки» — affectionate \"little hands\"","body":"«ладошки» is the diminutive of «ладони» (palms); «захлопать в ладошки» = \"to clap one's little hands.\" The tender suffix conveys Lise's childlike, delighted gesture — the narrator's affection captured in the word's very ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захлопала","title":"Inceptive perfective «за-»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «хлопать» (to clap) gives the perfective «захлопать» an inceptive sense — \"began to clap, burst into clapping\" — viewing the onset of the action as a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of захлопала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"захлопала","lemma":"захлопать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clapped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладошки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ладошки","lemma":"ладошка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of захлопала","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c1-s87","source":"— Ах, это правда, ах, я это ужасно вдруг поняла!","translation":"\"Ah, that is true, ah, I have suddenly understood it all so dreadfully well!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я это ужасно вдруг поняла","title":"Feminine past «поняла»","body":"«поняла» is the perfective past of «понять», marked feminine by the stressed ending «-ла» (Lise speaking of herself). Russian's past tense agrees in gender, a relic of an old participle; «понял» would be a male speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c1-s88","source":"Ах, Алеша, как вы всё это знаете?","translation":"Ah, Alyosha, how do you know all this?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы всё это знаете","title":"Polite «вы» + present «знаете»","body":"Lise addresses Alyosha with «вы», the polite/formal \"you,\" though they are intimates — a marker of decorous, slightly playful distance between the young pair. «знаете» is its first-conjugation present form (знаю, знаешь… знаете, the -ете type)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (interrogative)","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c1-s89","source":"Такой молодой и уж знает, что в душе… Я бы никогда этого не выдумала…","translation":"So young, and already he knows what is in a soul… I should never have thought it up…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы никогда этого не выдумала","title":"Conditional «бы» + negative concord","body":"«я бы… не выдумала» is the conditional (\"I would never have thought it up\"), past-form verb plus «бы». Note the negative concord: «никогда» (never) coexists with «не» — Russian piles negatives, «никогда… не», for a single negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что в душе","title":"Locative «в душе» — prepositional","body":"«в душе» (\"in a soul, within\") takes the prepositional case after «в» for location, not motion. «душа» is one of Dostoevsky's keywords; here \"what is in a soul\" is the moral interior Alyosha seems to read."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молодой","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молодой (implied subject он)","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"introduces the clause of душе","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"a soul"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдумала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with выдумала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдумала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумала (genitive under negation)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдумала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдумала","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought up"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c1-s90","source":"— Его, главное, надо теперь убедить в том, что он со всеми нами на равной ноге, несмотря на то, что он у нас деньги берет, — продолжал в своем упоении Алеша, — и не только на равной, но даже на высшей ноге…","translation":"\"The main thing now is to convince him that he stands on an equal footing with all of us, in spite of his taking money from us,\"—Alyosha went on in his rapture,—\"and not only on an equal footing, but even on a higher footing…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо теперь убедить в том, что","title":"Impersonal «надо» + «убедить в том»","body":"«надо» is the impersonal predicate of necessity (\"one must\"), with no nominative subject and an infinitive «убедить». «убедить в том, что…» = \"convince of the fact that,\" with «в том» in the prepositional anticipating the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«несмотря на то, что…» (\"in spite of the fact that\") is a fixed concessive conjunction — literally \"not looking at the fact that\" — introducing the clause that he does take money from them. «на то» is accusative governed by «несмотря на»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на равной ноге","title":"на равной ноге (on an equal footing)","body":"The idiom «на равной ноге», literally \"on an equal leg/foot,\" means \"on an equal footing.\" Alyosha then coins «на высшей ноге» (\"on a higher footing\"), which is not standard Russian — Lise teases him for inventing the phrase. English happens to share the same \"footing\" metaphor, so we can keep both the idiom and the joke intact: \"an equal footing\" / \"a higher footing.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убедить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate, governs убедить","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"убедить","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to convince"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедить","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided verb 'is')","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of нами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"равной","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause modifying том","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of несмотря на","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of берет (with preposition у)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"берет,","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (он ... берет)","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упоении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упоении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"упоении","lemma":"упоение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но, modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не только, modifies на равной ноге","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking равной","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"равной","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies elided ноге, coordinated with высшей","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на высшей ноге","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with равной","gloss":"footing"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c1-s91","source":"— \"На высшей ноге\" — прелестно, Алексей Федорович, но говорите, говорите!","translation":"\"'On a higher footing'—charming, Alexei Fyodorovich, but go on, go on!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорите, говорите","title":"Imperative «говорите» (polite/plural)","body":"«говорите» is the imperative of «говорить» with the «-те» that marks plural or polite address, doubled for urgency — \"go on, go on!\" Matching her «вы», Lise keeps the courteous form even while eagerly egging him on."}],"words":[{"surface":"\"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге (quoted phrase)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"ноге\"","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase, complement of на","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"прелестно","lemma":"прелестно","morphology":"adjective (short form, neuter), used predicatively","role":"predicate exclamation","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"imperative, coordinated with second говорите","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with first говорите, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c1-s92","source":"— То есть я не так выразился… про высшую ногу… но это ничего, потому что…","translation":"\"That is, I did not put it quite right… about a higher footing… but it does not matter, because…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не так выразился","title":"Reflexive «выразиться» — to express oneself","body":"«выразиться» (\"to put it, express oneself\") is the reflexive of «выразить»; «не так выразился» = \"I did not put it right.\" The masculine «-ся» past «выразился» marks Alyosha as the (male) speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть (parenthetical)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"высшую","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"doesn't matter"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of the fixed phrase потому что","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c1-s93","source":"— Ах, ничего, ничего, конечно ничего!","translation":"\"Ah, it does not matter, it does not matter, of course it does not matter!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ах, ничего, ничего, конечно ничего","title":"«ничего» as \"it's nothing / never mind\"","body":"Triply repeated «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») here is idiomatic for \"it's nothing, never mind, it doesn't matter,\" not a literal \"nothing.\" The genitive form is frozen into the dismissive expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, independent","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate, elliptical (это ничего implied)","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"repeated for emphasis, parallel to first ничего","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to ничего","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"parallel to preceding ничего instances","gloss":"never mind"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c1-s94","source":"Простите, Алеша, милый… Знаете, я вас до сих пор почти не уважала… то есть уважала, да на равной ноге, а теперь буду на высшей уважать…","translation":"Forgive me, Alyosha, my dear… You know, until now I have hardly respected you… that is, I did respect you, but on an equal footing, and now I shall respect you on a higher one…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас до сих пор почти не уважала","title":"Imperfective negation «не уважала»","body":"«не уважала» is imperfective past — a continuing state of not respecting up to now — paired with «до сих пор» (\"until now\"). Lise then corrects herself with the same verb, contrasting degrees of respect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду на высшей уважать","title":"Compound future «буду уважать»","body":"«буду уважать» is the imperfective compound future — «буду» + imperfective infinitive — naming ongoing future respect (\"I shall [go on] respecting you\"). Lise reuses Alyosha's coined «на высшей [ноге]» to flatter him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, apposition to Алеша","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces уважала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважала (почти не = 'hardly')","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважала","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"уважала","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical clause (repeated)","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"равной","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of second уважала","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of уважать (future tense)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elided ноге (на высшей [ноге])","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, comparative","role":"modifies elided ноге","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of буду","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c1-s95","source":"Милый, не сердитесь, что я «острю», — подхватила она тотчас же с сильным чувством. — Я смешная и маленькая, но вы, вы…","translation":"My dear, do not be angry that I am 'being witty,'\"—she put in at once with strong feeling.—\"I am a silly little thing, but you, you…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"острю","title":"«острить» — to be witty, make jokes","body":"«острить» (here «острю», \"I'm being witty\") means to crack jokes or be clever, from «острый» (sharp). Lise puts it in quotation marks, self-mockingly flagging her own quip; we render it \"being witty.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я смешная и маленькая","title":"Feminine adjectives «смешная… маленькая»","body":"Lise describes herself with long-form feminine nominative adjectives agreeing with the implicit «я» — \"I am a silly, little thing.\" The zero copula (no \"am\") is normal in the present; gender shows she speaks of herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of острю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of острю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"острю»,","lemma":"острить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (clausal complement of сердитесь)","gloss":"am being witty"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильным","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"чувством.","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватила","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смешная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смешная","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence (Я смешная)","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешная","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"elliptical contrast (unfinished clause)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"repeated for emphasis, parallel to first вы","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c1-s96","source":"Слушайте, Алексей Федорович, нет ли тут во всем этом рассуждении нашем, то есть вашем… нет, уж лучше нашем… нет ли тут презрения к нему, к этому несчастному… в том, что мы так его душу теперь разбираем, свысока точно, а?","translation":"\"Listen, Alexei Fyodorovich, is there not, in all this reasoning of ours—that is, of yours… no, better ours… is there not some contempt for him here, for this unfortunate man… in the very fact that we are now picking apart his soul like this, from on high, as it were—is there not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ли тут… презрения к нему","title":"Interrogative «ли» + genitive of negation","body":"«нет ли…» fronts the existential negative «нет» with the question particle «ли» — \"is there not…?\" The thing whose existence is questioned, «презрения» (contempt), stands in the genitive after «нет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так его душу теперь разбираем","title":"Imperfective «разбираем» — dissecting","body":"«разбираем» is first-person plural present of imperfective «разбирать», here figurative: \"we are picking apart / analyzing his soul.\" The present-tense imperfective conveys the ongoing act they are caught in the middle of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свысока","title":"«свысока» — condescendingly, from on high","body":"«свысока» (\"from above, haughtily\") is an adverb built from «с» + «высоко»; «смотреть свысока» is to look down on someone. Lise's worry is precisely this stance of condescension toward the unfortunate captain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, independent imperative","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the question (нет ли)","gloss":"is there not"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рассуждении","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рассуждении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рассуждении","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет, modified by нашем","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассуждении","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of the fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"self-correction of нашем (elided рассуждении)","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle/interjection","role":"interjection, self-correction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the elliptical correction (уж лучше нашем)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies elided рассуждении, repeated correction","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the question (нет ли), repeated","gloss":"is there not"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive under negation) of нет","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастному","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастному","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нему (apposition, к этому несчастному)","gloss":"unfortunate man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет (restated as 'in the fact that')","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбираем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разбираем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбираем","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разбираем","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбираем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"разбираем","lemma":"разбирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"pick apart"},{"surface":"свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбираем","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свысока","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle, end of sentence","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c1-s97","source":"В том, что так наверно решили теперь, что он деньги примет, а?","translation":"In the very fact that we have so confidently decided now that he will accept the money—is there not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так наверно решили теперь, что он деньги примет","title":"Perfective future «примет» in reported clause","body":"«примет» is the perfective future of «принять» — \"that he will accept (and finish accepting)\" — embedded under «решили, что…». The trailing «а?» is a colloquial tag inviting agreement (\"…isn't there?\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun, resumes нет ли from the previous sentence","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решили","gloss":"confidently"},{"surface":"решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying том (implied subject мы)","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решили","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"direct object of примет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"примет","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of решили","gloss":"will accept"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle, end of sentence","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c1-s98","source":"— Нет, Lise, нет презрения, — твердо ответил Алеша, как будто уже приготовленный к этому вопросу, — я уж об этом сам думал, идя сюда.","translation":"\"No, Lise, there is no contempt,\"—Alyosha answered firmly, as though already prepared for this question,—\"I was thinking of this very thing myself on my way here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто уже приготовленный к этому вопросу","title":"Past passive participle «приготовленный»","body":"«приготовленный» is the past passive participle of «приготовить» (\"prepared\"), agreeing with «Алеша» — \"as though already prepared for this question.\" It condenses a passive into a single modifier, with «к» + dative naming what he was prepared for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идя сюда","title":"Imperfective gerund «идя»","body":"«идя» is the present деепричастие of the unidirectional motion verb «идти» — \"(while) walking here.\" It expresses simultaneity with «думал»: he was pondering this as he came. A bare motion verb, not yet prefixed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, answer to the previous question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate (existential нет)","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"презрения,","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive under negation) of нет","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of как будто","role":"part of the fixed phrase как будто, introduces clause of приготовленный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовленный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"приготовленный","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate participle describing Алеша","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопросу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопросу,","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовленный","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"идя","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on думал","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идя","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c1-s99","source":"Рассудите, какое уж тут презрение, когда мы сами такие же, как он, когда все такие же, как он.","translation":"Consider, what contempt can there be here, when we ourselves are just the same as he is, when everyone is just the same as he is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое уж тут презрение","title":"Rhetorical «какое… презрение» + «уж»","body":"A rhetorical exclamation-question: «какое уж тут презрение» = \"what contempt can there even be here?\" The particle «уж» (a reduced «уже») adds insistent dismissal. «какое» agrees with neuter «презрение»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такие же, как он","title":"«такой же, как» — just the same as","body":"«такой же… как» (\"just the same as\") sets up a comparison of likeness; «такие же» is nominative plural agreeing with the implied \"we.\" The «же» fixes the sense of exact identity — we are no different from him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the rhetorical clause complementing Рассудите","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying мы","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of мы (in the когда-clause)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of такие","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of все (in the second когда-clause)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of такие","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c1-s100","source":"Потому что ведь и мы такие же, не лучше .","translation":"For we too are just the same, no better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь и мы такие же, не лучше","title":"«ведь» + comparative «не лучше»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared truth (\"for, after all\"); «не лучше» is the negated comparative of «хороший» (suppletive «лучше»), \"no better.\" The zero copula leaves \"are\" unspoken, normal in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of the fixed phrase потому что","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что, connects to the previous statement","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, coordinated with такие же (не лучше = 'no better')","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c1-s101","source":"А если б и лучше были, то были бы все-таки такие же на его месте…","translation":"And even if we were better, we would still be just the same in his place…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если б и лучше были, то были бы все-таки такие же","title":"Counterfactual «если б… то были бы»","body":"Another irrealis conditional: «если б… были… то были бы» — \"even if we were better, we would still be the same.\" The «бы» rides the past-form «были» in both halves; concessive «и» (\"even\") strengthens the supposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на его месте","title":"«на его месте» — in his place","body":"«на его месте» (\"in his place/position\") takes the prepositional «месте» after «на» for location. «его» is the frozen third-person possessive, invariable — \"his.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle, part of если б","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of были (если... лучше были)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the clause of такие","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to такие","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of такие","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies такие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies такие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были бы","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of такие","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c1-s102","source":"Я не знаю, как вы, Lise, но я считаю про себя, что у меня во многом мелкая душа.","translation":"I do not know about you, Lise, but I count myself, in many ways, to have a petty soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я считаю про себя, что у меня… мелкая душа","title":"«про себя» — reflexive «себя» with «про»","body":"«про себя» (\"to/about myself, inwardly\") uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» governed by «про» + accusative. Possession of the petty soul is the «у меня… душа» pattern. «мелкая душа» = a petty, small soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю (elliptical: как вы...)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with знаю by но","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of считаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (у меня ... душа)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"possessive construction with меня","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in у меня construction","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies душа (in many respects)","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"мелкая","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate subject of the у-construction (у меня ... душа)","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c1-s103","source":"А у него и не мелкая, напротив, очень деликатная… Нет, Lise, нет тут никакого презрения к нему!","translation":"But his soul is not petty; on the contrary, it is very delicate… No, Lise, there is no contempt for him here whatsoever!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него и не мелкая, напротив, очень деликатная","title":"Ellipsis + gendered agreement «деликатная»","body":"The noun «душа» is elided but its feminine endings persist in «мелкая… деликатная» — adjective agreement keeps the dropped soul present. «у него… не мелкая» continues the \"have\"-construction with «у» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет тут никакого презрения к нему","title":"Negative «никакого» + genitive of negation","body":"«нет… никакого презрения» piles negative concord (existential «нет» + «никакого») with the genitive of negation: «никакого презрения» genitive after «нет» — \"there is no contempt whatsoever.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor (у него, modifies elided душа)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не мелкая","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелкая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мелкая","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies elided душа","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to деликатная","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деликатная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деликатная","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мелкая","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрения","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject (genitive under negation) of нет","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies презрения","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c1-s104","source":"Знаете, Lise, мой старец сказал один раз: за людьми сплошь надо как за детьми ходить, а за иными как за больными в больницах …","translation":"You know, Lise, my elder once said: with most people one must go about as with children, and with some as with the sick in hospitals…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за людьми… как за детьми ходить, а за иными как за больными","title":"«ходить за» + instrumental — to tend","body":"«ходить за кем» (\"to tend, look after\") governs the instrumental: «за людьми… за детьми… за больными.» The contrastive «а» pairs the two kinds of care. «иными» is the bookish «иной» (\"some, certain others\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (address to Lise)","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of сказал (один раз = \"once\")","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"сплошь","lemma":"сплошь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"predicate of the embedded clause (governs ходить)","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison за детьми","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"go about"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иными","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with людьми","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison за больными","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"больными","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with детьми","gloss":"the sick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больницах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больницах","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of больными","gloss":"hospitals"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c1-s105","source":"— Ах, Алексей Федорович, ах, голубчик, давайте за людьми как за больными ходить!","translation":"\"Ah, Alexei Fyodorovich, ah, my darling, let us go about with people as with the sick!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — \"my dear, little dove\"","body":"«голубчик» is an affectionate term of endearment, diminutive of «голубь» (dove) — \"my dear, darling.\" It is warm and intimate, here Lise's tender address to Alyosha; the diminutive suffix carries the affection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давайте за людьми… ходить","title":"Hortative «давайте» + infinitive","body":"«давайте» + infinitive forms the first-person-plural exhortation — \"let us tend people…\" The polite/plural «-те» on «давай» matches Lise's «вы» to Alyosha. A direct invitation to share the elder's way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, term of endearment","gloss":"my darling"},{"surface":"давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (hortative)","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison за больными","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"больными","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"the sick"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давайте","gloss":"go about"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c1-s106","source":"— Давайте, Lise, я готов, только я сам не совсем готов; я иной раз очень нетерпелив, а в другой раз и глазу у меня нет.","translation":"\"Let us, Lise, I am ready, only I myself am not quite ready; sometimes I am very impatient, and at other times I have no eye for it at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я иной раз очень нетерпелив","title":"Short adjective «нетерпелив»","body":"«нетерпелив» is the short predicative form of «нетерпеливый» (impatient), agreeing with masculine «я» — \"I am impatient.\" Short forms suit such self-characterizing statements of temporary or characteristic state. «иной раз» = \"sometimes.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазу у меня нет","title":"Genitive «глазу» of negation","body":"«глазу… нет» — \"I have no eye (for it)\" — puts «глаз» into the genitive after existential «нет», the genitive of absence. The «-у» is an older/colloquial genitive variant; idiomatically \"to have an eye\" means a knack or discernment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (hortative)","gloss":"let us"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"am ready"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нетерпелив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of нетерпелив (иной раз = \"sometimes\")","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетерпелив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нетерпелив","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, parallel to готов","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of нет (в другой раз = \"at other times\")","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies глазу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"глазу","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"object of нет","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (possessive construction)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential verb, present","role":"predicate of я, parallel to нетерпелив","gloss":"there is no"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c1-s107","source":"Вот у вас другое дело.","translation":"Now with you it is another matter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот у вас другое дело","title":"«у вас другое дело» — possession idiom","body":"«у вас другое дело» (\"with you it is another matter\") uses the «у» + genitive/dative-of-person pattern idiomatically. The zero copula leaves \"is\" unspoken; «вот» opens with a gentle \"now.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (possessive construction)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject/predicate nominal of the sentence","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c1-s108","source":"— Ах, не верю! Алексей Федорович, как я счастлива!","translation":"\"Ah, I do not believe it! Alexei Fyodorovich, how happy I am!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я счастлива","title":"Short adjective «счастлива» (fem.)","body":"«счастлива» is the short feminine predicative of «счастливый» (happy) — \"how happy I am!\" Lise's gender shows in the «-а» ending; the exclamatory «как» heightens the feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"patronymic in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of счастлива","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"счастлива","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c1-s109","source":"— Как хорошо, что вы это говорите, Lise.","translation":"\"How good it is that you say so, Lise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как хорошо, что вы это говорите","title":"Impersonal «хорошо, что» + present «говорите»","body":"«как хорошо, что…» is an impersonal evaluative predicate (\"how good that…\") introducing a «что»-clause of fact. «говорите» is the present imperfective — \"that you (now) say so.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective/predicative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c1-s110","source":"— Алексей Федорович, вы удивительно хороши, но вы иногда как будто педант… а между тем, смотришь, вовсе не педант.","translation":"\"Alexei Fyodorovich, you are wonderfully good, but sometimes you are as though a pedant… and yet, when one looks, you are no pedant at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы иногда как будто педант… вовсе не педант","title":"Zero-copula predicate noun «педант»","body":"«вы… педант» states identity with no copula — \"you are a pedant\" — the bare nominative predicate normal in the present (contrast the instrumental used with «был/стать»). «как будто» softens it to \"as though,\" then «вовсе не» reverses it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотришь, вовсе не педант","title":"Generalizing second-person «смотришь»","body":"«смотришь» (2nd-sg. present of «смотреть») is used impersonally/generically — \"when one looks\" — not addressed to a particular \"you.\" This generalizing second person is common in reflective Russian speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"patronymic in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хороши","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороши","gloss":"wonderfully"},{"surface":"хороши","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of педант","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies педант clause","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part 1 of idiom \"as though\")","role":"introduces педант clause with будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (part 2 of idiom \"as though\")","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"педант","lemma":"педант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы, contrasted with хороши","gloss":"pedant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom \"meanwhile\")","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"mean-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular (part of idiom \"meanwhile\")","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause with смотришь","gloss":"-while"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective (generic \"you\")","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"one looks"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не педант","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies педант","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"педант","lemma":"педант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of вы (implied)","gloss":"pedant"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c1-s111","source":"Подите посмотрите у дверей, отворите их тихонько и посмотрите, не подслушивает ли маменька, — прошептала вдруг Lise каким то нервным, торопливым шепотом.","translation":"Go and look at the door, open it softly and see whether mama is not eavesdropping,\"—Lise suddenly whispered in a kind of nervous, hurried whisper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подите посмотрите… отворите… посмотрите","title":"Chain of polite imperatives","body":"A rapid string of «-те» imperatives — «подите, посмотрите, отворите, посмотрите» — issues Lise's hurried instructions. «подите» is an old/colloquial imperative of «пойти» (\"go\"); «отворите» (open) is bookish for «откройте»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не подслушивает ли маменька","title":"Embedded «ли» — whether","body":"«посмотрите, не подслушивает ли маменька» uses «ли» in an embedded yes/no question — \"see whether mama is eavesdropping.\" The negative «не… ли» frames a tentative suspicion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька","title":"«маменька» — affectionate \"mama\"","body":"«маменька» is a tender, slightly old-fashioned diminutive of «мама» (mother), the gentry-household word for \"dear mama.\" Its softness fits Lise's intimate, childlike register even as she conspires against being overheard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тихонько","title":"«тихонько» — softly, ever so quietly","body":"«тихонько» is the diminutive-expressive adverb from «тихо» (quietly), conveying \"softly, gently, on the sly.\" The «-оньк-» suffix adds a coaxing, careful tenderness to the act of opening the door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подите","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрите","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворите","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрите","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отворите","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворите","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрите","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подслушивает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подслушивает","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрите","gloss":"is eavesdropping"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying подслушивает","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"маменька,","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подслушивает","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular (part 1 of \"a kind of\")","role":"determiner of шепотом","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker (part 2 of \"a kind of\")","role":"determiner of шепотом","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"нервным","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"торопливым","lemma":"торопливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нервным","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошептала","gloss":"whisper"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c1-s112","source":"Алеша пошел, приотворил двери и доложил, что никто не подслушивает","translation":"Alyosha went, set the door ajar, and reported that no one was eavesdropping.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша пошел, приотворил двери и доложил","title":"Chain of perfectives — narrative sequence","body":"Three perfective past verbs in a row — «пошел… приотворил… доложил» — move the action forward event by event (went, set ajar, reported), the perfective's narrative function. «пошёл» is the prefixed perfective of «пойти»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приотворил","title":"«приотворить» — to open slightly","body":"The prefix «при-» on «отворить» (to open) means \"a little, partway\" — \"set the door ajar.\" The same «при-» of attenuation appears in «приоткрыть»; bookish «отворить» is grander than everyday «открыть.»"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"приотворил","lemma":"приотворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"set ajar"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приотворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доложил","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подслушивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подслушивает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подслушивает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подслушивает","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of доложил","gloss":"was eavesdropping"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c1-s113","source":"— Подойдите сюда, Алексей Федорович, — продолжала Lise, краснея всё более и более, — дайте вашу руку вот так.","translation":"\"Come over here, Alexei Fyodorovich,\"—Lise went on, blushing more and more,—\"give me your hand, like this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"краснея всё более и более","title":"Imperfective gerund «краснея»","body":"«краснея» is the present деепричастие of «краснеть» (to blush) — \"blushing,\" a continuous attendant circumstance to «продолжала». «всё более и более» (\"more and more\") underlines the deepening blush."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте вашу руку","title":"Imperative «дайте» + accusative","body":"«дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «дать» (give); «вашу руку» is the accusative direct object — \"give me your hand.\" «вот так» (\"like this\") accompanies the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подойдите","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подойдите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"patronymic in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"краснея","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying продолжала","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краснея","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более,","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the next quoted clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дайте","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c1-s114","source":"Слушайте, я вам должна большое признание сделать: вчерашнее письмо я вам не в шутку написала, а серьезно…","translation":"Listen, I must make you a great confession: I did not write you yesterday's letter in jest, but in earnest…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам должна большое признание сделать","title":"«должна» + dative recipient","body":"«должна» is the short feminine of «должный» (\"obliged, must\"), agreeing with Lise; «вам» is the dative — \"I must make YOU a confession.\" «сделать признание» = \"to make a confession,\" a light-verb collocation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в шутку… а серьезно","title":"Contrastive «не… а» (not X but Y)","body":"«не в шутку, а серьёзно» (\"not in jest but in earnest\") uses the corrective «не… а» pairing, which negates one alternative and substitutes the other — distinct from contrastive «но.» «в шутку» is an adverbial accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of должна","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я, parallel to Слушайте","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написала","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of написала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в шутку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написала (не в шутку = \"not in jest\")","gloss":"jest"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of я, parallel to должна","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with не в шутку","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c1-s115","source":"И она закрыла рукой свои глаза.","translation":"And she covered her eyes with her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыла рукой свои глаза","title":"Instrumental of means + reflexive «свои»","body":"«рукой» is the instrumental of means (\"with her hand\"), and «свои глаза» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» because the eyes belong to the clause's own subject, Lise — her own eyes, not someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закрыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of закрыла","gloss":"with her hand"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c1-s116","source":"Видно было, что ей очень стыдно сделать это признание.","translation":"It was plain that she was very much ashamed to make this confession.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей очень стыдно сделать это признание","title":"Dative-experiencer «ей стыдно»","body":"«ей стыдно» is the classic impersonal experiencer construction: dative «ей» (to her) plus the predicative «стыдно» (\"it is shameful\") — \"she was ashamed.\" There is no nominative subject; the infinitive «сделать» names what shames her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видно было, что","title":"Impersonal «видно было, что»","body":"«видно было, что…» (\"it was plain/evident that\") is an impersonal evaluative predicate introducing a «что»-clause; «видно» functions as a predicative word, with neuter past «было» agreeing with no subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видный","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it was plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of признание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"confession"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c1-s117","source":"Вдруг она схватила его руку и стремительно поцеловала ее три раза.","translation":"Suddenly she seized his hand and impetuously kissed it three times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила его руку и… поцеловала ее три раза","title":"Perfectives of sudden completed acts","body":"«схватила» and «поцеловала» are perfective pasts marking abrupt, completed actions — \"seized\" and \"kissed.\" «его руку» / «её» are accusative objects; «три раза» (\"three times\") is the accusative of count."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно","title":"«стремительно» — impetuously, headlong","body":"«стремительно» (from «стремиться», to rush toward) means \"impetuously, with a rush, headlong.\" It captures the sudden, almost violent ardor of Lise's gesture — a single uncontrollable impulse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловала","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c1-s118","source":"— Ах, Lise, вот и прекрасно, — радостно воскликнул Алеша. — А я ведь был совершенно уверен, что вы написали серьезно.","translation":"\"Ah, Lise, that is wonderful,\"—Alyosha exclaimed joyfully.—\"Why, I was perfectly certain that you had written in earnest.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был совершенно уверен, что вы написали серьезно","title":"Short adjective «уверен» + «что»-clause","body":"«уверен» is the short predicative of «уверенный» (\"sure, certain\"), agreeing with masculine Alyosha — \"I was perfectly certain.\" It governs a «что»-clause reporting the content of his certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я ведь был совершенно уверен","title":"Particle «ведь» — \"why, after all\"","body":"«ведь» appeals to a shared, obvious truth and gives Alyosha's reply its warm, confiding tone — \"Why, I was perfectly certain…\" English needs an added \"why\" or \"you know\" to carry it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот и","morphology":"particle (part of idiom \"that's wonderful\")","role":"modifies прекрасно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"вот и","morphology":"particle (part of idiom \"that's wonderful\")","role":"modifies прекрасно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прекрасно,","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"wonderful"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша.","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, parallel to воскликнул","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of написали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"had written"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c1-s119","source":"— Уверен, представьте себе! — отвела вдруг она его руку, не выпуская ее, однако, из своей руки, краснея ужасно и смеясь маленьким, счастливым смешком, — я ему руку поцеловала, а он говорит: «и прекрасно».","translation":"\"Certain, just imagine!\"—she suddenly drew his hand away, though without releasing it from her own, blushing terribly and laughing with a small, happy little laugh,—\"I kissed his hand, and he says: 'that is wonderful.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выпуская ее, однако, из своей руки","title":"Negated imperfective gerund «не выпуская»","body":"«не выпуская» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «выпускать» (to let go), negated — \"without releasing it.\" It expresses a simultaneous (non-)action accompanying «отвела»; «из своей руки» uses reflexive «свой» for her own hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"краснея ужасно и смеясь маленьким… смешком","title":"Paired gerunds + instrumental cognate","body":"Two imperfective gerunds, «краснея» and «смеясь» (from «смеяться»), stack her simultaneous blushing and laughing. «смеяться смешком» is a cognate-instrumental construction — \"to laugh a little laugh\" — with the diminutive «смешок»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешком","title":"«смешок» — a small, soft laugh","body":"«смешок» is the diminutive of «смех» (laughter), \"a little laugh, a chuckle.\" Paired with «маленьким, счастливым», the diminutive doubles the tenderness — a tiny, happy laugh that betrays Lise's shy joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, echoing уверен","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе!","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"complement of представьте","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"отвела","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"drew away"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвела","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпуская","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying отвела","gloss":"releasing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпуская","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпуская clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпуская","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"краснея","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause coordinated with отвела","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краснея","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with краснея","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"счастливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленьким","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"смешком,","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеясь","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поцеловала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поцеловала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловала","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (quoted, echoing s118's \"вот и прекрасно\")","role":"modifies прекрасно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"predicative adjective, neuter, singular","role":"quoted speech, predicate","gloss":"wonderful"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c1-s120","source":"— Но упрекала она несправедливо: Алеша тоже был в большом смятении.","translation":"But she reproached him unjustly: Alyosha too was in great agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упрекала она несправедливо","title":"Imperfective «упрекала» + verb-first order","body":"«упрекала» is imperfective past (\"was reproaching, reproached\"); the verb-first order «упрекала она» fronts the action for narrative emphasis, with the subject «она» following — a freedom the case-marking allows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в большом смятении","title":"«быть в смятении» — prepositional of state","body":"«в большом смятении» (\"in great agitation\") uses «в» + prepositional to name an inner state. «смятение» is a turmoil or confusion of the soul — Dostoevsky's note that Alyosha, for all his composure, is no less shaken than Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"упрекала","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упрекала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упрекала","gloss":"unjustly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смятении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смятении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"смятении","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of был","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c1-s121","source":"— Я бы желал вам всегда нравиться, Lise, но не знаю, как это сделать, — пробормотал он кое-как и тоже краснея.","translation":"\"I should like to please you always, Lise, but I don't know how to manage it,\" he mumbled somehow, and he too went red.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы желал","title":"Conditional softening with «бы»","body":"«Я бы желал» pairs the past-tense «желал» with the irrealis particle «бы» to make a polite, tentative wish — \"I should like\" rather than a blunt \"I want.\" The particle leans on the first stressed word here, ahead of the verb, which is its typical mobile behavior."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам всегда нравиться","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«Нравиться» works backwards from English \"please\": the one who is pleased takes the dative («вам»), and the thing pleasing is the grammatical subject. So «желал вам нравиться» literally frames Alyosha as the thing that should be pleasing to you."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"краснея","title":"Gerund «краснея» — \"reddening\"","body":"«Краснея» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») in -я, naming an action simultaneous with the main verb: he mumbled while reddening. It is indeclinable and shares the subject of «пробормотал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нравиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравиться","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"нравиться","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to please"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желал","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сделать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделать,","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of \"somehow, anyhow\")","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of \"somehow, anyhow\")","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"anyhow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies краснея","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"краснея","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"blushing"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c1-s122","source":"— Алеша, милый, вы холодны и дерзки.","translation":"\"Alyosha, my dear, you are cold and impertinent.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"холодны и дерзки","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Холодны» and «дерзки» are short-form adjectives (from «холодный», «дерзкий»), which can only stand as predicates and carry just gender/number, not case. The short form here lends a crisp, judging, slightly bookish weight — \"you ARE cold and impertinent\" as a verdict."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милый","title":"«милый» — dear","body":"An affectionate address, \"dear / sweet one,\" softening the reproach that follows. Lise's tenderness and her teasing accusation sit in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"noun/adjective, vocative","role":"vocative apposition, term of endearment","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of холодны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"холодны","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дерзки","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with холодны","gloss":"impertinent"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c1-s123","source":"Видите ли-с.","translation":"\"You see, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The «-с» fastened onto «видите ли-с» is a worn-down remnant of the word «сударь» (\"sir\"). In the nineteenth century this little clitic was hung on words to signal politeness, deference, or — as here — a teasing, mock-formal tone. It has no clean English counterpart, so we let it surface as the tacked-on \"sir\" in our rendering; recognizing it helps you hear tone in older Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видите ли","title":"Interrogative «ли» in a turn of phrase","body":"«Видите ли» (\"you see, you understand\") uses the enclitic «ли», which normally forms a yes/no question by following the focused word. Here it has frozen into a conversational filler that flags the speaker is about to explain something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли-с","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic politeness marker","role":"attaches to ли as a deferential tag","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c1-s124","source":"Он изволил меня выбрать в свои супруги и на том успокоился!","translation":"He has deigned to choose me for his wife, and on that he has set his mind at rest!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволил","title":"«изволить» — \"to deign\"","body":"«Изволил меня выбрать» is a formerly courtly, deferential verb (\"was pleased to / deigned to\") that Lise turns ironic: she mocks Alyosha's quiet self-assurance by dressing it in old-fashioned court politeness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в свои супруги","title":"«в» + accusative plural of role","body":"«Выбрать в супруги» uses the construction «в» + accusative to mean choosing someone INTO a role (cf. «выбрать в депутаты»). «Свои» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the subject — his own wife."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успокоился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of change of state","body":"«Успокоился» (perfective, from «успокоиться») is a middle-voice «-ся» verb meaning \"settled down, set his mind at rest\" — the -ся marks the internal change of state, not a literal reflexive action done to oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изволил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изволил","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has deigned"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of выбрать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"выбрать","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволил","gloss":"to choose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруги","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбрать","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"успокоился","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изволил","gloss":"set his mind at rest"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c1-s125","source":"Он был уже уверен, что я написала серьезно, каково!","translation":"He was already certain that I had written in earnest — imagine that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я написала серьезно","title":"Reported fact with «что»","body":"«Уверен, что я написала…» uses subordinating «что» (\"that\") to report a plain fact — contrast «чтобы», which would signal a willed or hypothetical outcome. The feminine «написала» tells us the speaker is a woman: past tense agrees in gender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каково","title":"«каково!» — \"how about that!\"","body":"An exclamatory neuter form of «каков», thrown in to mean \"imagine that! / can you believe it!\" It invites the listener to share the speaker's indignation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"had written"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написала","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каково","morphology":"exclamative predicate word","role":"exclamation, coordinated with уверен","gloss":"imagine that"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c1-s126","source":"Но ведь это дерзость — вот что!","translation":"But that is sheer insolence — that's what it is!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — \"after all, you must agree.\" It colors the line with Lise's conviction that the insolence is self-evident, an attitude English can only convey by stress or by \"why,\" \"after all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что","title":"«вот что!» — emphatic comment","body":"«Вот что!» (\"that's what it is!\") closes the sentence by re-pointing at the just-named noun «дерзость». This right-dislocation for emphasis is classic Russian topic–comment rhythm, putting the punchline last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дерзость","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дерзость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дерзость","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"insolence"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, parallel to дерзость","gloss":"what it is"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c1-s127","source":"— Да разве это худо, что я был уверен? — засмеялся вдруг Алеша.","translation":"\"And is it really so bad that I was certain?\" Alyosha laughed suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве это худо","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» opens a question that expects the answer \"no\" and signals surprise or mild protest: \"is it really so bad?\" The opening «да» is not \"yes\" but a soft conversational launch, \"and / well.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"худо","title":"«худо» — bad (bookish)","body":"«Худо» is an older, slightly elevated word for \"bad / ill,\" a touch more literary than the everyday «плохо». It survives mostly in set phrases and 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies худо","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of худо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен?","lemma":"уверен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c1-s128","source":"— Ах, Алеша, напротив, ужасно как хорошо, — нежно и со счастьем посмотрела на него Lise.","translation":"\"Ah, Alyosha, on the contrary — it is dreadfully good,\" Lise looked at him tenderly, full of happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нежно и со счастьем посмотрела на него Lise","title":"Verb-before-subject inversion","body":"The subject «Lise» follows its verb «посмотрела», with the adverbials fronted — an inversion typical of Russian narrative tags after direct speech. Cases keep roles clear, so word order is free to put the emotional manner first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со счастьем","title":"«с» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«Со счастьем» is the preposition «с» governing the instrumental — \"with happiness,\" i.e. happily. The form «со» (not «с») appears before the consonant cluster «сч-» for ease of pronunciation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ужасно как хорошо","title":"«ужасно» as an intensifier","body":"Literally \"awfully,\" «ужасно» here just amplifies — \"dreadfully / terribly good.\" This emotional, slightly girlish over-statement recurs in Lise's speech (\"ужасно счастлива,\" \"ужасно люблю\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies хорошо","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifier modifying хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо,","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрела","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастьем","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"посмотрела","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of посмотрела","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c1-s129","source":"Алеша стоял, всё еще держа свою руку в ее руке.","translation":"Alyosha stood there, still holding his hand in hers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще держа свою руку","title":"Gerund «держа» — ongoing accompaniment","body":"«Держа» is an imperfective present gerund (\"holding\"), painting a state that continues alongside «стоял». «Всё еще» (\"still\") underlines its ongoing nature, and «свою» reflexively marks the hand as his own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ее руке","title":"«в» + prepositional for location","body":"«В ее руке» (\"in her hand\") uses «в» with the prepositional case to express location, contrasting with «в» + accusative for motion into. The third-person possessive «её» is frozen and never declines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё ещё, modifies держа","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держа","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c1-s130","source":"Вдруг он нагнулся и поцеловал ее в самые губки.","translation":"Suddenly he stooped down and kissed her right on the lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнулся и поцеловал","title":"Chained perfectives moving the action","body":"Two perfective past verbs, «нагнулся» and «поцеловал», narrate single completed events in sequence — stooped, then kissed. Perfectives like these drive the plot forward point by point, against any imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самые губки","title":"«губки» — diminutive of «губы»","body":"«Губки» is a tender diminutive of «губы» (\"lips\"), and «в самые губки» means \"right on the very lips.\" «Самые» heightens the precision — exactly there — while the diminutive adds intimacy to the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнулся","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stooped down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнулся","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"intensifier modifying губки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"губки","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поцеловал","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c1-s131","source":"— Это что еще? Что с вами? — вскрикнула Lise.","translation":"\"What's this now? What's come over you?\" cried Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что с вами?","title":"«что с» + instrumental — \"what's wrong\"","body":"«Что с вами?» (literally \"what is with you?\") is the idiomatic way to ask \"what's come over you? / what's the matter?\" using «с» + instrumental «вами». No verb is needed — Russian leaves the copula unspoken in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что еще?","title":"Emphatic «еще» in indignation","body":"«Это что еще?» is an indignant idiom, \"what's this now? / what next?\" — the particle «еще» here adds an exasperated \"on top of everything\" flavor rather than its usual \"still / yet.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами?","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c1-s132","source":"Алеша совсем потерялся.","translation":"Alyosha was utterly thrown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потерялся","title":"«-ся» middle: «потеряться»","body":"«Потерялся» (perfective) with «-ся» means not \"lost something\" but \"got lost / became flustered\" — the reflexive marks a change of inner state. With «совсем» it reads \"was utterly thrown / lost his head.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерялся","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"потерялся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thrown"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c1-s133","source":"— Ну, простите, если не так… Я, может быть, ужасно глупо… Вы сказали, что я холоден, я взял и поцеловал.. Только я вижу, что вышло глупо…","translation":"\"Well, forgive me, if it wasn't right... Perhaps I was being dreadfully stupid... You said I was cold, so I went and kissed you... Only I can see now that it came out stupid...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не так","title":"Elliptical conditional «если не так»","body":"«Простите, если не так» drops the verb entirely — \"forgive me if [it was] not right.\" Russian freely omits the present-tense copula, so «не так» (\"not so / not as it should be\") stands alone as the condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я взял и поцеловал","title":"«взял и» + verb — \"up and did it\"","body":"«Взял и поцеловал» is a colloquial construction: «взять» (\"to take\") plus «и» plus a second verb means \"went and did it,\" conveying an impulsive, unpremeditated act. Both verbs share tense and aspect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышло глупо","title":"Impersonal «вышло» — \"it came out\"","body":"«Вышло глупо» uses «выйти» impersonally with a neuter past form and an adverb: \"it turned out stupidly / came out foolish.\" There is no nominative subject — the situation itself \"came out\" a certain way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on простите","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глупо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть, parenthetical","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупо","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"predicate of Я, head of the phrase","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of холоден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of холоден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"холоден","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал, idiom 'went and'","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"kissed you"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"predicate complement of вышло","gloss":"stupid"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c1-s134","source":"Lise засмеялась и закрыла лицо руками.","translation":"Lise laughed and hid her face in her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыла лицо руками","title":"Instrumental of means «руками»","body":"«Закрыла лицо руками» — \"covered her face with her hands\" — puts the instrument «руками» in the instrumental case, with no preposition needed. The instrumental alone answers \"by what means?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялась","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыла","gloss":"with her hands"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c1-s135","source":"— И в этом платье! — вырвалось у ней между смехом, но вдруг она перестала смеяться и стала вся серьезная, почти строгая.","translation":"\"And in that habit, too!\" burst from her amid her laughter; but all at once she stopped laughing and grew wholly serious, almost stern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось у ней","title":"Impersonal «вырвалось у» — \"it burst from\"","body":"«Вырвалось у ней» is an impersonal reflexive: the exclamation is the subject and \"burst out from\" her («у» + genitive «ней»), as if involuntary. The form «ней» for «неё» is a colloquial/older variant after the preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала вся серьезная, почти строгая","title":"«стать» + predicate adjective","body":"«Стала… серьезная» uses «стать» (\"to become\") with the adjective. Note Dostoevsky keeps the nominative «серьезная» (a colloquial, vivid choice) where formal grammar might expect the instrumental «серьёзной» after «стать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"платье!","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"habit","note":"платье usually means 'dress,' but here it refers to Alyosha's monastic habit/cassock."},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смехом","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перестала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"перестала","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with вырвалось","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестала","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестала","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies серьезная","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"серьезная","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строгая","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"строгая","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with серьезная","gloss":"stern"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c1-s136","source":"— Ну, Алеша, мы еще подождем с поцелуями, потому что мы этого еще оба не умеем, а ждать нам еще очень долго, — заключила она вдруг.","translation":"\"Well, Alyosha, we shall hold off on kisses a while longer, since neither of us is any good at it yet, and we still have a very long time to wait,\" she concluded suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подождем с поцелуями","title":"«подождать с» + instrumental","body":"«Подождём с поцелуями» — \"we'll wait a while with the kisses,\" i.e. hold off on them. The verb «ждать/подождать с» takes «с» + instrumental to mean delaying or putting off the named thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не умеем","title":"Genitive after «потому что мы этого не умеем»","body":"«Этого не умеем» shows the genitive of negation: «умеем» negated pulls its object «это» into the genitive «этого». «Оба» (\"both\") underlines the shared inexperience."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждать нам еще очень долго","title":"Dative-subject necessity «ждать нам»","body":"«Ждать нам долго» frames the obligation impersonally: the dative «нам» is the one who must wait, with the bare infinitive «ждать» carrying the sense \"we have a long wait ahead.\" No nominative subject appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подождем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подождем","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"подождем","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wait"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поцелуями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"поцелуями","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подождем","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of умеем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies умеем","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеем","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"causal clause on подождем, introduced by потому что","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of долго","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer complement of долго","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долго,","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"заключила","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключила","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c1-s137","source":"— Скажите лучше, за что вы берете меня, такую дуру, больную дурочку, вы, такой умный, такой мыслящий, такой замечающий?","translation":"\"Tell me, rather, why you are taking me — such a fool, such a sickly little ninny — you, who are so clever, so thoughtful, so observant?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что вы берете меня","title":"«за что» — \"for what / why\"","body":"«За что» (\"on what grounds, for what reason\") asks the motive, distinct from «почему» (cause) and «зачем» (purpose). Here it means \"why on earth are you taking me?\" — «за» + accusative «что»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дуру, больную дурочку","title":"«дура» / «дурочка» — fool, with diminutive","body":"Lise heaps self-deprecation: «дуру» (\"fool,\" harsh) softening into the diminutive «дурочка» (\"silly little thing\"), paired with «больную» (\"sick\"). The diminutive turns the insult tender and pitying — she belittles and pities herself at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой умный, такой мыслящий, такой замечающий","title":"Present active participles as adjectives","body":"«Мыслящий» (\"thinking\") and «замечающий» (\"noticing, observant\") are present active participles in -щий used attributively, like adjectives, after «такой» (\"so\"). They condense \"one who thinks / who notices\" into single bookish modifiers — a literary flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Скажите","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of берете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of берете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"берете","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажите","gloss":"are taking"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of берете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дуру","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"дуру","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to меня","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"больную","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дурочку","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"дурочку","lemma":"дурочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to меня","gloss":"little ninny"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"restates subject вы (apposition)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслящий","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мыслящий","lemma":"мыслящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умный","gloss":"thoughtful"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of замечающий","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"замечающий","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умный","gloss":"observant"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c1-s138","source":"Ах, Алеша, я ужасно счастлива, потому что я вас совсем не стою!","translation":"Ah, Alyosha, I am dreadfully happy, because I am not worthy of you at all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас совсем не стою","title":"«стоить» + genitive of worth","body":"«Стоить» in the sense \"to be worthy of\" governs the genitive: «вас не стою» = \"I am not worthy of you.\" The pronoun «вас» is genitive here (= accusative form), and «совсем не» intensifies the negation to \"not at all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что","title":"Causal «потому что»","body":"«Потому что» (\"because\") opens a subordinate clause of cause, set off by a comma. It is the everyday workhorse causal conjunction, as opposed to the bookish «ибо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of счастлива","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастлива","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"счастлива","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of стою","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause on счастлива, introduced by потому что","gloss":"am worth"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c1-s139","source":"— Стоите, Lise.","translation":"\"You are worthy, Lise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стоите","title":"Single-word rejoinder «Стоите»","body":"Alyosha answers her «не стою» with one inflected verb, «Стоите» (\"you ARE worthy\") — the 2nd-person plural ending alone carries subject and contradiction, so no pronoun is needed. A terse, emphatic correction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стоите","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You are worthy"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c1-s140","source":"Я на днях выйду из монастыря совсем.","translation":"In a few days I shall leave the monastery for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйду из монастыря","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выйти»","body":"«Выйду» is the perfective simple future of «выйти» (\"to go out, leave\"), a prefixed motion verb: the prefix «вы-» (\"out\") fixes direction and makes the pair an ordinary aspect pair. «Из монастыря» — «из» + genitive — marks motion out of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"днях","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"a few days","note":"idiom «на днях» = 'in a few days,' not literally 'on the days.'"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"for good"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c1-s141","source":"Выйдя в свет, надо жениться, это-то я знаю.","translation":"Going out into the world, one must marry — that much I know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя в свет","title":"Past gerund «выйдя» — \"having gone out\"","body":"«Выйдя» is a perfective past gerund (\"having gone out\"), naming the completed action that precedes the main clause. It sets the condition — once one is out in the world — for the generalizing «надо жениться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо жениться","title":"Impersonal necessity «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо жениться» (\"one must marry\") is a subjectless necessity construction: the invariable «надо» plus a bare infinitive, with any experiencer in the dative (here left general, \"one\"). This is a hallmark Russian impersonal pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то я знаю","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «это-то» emphasizes a known point — \"THAT much, at least, I do know.\" This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в свет","title":"«выйти в свет» — to enter the world / society","body":"«Свет» here means \"the world\" or polite \"society\" as opposed to monastic seclusion. «Выйти в свет» carries the double sense of leaving the cloister and entering secular, social life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c1-s142","source":"Так и он мне велел.","translation":"He, too, commanded me so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и он мне велел","title":"Dative object of «велеть»","body":"«Велеть» (\"to command, bid\") governs the dative of the person commanded — «мне велел» = \"bade me.\" «Так» recalls the preceding thought (\"to marry\"), and «и» here means \"too / also\": he too commanded it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c1-s143","source":"Кого ж я лучше вас возьму… и кто меня, кроме вас, возьмет?","translation":"And whom could I take who is better than you... and who, besides you, would take me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кого ж я лучше вас возьму","title":"Animate accusative «кого» + particle «ж»","body":"«Кого» is the accusative/genitive of «кто» — animate, so it borrows the genitive form. The clitic «ж» (= «же») adds insistence: \"and just whom would I take?\" «Лучше вас» means \"better than you,\" with comparison expressed by the bare genitive «вас»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто меня, кроме вас, возьмет","title":"«кроме» + genitive","body":"«Кроме вас» (\"besides you\") uses the preposition «кроме» governing the genitive. The rhetorical question — \"and who, besides you, would take me?\" — answers itself: no one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies Кого","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies возьму, governs вас","gloss":"better than"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of comparison with лучше","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of возьмет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьму","gloss":"would take"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c1-s144","source":"Я уж это обдумывал.","translation":"I have already thought it all through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я уж это обдумывал","title":"Imperfective «обдумывал» — process of thinking-over","body":"«Обдумывал» is imperfective past: not a single completed thought but the ongoing process of turning it over. The particle «уж» (a clipped «уже», \"already\") stresses that the deliberation is behind him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обдумывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обдумывал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обдумывал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обдумывал","lemma":"обдумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought over"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c1-s145","source":"Во-первых, вы меня с детства знаете, а во-вторых, в вас очень много способностей, каких во мне совсем нет.","translation":"First, you have known me since childhood, and second, there is a great deal in you of abilities I have none of at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы меня с детства знаете","title":"«с» + genitive of time — \"since childhood\"","body":"«С детства» — «с» + genitive «детства» — marks the starting point in time, \"since/from childhood.\" The same preposition «с» governs the instrumental for accompaniment but the genitive for a source or starting point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каких во мне совсем нет","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Каких во мне нет» — the relative «каких» stands in the genitive plural because «нет» (negated existence) demands the genitive of what is absent: \"abilities of which there are none in me.\" «Каких» also agrees with its antecedent «способностей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies знаете","gloss":"firstly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детства","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"детства","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаете","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, modifies много","gloss":"secondly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"abilities"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of нет, refers to способностей","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying способностей","gloss":"there is none"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c1-s146","source":"У вас душа веселее, чем у меня; вы, главное, невиннее меня, а уж я до многого, до многого прикоснулся…","translation":"Your soul is gayer than mine; above all, you are more innocent than I am, while I have already brushed up against a great deal, a great deal...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веселее, чем у меня; невиннее меня","title":"Comparatives in -ее, with and without «чем»","body":"«Веселее» and «невиннее» are predicative comparatives in -ее (\"gayer,\" \"more innocent\"). Russian offers two comparison frames, both here: «веселее, чем у меня» (\"than in me,\" with «чем») and the terser «невиннее меня» (the standard in the bare genitive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до многого, до многого прикоснулся","title":"«прикоснуться до/к» + repetition","body":"«До многого… прикоснулся» — \"I have touched/brushed against much.\" The repetition «до многого, до многого» is an emotive doubling for emphasis, and «прикоснулся» is a perfective «-ся» verb of contact. The phrase darkly hints at the Karamazov sensuality he shares."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive complement of душа (у вас = 'your')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of веселее","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"веселее","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"gayer"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of чем, object of comparison","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of невиннее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, adverbial","role":"parenthetical, modifies невиннее","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"невиннее","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, coordinated with веселее","gloss":"more innocent"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of comparison with невиннее","gloss":"than I"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прикоснулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснулся","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многого (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикоснулся","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"прикоснулся","lemma":"прикоснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with невиннее","gloss":"have touched"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c1-s147","source":"Ах, вы не знаете, ведь и я Карамазов!","translation":"Ah, you don't know it, but I too am a Karamazov!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь и я Карамазов","title":"«ведь» + «и» — \"after all, I too\"","body":"«Ведь» appeals to a truth Lise should grasp, and «и я» means \"I too / even I.\" The present copula is unspoken: «я Карамазов» = \"I [am] a Karamazov,\" predicate noun in the bare nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause introduced by ведь","gloss":"a Karamazov"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c1-s148","source":"Что в том, что вы смеетесь и шутите, и надо мной тоже; напротив, смейтесь, я так этому рад…","translation":"What does it matter that you laugh and joke, and at my expense too? On the contrary, laugh — I am so glad of it...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что в том, что вы смеетесь","title":"«что в том, что…» — \"what does it matter that…\"","body":"«Что в том, что…» is an idiom, \"what is there in that / what does it matter that…\" The correlative «в том» (\"in that,\" prepositional) is then unpacked by the «что»-clause that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смейтесь","title":"Imperative «смейтесь»","body":"«Смейтесь» is the plural/polite imperative of the «-ся» verb «смеяться» (\"to laugh\"). The reflexive ending «-сь» follows the imperative «-те», and the form invites rather than commands: \"go ahead, laugh.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я так этому рад","title":"Dative complement of «рад»","body":"«Рад» (\"glad\") is a short-form predicate adjective that takes its object in the dative: «этому рад» = \"glad of this.\" «Так» intensifies — \"so glad.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шутите","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеетесь","gloss":"joke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at","note":"'надо мной' ('over/at me') — надо here is a spelling variant of the preposition над before мной, not the adverb 'надо' (must)."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо мной","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смейтесь","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рад","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c1-s149","source":"Но вы смеетесь как маленькая девочка, а про себя думаете как мученица…","translation":"But you laugh like a little girl, while inwardly you think like a martyr...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеетесь как маленькая девочка, а про себя думаете как мученица","title":"Contrastive «а» of two simultaneous truths","body":"The hinge «а» sets the two halves against each other — laughing outwardly, brooding inwardly — a mild contrast, not opposition. «Про себя» uses the reflexive «себя» (\"to oneself, inwardly\") after «про» + accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девочка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочка","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеетесь","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of думаете","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеетесь","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мученица","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мученица","lemma":"мученица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаете","gloss":"a martyr"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c1-s150","source":"— Как мученица? Как это?","translation":"\"Like a martyr? How so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это?","title":"Elliptical «Как это?»","body":"«Как это?» (\"how so? / what do you mean?\") is a clipped, verbless question — Russian leaves out everything but the essential «как» + «это», relying on context for the rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мученица","gloss":"Like"},{"surface":"мученица","lemma":"мученица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"a martyr"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies это","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c1-s151","source":"— Да, Lise, вот давеча ваш вопрос: нет ли в нас презрения к тому несчастному, что мы так душу его анатомируем, — этот вопрос мученический… видите, я никак не умею это выразить, но у кого такие вопросы являются, тот сам способен страдать.","translation":"\"Yes, Lise, take that question of yours just now: whether there isn't some contempt in us toward that wretched man, that we dissect his soul like this — that question is a martyr's question... You see, I can't put it into words at all, but anyone in whom such questions arise is himself capable of suffering.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ли в нас презрения","title":"«нет ли» + genitive — \"isn't there…?\"","body":"Lise's recalled question fuses negated existence «нет» with the interrogative «ли»: \"isn't there contempt in us?\" Because «нет» negates existence, the thing in question stands in the genitive — «презрения», not nominative «презрение»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у кого такие вопросы являются, тот сам способен страдать","title":"Correlative «у кого… тот…»","body":"This is a bookish correlative: the relative «кто» (here «у кого», \"in whom\") is answered by the demonstrative «тот» (\"that one\"). \"In whom such questions arise — that person is himself capable of suffering.\" «Сам» intensifies («himself»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анатомируем","title":"«анатомировать» — to dissect / anatomize","body":"A learned loanword, \"to dissect (anatomically).\" Applied to «душу» (\"soul\"), it's a striking metaphor — they probe the wretched man's soul as a coroner probes a body. The clinical word against \"soul\" is deliberately jarring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a little while ago\"","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, somewhat dated adverb meaning \"just now, a short while back, earlier today.\" It recurs across this scene and marks the warm, slightly old-fashioned register of their talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun introduced by вот","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle","role":"predicate of the ли-clause","gloss":"isn't there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"презрения","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастному","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of несчастному","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"wretched man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying презрения","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of анатомируем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies анатомируем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of анатомируем","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"анатомируем,","lemma":"анатомировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause modifying презрения","gloss":"dissect"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мученический","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"мученический","lemma":"мученический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of вопрос","gloss":"a martyr's"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не умею","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with видите","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выразить","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"express"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of являются","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of являются","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"являются","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying тот","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of тот","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with умею","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of способен","gloss":"to suffer"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c1-s152","source":"Сидя в креслах, вы уж и теперь должны были много передумать…","translation":"Sitting there in your chair, you must already have had much to turn over in your mind...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сидя в креслах","title":"Gerund «сидя» — \"while sitting\"","body":"«Сидя» is an imperfective present gerund (\"sitting / while you sit\"), giving the circumstance attending the main clause. «В креслах» locates her, «в» + prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны были много передумать","title":"«должны были» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Должны были передумать» — \"you must have thought over much.\" «Должны» (short adjective \"obliged\") plus past «были» plus the perfective «передумать» (whose prefix «пере-» means \"through, all of it\") expresses an inferred completed action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on должны","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Сидя","gloss":"your chair"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должны (past-tense marker)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передумать","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"передумать","lemma":"передумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"turn over"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c1-s153","source":"— Алеша, дайте мне вашу руку, что вы ее отнимаете, — промолвила Lise ослабленным от счастья, упавшим каким-то голоском.","translation":"\"Alyosha, give me your hand — why do you pull it away?\" said Lise in a little voice gone faint and falling with happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дайте мне вашу руку","title":"Imperative «дайте» + dative recipient","body":"«Дайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «дать» (\"to give\"), with the recipient in the dative («мне») and the thing given in the accusative («вашу руку»). A textbook give-construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что вы ее отнимаете","title":"Reproachful «что» — \"why\"","body":"Here «что» is not \"that\" but a reproachful \"why / what for\" — \"why are you pulling it away?\" The imperfective «отнимаете» shows the action in progress, his ongoing tug."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голоском","title":"«голосок» — diminutive of «голос»","body":"«Голоском» (instrumental of «голосок») is the tender diminutive of «голос» (\"voice\") — \"in a little voice.\" Paired with «ослабленным» and «упавшим», it paints her voice as small, faint, dissolving in happiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the question modifying отнимаете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отнимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнимаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отнимаете,","lemma":"отнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"pull away"},{"surface":"промолвила","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of промолвила","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"ослабленным","lemma":"ослабленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"weakened"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастья","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ослабленным","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"упавшим","lemma":"упавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies голоском, coordinated with ослабленным","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голоском","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промолвила","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c1-s154","source":"— Послушайте, Алеша, во что вы оденетесь, как выйдете из монастыря, в какой костюм?","translation":"\"Listen, Alyosha, what will you wear when you leave the monastery — what sort of suit?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во что вы оденетесь","title":"«одеться во» + accusative","body":"«Оденетесь» is the reflexive «одеться» (\"to dress oneself\"), perfective future. \"What will you dress yourself in?\" takes «во что» — «в» + accusative — for the clothing put on. «Во» (not «в») precedes the consonant cluster «чт-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оденетесь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оденетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оденетесь","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will wear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"выйдете","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оденетесь","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдете","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костюм","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of костюм","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"костюм","lemma":"костюм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to что, specifying оденетесь","gloss":"suit"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c1-s155","source":"Не смейтесь, не сердитесь, это очень, очень для меня важно.","translation":"Don't laugh, don't be cross — this matters very, very much to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смейтесь, не сердитесь","title":"Negated imperatives","body":"«Не смейтесь, не сердитесь» — negative commands formed with «не» before the imperative. Imperfective imperatives like these are the norm for prohibitions and requests: \"don't laugh, don't be cross.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это очень, очень для меня важно","title":"Short-form «важно» + dative-like «для меня»","body":"«Важно» is a short neuter predicate adjective (\"[it] is important\"), with «для меня» (\"for me,\" «для» + genitive) naming whom it matters to. The doubled «очень, очень» is emotive intensification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смейтесь","gloss":"be cross"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of важно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate, coordinated with смейтесь","gloss":"matters"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c1-s156","source":"— Про костюм, Lise, я еще не думал, но в какой хотите, в такой и оденусь.","translation":"\"As for a suit, Lise, I haven't thought about it yet, but whatever you like, that's what I'll wear.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в какой хотите, в такой и оденусь","title":"Correlative «в какой… в такой…»","body":"An elegant correlative: the interrogative-relative «какой» (\"which kind\") is answered by «такой» (\"that kind\"). \"Whatever sort you like, that's the sort I'll dress in.\" «И» here means \"exactly / just,\" sealing the matching."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я еще не думал","title":"Negated imperfective «не думал»","body":"«Не думал» (imperfective past, negated) reports the simple non-occurrence of an activity — \"I haven't (been) thinking about it.\" «Еще» (\"yet\") signals it may still come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костюм","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"костюм","lemma":"костюм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized oblique complement of думал","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, elided head костюм","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying какой","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, oblique complement of оденусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оденусь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"оденусь","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with думал","gloss":"I'll wear"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c1-s157","source":"— Я хочу, чтоб у вас был темно-синий бархатный пиджак, белый пикейный жилет и пуховая серая мягкая шляпа … Скажите, вы так и поверили давеча, что я вас не люблю, когда я от письма вчерашнего отреклась?","translation":"\"I want you to have a dark-blue velvet jacket, a white piqué waistcoat, and a soft grey felt hat... Tell me, did you really believe just now that I don't love you, when I disavowed yesterday's letter?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хочу, чтоб у вас был темно-синий бархатный пиджак","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past form for a wished outcome","body":"«Хочу, чтоб… был» uses «чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») with the past form «был» to express a willed, not-yet-real outcome — the irrealis demanded after verbs of wishing. The «у вас был… пиджак» frames possession as \"there be a jacket with you.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пиджак, пикейный жилет, пуховая шляпа","title":"A dandy's wardrobe","body":"Lise dresses Alyosha in fashionable 1860s–70s civilian wear: a velvet «пиджак» (jacket), a white «пикейный жилет» (piqué waistcoat — piqué is a ribbed cotton), and a soft felt «шляпа». The loanwords mark this as worldly, secular finery — the opposite of his cassock."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от письма вчерашнего отреклась","title":"«отречься от» + genitive","body":"«Отречься от письма» — \"to renounce / disavow the letter\" — uses the reflexive «отречься» governing «от» + genitive «письма». The word «отречься» carries a weighty, almost solemn ring (it is the verb for renouncing a faith or a throne)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (possession)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of был (possessor)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмно-синий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (first part of compound)","role":"modifies пиджак","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"синий","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пиджак, coordinated with темно","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"бархатный","lemma":"бархатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пиджак","gloss":"velvet"},{"surface":"пиджак","lemma":"пиджак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилет","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"пикейный","lemma":"пикейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилет","gloss":"piqué"},{"surface":"жилет","lemma":"жилет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пиджак","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуховая","lemma":"пуховый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"серая","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"мягкая","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпа","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"шляпа","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пиджак","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажите","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверили","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отреклась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отреклась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отреклась","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"отреклась","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying поверили","gloss":"disavowed"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c1-s158","source":"— Нет, не поверил.","translation":"\"No, I didn't believe it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поверил","title":"Negated perfective «не поверил»","body":"«Поверил» is perfective (\"believed, came to believe\"); negated, «не поверил» denies that the single act of believing ever took place — \"I didn't [come to] believe it.\" The terse two-word reply is fully carried by the gendered past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe it"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c1-s159","source":"— О, несносный человек, неисправимый!","translation":"\"Oh, you insufferable man, you incorrigible one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несносный, неисправимый","title":"«несносный» / «неисправимый»","body":"Two negated adjectives as affectionate scolding: «несносный» (\"unbearable, insufferable,\" from «сносить» \"to endure\") and «неисправимый» (\"incorrigible,\" lit. \"un-correctable\"). Both lead with the privative «не-», and here they are mock-exasperated endearments."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"несносный","lemma":"несносный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"insufferable"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun, vocative","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"неисправимый","lemma":"неисправимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"incorrigible"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c1-s160","source":"— Видите, я знал, что вы меня… кажется, любите, но я сделал вид, что вам верю, что вы не любите, чтобы вам было… удобнее…","translation":"\"You see, I knew that you... seemed to love me, but I pretended to take your word for it that you didn't, so that it would be... easier for you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделал вид, что вам верю","title":"«сделать вид, что» — to pretend","body":"«Сделать вид, что…» is the set idiom \"to make as if / pretend that.\" «Верю» is present-tense («I believe you»), reported inside the «что»-clause exactly as it was felt — Russian keeps the original tense in such reports."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вам было… удобнее","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + dative «вам было»","body":"«Чтобы вам было удобнее» — \"so that it would be easier for you\" — combines purpose «чтобы» (with past «было») and an impersonal dative-experiencer construction: «вам было удобнее» has no nominative subject, only the dative «вам» and the comparative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying любите","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with знал","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вид (сделал вид, что верю)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верю","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the purpose clause, complement is удобнее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"удобнее","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, complement of было","gloss":"easier"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c1-s161","source":"— Еще того хуже! И хуже и лучше всего.","translation":"\"Worse still! And worse and best of all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще того хуже","title":"Genitive of comparison «того хуже»","body":"«Того хуже» — \"worse than that\" — uses the comparative «хуже» with the standard of comparison in the bare genitive «того» (from «то»). «Еще» (\"even, still\") pushes it further: \"even worse than that.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже и лучше всего","title":"Superlative «лучше всего»","body":"«Лучше всего» (\"best of all\") forms a superlative from the comparative «лучше» plus «всего» (genitive, \"than everything\"). «Лучше» and «хуже» are suppletive comparatives — from «хороший» and «плохой» — that share no root with their positive forms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies хуже","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with the first хуже","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c1-s162","source":"Алеша, я вас ужасно люблю.","translation":"Alyosha, I love you dreadfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас ужасно люблю","title":"«вас» as accusative object","body":"«Вас» is the accusative (= genitive form) of «вы», the direct object of «люблю». Word order puts object before verb — «я вас люблю» — which is the unmarked, natural order for this fixed declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c1-s163","source":"Я давеча, как вам прийти, загадала; спрошу у него вчерашнее письмо, и если он мне спокойно вынет и отдаст его (как и ожидать от него всегда можно), то значит, что он совсем меня не любит, ничего не чувствует, а просто глупый и недостойный мальчик, а я погибла.","translation":"Just now, as you were coming, I made a wager with myself: I'll ask him for yesterday's letter, and if he calmly takes it out and hands it back to me (as one can always expect of him), then it means he doesn't love me at all, feels nothing, and is simply a stupid, unworthy boy — and I am lost.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вам прийти","title":"Dative + infinitive «как вам прийти»","body":"«Как вам прийти» here means \"as you were [about] to come\" — a dative («вам») plus infinitive («прийти», perfective of the prefixed motion verb «приходить/прийти») expressing imminent or impending action, an older colloquial turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он мне спокойно вынет и отдаст","title":"Real conditional «если» + perfective future","body":"«Если… вынет и отдаст» is a real (open) condition: «если» + two perfective present-form verbs with future meaning (\"if he takes out and hands back\"). The «то значит» that follows draws the consequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загадала","title":"«загадать» — to make a wish / wager with oneself","body":"«Загадать» is the folk-flavored verb for setting oneself an omen or making a silent wish — \"I made a wager / told my fortune.\" Lise treats Alyosha's reaction as a private divination of whether he loves her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я погибла","title":"«погибла» — perfective of doom","body":"«Я погибла» (perfective past, feminine) — \"I am lost / done for / undone.\" The perfective frames the ruin as an accomplished fact, and the melodramatic verb «погибнуть» (\"to perish\") is pure Lise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of загадала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загадала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прийти","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of прийти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the temporal clause (вам прийти)","gloss":"were coming"},{"surface":"загадала","lemma":"загадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made a wager"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"content of the wager, coordinated with загадала","gloss":"I'll ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрошу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрошу","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вынет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынет","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"вынет","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on значит","gloss":"takes it out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынет","gloss":"hands back"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of ожидать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидать","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"impersonal infinitive, depends on можно","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical clause, head of ожидать...можно construction","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of значит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis, coordinated with загадала","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствует","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупый","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недостойный","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глупый","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with любит","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of погибла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"погибла","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"am lost"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c1-s164","source":"Но вы оставили письмо в келье, и это меня ободрило: не правда ли, вы потому оставили в келье, что предчувствовали, что я буду требовать назад письмо, так чтобы не отдавать его?","translation":"But you left the letter in your cell, and that heartened me: isn't it true that you left it in the cell because you foresaw that I would demand the letter back, and so you arranged not to give it up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не правда ли","title":"Tag question «не правда ли»","body":"«Не правда ли?» (\"isn't it true?\") is the standard tag question, seeking agreement — built from negation «не» plus «правда» plus interrogative «ли». English needs \"isn't it?\" or \"don't you?\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствовали, что я буду требовать","title":"Compound future «буду требовать»","body":"«Буду требовать» is the imperfective compound future: «буду» plus the imperfective infinitive «требовать» (\"to demand\"), naming an ongoing/repeated future act — \"I would [keep on] demanding.\" It contrasts with the perfective simple future seen elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так чтобы не отдавать его","title":"Purpose «(так) чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Так чтобы не отдавать» uses «чтобы» with a bare infinitive (same subject) to state purpose: \"so as not to give it up.\" The imperfective «отдавать» under negation reads as \"so as to keep from handing it over.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ободрило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ободрило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ободрило","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставили","gloss":"heartened"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the question","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставили (second)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что-clause, modifies оставили","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of правда","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предчувствовали (completes потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"предчувствовали","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on second оставили","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of требовать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of требовать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of требовать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"требовать","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовать","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требовать","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with чтобы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of отдавать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдавать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдавать","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying предчувствовали","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдавать","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c1-s165","source":"Так ли? Ведь так?","translation":"Is that so? It's so, isn't it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли? Ведь так?","title":"«ли» question vs «ведь» appeal","body":"Two ways to seek confirmation in three words: «Так ли?» is a neutral yes/no question with «ли» (\"is it so?\"), while «Ведь так?» appeals to shared certainty with «ведь» (\"it's so, isn't it?\"). The pair shows the fine difference between asking and expecting agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c1-s166","source":"— Ох, Lise, совсем не так, ведь письмо-то со мной и теперь и давеча было тоже, вот в этом кармане, вот оно.","translation":"\"Oh, Lise, not at all; the letter is with me even now, and it was with me just then too — here, in this pocket, here it is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"письмо-то со мной","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + «со мной»","body":"«Письмо-то» uses the emphasizing clitic «-то» to single out the letter as the known topic — \"the letter, in fact…\" «Со мной» (\"with me\") is «с» + instrumental of «я»; «со» appears before the cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот в этом кармане, вот оно","title":"Deictic «вот»","body":"«Вот» (\"here / there [is]\") points physically at something present: \"here, in this pocket — here it is.\" Repeated «вот» dramatizes the gesture of producing the letter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не так","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, coordinated with the interjection","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase письмо","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было тоже, coordinated with теперь","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кармане","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кармане","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive, oblique complement of было (elliptical)","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (вот оно)","gloss":"it is"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c1-s167","source":"Алеша вынул, смеясь, письмо и показал ей издали.","translation":"Laughing, Alyosha drew out the letter and showed it to her from a distance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул, смеясь, письмо","title":"Gerund «смеясь» interrupting the clause","body":"«Смеясь» (imperfective present gerund, \"laughing\") is dropped between verb and object — \"drew out, laughing, the letter\" — describing the manner of the main action. Free word order lets the gerund sit mid-sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вынул","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"from a distance"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c1-s168","source":"— Только я вам не отдам его, смотрите из рук.","translation":"\"Only I shan't give it to you — look at it from a distance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вам не отдам его","title":"Perfective future «не отдам» + dative","body":"«Не отдам» is the perfective simple future of «отдать» (\"to give back\") — \"I shan't give it.\" The recipient is dative «вам», the thing accusative «его». Perfective negation here denies the completed act will happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрите из рук","title":"Imperative «смотрите» + «из» + genitive","body":"«Смотрите» is the plural/polite imperative (\"look\"). «Из рук» — «из» + genitive plural «рук» — literally \"from [my] hands,\" i.e. look at it while it stays in my hands, from a distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"restrictive particle modifying отдам","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отдам","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отдам","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"hands","note":"Idiom 'смотреть из рук' — look but keep your hands off."}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b5-c1-s169","source":"— Как? Так вы давеча солгали, вы монах и солгали?","translation":"\"What? So you lied just now — you, a monk, and you lied?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"солгали","title":"«солгать» — to tell a lie (bookish)","body":"«Солгать» (perfective of «лгать») is the more emphatic, morally weighted verb for lying, stronger than everyday «соврать». Lise's shock — «вы монах и солгали» — hangs on this gravity: a monk, of all people, told an outright lie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation questioning the previous line","gloss":"What?"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солгали","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of солгали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солгали","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"солгали","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical copula with монах","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with вы (elliptical 'you are')","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"солгали","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first солгали","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b5-c1-s170","source":"— Пожалуй, солгал, — смеялся и Алеша, — чтобы вам не отдавать письма, солгал.","translation":"\"I lied, I suppose,\" Alyosha laughed too, \"I lied so as not to give you the letter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуй","title":"«пожалуй» — \"I suppose / very well\"","body":"«Пожалуй» is a concessive particle expressing reluctant or easygoing agreement: \"I suppose so, all right, maybe.\" Alyosha cheerfully half-concedes the charge of lying without taking it too seriously."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вам не отдавать письма, солгал","title":"Purpose «чтобы» framing the lie","body":"«Чтобы вам не отдавать письма» states the aim — \"in order not to give you the letter\" — with «чтобы» + infinitive (same subject). Under negation the object «письма» appears in the genitive of negation rather than accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солгал,","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"солгал,","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to солгал,","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша, (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause with отдавать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отдавать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдавать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдавать","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause modifying солгал,","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдавать (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"солгал","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"restates солгал, at the head of the sentence","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b5-c1-s171","source":"Оно очень мне дорого, — прибавил он вдруг с сильным чувством и опять покраснев, — это уж навеки, и я его никому никогда не отдам!","translation":"\"It is very dear to me,\" he added all at once, with strong feeling and blushing again, \"and that is forever now, and I shall never give it to anyone, ever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оно очень мне дорого","title":"Short adjective «дорого» + dative","body":"«Дорого» is a short neuter predicate adjective (\"[is] dear\"), agreeing with neuter «оно» (the letter, «письмо»). The one to whom it is dear stands in the dative — «мне дорого», \"dear to me.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я его никому никогда не отдам","title":"Negative concord: «никому никогда не»","body":"Three negatives, one meaning: «никому» (\"to no one\"), «никогда» (\"never\"), and the obligatory «не» on the verb all stack up — Russian requires the negated verb even with «ни»-words. \"I'll never give it to anyone.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покраснев","title":"Past gerund «покраснев» — \"having reddened\"","body":"«Покраснев» is a perfective past gerund of «покраснеть» (\"to blush\"), naming the completed action accompanying «прибавил». «Опять» (\"again\") ties it back to his earlier blush — Alyosha colors at his own strong feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дорого,","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорого,","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of дорого,","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"дорого,","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adverb (short-form predicate adjective)","role":"predicate of Оно","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дорого,","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сильным","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснев,","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"покраснев,","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, adverbial participle (gerund), past, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying прибавил","gloss":"blushing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical copula with навеки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies навеки","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate with это (elliptical copula)","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отдам","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b5-c1-s172","source":"Lise смотрела на него в восхищении.","translation":"Lise gazed at him in rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в восхищении","title":"«в» + prepositional of state","body":"«В восхищении» (\"in rapture / delight\") uses «в» + prepositional to express an emotional state someone is in, like «в восторге», «в отчаянии». «Восхищение» is a bookish noun in -ение for the abstract feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b5-c1-s173","source":"— Алеша, — залепетала она опять, — посмотрите у дверей, не подслушивает ли мамаша?","translation":"\"Alyosha,\" she prattled on again, \"go look at the door — isn't Mama eavesdropping?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не подслушивает ли мамаша","title":"Embedded «ли» — \"whether…\"","body":"«Посмотрите… не подслушивает ли мамаша» embeds an indirect question with «ли»: \"see whether Mama is eavesdropping.\" The negative «не» before the verb adds an apprehensive shade — \"isn't she listening?\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мамаша","title":"«мамаша» — affectionate-familiar \"mama\"","body":"«Мамаша» is a warm, slightly old-fashioned and folksy form of address/reference for one's mother, more colored than neutral «мать». In Lise's mouth it has a cozy, conspiratorial tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетала","title":"«залепетать» — to begin to prattle","body":"«Залепетать» combines the prefix «за-» (inceptive, \"to begin\") with «лепетать» (\"to babble, prattle, lisp\"). It paints Lise breaking into a rush of childlike, half-whispered chatter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressed as Алеша (vocative)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"залепетала","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (quote frame)","gloss":"prattled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять,","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залепетала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"go look"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подслушивает (part of не...ли)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подслушивает","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"is eavesdropping"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with подслушивает","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"мамаша","lemma":"мамаша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подслушивает","gloss":"Mama"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b5-c1-s174","source":"— Хорошо, Lise, я посмотрю, только не лучше ли не смотреть, а?","translation":"\"Very well, Lise, I'll look — only wouldn't it be better not to look, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лучше ли не смотреть","title":"«не лучше ли» — \"wouldn't it be better\"","body":"«Не лучше ли не смотреть?» stacks comparative «лучше» with interrogative «ли» and two negations to make a gentle suggestion: \"wouldn't it be better not to look?\" The «не…ли» frame softens it into a polite proposal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а?","title":"Coaxing tag «а?»","body":"The trailing «а?» is a conversational tag inviting agreement — \"eh? / right?\" It gently presses Lise to reconsider, a soft, warm close to his sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Very well"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"addressed as Lise (vocative)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will look"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше (part of не...ли лучше)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adjective, comparative (predicate)","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with лучше","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of лучше","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse tag closing the question","gloss":"eh?"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b5-c1-s175","source":"Зачем подозревать в такой низости вашу мать?","translation":"Why suspect your mother of such a base thing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подозревать в такой низости вашу мать","title":"«подозревать в» + prepositional","body":"«Подозревать кого-то в чём-то» — \"to suspect someone OF something\" — takes the accusative of the person («вашу мать») and «в» + prepositional of the offense («в низости»). «Такой» agrees with «низости» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"низость","title":"«низость» — baseness, a vile act","body":"«Низость» (from «низкий», \"low\") means moral lowness — \"baseness, a base/contemptible act.\" The word becomes the hinge of the exchange that follows, as Lise contests whether eavesdropping counts as one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревать","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"подозревать","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspect"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of низости","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозревать","gloss":"a base thing"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подозревать","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b5-c1-s176","source":"— Как низости? В какой низости?","translation":"\"What do you mean, base? What baseness?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как низости? В какой низости?","title":"Echoing the case forms","body":"Lise indignantly repeats Alyosha's words in their cases: «низости» (genitive, picking up «в такой низости») and then «в какой низости?» (prepositional). The clipped, verbless echo shows how Russian can argue purely by repeating an inflected noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation questioning низости","gloss":"What do you mean"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"echoed object of Как","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking низости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of низости","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b5-c1-s177","source":"Это то, что она подслушивает за дочерью, так это ее право, а не низость, — вспыхнула Lise.","translation":"\"As for her eavesdropping on her daughter, that is her right, not baseness,\" Lise flared up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ее право, а не низость","title":"Contrastive «а не» — \"and not\"","body":"«Это ее право, а не низость» opposes two predicate nominatives with «а не» (\"and not / but not\"): it is her right, not a base act. The zero copula leaves both nouns in the nominative; «её» is the invariable possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подслушивает за дочерью","title":"«за» + instrumental — keeping watch","body":"«Подслушивать за дочерью» / «подслушивать за нею» uses «за» + instrumental in the sense of watching or spying on someone (cf. «следить за»). The instrumental «дочерью» is the irregular form of «дочь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспыхнула","title":"«вспыхнуть» — to flare up","body":"«Вспыхнула» (perfective) literally means \"flared / blazed up,\" used of a sudden flush of emotion — here Lise flushing with quick temper. The inceptive «вс-» captures the abrupt flash of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подслушивает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подслушивает","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"eavesdrops"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочерью","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дочерью","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивает","gloss":"her daughter"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of право","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of право","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низость,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"низость,","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with право","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"вспыхнула","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (quote frame)","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of вспыхнула","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b5-c1-s178","source":"— Будьте уверены, Алексей Федорович, что когда я сама буду матерью и у меня будет такая же дочь, как я, то я непременно буду за нею подслушивать.","translation":"\"You may be sure, Alexei Fyodorovich, that when I am a mother myself and have a daughter just like me, I shall most certainly eavesdrop on her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте уверены","title":"Imperative «будьте» + short adjective","body":"«Будьте уверены» (\"rest assured / you may be sure\") is the imperative of «быть» plus the short-form adjective «уверены» (\"sure\"). It is a set polite formula introducing an emphatic assertion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я сама буду матерью","title":"Predicate instrumental «буду матерью»","body":"«Буду матерью» — \"I will be a mother\" — puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after future «буду», as Russian does with «быть» outside the present. «Сама» (\"myself\") intensifies the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"буду за нею подслушивать","title":"Compound future «буду подслушивать»","body":"«Буду подслушивать» is the imperfective compound future (\"I shall [keep] eavesdropping\"), built on «буду» + imperfective infinitive, fitting a habitual future intention. «Непременно» (\"without fail\") underlines her resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary imperative with уверены","gloss":"Be"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate of Будьте","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressed as Алексей Федорович (vocative)","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of уверены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of матерью","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду матерью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to матерью","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun with буду","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"[have]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет (idiom 'у меня будет' = 'I will have')","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with буду матерью","gloss":"will have"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая (emphatic)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparison with я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (correlative)","role":"resumes the main clause, introduces подслушивать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушивать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подслушивать","gloss":"most certainly"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of подслушивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подслушивать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"eavesdrop"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b5-c1-s179","source":"— Неужели, Lise? Это нехорошо.","translation":"\"Really, Lise? That's not good.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели, Lise?","title":"«неужели» — incredulous \"really?\"","body":"«Неужели» is the particle of astonished disbelief — \"surely not? / can it really be?\" Stronger and more emotional than «разве», it registers Alyosha's mild shock at her declaration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation of disbelief","gloss":"Really?"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"addressed as Lise (vocative)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нехорошо","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form)","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"not good"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b5-c1-s180","source":"— Ах, боже мой, какая тут низость?","translation":"\"Ah, good heavens, what baseness is there in it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боже мой","title":"Vocative «боже» — \"my God\"","body":"«Боже» is the old Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» (\"God\"), surviving in Russian only in such exclamations of address: «боже мой!» = \"my God! / good heavens!\" It is set apart from the clause's grammar as direct address to the deity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая тут низость","title":"Rhetorical «какая… низость»","body":"«Какая тут низость?» — \"what baseness is there here?\" — uses interrogative «какая» (agreeing feminine with «низость») in a rhetorical question expecting the answer \"none.\" «Тут» (\"here, in this\") is the colloquial twin of «здесь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection with мой ('good heavens')","gloss":"heavens"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of низость","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies низость","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"baseness"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b5-c1-s181","source":"Если б обыкновенный светский разговор какой-нибудь и я бы подслушивала, то это низость, а тут родная дочь заперлась с молодым человеком… Слушайте, Алеша, знайте, я за вами тоже буду подсматривать, только что мы обвенчаемся, и знайте еще, что я все письма ваши буду распечатывать и всё читать… Это уж вы будьте предуведомлены…","translation":"If I were eavesdropping on some ordinary bit of polite conversation, that would be base, but here a daughter of the house has shut herself up with a young man... Listen, Alyosha, know this: I shall spy on you too, the moment we are married, and know besides that I shall open all your letters and read everything... So consider yourself forewarned...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б… и я бы подслушивала, то это низость","title":"Conditional «бы» doubled","body":"The irrealis particle appears twice — clipped «б» after «если» and full «бы» on the verb — a colloquial Russian habit of restating «бы» for emphasis. With the past-form «подслушивала» it builds a counterfactual: 'if I were to eavesdrop.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я за вами тоже буду подсматривать… буду распечатывать и всё читать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"Lise piles up «буду» + imperfective infinitives («подсматривать», «распечатывать», «читать») — the analytic future that names ongoing, habitual action. The repetition paints spying as a settled future routine, not a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знайте","title":"Imperative «знайте»","body":"The polite/plural imperative of «знать», formed with -й after the vowel stem plus -те. Lise uses it almost as a verbal exclamation point — 'know this!' — three times in the passage, a hallmark of her excitable speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обвенчаемся","title":"«обвенчаться» — to be wed in church","body":"Not a neutral 'marry' but specifically to be joined in the Orthodox wedding rite (the «венец», the crown held over the couple). The perfective with reflexive -ся stresses the completed sacrament; in Lise's mouth the grand word over a half-game engagement is touchingly premature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предуведомлены","title":"«будьте предуведомлены» — be forewarned","body":"A bookish, chancery-flavoured short passive participle ('pre-notified'), the kind of officialese a child mimics from grown-up letters. Lise drops it for mock-solemn effect, capping her playful threat with stiff legalese."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"обыкновенный","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"светский","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подслушивала (fronted)","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушивала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of подслушивала","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"подслушивала","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"were eavesdropping on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (correlative)","role":"introduces the clause of низость","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of низость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"низость","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперлась","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"родная","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заперлась","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"заперлась","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"has shut herself up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"a young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заперлась","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressed as Алеша (vocative)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушайте","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подсматривать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of подсматривать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсматривать","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of подсматривать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"подсматривать","lemma":"подсматривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"spy"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что ('the moment')","gloss":"the moment","note":"'только что' here means 'as soon as', not 'just now'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обвенчаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"обвенчаемся","lemma":"обвенчаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подсматривать","gloss":"are married"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушайте","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знайте","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распечатывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of распечатывать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of письма","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of распечатывать","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of распечатывать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"распечатывать","lemma":"распечатывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with распечатывать","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun resumed by вы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предуведомлены","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of предуведомлены","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предуведомлены","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"предуведомлены","lemma":"предуведомить","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"forewarned"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b5-c1-s182","source":"— Да, конечно, если так… — бормотал Алеша, — только это нехорошо…","translation":"\"Yes, of course, if that's how it is...\" muttered Alyosha, \"only it isn't good...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бормотал Алеша","title":"Imperfective speech-tag «бормотал»","body":"Dostoevsky tags Alyosha's lines with imperfective past verbs of speaking («бормотал» — was muttering) rather than the perfective «пробормотал». The imperfective renders the manner and duration of the muttering as ongoing background to Lise's bright assault."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нехорошо","title":"«нехорошо» — it isn't good/right","body":"An impersonal evaluative adverb negated with «не-». Alyosha's quiet «это нехорошо» carries moral, not merely aesthetic, weight: the eavesdropping is *wrong*, gently said."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"that's how it is"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause (quote frame)","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нехорошо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нехорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form)","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"isn't good"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b5-c1-s183","source":"— Ах, какое презрение! Алеша, милый, не будем ссориться с самого первого раза, — я вам лучше всю правду скажут это, конечно, очень дурно подслушивать, и, уж конечно, я не права, а вы правы, но только я все-таки буду подслушивать.","translation":"\"Ah, such scorn! Alyosha, my dear, let us not quarrel from the very first day — I'd better tell you the whole truth: of course it is very wrong to eavesdrop, and of course I am in the wrong and you are in the right, but all the same I shall eavesdrop.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будем ссориться","title":"Hortative «не будем» + imperfective","body":"«не будем ссориться» ('let us not quarrel') uses the imperfective-future of «быть» as a first-person-plural exhortation. The imperfective infinitive «ссориться» (reflexive -ся, a reciprocal 'quarrel with each other') is normal in such negated 'let's not' appeals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не права, а вы правы","title":"Short adjective «прав» and contrastive «а»","body":"«права / правы» are short-form predicate adjectives ('am in the wrong / are in the right') — the short form is normal in this 'to be right' idiom. The pivot «а» is the soft contrastive 'and/whereas', balancing the two clauses without flat opposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с самого первого раза","title":"«с самого первого раза» — from the very first time","body":"«сам» here is the intensifier 'very', agreeing with «первого раза» in the genitive after «с». The phrasing dramatises the threshold moment — their relationship's literal first day."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурно","title":"«дурно» — wickedly, badly","body":"A somewhat elevated adverb for 'wrong/bad', stronger and more moral-toned than «плохо». «очень дурно подслушивать» frames eavesdropping as an ethical fault, matching the half-serious confessional register Lise affects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressed as Алеша (vocative)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ссориться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"hortative auxiliary of ссориться","gloss":"let's"},{"surface":"ссориться","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раза,","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза,","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раза,","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ссориться","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажут","gloss":"had better"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажут","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell","note":"Text has plural 'скажут' where sense and translation require 'I'll tell' (1st singular)."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun anticipating подслушивать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies дурно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дурно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate, with подслушивать as logical subject","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"logical subject of дурно","gloss":"to eavesdrop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно (emphatic)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to права","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of права","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies права","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular (short form)","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушивать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки ('nevertheless')","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of подслушивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"final main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eavesdrop"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b5-c1-s184","source":"— Делайте. Ничего за мной такого не подглядите, — засмеялся Алеша.","translation":"\"Do as you like. You'll catch nothing of the sort in me,\" Alyosha laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего за мной такого не подглядите","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«Ничего… не подглядите» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») with the obligatory «не» — Russian's double negation. The genitive «ничего такого» is the negated object: 'you'll spy out nothing of the sort in me.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Делайте","title":"Bare imperative «Делайте»","body":"A one-word polite imperative ('do [it]'), with no object — 'do as you like.' The terse command, then a laugh, signals Alyosha's easy, untroubled conscience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Делайте","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do as you like"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of подглядите, (genitive under negation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of подглядите,","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Ничего","gloss":"of the sort"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подглядите,","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подглядите,","lemma":"подглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will catch"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (quote frame)","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b5-c1-s185","source":"— Алеша, а будете ли вы мне подчиняться? Это тоже надо заранее решить.","translation":"\"Alyosha, and will you submit to me? This too must be settled in advance.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будете ли вы мне подчиняться","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«будете ли вы» fronts the verb and adds enclitic «ли» to form a neutral yes/no question ('will you indeed submit?'). «подчиняться» governs the dative «мне» ('submit to me'). The «ли» lends a touch of mock-formal solemnity to the marriage-pact game."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо заранее решить","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Это надо решить» is a subjectless modal construction: «надо» ('one must / it's necessary') plus the perfective infinitive «решить», with no nominative subject. Such impersonal 'must' phrasings are pervasive in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addressed as Алеша (vocative)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of подчиняться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with будете","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подчиняться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подчиняться","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"подчиняться","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решить","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"be settled"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b5-c1-s186","source":"— С большою охотой, Lise, и непременно, только не в самом главном.","translation":"\"With great willingness, Lise, and without fail — only not in the most important things.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С большою охотой","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… охотой»","body":"«с большою охотой» ('with great willingness') is the instrumental after «с», a set adverbial of manner. The ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the older, more bookish/poetic feminine instrumental form, common in 19th-c. prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"A favourite Dostoevskian intensifier built on «премена» (change) with «не-»: literally 'unchangeably', hence 'certainly, infallibly.' It conveys earnest, absolute assurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охотой","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"большою","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies охотой","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"willingness"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"addressed as Lise (vocative)","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with охотой","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главном","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главном","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"главном","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with охотой","gloss":"important things"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b5-c1-s187","source":"В самом главном, если вы будете со мной несогласны, то я все-таки сделаю, как мне долг велит.","translation":"In the most important things, if you should disagree with me, I shall all the same do as my duty bids me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы будете со мной несогласны, то я… сделаю","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"A real (not counterfactual) condition: «если» + future «будете несогласны», answered by «то» + perfective future «сделаю». No «бы» here — this is a genuine future contingency, contrasting with the irrealis «если бы» Lise uses elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мне долг велит","title":"Dative «мне» with «велит»","body":"«долг велит» ('duty bids/commands') takes a dative of the person commanded — «мне долг велит», 'duty bids me.' The construction frames Alyosha as the one duty acts upon, a quietly fatalistic phrasing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"велит","title":"«велеть» — to bid, command","body":"An elevated verb for 'order/bid', loftier than «приказывать». «как долг велит» is near-formulaic — 'as duty commands' — and lends Alyosha's vow a solemn, almost liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главном","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главном","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"главном","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of сделаю","gloss":"important things"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несогласны","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несогласны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несогласны","gloss":"should be"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of несогласны","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"несогласны","lemma":"несогласный","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"adverbial clause on сделаю","gloss":"in disagreement"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (correlative)","role":"introduces the clause of сделаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки ('nevertheless')","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (comparative)","role":"modifies велит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сделаю","gloss":"bids"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b5-c1-s188","source":"— Так и нужно.","translation":"\"That's just as it should be.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так и нужно","title":"«Так и нужно» — that's just how it should be","body":"An idiomatic impersonal approval: «нужно» ('it is needed/right') with the emphatic «и» after «так». Lise endorses Alyosha's stubbornness — 'that's exactly as it should be' — a flicker of genuine respect inside the banter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying нужно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form, predicate)","role":"predicate with Так","gloss":"how it should be"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b5-c1-s189","source":"Так знайте, что и я, напротив, не только в самом главном подчиняться готова, но и во всем уступлю вам и вам теперь же клятву в этом даю — во всем к на всю жизнь, — вскричала пламенно Lise, — и это со счастием, со счастием!","translation":"\"Then know that I, on the contrary, am ready to submit to you not only in the most important things, but to yield to you in everything — and I give you my oath of it here and now — in everything, for the whole of life,\" cried Lise ardently, \"and gladly, gladly!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… подчиняться готова, но и во всем уступлю","title":"Correlative «не только… но и»","body":"The paired conjunction «не только… но и» ('not only… but also') escalates from «подчиняться готова» (ready to submit) to «во всем уступлю» (I'll yield in everything). It is a key rhetorical scaffold of emphatic Russian speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"клятву в этом даю","title":"«даю клятву» — present-tense performative","body":"Imperfective present «даю» used performatively: the saying *is* the oath-giving, here and now («теперь же»). «клятву» is the accusative object; «в этом» ('of/in this') marks what the oath concerns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричала пламенно","title":"Perfective «вскричала» — a single burst","body":"The prefix «вс-» on «кричать» gives a perfective verb of sudden onset: 'cried out, burst out.' Paired with the adverb «пламенно» ('ardently, flamingly'), it captures Lise's speech as one rushing flare."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пламенно","title":"«пламенно» — ardently, flame-like","body":"From «пламя» (flame): 'with fire, fervently.' A heightened, almost Romantic adverb that colours Lise's vow with theatrical passion — exactly the overflowing register Madame Khokhlakova will mock as «детские пустяки»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готова","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies готова","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главном","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies главном","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главном","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подчиняться","gloss":"most important thing"},{"surface":"подчиняться","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"to submit"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знайте","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уступлю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уступлю","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with готова","gloss":"I will yield"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уступлю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"клятву","lemma":"клятва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клятву","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уступлю","gloss":"I give"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клятву (restated)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition (stray)","role":"part of the phrase и на всю жизнь","gloss":"to","note":"Likely a compositor slip in the source (\"к на\"); treated as part of the following phrase."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь,","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotative clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"пламенно","lemma":"пламенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричала","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"Lise,","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (это [дается])","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастием","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of это","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастием (repeated)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастием","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with счастием","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b5-c1-s190","source":"Мало того, клянусь вам, что я никогда не буду за вами подслушивать, ни разу и никогда, ни одного письма вашего не прочту, потому что вы правы, а я нет.","translation":"What is more, I swear to you that I shall never eavesdrop on you, not once and never, nor read a single one of your letters, because you are in the right and I am not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не буду… ни разу и никогда, ни одного письма… не прочту","title":"Piled-up negative concord","body":"Lise heaps «никогда», «ни разу», «ни одного» all under a single «не» on each verb — the obligatory Russian negative concord, where many ни-/не- words make one emphatic negation. «ни одного письма не прочту» also puts the negated object «письма» in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало того","title":"«Мало того» — what is more","body":"A fixed connective: literally 'little of that' → 'and that's not all, moreover.' It signals an outdoing escalation — Lise tops her oath with a still-larger one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom мало того","role":"modifies клянусь","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, part of idiom мало того","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of клянусь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подслушивать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подслушивать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подслушивать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of подслушивать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of подслушивать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of клянусь","gloss":"eavesdrop"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни разу","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подслушивать (adverbial: ни разу)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with разу","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies письма","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочту (genitive under negation)","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочту","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подслушивать","gloss":"will I read"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of правы","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"adverbial clause (reason) on клянусь","gloss":"are right"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle (elliptical for не права)","role":"coordinated with правы","gloss":"am not"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b5-c1-s191","source":"И хоть мне ужасно будет хотеться подслушивать, я это знаю, но я все-таки не буду, потому что вы считаете это неблагородным.","translation":"And though I shall want dreadfully to eavesdrop — I know it — I still shan't, because you consider it dishonorable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне ужасно будет хотеться подслушивать","title":"Dative-subject «хотеться»","body":"«мне хотеться» is the impersonal, dative-experiencer version of 'want': not 'I want' but 'it will be want-ing to me' — desire as something that comes over her. The reflexive -ся and the dative «мне» are the marks of this subjectless construction so dear to Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что вы считаете это неблагородным","title":"Predicate instrumental «неблагородным»","body":"«считать что-л. неблагородным» ('to consider something dishonourable') takes the predicate complement in the instrumental — «неблагородным», not the nominative. This instrumental of the predicate after verbs like «считать», «находить» is standard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неблагородным","title":"«неблагородный» — ignoble, dishonourable","body":"From «благородный» ('noble', literally 'well-born'), with «не-». The word carries a class overtone — conduct unworthy of a gentleman — which is precisely the chivalric code the children are play-acting."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of хотеться","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of хотеться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотеться","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of хотеться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"хотеться","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"подслушивать","lemma":"подслушивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотеться","gloss":"to eavesdrop"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle, part of все-таки","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective (elided infinitive подслушивать)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of считаете","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"считаете","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause (reason) on буду","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считаете","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"неблагородным","lemma":"неблагородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считаете","gloss":"dishonorable"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b5-c1-s192","source":"Вы теперь как мое провидение… Слушайте, Алексей Федорович, почему вы такой грустный все эти дни, и вчера и сегодня; я знаю, что у вас есть хлопоты, бедствия, но я вижу, кроме того, что у вас есть особенная какая-то грусть, секретная может быть, а?","translation":"You are now like my providence... Listen, Alexei Fyodorovich, why have you been so sad all these days, both yesterday and today? I know you have your troubles and misfortunes, but beyond that I can see that you have some particular sadness, a secret one perhaps — eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас есть особенная какая-то грусть","title":"Possession «у вас есть» + indefinite «какая-то»","body":"Russian 'have' is «у + genitive + есть + nominative»: «у вас есть… грусть» = 'with you there is a sadness.' The indefinite «какая-то» (interrogative «какая» + clitic «-то») marks a specific but unidentified kind — 'some sadness or other.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлопоты, бедствия","title":"«хлопоты», «бедствия» — cares and calamities","body":"«хлопоты» (a plurale tantum) is bustling, troublesome cares and errands; «бедствия» are graver disasters/misfortunes. The pairing moves from everyday fuss to real affliction, sketching the weight on Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of провидение (elliptical copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провидение","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative preposition","role":"introduces провидение","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of провидение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"провидение","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Вы","gloss":"providence"},{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустный","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of грустный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies грустный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"грустный","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of Слушайте","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial time complement of грустный","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"links вчера and сегодня","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with дни","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вчера","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"new main clause, parallel to Слушайте","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть (у вас есть = you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"хлопоты","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"бедствия","lemma":"бедствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with хлопоты","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть (у вас есть = you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"особенная","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грусть","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular, part of какая-то","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, part of какая-то","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"грусть","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"секретная","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, elliptical apposition to грусть","gloss":"a secret one"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, part of может быть","role":"parenthetical modifying секретная","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of может быть","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle, interjection","role":"sentence-final tag particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b5-c1-s193","source":"— Да, Lise, есть и секретная, — грустно произнес Алеша. — Вижу, что меня любите, коли угадали это.","translation":"\"Yes, Lise, there is a secret one too,\" Alyosha said sadly. \"I see that you love me, since you've guessed it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вижу, что меня любите, коли угадали это","title":"Dropped pronouns + «коли»","body":"Both subjects are dropped — «(Я) вижу», «(вы) меня любите», «(вы) угадали» — since the verb endings carry person. «коли» is a folksy, archaic 'if/since' (= «если/раз»), warmer and more colloquial than «если»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — colloquial 'if / since'","body":"A rustic, old-fashioned conditional conjunction beloved in folk speech and 19th-c. dialogue. Its homely tone softens Alyosha's gentle deduction — 'since you guessed it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секретная","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"секретная,","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a secret one"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"sadly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша.","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Вижу","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угадали","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"угадали","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (reason) on Вижу","gloss":"you've guessed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of угадали","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b5-c1-s194","source":"— Какая же грусть? О чем? Можно сказать? — с робкою мольбой произнесла Lise.","translation":"\"What is the sadness about, then? About what? May you tell?\" Lise said, with timid entreaty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно сказать?","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«Можно сказать?» ('may [one] tell?') is a subjectless modal: «можно» ('it is permitted/possible') plus the perfective infinitive. No subject is named — the permission hangs impersonally, fitting Lise's «робкая мольба»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с робкою мольбой","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… мольбой»","body":"Another «с» + instrumental adverbial of manner ('with timid entreaty'). Again the archaic «-ою» ending on «робкою» marks the elevated literary register of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мольбой","title":"«мольба» — entreaty, supplication","body":"From «молить» (to beseech, pray), kin to «молитва» (prayer). The word lends Lise's question a near-devotional intensity — she pleads to be let into his secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грусть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Какая","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"грусть","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of О (elliptical question)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"сказать?","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Можно","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мольбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робкою","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мольбой","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"мольбой","lemma":"мольба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"entreaty"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b5-c1-s195","source":"— Потом скажу, Lise… после… — смутился Алеша. — Теперь, пожалуй, и непонятно будет.","translation":"\"Later I'll tell you, Lise... afterward...\" Alyosha grew flustered. \"For now it would probably not even be understood.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и непонятно будет","title":"Impersonal predicate «непонятно будет»","body":"«непонятно будет» ('it would be unintelligible') is an impersonal construction — a neuter -о predicative with future «будет», no subject. The particle «пожалуй» ('I daresay, probably') hedges it; together they convey Alyosha's reluctant evasiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смутился Алеша","title":"Inchoative reflexive «смутился»","body":"«смутиться» (perfective, reflexive -ся) means 'to become flustered/embarrassed' — a change-of-state middle, where -ся turns the transitive «смутить» (to disturb) inward. The perfective marks the sudden onset of his confusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Потом","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"new main clause, parallel to скажу","gloss":"grew flustered"},{"surface":"Алеша.","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непонятно","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"not understood"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to непонятно","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b5-c1-s196","source":"Да я, пожалуй, и сам не сумею сказать.","translation":"Indeed, I probably couldn't even put it into words myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам не сумею сказать","title":"Intensifier «сам» + «не сумею»","body":"«сам» ('[my]self') intensifies the subject — even he himself couldn't say. «не сумею сказать» ('I won't manage to say') is the perfective future of «суметь» ('to be able, manage to'), distinct from «мочь»: it stresses skill/capacity rather than possibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пожалуй","title":"«пожалуй» — I suppose, perhaps","body":"A modal particle of tentative concession: 'perhaps, I daresay, very likely.' Repeated across these lines, it textures Alyosha's halting honesty — he yields to the thought without committing to it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial emphasis","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies сумею","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумею","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумею","gloss":"put into words"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b5-c1-s197","source":"— Я знаю, кроме того, что вас мучают ваши братья, отец?","translation":"\"I know, besides, that your brothers and your father torment you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас мучают ваши братья, отец","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«вас мучают ваши братья» fronts the accusative object «вас» before the subject «братья» — Russian's free word order, topic-first: 'you' is the known topic, 'your brothers (and father)' the new information that torments. Cases keep the roles clear despite the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of мучают","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мучают","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of братья","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мучают","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with братья","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b5-c1-s198","source":"— Да, и братья, — проговорил Алеша, как бы в раздумье.","translation":"\"Yes, my brothers too,\" Alyosha brought out, as if lost in thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил Алеша, как бы в раздумье","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') with «в раздумье» softens the description — 'as though lost in thought.' This «как бы» is one of Dostoevsky's signature tentativeness markers, refusing to pin a character's inner state down too firmly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раздумье","title":"«в раздумье» — in (deep) thought, hesitation","body":"A bookish noun for brooding reflection, often with a tinge of indecision. «в раздумье» pictures Alyosha sunk in musing, weighing the bare admission 'yes, my brothers too.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies братья","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"братья,","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, elliptical (Да, и братья [тоже])","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative attribution","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздумье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раздумье","lemma":"раздумье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b5-c1-s199","source":"— Я вашего брата Ивана Федоровича не люблю, Алеша, — вдруг заметила Lise.","translation":"\"I don't like your brother Ivan Fyodorovich, Alyosha,\" Lise remarked suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашего брата Ивана Федоровича не люблю","title":"Genitive of negation on the animate object","body":"Under negated «не люблю», the object «вашего брата Ивана Фёдоровича» stands in the genitive. For an animate masculine noun the genitive and accusative coincide anyway, but here negation reinforces it — and the whole name-phrase declines together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг заметила Lise","title":"Perfective «заметила» — a sudden remark","body":"«заметить» (perfective) here means 'to remark, note aloud', reinforced by «вдруг» ('suddenly'). The perfective past presents the comment as one abrupt, completed event breaking into the talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quotative attribution","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b5-c1-s200","source":"— Алеша замечание это отметил с некоторым удивлением, но не поднял его.","translation":"Alyosha noted this remark with some surprise, but did not take it up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша замечание это отметил… но не поднял его","title":"Topicalised object «замечание это»","body":"«замечание это отметил» places the object before the verb, with the demonstrative «это» following its noun — a bookish, topicalising order ('this remark — he noted'). «не поднял его» ('did not take it up') uses «поднять» figuratively, as one 'picks up' a thread of talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с некоторым удивлением","title":"Instrumental of manner + «некоторый»","body":"«с некоторым удивлением» ('with some/a certain surprise') is again «с» + instrumental of manner. «некоторый» ('a certain, some') hedges the degree, the narrator's careful understatement of Alyosha's reaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"замечание","lemma":"замечание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отметил","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of замечание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отметил","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удивлением","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отметил","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднял","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отметил","gloss":"take up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b5-c1-s201","source":"— Братья губят себя, — продолжал он, — отец тоже.","translation":"\"My brothers are destroying themselves,\" he went on, \"and my father too.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Братья губят себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«губят себя» ('are destroying themselves') uses the full reflexive object pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject «братья». «себя» has no nominative and is the same for any person — distinct from the verbal clitic -ся."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"губят","title":"«губить» — to ruin, destroy, doom","body":"A heavy verb of moral and spiritual ruin (kin to «гибель», destruction; «погибнуть», to perish). Not mere harm but damnation-tinged self-destruction — the keynote of Alyosha's whole verdict on the Karamazovs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of губят","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"губят","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are destroying"},{"surface":"себя,","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative","role":"direct object of губят","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"quotative attribution","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided губят, parallel to Братья","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b5-c1-s202","source":"И других губят вместе с собою.","translation":"And they are destroying others along with themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И других губят вместе с собою","title":"Reflexive «с собою» + genitive «других»","body":"«с собою» ('along with themselves') is the instrumental of reflexive «себя» after «с», in its archaic «-ою» form. «других» ('others') is the genitive/accusative animate plural object of «губят» — they doom others along with their own selves."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of губят","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"губят","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are destroying"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies губят","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b5-c1-s203","source":"Тут «земляная карамазовская сила», как отец Паисий намедни выразился, — земляная и неистовая, необделанная… Даже носится ли дух божий вверху этой силы — и того не знаю.","translation":"Here is that 'earthy Karamazov force,' as Father Paisy put it the other day — earthy and ungovernable, raw and unrefined... Whether the spirit of God even hovers above that force, I do not so much as know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"земляная… сила… неистовая, необделанная","title":"«земляная», «неистовая», «необделанная»","body":"«земляная» — 'earthy, of the soil' (not «земной», heavenly's opposite, but coarsely terrestrial); «неистовая» — 'frenzied, unbridled' (from «истовый», proper/measured, with «не-»); «необделанная» — 'unworked, unfinished, raw', as of uncut stone. Together they name the Karamazov nature as raw matter not yet shaped by grace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"намедни","title":"«намедни» — the other day","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb for 'recently, the other day, t'other day.' Its folksy flavour grounds the lofty theological phrase in everyday monastery talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"носится ли дух божий… — и того не знаю","title":"Embedded «ли» + genitive «того»","body":"«носится ли…» is an indirect yes/no question ('whether the spirit hovers'), the «ли» meaning 'whether.' «и того не знаю» ('I don't even know that') puts the negated object «то» in the genitive «того», intensified by «и» — 'not even that do I know.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate head of the sentence (elliptical \"here is\")","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"земляная","lemma":"земляной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"earthy"},{"surface":"карамазовская","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Тут","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause with выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, title","role":"title, depends on Паисий","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"намедни","lemma":"намедни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"выразился,","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"земляная","lemma":"земляной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сила, restating the description","gloss":"earthy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земляная","gloss":"ungovernable"},{"surface":"необделанная","lemma":"необделанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земляная","gloss":"unrefined"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies носится","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"носится","lemma":"носиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question clause","gloss":"hovers"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks носится as a yes/no clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носится","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"вверху","lemma":"вверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носится","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вверху","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, with the ли-clause as its object","gloss":"I know"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b5-c1-s204","source":"Знаю только, что и сам я Карамазов… Я монах, монах?","translation":"I only know that I myself am a Karamazov too... Am I a monk, a monk?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам я Карамазов","title":"Zero copula + intensifier «сам»","body":"«я Карамазов» has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is simply absent, the predicate noun standing bare in the nominative. «и сам я» ('I myself too') drives home the self-implication: Alyosha counts himself in the doomed family."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Карамазов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"a Karamazov"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of монах","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Я","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монах (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"a monk"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b5-c1-s205","source":"Монах я, Lise? Вы как-то сказали сию минуту, что я монах?","translation":"Am I a monk, Lise? You somehow said just this minute that I am a monk?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Монах я, Lise?","title":"Predicate-first emphasis","body":"Fronting «Монах» before the pronoun «я» throws the emphatic weight onto 'a monk' — the new, anxious focus of his question. Russian's free word order lets the comment lead for rhetorical stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сию минуту","title":"«сию минуту» — just this minute","body":"«сию» is the accusative singular feminine of the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'; the genitive feminine is «сей»), surviving in fixed phrases. «сию минуту» means 'this very minute, just now' — a fossilised bit of bookish Russian still alive in speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (elliptical copula)","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Монах","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, part of как-то","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, part of как-то","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of сказали","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of монах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of монах","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"a monk"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b5-c1-s206","source":"— Да, сказала.","translation":"\"Yes, I did.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, сказала","title":"Elliptical perfective answer","body":"A one-word reply «сказала» ('[I] said'), subject dropped, the feminine -ла ending alone marking Lise as speaker. The perfective confirms the single completed act of having said it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence-initial affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I did"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b5-c1-s207","source":"— А я в бога-то вот, может быть, и не верую.","translation":"\"And yet, you see, I may perhaps not even believe in God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я в бога-то вот, может быть, и не верую","title":"Clitic «-то» + contrastive «А»","body":"The emphatic clitic «-то» on «в бога-то» highlights 'God' as the loaded topic ('as for God…'). Opening «А» is the soft contrastive 'and yet', and «верую» («веровать») governs «в + accusative». Scattered «вот» and «может быть» make it halting, confessional speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верую","title":"«веровать» vs «верить»","body":"«веровать» (here «верую») is the solemn, archaic-religious verb 'to believe (in God), to have faith', as in the Creed «Верую…» ('I believe…'). Choosing it over everyday «верить» makes the negation «не верую» a near-blasphemous shock in a would-be monk's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic (-то)","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, parenthetical","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective, part of может быть","role":"parenthetical modifying верую","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of может быть","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b5-c1-s208","source":"— Вы не веруете, что с вами? — тихо и осторожно проговорила Lise.","translation":"\"You don't believe — what's the matter with you?\" Lise said softly and warily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что с вами?","title":"Idiomatic «что с вами?»","body":"«что с вами?» — literally 'what [is] with you?' (с + instrumental) — is the set way to ask 'what's the matter with you?' No verb is expressed; the impersonal 'be' is understood. A small, intimate cry of alarm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо и осторожно проговорила","title":"Adverbs of manner + perfective «проговорила»","body":"«тихо… осторожно» ('softly… warily') modify «проговорила», the perfective 'said/uttered' (prefix «про-»). The prefixed perfective frames the line as one careful, completed utterance — Lise feeling her way around his alarming confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (formal singular)","role":"subject of веруете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates веруете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question (what's wrong)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами?","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural (formal singular)","role":"oblique complement of с (preposition, in the idiom \"что с вами?\")","gloss":"you","note":"\"что с вами?\" is idiomatic for \"what's the matter with you?\""},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тихо and осторожно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"warily"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b5-c1-s209","source":"Но Алеша не ответил на это.","translation":"But Alyosha made no answer to this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ответил на это","title":"Negated perfective «не ответил»","body":"«ответить на + accusative» ('to answer to something'); «на это» is 'to this.' The negated perfective past «не ответил» reports the simple, completed non-event — he gave no answer — moving the narrative on with a silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates ответил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b5-c1-s210","source":"Было тут, в этих слишком внезапных словах его нечто слишком таинственное и слишком субъективное, может быть и ему самому неясное, но уже несомненно его мучившее.","translation":"There was in these too-sudden words of his something too mysterious and too subjective, unclear perhaps even to himself, yet already and unmistakably tormenting him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было тут… нечто слишком таинственное и слишком субъективное","title":"Existential «было» + «нечто»","body":"An existential frame: «Было… нечто» ('there was something'), with the verb first and the indefinite «нечто» ('something', bookish for «что-то') as grammatical subject. The neuter adjectives «таинственное», «субъективное» agree with it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже несомненно его мучившее","title":"Past active participle «мучившее»","body":"«мучившее» is a past active participle of «мучить» ('to torment'), agreeing as neuter with «нечто» — 'something… already tormenting him.' This «-вш-» participle condenses a «который»-clause into one word, the dense participial style typical of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"субъективное","title":"«субъективное» — subjective","body":"A learned Latinate loanword, fashionable in mid-19th-c. Russian intellectual prose. Its abstract, philosophical ring marks the narrator's analytic voice, dissecting Alyosha's inner state in the language of contemporary psychology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапных","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"внезапных","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таинственное","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"таинственное","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate modifying нечто","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links таинственное and субъективное","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies субъективное","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"субъективное","lemma":"субъективный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with таинственное","gloss":"subjective"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom \"может быть\" (perhaps), modifies неясное","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom \"может быть\"","gloss":"be","note":"может быть = \"perhaps\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of неясное","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular (emphatic)","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"неясное","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with таинственное","gloss":"unclear"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несомненно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучившее","gloss":"unmistakably"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучившее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучившее","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"participle, active, past, nominative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with неясное","gloss":"tormenting"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b5-c1-s211","source":"— И вот теперь, кроме всего, мой друг уходит, первый в мире человек, землю покидает.","translation":"\"And now, on top of everything, my friend is leaving, the foremost man in the world — he is quitting the earth.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мой друг уходит… землю покидает","title":"Prefixed motion verb «уходит»","body":"«уходит» ('is leaving') is «у-» (away) + «ходить», the multidirectional motion verb turned imperfective by the prefix; here the present tense gives a near-future, already-unfolding sense. «землю покидает» ('is quitting the earth') is the gentle euphemism for dying."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первый в мире человек","title":"«первый в мире человек» — the foremost man","body":"Not 'first in the world' chronologically but 'the best, highest of all men' — «первый» as 'foremost, preeminent.' Alyosha's superlative tribute to the dying elder Zosima."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покидает","title":"«покидать» — to leave, abandon, depart from","body":"An elevated verb of departure, weightier than «уходить» — 'to forsake, take leave of.' «землю покидает» casts death as a solemn quitting of the whole earthly realm, fitting for a holy man's passing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks всего","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is leaving"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of первый","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покидает","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"покидает","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходит","gloss":"is quitting"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b5-c1-s212","source":"Если бы вы знали, если бы вы знали, Lise, как я связан, как я спаян душевно с этим человеком!","translation":"If only you knew, if only you knew, Lise, how bound I am, how my soul is welded to this man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы вы знали, если бы вы знали","title":"Counterfactual «если бы» as exclamation","body":"«если бы вы знали» ('if only you knew') is the irrealis: «если бы» + past «знали». Repeated, it functions as a near-interjection of overwhelmed feeling — a wish that the impossible knowledge could be shared."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я связан, как я спаян… с этим человеком","title":"Short passive participles «связан», «спаян»","body":"«связан» (bound) and «спаян» (welded/soldered) are short-form past passive participles in predicate use — the state-resulting passive. «с этим человеком» (с + instrumental) names what he is bound *with*. The metaphor of soldered metal makes the soul-tie almost physical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спаян","title":"«спаять» — to solder, fuse together","body":"From «паять» (to solder); «спаять» fuses two pieces into one. «спаян душевно» ('welded in soul') is a striking, industrial-age metaphor for spiritual union — far stronger than mere «связан», bound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of знали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the repeated conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of знали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first знали","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of связан","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of связан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"связан","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спаян","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спаян","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спаян","lemma":"спаять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with связан","gloss":"welded"},{"surface":"душевно","lemma":"душевно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спаян","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks человеком","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спаян","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b5-c1-s213","source":"И вот я останусь один… Я к вам приду, Lise… Впредь будем вместе…","translation":"And here I shall be left alone... I'll come to you, Lise... Henceforth we'll be together...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я останусь один… Я к вам приду","title":"Perfective futures «останусь», «приду»","body":"Both are perfective-future (present-form endings, future sense): «останусь» ('I shall be left', reflexive «остаться») and «приду» ('I'll come', «прийти», the prefixed perfective of motion). Each names a single completed turn — being left alone, then coming to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Впредь","title":"«впредь» — henceforth, from now on","body":"A bookish, slightly archaic adverb meaning 'in future, hereafter.' Its formal solemnity lends Alyosha's promise — «Впредь будем вместе» — the air of a vow rather than a casual plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall be left"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll come"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вместе","gloss":"we'll be"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b5-c1-s214","source":"— Да, вместе, вместе! Отныне всегда вместе на всю жизнь.","translation":"\"Yes, together, together! From now on always together, for the whole of life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отныне всегда вместе на всю жизнь","title":"Verbless emphatic echo","body":"A verbless exclamation — «(будем) вместе» understood — built of stacked adverbials: «Отныне» ('from now on'), «всегда» ('always'), «на всю жизнь» ('for the whole of life', на + accusative of extent). The asyndeton conveys Lise's breathless rapture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отныне","title":"«отныне» — from this moment on","body":"An elevated, almost liturgical adverb ('henceforth, from now'), echoing the «отныне и до века» of prayer. Lise answers Alyosha's solemn «впредь» with a still-grander 'from this hour forever.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, affirmative","role":"stands as the affirmative answer","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats вместе for emphasis","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"Отныне","lemma":"отныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b5-c1-s215","source":"Слушайте, поцелуйте меня, я позволяю.","translation":"Listen, kiss me, I allow it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поцелуйте меня, я позволяю","title":"Imperative «поцелуйте» + present «позволяю»","body":"«поцелуйте» is the polite/plural imperative ('kiss [me]'), -й after the vowel stem plus -те. The performative present «я позволяю» ('I [hereby] allow') makes the permission itself the act — childlike formality crowning the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"поцелуйте","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Слушайте","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поцелуйте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"позволяю","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушайте","gloss":"allow it"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b5-c1-s216","source":"Алеша поцеловал ее.","translation":"Alyosha kissed her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша поцеловал ее","title":"Perfective «поцеловал» — the single act","body":"The perfective past «поцеловал» (vs. imperfective «целовал') reports one completed kiss, moving the narrative forward by a single discrete event. «ее» is the accusative of «она»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b5-c1-s217","source":"— Ну теперь ступайте, Христос с вами! (И она перекрестила его).","translation":"\"Well, now go, Christ be with you!\" (And she made the sign of the cross over him.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступайте","title":"Imperative «ступайте» — go!","body":"«ступайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «ступать» ('to step, go'), a slightly elevated, almost folk-solemn way of saying 'go.' It frames her dismissal as a small blessing-and-send-off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the utterance","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided blessing formula (be with you)","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"перекрестила","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made the sign of the cross over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перекрестила","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b5-c1-s218","source":"Ступайте скорее к нему, пока жив.","translation":"Go quickly to him, while he is still alive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступайте скорее к нему, пока жив","title":"Comparative adverb «скорее» + «пока»","body":"«скорее» is the comparative of «скоро» ('quickly') used as 'quicker, with all speed.' «пока жив» ('while [he is] alive') is a «пока»-clause with the short adjective «жив» and zero copula — urgent compression: go before it's too late."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жив","title":"Short adjective «жив»","body":"«жив» is the short predicate form of «живой» ('alive'), used here in the timeless 'while he is alive.' The short form, restricted to the predicate, is the natural choice for such a transient state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ступайте","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жив","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by пока","gloss":"alive"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b5-c1-s219","source":"Я вижу, что жестоко вас задержала.","translation":"I see that I have cruelly kept you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жестоко вас задержала","title":"Perfective «задержала» + adverb «жестоко»","body":"«задержать» (perfective) 'to hold/keep back, detain'; «жестоко» ('cruelly') is hyperbolic self-reproach. The completed past «задержала» (feminine -ла) frames the whole long visit as one act of delay she now regrets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задержала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задержала","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of задержала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"задержала","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"have kept"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b5-c1-s220","source":"Я буду сегодня молиться за него и за вас.","translation":"Today I shall pray for him and for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я буду сегодня молиться за него и за вас","title":"Imperfective future of devotion + «за»","body":"«буду молиться» is the compound imperfective future — prayer pictured as an ongoing activity, not a one-off. «за него и за вас» (за + accusative) is 'for him and for you', the standard way to name those one prays on behalf of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молиться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of молиться","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молиться","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b5-c1-s221","source":"Алеша, мы будем счастливы! Будем мы счастливы, будем?","translation":"Alyosha, we shall be happy! We'll be happy, won't we, won't we?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будем мы счастливы, будем?","title":"Inversion as tag-question","body":"Lise first states «мы будем счастливы» (compound future of «быть» + short adjective «счастливы»), then inverts to «Будем мы… будем?» — fronting the verb turns it into an anxious, pleading question, equivalent to English 'won't we?' The short predicate «счастливы» is required after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"Будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"we'll be"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate complement of мы","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"tag repetition of Будем","gloss":"won't we"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b5-c1-s222","source":"— Кажется, будем, Lise.","translation":"\"It seems we shall, Lise.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кажется, будем, Lise","title":"Impersonal «кажется» + elliptical future","body":"«кажется» ('it seems') is an impersonal hedging verb, parenthetical here. «будем» alone ('[we] shall [be happy]') drops the predicate, recoverable from Lise's question — Alyosha's gentle, qualified assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"elliptical main verb (we shall be happy)","gloss":"we shall"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b5-c1-s223","source":"Выйдя от Lise, Алеша не заблагорассудил пройти к госпоже Хохлаковой и, не простясь с нею, направился было из дому.","translation":"On leaving Lise, Alyosha did not see fit to go in to Madame Khokhlakova, and, without taking his leave of her, he was about to head out of the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя от Lise… не простясь с нею","title":"Perfective gerunds «выйдя», «не простясь»","body":"Two perfective adverbial participles («деепричастия»): «выйдя» ('having left', from «выйти') and «не простясь» ('without taking leave', «проститься», reflexive). They mark prior/attendant actions sharing Alyosha's subject — the layered participial syntax that is a signature of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился было из дому","title":"Particle «было» — the cancelled intention","body":"«было» after the past verb «направился» is the special particle marking an action begun or intended but not carried through — 'he was about to head out (but…).' It cues the reader for the interruption in the next sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не заблагорассудил","title":"«заблагорассудить» — to see fit","body":"A heavy, ironic compound («благо» good + «рассудить» judge): 'to deem fit, see fit.' Its mock-ceremonious bulk lightly mocks Alyosha's small social decision to slip past Madame Khokhlakova — narratorial dry humour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заблагорассудил","gloss":"having left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks Lise","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"Lise"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заблагорассудил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates заблагорассудил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"заблагорассудил","lemma":"заблагорассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see fit"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заблагорассудил","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks госпоже","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates простясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"простясь","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"having taken leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нею","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простясь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies направился (idiom for an interrupted action)","gloss":"was about to","note":"\"направился было\" = started to head off (but was interrupted)"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks дому","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b5-c1-s224","source":"Но только что отворил дверь и вышел на лестницу, откуда ни возьмись пред ним сама госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"But the moment he had opened the door and stepped onto the landing, out of nowhere Madame Khokhlakova herself appeared before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что отворил дверь и вышел","title":"«только что» + perfectives","body":"«только что» ('the very moment / just as') with the perfective pasts «отворил» and «вышел» (both prefixed perfectives) chains two completed acts — opened the door, stepped out — setting up the sudden encounter. «отворить» is a bookish, slightly archaic 'to open (a door).'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откуда ни возьмись","title":"«откуда ни возьмись» — out of nowhere","body":"A frozen idiom (literally 'from-where-ever it might take itself') meaning 'out of the blue, from nowhere.' The fossilised imperative-with-«ни» construction has a fairy-tale, folk-narrative ring — apt for Khokhlakova's comic ambush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что, introduces the clause of отворил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"had opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the landing"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom откуда ни возьмись, modifies возьмись","gloss":"out of nowhere"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom откуда ни возьмись","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"возьмись","lemma":"взяться","morphology":"verb, imperative-form idiom (past sense), perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared","note":"откуда ни возьмись is a fixed idiom meaning \"out of nowhere\""},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"modifies госпожа","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возьмись","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b5-c1-s225","source":"С первого слова Алеша догадался, что она поджидала его тут нарочно.","translation":"From her first word Alyosha guessed that she had been lying in wait for him there on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадался, что она поджидала его тут нарочно","title":"Reported clause «что» + imperfective «поджидала»","body":"«догадался, что…» ('guessed that…') opens a «что»-clause of reported fact. «поджидала» is the imperfective of «поджидать» ('to lie in wait, watch for'), its prefix «по-» and imperfective aspect conveying drawn-out, deliberate lurking — confirmed by «нарочно» ('on purpose')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — on purpose, deliberately","body":"A common adverb for intentional action, often with a faint sense of contrivance or mischief. It exposes Khokhlakova's ambush as premeditated, not chance."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks слова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поджидала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поджидала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поджидала","lemma":"поджидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"had been lying in wait"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поджидала","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поджидала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поджидала","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b5-c1-s226","source":"— Алексей Федорович, это ужасно.","translation":"\"Alexei Fyodorovich, this is dreadful.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ужасно","title":"Neuter predicate «ужасно»","body":"«это ужасно» ('this is dreadful') uses the impersonal neuter -о predicative «ужасно» with zero copula. The bare, emphatic two-word outburst launches Khokhlakova's flustered tirade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"in apposition to Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form)","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b5-c1-s227","source":"Это детские пустяки и всё вздор.","translation":"This is childish trifling and all nonsense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детские пустяки… вздор","title":"«пустяки», «вздор» — trifles and nonsense","body":"«пустяки» (from «пустой», empty) are 'trifles, mere nothings'; «вздор» is dismissive 'rubbish, nonsense, twaddle.' Heaped together with «детские» ('childish'), they are Khokhlakova's verbal broom sweeping the engagement aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пустяки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"детские","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пустяки","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пустяки","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b5-c1-s228","source":"Надеюсь, вы не вздумаете мечтать… Глупости, глупости и глупости! — накинулась она на него.","translation":"I hope you won't take it into your head to dream... Foolishness, foolishness, and foolishness!\" she fell upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы не вздумаете мечтать","title":"«вздумать» + negated perfective future","body":"«вздумать» (perfective, 'to take it into one's head') in the negated future «не вздумаете» functions almost as a warning imperative: 'don't you dare dream / take it into your head.' «мечтать» is the imperfective infinitive 'to dream, fantasise.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накинулась она на него","title":"«накинуться на» — to pounce, fly at","body":"«накинуться на + accusative» means 'to fall upon, round on, fly at' someone — a verb of sudden verbal or physical attack. It paints Khokhlakova literally pouncing on Alyosha with her «Глупости, глупости!»"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Глупости, глупости и глупости","title":"«глупости» — foolishness (threefold)","body":"«глупость» ('stupidity, foolish thing'), here plural for 'nonsense.' The threefold drumbeat is pure Khokhlakova rhetoric — repetition as exasperated emphasis, a tic of her excitable speech throughout the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main clause","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вздумаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates вздумаете","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"вздумаете","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Надеюсь","gloss":"take it into your head"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вздумаете","gloss":"to dream"},{"surface":"Глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Глупости","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глупости!","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Глупости","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"накинулась","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"fell upon"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of накинулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинулась","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b5-c1-s229","source":"— Только не говорите этого ей, — сказал Алеша, — а то она будет взволнована, а это ей теперь вредно.","translation":"\"Only don't tell her that,\" said Alyosha, \"or she'll be agitated, and that is harmful for her now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только не говорите этого ей","title":"Negated imperfective imperative + genitive","body":"«не говорите» is the negated imperative — and negated commands strongly prefer the imperfective «говорить», a key aspect rule. The negated object «этого» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation), while «ей» is the dative addressee."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то она будет взволнована, а это ей теперь вредно","title":"«а то» + dative-evaluative «ей вредно»","body":"«а то» ('or else, otherwise') introduces the feared consequence. «она будет взволнована» uses a short passive participle as future predicate ('she'll be agitated'); «это ей… вредно» is a dative-experiencer evaluative ('that is harmful for her'), the affected person in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей,","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel narrator's clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то, introduces the clause of взволнована","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взволнована","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взволнована","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"взволнована","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вредно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of вредно","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вредно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вредно","lemma":"вредный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form)","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"harmful"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b5-c1-s230","source":"— Слышу благоразумное слово благоразумного молодого человека.","translation":"\"I hear the sensible word of a sensible young man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышу благоразумное слово благоразумного молодого человека","title":"Dropped subject + genitive of possession","body":"«(Я) слышу» drops the pronoun (the -у ending marks 1sg). «благоразумного молодого человека» is the genitive of the source/possessor — 'the sensible word *of* a sensible young man' — with full adjective–noun agreement across three words. The doubled «благоразумн-» is faintly ironic flattery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоразумное","title":"«благоразумный» — prudent, sensible","body":"A compound of «благо» (good) + «разум» (reason): 'sound of judgement, level-headed.' Khokhlakova's pivot from scolding to praise, the elevated word lending her approval a touch of ceremony — and condescension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышу","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hear"},{"surface":"благоразумное","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышу","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"благоразумного","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b5-c1-s231","source":"Понимать ли мне так, что вы сами только потому соглашались с ней, что не хотели, из сострадания к ее болезненному состоянию, противоречием рассердить ее?","translation":"Am I to understand, then, that you agreed with her only because, out of pity for her sickly condition, you didn't want to anger her by contradicting?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимать ли мне так, что…","title":"«ли» in a dative-infinitive question","body":"«Понимать ли мне…» is a dative-subject infinitive question with the particle «ли»: literally 'is it for me to understand…?' — i.e. 'am I to understand that…?' The dative «мне» + infinitive frames a deliberative question; «ли» makes it interrogative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что… не хотели… противоречием рассердить ее","title":"Instrumental of means «противоречием»","body":"«рассердить ее противоречием» — 'to anger her by contradiction' — puts «противоречием» in the instrumental of means/cause (the 'by what' of the action). The «потому что»-clause supplies Khokhlakova's shrewd reconstruction of Alyosha's motive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из сострадания к ее болезненному состоянию","title":"«сострадание», «болезненное состояние»","body":"«сострадание» (compassion, 'co-suffering', а calque of Greek/Latin) governs «к + dative». «болезненное состояние» — 'sickly/morbid condition' — refers to Lise's invalidism (she is partly paralysed). Khokhlakova frames Alyosha's agreement as mere pity for a sick child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I to understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the question, modifies Понимать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of Понимать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Понимать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of соглашались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with the что-clause (хотели)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"соглашались","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашались","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели, correlating with потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates хотели","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соглашались","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks сострадания","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"сострадания","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотели","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks состоянию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies состоянию","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"болезненному","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянию","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"состоянию","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of к","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"противоречием","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of рассердить","gloss":"by contradicting"},{"surface":"рассердить","lemma":"рассердить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to anger"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассердить","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b5-c1-s232","source":"— О нет, совсем нет, я совершенно серьезно с нею говорил, — твердо заявил Алеша.","translation":"\"Oh no, not at all, I spoke with her in complete seriousness,\" Alyosha declared firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем нет, я совершенно серьезно с нею говорил","title":"Imperfective «говорил» of manner + «с нею»","body":"«серьёзно… говорил» uses the imperfective past to describe *how* he spoke — manner and process, not a single act. «с нею» (с + instrumental, archaic «-ею» for «ней») is 'with her.' «совсем нет» emphatically negates Khokhlakova's reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо заявил Алеша","title":"Perfective «заявил» — a firm declaration","body":"«заявить» (perfective) 'to declare, state', with «твёрдо» ('firmly') — one decisive, completed act of assertion. The perfective speech-tag, against Alyosha's usual hesitant imperfectives, marks unusual resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"main word of the negative exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"repeats нет for emphasis","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говорил,","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel narrator's clause","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b5-c1-s233","source":"— Серьезность тут невозможна, немыслима, и во-первых, я вас теперь совсем не приму ни разу, а во-вторых, я уеду и ее увезу, знайте это.","translation":"\"Seriousness here is impossible, unthinkable; and first, I shan't receive you now, not even once, and second, I shall go away and take her with me — know that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во-первых… а во-вторых","title":"Enumerating with «во-первых / во-вторых»","body":"«во-первых» ('firstly') and «во-вторых» ('secondly') are the fixed ordinal adverbs (prepositional «в» + ordinal) that structure an argument. The «а» joining them is the soft contrastive 'and (then).' Khokhlakova marshals her threats like a debater."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уеду и ее увезу","title":"Prefixed perfective motion «уеду», «увезу»","body":"«уеду» ('I'll go away', «у-» + «ехать') and «увезу» ('I'll take her away', «у-» + «везти') are perfective futures of prefixed motion verbs — the prefix «у-» 'away' both gives direction and makes the verbs perfective. Two single completed departures."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"немыслима","title":"«немыслимый» — unthinkable","body":"From «мыслить» (to think) + «не-»: 'unthinkable, inconceivable', stronger than «невозможно» (impossible). Paired short forms «невозможна, немыслима» (predicate of «серьёзность») redouble the dismissal of any seriousness in the match."}],"words":[{"surface":"Серьезность","lemma":"серьезность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невозможна","gloss":"seriousness"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможна","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"невозможна","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular (short form)","role":"predicate complement of Серьезность","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"немыслима","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular (short form)","role":"coordinated with невозможна","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies приму","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приму","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates приму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"shall receive"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни разу, modifies разу","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приму","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых, modifies уеду","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"shall go away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увезу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увезу","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уеду","gloss":"take with me"},{"surface":"знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знайте","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b5-c1-s234","source":"— Да зачем же, — сказал Алеша, — ведь это так еще неблизко, года полтора еще, может быть, ждать придется.","translation":"\"But why?\" said Alyosha. \"After all, it's still so far off — a year and a half yet, perhaps, we'll have to wait.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да зачем же… ведь это так еще неблизко","title":"Particles «же» and «ведь»","body":"«Да зачем же» — «да» softens, «же» presses the question ('but why on earth?'). «ведь» then appeals to shared sense ('after all, you know'). These modal particles, untranslatable singly, carry the conversational texture of Alyosha's mild remonstrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"года полтора еще… ждать придется","title":"Impersonal «придётся» + numeral phrase","body":"«придётся ждать» ('one will have to wait') is the impersonal future of «прийтись» ('to have to, fall to one'), no subject — necessity imposed by circumstance. «года полтора» ('about a year and a half') inverts noun and numeral to mean 'roughly', with «года» in the count-form genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces зачем","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же,","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb of speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неблизко","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неблизко","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неблизко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неблизко","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неблизко","lemma":"неблизкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on полтора","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"head of the temporal phrase, modifies придется","gloss":"a year and a half"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical with быть, modifies придется","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of придется","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be necessary"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b5-c1-s235","source":"— Ах, Алексей Федорович, это, конечно, правда, и в полтора года вы тысячу раз с ней поссоритесь и разойдетесь.","translation":"\"Ah, Alexei Fyodorovich, that, of course, is true, and in a year and a half you'll quarrel with her a thousand times and part ways.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в полтора года вы тысячу раз с ней поссоритесь и разойдетесь","title":"Perfective futures + accusative of measure","body":"«поссоритесь» and «разойдётесь» are perfective-future reflexives ('you'll quarrel… and part'). «тысячу раз» ('a thousand times') is the accusative of measure/extent, «в полтора года» the time-span. The perfectives picture each future rupture as a single completed event, multiplied."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разойдетесь","title":"«разойтись» — to part, drift apart","body":"«разойтись» (раз- 'apart' + «идти») means 'to part ways, separate, break up' — of people going off in different directions, hence figuratively of a couple splitting. Khokhlakova predicts the engagement will simply dissolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies правда","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies года","gloss":"a year and a half"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поссоритесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поссоритесь","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поссоритесь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поссоритесь","lemma":"поссориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will quarrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разойдетесь","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поссоритесь","gloss":"will part ways"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b5-c1-s236","source":"Но я так несчастна, так несчастна! Пусть это всё пустяки, но это меня сразило.","translation":"But I am so unhappy, so unhappy! Let it all be trifles, but it has shattered me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть это всё пустяки","title":"Concessive «пусть»","body":"«Пусть… (и)» here is concessive, not a command: 'let it be / granted that it's all trifles' (≈ «хотя»). «пусть» introduces a granted point that the «но»-clause then overrides — a common conversational concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это меня сразило","title":"Perfective «сразило» — struck down","body":"«сразить» (perfective) 'to smite, lay low, strike down' (as in battle), here figuratively 'has shattered/devastated me.' The neuter past «сразило» agrees with neuter subject «это»; the perfective marks the blow as a single accomplished stroke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несчастна","title":"Short adjective «несчастна»","body":"«несчастна» (doubled for effect) is the short predicate form of «несчастный» ('unhappy, wretched'). The short form suits the momentary, intense state of feeling — Khokhlakova's self-dramatising woe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of несчастна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"несчастна","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with несчастна","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of пустяки","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пустяки","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сразило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сразило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сразило","lemma":"сразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустяки","gloss":"has shattered"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b5-c1-s237","source":"Теперь я как Фамусов в последней сцене, вы Чацкий, она Софья, и представьте, я нарочно убежала сюда на лестницу, чтобы вас встретить, а ведь и там всё роковое произошло на лестнице.","translation":"Now I am like Famusov in the last scene, you are Chatsky, she is Sofya, and just imagine — I deliberately ran out here onto the landing to meet you, and there too the whole fateful business happened on a staircase.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я нарочно убежала сюда… чтобы вас встретить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы вас встретить» ('in order to meet you') is a purpose clause: «чтобы» + infinitive when the subject is the same as the main clause. «убежала» (perfective, «у-» + «бежать') is 'ran off/out here' — one completed dash."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковое","title":"«роковой» — fateful, fatal","body":"From «рок» (fate, doom): 'of destiny, fateful, ruinous.' «всё роковое произошло на лестнице» ('the whole fateful business happened on the staircase') drapes the comparison in tragic colouring — Khokhlakova relishing her own melodrama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparison clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, compared to Фамусов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Фамусов","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Фамусов","lemma":"Фамусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"Famusov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцене","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Фамусов","gloss":"scene"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, compared to Чацкий","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Чацкий","lemma":"Чацкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"Chatsky"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, compared to Софья","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Софья","lemma":"Софья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"Sofya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to listener","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежала","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежала","gloss":"the landing"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of встретить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on убежала","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of роковое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"fateful business"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убежала","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестнице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лестнице","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the staircase"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b5-c1-s238","source":"Я всё слышала, я едва устояла.","translation":"I heard everything; I could scarcely keep my feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всё слышала, я едва устояла","title":"Aspectual pair «слышала / устояла»","body":"«слышала» (imperfective past) reports the ongoing act of overhearing — she 'was hearing it all'; «устояла» (perfective, «устоять» 'to stand firm, keep one's feet') is a single completed result — she 'barely kept upright.' «едва» ('scarcely') heightens the near-collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of устояла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies устояла","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"устояла","lemma":"устоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слышала","gloss":"kept my feet"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b5-c1-s239","source":"Так вот где объяснение ужасов всей этой ночи и всех давешних истерик!","translation":"So that is the explanation of the horrors of this whole night and of all the hysterics earlier!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот где объяснение… всех давешних истерик","title":"Genitive chain «объяснение… ужасов… истерик»","body":"«объяснение ужасов… и… истерик» strings genitive-of objects: 'the explanation of the horrors… and of the hysterics.' «всей этой ночи» and «всех давешних истерик» are full agreeing genitive phrases. «Так вот где…» ('so that's where…') is a discovery-formula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешних","title":"«давешний» — earlier (today), of a while ago","body":"A colloquial, old-fashioned adjective from «давеча» ('a while ago, earlier today') meaning 'the recent, earlier (of the same day).' «давешних истерик» — 'the hysterics from earlier' — places the fit firmly within the day's events."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate with вот, locates объяснение","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"ужасов","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"of the horrors"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ужасов","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of истерик","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"давешних","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies истерик","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"истерик","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ужасов","gloss":"hysterics"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b5-c1-s240","source":"Дочке любовь, а матери смерть.","translation":"Love for the daughter, and death for the mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дочке любовь, а матери смерть","title":"Verbless dative-of-recipient parallelism","body":"A pithy, copula-less proverb-shaped line: «Дочке любовь, а матери смерть» — datives «дочке» and «матери» as recipients ('to the daughter — love, to the mother — death'), balanced by contrastive «а». The compression and rhythm give it the sting of a folk saying."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дочке","title":"«дочка» — diminutive of «дочь»","body":"«дочка» (vs. neutral «дочь») is the affectionate diminutive 'little daughter, dear daughter', dative «дочке». Set against the bare «матери… смерть», the tender suffix sharpens the self-pitying antithesis — sweetness for the girl, doom for her mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дочке","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative of the person concerned, modifies любовь","gloss":"to the daughter"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дочке","gloss":"to the mother"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовь","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b5-c1-s241","source":"Ложись в гроб.","translation":"Lie down in your coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ложись","title":"Imperfective imperative «ложись»","body":"«Ложись» is the singular imperative of imperfective «ложиться» (to lie down), built on the present stem with a stressed -и ending. The imperfective imperative here is a blunt, peremptory command — fitting Madame Khokhlakova's near-hysterical theatricality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в гроб","title":"«в» + accusative for motion-into","body":"«в гроб» uses the accusative («гроб» is inanimate masculine, so it matches the nominative) because the preposition «в» here names motion into something — lying down into the coffin — not location. Location would take the prepositional «в гробу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ложись","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ложись","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b5-c1-s242","source":"Теперь второе и самое главное: что это за письмо, которое она вам написала, покажите мне его сейчас, сейчас!","translation":"Now to the second thing, and the most important: what is this letter she wrote to you — show it to me at once, at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что это за письмо","title":"The exclamatory idiom «что это за…»","body":"«что это за» is a fixed interrogative-exclamatory frame meaning 'what sort of … is this'. The noun after «за» stays in the nominative — «за» does not govern its case here — and the whole turn carries a tone of demanding wonder or indignation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое она вам написала","title":"Relative «которое» agreeing with «письмо»","body":"«которое» takes neuter singular to agree with its antecedent «письмо», but stands in the accusative because it is the direct object inside its own clause ('which she wrote'). «вам» is the dative indirect object — wrote to you."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покажите","title":"Polite/plural imperative «покажите»","body":"«покажите» is the perfective imperative of «показать», with the -те ending marking the polite/plural 'you'. The perfective frames it as a single decisive act — show it now, once and for all — reinforced by the doubled «сейчас, сейчас!»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"второе","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"coordinated with главное","gloss":"the second thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, superlative marker","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"important thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"head of что-за construction, modifies письмо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of что-за idiom, marks письмо","gloss":"kind of","note":"«что ... за письмо» is the idiom «что за» = \"what kind of\"."},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of написала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of написала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of написала","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on письмо","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покажите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покажите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b5-c1-s243","source":"— Нет, не надо.","translation":"— No, there is no need.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо","title":"Impersonal «не надо» — no need","body":"«не надо» is an impersonal predicate: there is no nominative subject, just the invariable modal word «надо» negated. It means 'there's no need / one mustn't', a standing experiencer-less construction whose person, if expressed, would stand in the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b5-c1-s244","source":"Скажите, как здоровье Катерины Ивановны, мне очень надо знать.","translation":"Tell me, how is Katerina Ivanovna's health? I very much need to know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне очень надо знать","title":"Dative experiencer with «надо»","body":"Here «надо» carries an explicit experiencer in the dative, «мне» — literally 'to me it is very necessary to know'. There is no nominative subject; the felt need is framed as something happening to the person, a hallmark of Russian's inner-life syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the clause, complement of Скажите","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the embedded clause","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b5-c1-s245","source":"— Продолжает лежать в бреду, она не очнулась; ее тетки здесь и только ахают и надо мной гордятся, а Герценштубе приехал и так испугался, что я не знала, что с ним и делать и чем его спасти, хотела даже послать за доктором.","translation":"— She is still lying delirious, she has not come to her senses; her aunts are here and do nothing but moan and put on airs over me, and Herzenstube came and took such a fright that I did not know what to do with him or how to revive him, I was even ready to send for a doctor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Продолжает лежать в бреду","title":"«продолжать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«продолжает лежать» — 'continues to lie' — pairs the phasal verb «продолжать» with an imperfective infinitive, which is obligatory: one can only continue a process, never a completed act. «в бреду» is the stressed -у́ locative (prepositional) of «бред», delirium."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очнулась","title":"Negated perfective past «не очнулась»","body":"«очнулась» is the perfective past (feminine -лась) of reflexive «очнуться», to come to one's senses; negated, it denies that the single event happened — 'she has not come round'. The -ся/-сь here is the middle/change-of-state use, not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ахают","title":"«ахать» — to gasp and moan","body":"«ахают» (from «ахать») is an expressive, onomatopoeic imperfective: to keep saying 'ah!', i.e. to gasp, moan, and exclaim helplessly. The imperfective present paints the aunts' fluttering uselessness as ongoing background noise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо мной гордятся","title":"«гордиться» + instrumental; «надо мной»","body":"«гордятся» (reflexive «гордиться», to take pride) governs the instrumental of what one is proud of. The colloquial twist «надо мной гордятся» — 'put on airs over me' — and the variant of «над» as «надо» before the cluster мн- both belong to indignant spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так испугался, что","title":"Resultative «так… что» with reflexive perfective","body":"«испугался» is the perfective past of «испугаться» (to take fright), and «так… что» sets up a degree-result clause: 'took such a fright that…'. The -ся marks the intransitive change of state — fear coming over him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continues"},{"surface":"лежать","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Продолжает","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежать","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очнулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очнулась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очнулась","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Продолжает","gloss":"has come to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тетки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тетки","lemma":"тётка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"aunts"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of тетки","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ахают","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ахают","lemma":"ахать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"sigh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of гордятся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"гордятся","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ахают","gloss":"pride themselves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулась","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"got frightened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of знала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause of испугался","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of знала","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with делать","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знала","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктором","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"a doctor"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b5-c1-s246","source":"Его увезли в моей карете.","translation":"He was carried off in my own carriage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его увезли","title":"Subjectless 3rd-person plural «увезли»","body":"«увезли» is a bare third-person-plural past with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they carried him off', Russian's neutral way of saying he was taken away without naming an agent. «увезти» is a prefixed perfective verb of motion (у- 'away' on «везти», to convey by vehicle)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в моей карете","title":"Possessive «моей» + locative «в карете»","body":"«в моей карете» is the prepositional case marking location/means of conveyance, with «моей» agreeing with feminine «карета» in gender, number, and case. The pointed «моей» — my own carriage — adds Khokhlakova's self-dramatizing generosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увезли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увезли","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карете","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"карете","lemma":"карета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увезли","gloss":"carriage"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b5-c1-s247","source":"И вдруг в довершение всего вы вдруг с этим письмом.","translation":"And now, all of a sudden, to crown it all, you turn up with this letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы вдруг с этим письмом","title":"Verbless clause — 'and suddenly you with this letter'","body":"There is no verb: «вы… с этим письмом» ('you, with this letter') leaves the action to be supplied by tone, a breathless spoken-Russian ellipsis. «с этим письмом» is «с» + instrumental of accompaniment, with the demonstrative «этим» agreeing with neuter «письмо»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в довершение всего","title":"«в довершение всего» — to crown it all","body":"A fixed bookish idiom: 'as the finishing touch to everything', i.e. 'to top it all off'. «довершение» is a deverbal noun (from «довершить», to bring to completion), and «всего» is the genitive of «всё»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided predicate","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking довершение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"довершение","lemma":"довершение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"crown"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies довершение","gloss":"of it all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided predicate","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг, modifies the elided predicate","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмом","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided predicate","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b5-c1-s248","source":"Правда, всё это еще через полтора года.","translation":"True, all of this is still a year and a half off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"через полтора года","title":"«через» + accusative; «полтора года»","body":"«через» here marks time-after — 'in a year and a half'. «полтора» (one and a half) is a special numeral that, like два/три/четыре, takes the genitive singular «года». The whole phrase reads as a verbless 'all this is still a year and a half away'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies через полтора года","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies года","gloss":"a year and a half"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition через, predicate complement of это","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b5-c1-s249","source":"Именем всего великого и святого, именем умирающего старца вашего покажите мне это письмо, Алексей Федорович, мне, матери!","translation":"In the name of all that is great and holy, in the name of your dying elder, show me that letter, Alexei Fyodorovich — show me, a mother!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именем всего великого и святого","title":"Instrumental of adjuration «именем»","body":"«именем» is the instrumental of «имя» ('name') used to swear or adjure: 'in the name of'. The neuter adjectives «великого и святого» are substantivized in the genitive after «всего» — 'all that is great and holy' — giving the plea a solemn, oath-like cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умирающего старца","title":"Present active participle «умирающего»","body":"«умирающего» is the present active participle of imperfective «умирать» (to be dying), in -ющ-, declined as an adjective and agreeing with «старца» in the genitive. It compresses 'the elder who is dying' into one modifier — a bookish, literary touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне, матери","title":"Dative apposition «мне, матери»","body":"«мне, матери» repeats the dative ('to me, a mother'), with «матери» the dative singular of «мать» standing in apposition to «мне». The reiteration heightens the maternal appeal — show it to me, to a mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именем","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покажите","gloss":"in the name"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of великого","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"object of Именем","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"coordinated with великого","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"именем","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Именем","gloss":"in the name"},{"surface":"умирающего","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of именем","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покажите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покажите","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with the first мне, indirect object of покажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мне","gloss":"a mother"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b5-c1-s250","source":"Если хотите, то держите его пальцами, а я буду читать из ваших рук.","translation":"If you like, hold it in your fingers, and I will read it out of your hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если хотите, то держите его пальцами","title":"«если…, то…» with imperative; instrumental «пальцами»","body":"The conditional «если…, то…» ('if…, then…') here resolves into an imperative, «держите» ('hold'). «пальцами» is the instrumental plural — holding by means of the fingers — the case of the instrument of an action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я буду читать","title":"Compound imperfective future «буду читать»","body":"«буду читать» is the imperfective future: conjugated «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «читать». It names an ongoing act of reading — 'I will be reading it out of your hands' — rather than a single completed one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on держите","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"resumes the main clause держите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"держите","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держите","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держите","gloss":"with your fingers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of читать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держите","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рук","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of читать","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b5-c1-s251","source":"— Нет, не покажу, Катерина Осиповна, хотя бы и она позволила, я не покажу.","translation":"— No, I will not show it, Katerina Osipovna; even were she to permit it, I would not show it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не покажу","title":"Perfective future as refusal «не покажу»","body":"«покажу» is the perfective verb «показать» conjugated like a present, which yields a simple future: 'I will (not) show'. Negated and repeated, the perfective future expresses a firm, settled refusal of the single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и она позволила","title":"Concessive irrealis «хотя бы… позволила»","body":"«хотя бы… позволила» combines the concessive «хотя бы» ('even if') with the particle «бы» plus a past-tense form to build the irrealis: 'even were she to permit it'. The past form «позволила» carries no past meaning here — it is the conditional's standard base."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will show"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Осиповна","lemma":"Осиповна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерина","gloss":"Osipovna"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of позволила","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of позволила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволила","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позволила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"позволила","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause on the second покажу","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first покажу","gloss":"will show"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b5-c1-s252","source":"Я завтра приду и, если хотите, я с вами о многом переговорю, а теперь — прощайте!","translation":"I will come tomorrow, and, if you like, I will talk many things over with you, but for now — farewell!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я завтра приду","title":"Perfective future of motion «приду»","body":"«приду» is the perfective future of «прийти» (to come/arrive), a prefixed motion verb (при- 'arrival' on the идти root). Conjugated like a present, it names a single completed future coming — 'I will come tomorrow'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о многом переговорю","title":"«о многом» + prepositional; «а теперь»","body":"«о многом» is «о» + the prepositional of «многое» ('much, many things') — the topic talked about. «а теперь» uses the contrastive «а» to pivot — 'but for now' — a soft hinge of opposition rather than flat 'but'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прощайте","title":"«прощайте» — farewell, forgive","body":"«прощайте» (imperative of «прощать», to forgive) literally means 'forgive [me]' and serves as a weightier 'farewell' than «до свидания» ('until we meet'). It can hint at a more final parting — fitting Alyosha's abrupt exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on переговорю","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переговорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of переговорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"многом","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular, substantivized","role":"oblique complement of переговорю","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"переговорю","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"will talk over"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided predicate, coordinated with приду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to приду","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b5-c1-s253","source":"И Алеша выбежал с лестницы на улицу.","translation":"And Alyosha ran down the stairs and out into the street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежал","title":"Prefixed perfective of motion «выбежал»","body":"«выбежал» is the perfective past of «выбежать» — the prefix вы- ('out') on «бежать» (to run) — naming a single completed dash out. Prefixing the motion verb both gives precise direction (outward) and makes the pair an ordinary perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с лестницы на улицу","title":"Source and goal: «с» + gen., «на» + acc.","body":"The two phrases trace the trajectory: «с лестницы» is «с» + genitive marking the source ('down from the stairs'), and «на улицу» is «на» + accusative marking motion toward the goal ('out into the street'). Together they map the whole run from inside to out."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лестницы","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"the street"}]}]}