{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c2","title":{"source":"II. Смердяков с гитарой","translated":"Smerdyakov with a Guitar"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c2","lines":146},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c2-s1","source":"Да и некогда было ему.","translation":"And besides, there had been no time for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"некогда было ему","title":"A dative-subject impersonal","body":"There is no nominative subject here: «некогда» (there is no time) is an impersonal predicate, the past is carried by the neuter «было», and the person affected stands in the dative «ему» (for him). This experiencer-in-the-dative frame is one of Russian's most characteristic ways of stating a state rather than an act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и","title":"«Да и» as a connective opener","body":"«Да» here is not \"yes\" but a loose narrative connector, and «да и» together means \"and besides, what's more.\" Opening a sentence this way mimics the unbuttoned flow of speech and thought, tacking an afterthought onto what came before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of да-и idiom, modifies некогда","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"coordinated with Да","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of было","gloss":"for him"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c2-s2","source":"У него блеснула мысль, еще когда он прощался с Lise.","translation":"A thought had flashed through him while he was still saying goodbye to Lise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"блеснула","title":"Perfective «блеснула» — a single flash","body":"«Блеснула» is the perfective past of «блеснуть» (to flash, gleam once), against the imperfective «блестеть» (to shine, glint continually). The perfective seizes the thought as one instantaneous event — it flashed up and was there — exactly suiting a sudden idea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он прощался","title":"Imperfective «прощался» — an action still in progress","body":"The reflexive imperfective past «прощался» (was saying goodbye) sets a stretch of ongoing time as the backdrop against which the perfective «блеснула» strikes. This is the classic novelistic interplay: a process in the imperfective, interrupted by a single perfective event."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блеснула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"блеснула","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of блеснула","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прощался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прощался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прощался","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on блеснула","gloss":"was saying goodbye"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lise","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lise","lemma":"Lise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of прощался","gloss":"Lise"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c2-s3","source":"Мысль о том: как бы самым хитрейшим образом поймать сейчас брата Дмитрия, от него, очевидно, скрывающегося?","translation":"The thought of how he might, by the most cunning means, catch his brother Dmitri right now, who was so plainly hiding from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы… поймать","title":"«как бы» + infinitive — how one might","body":"«Как бы… поймать» pairs the irrealis particle «бы» with a bare infinitive to muse over a hypothetical course of action: \"how one might catch.\" The «бы» tilts the whole clause from fact toward possibility, framing Alyosha's calculating, not-yet-acted plan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым хитрейшим образом","title":"A doubled, bookish superlative","body":"«Хитрейший» is already a superlative formed with the bookish suffix -ейш- (most cunning), and «самым» piles the analytic superlative on top of it — a deliberate, almost over-egged \"by the very most cunning means.\" The redundancy gives the phrase a self-conscious, ornate ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от него… скрывающегося","title":"A present active participle: «скрывающегося»","body":"«Скрывающегося» is the present active participle of the reflexive «скрываться» (to be hiding), declined into the accusative to agree with «брата Дмитрия» (animate masculine, whose accusative is syncretic with the genitive) and govern «от него». It packs a whole который-clause — \"who was hiding from him\" — into a single modifier, the hallmark of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Мысль, resumed by как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, modifies поймать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of поймать","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, superlative marker, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хитрейшим","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"хитрейшим","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймать","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"поймать","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймать","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймать","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывающегося","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies скрывающегося","gloss":"obviously"},{"surface":"скрывающегося","lemma":"скрываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial modifier of брата","gloss":"hiding"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c2-s4","source":"Было уже не рано, был час третий пополудни.","translation":"It was no longer early; it was past two, going on three in the afternoon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"час третий пополудни","title":"Inverted noun-numeral: \"going on three\"","body":"Putting the ordinal after the noun — «час третий» rather than «третий час» — is an idiom of approximation: not \"three o'clock\" but \"the third hour,\" i.e. some time after two and heading toward three. The inversion itself signals the rough, in-between reading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пополудни","title":"«пополудни» — \"in the afternoon\"","body":"A fused, slightly bookish adverb («по» + «полудни», after midday) meaning \"p.m., in the afternoon,\" with its counterpart «пополуночи» for the small hours. It belongs to the formal, time-telling register rather than everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рано","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано (with не, \"no longer\")","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Было","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to час","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal after был","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час (\"past noon\")","gloss":"in the afternoon"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c2-s5","source":"Всем существом своим Алеша стремился в монастырь к своему «великому» умирающему, но потребность видеть брата Дмитрия пересилила всё: в уме Алеши с каждым часом нарастало убеждение о неминуемой ужасной катастрофе, готовой совершиться.","translation":"With his whole being Alyosha was straining toward the monastery, toward his “great one” who lay dying, yet the need to see his brother Dmitri overpowered everything: hour by hour, the conviction kept mounting in Alyosha's mind that some inescapable, dreadful catastrophe was about to come to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всем существом своим","title":"Instrumental of manner + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Всем существом» is an instrumental of manner — \"with his whole being\" — and «своим» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to the clause's subject, Alyosha. Fronting this heavy instrumental phrase throws emphatic weight onto the totality of his yearning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пересилила","title":"Perfective «пересилила» decides the contest","body":"The prefix пере- (over-, out-) on «силить» yields a perfective verb meaning \"overpowered, won out over.\" The perfective marks the inner struggle as resolved in a single decisive turn — the need to see Dmitri \"overpowered everything.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нарастало убеждение","title":"Imperfective «нарастало» — a mounting process","body":"«Нарастало» (kept mounting, was growing) is imperfective, and with «с каждым часом» (hour by hour) it stresses repeated, accumulating action — the conviction does not arrive at once but swells. Note the topic-comment order: the verb precedes its subject «убеждение», foregrounding the process itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовой совершиться","title":"Participle + reflexive infinitive","body":"«Готовой» (ready) agrees with «катастрофе» in the prepositional case (governed by «о»: убеждение… о… катастрофе), not the genitive, and governs the reflexive infinitive «совершиться» (to come to pass, happen of itself). The -ся here is the \"middle\" use: the catastrophe is poised to occur on its own, with no named agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"существом","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner adverbial modifying стремился","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стремился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стремился","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was straining"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремился","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умирающему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умирающему","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умирающему","gloss":"great","note":"Refers to the dying elder Zosima, whom Alyosha calls his \"great one.\""},{"surface":"умирающему","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of стремился (substantivized: \"the dying one\")","gloss":"dying one"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пересилила","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"пересилила","lemma":"пересилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"overpowered"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пересилила","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарастало","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарастало","gloss":"passing hour"},{"surface":"нарастало","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пересилила","gloss":"kept mounting"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нарастало","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"неминуемой","lemma":"неминуемый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофе","gloss":"inescapable"},{"surface":"ужасной","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофе","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"катастрофе","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"готовой","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying катастрофе","gloss":"about","note":"\"готовой совершиться\" = \"about to come to pass.\""},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовой","gloss":"to happen"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c2-s6","source":"В чем именно состояла катастрофа и что хотел бы он сказать сию минуту брату, может быть, он и сам бы не определил.","translation":"What exactly the catastrophe consisted of, and what he would want to say to his brother at this very minute, perhaps even he himself could not have defined.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что хотел бы он сказать","title":"Conditional «хотел бы» — what he would want","body":"«Хотел бы» is the conditional: past-tense «хотел» plus the particle «бы», giving \"would want.\" Here «бы» follows the verb directly, but it is mobile and could lean elsewhere; it shifts the wish from fact into the hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и сам бы не определил","title":"A counterfactual «бы не определил»","body":"A second conditional closes the sentence: «не определил бы» means \"could not have defined / would not have been able to define.\" The added «и сам» (\"even he himself\") and the emphatic particle «и» heighten the sense that the feeling outruns even the one who feels it."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"катастрофа","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"the catastrophe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with состояла","gloss":"he wanted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying сказать","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to his brother"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying определил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of определил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он, modifies определил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of определил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies определил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"определил","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with состояла","gloss":"have defined"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c2-s7","source":"«Пусть благодетель мой умрет без меня, но по крайней мере я не буду укорять себя всю жизнь, что, может быть, мог бы что спасти и не спас, прошел мимо, торопился в свой дом.","translation":"“Let my benefactor die without me, but at least I will not have to reproach myself my whole life that, perhaps, I could have saved something and did not, that I passed by, hurrying home to my own house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть… умрет","title":"«Пусть» + perfective future as a concession","body":"«Пусть умрёт» uses the particle «пусть» with a third-person perfective future to form a let-clause: \"let him die\" — here a bitter concession, \"even if he should die.\" «Пусть» builds the third-person imperative, conceding the worst before the «но»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не буду укорять себя","title":"Compound future + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не буду укорять» is the imperfective compound future (the future of «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive), naming an ongoing future state — \"I will not be reproaching myself.\" «Себя» is the full reflexive pronoun, the object distinct from the verb, pointing back to the speaker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы что спасти и не спас","title":"Conditional regret «мог бы… и не спас»","body":"«Мог бы спасти» (could have saved) is conditional, then the bare perfective past «не спас» (did not save) states the bitter fact — the contrast of what was possible against what was done. The colloquial «что» here stands for «что-то / что-нибудь» (something)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"благодетель","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of умрет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укорять","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укорять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of укорять","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"укорять","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умрет","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of укорять","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of укорять","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying мог","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to укорять","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасти (мог)","gloss":"did save"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"passed by"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торопился","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c2-s8","source":"Делая так, по его великому слову сделаю…»","translation":"By doing this, I will be acting according to his great word…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Делая так","title":"Imperfective gerund «делая» — \"by doing so\"","body":"«Делая» is the imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) of «делать», expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb and sharing its subject: \"in/by doing this, I will be acting…\" This non-finite verb-adverb is a staple of the elevated, sermon-like cadence Alyosha falls into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделаю","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Делая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слову","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаю","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will be acting"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c2-s9","source":"План его состоял в том, чтобы захватить брата Дмитрия нечаянно, а именно: перелезть, как вчера, через тот плетень, войти в сад и засесть в ту беседку.","translation":"His plan was to take his brother Dmitri unawares—namely, to climb over that same wattle fence, as he had yesterday, slip into the garden, and lie in wait inside the summer-house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоял в том, чтобы захватить","title":"«в том, чтобы» + infinitive — the content of the plan","body":"«Состоял в том, чтобы захватить» uses the correlative «в том» pointing forward to a «чтобы»-clause that here takes an infinitive: \"consisted in this: to seize…\" «Чтобы» introduces a willed or purposed outcome, the standard frame for spelling out an intention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелезть… войти… засесть","title":"A chain of perfectives = the steps of a plan","body":"Three perfective infinitives line up — «перелезть» (climb over), «войти» (go in), «засесть» (settle in to wait) — each naming a single completed step. The perfectives stage the plan as a sequence of discrete, finished actions rather than ongoing process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плетень","title":"«плетень» — a wattle fence","body":"A «плетень» is a fence woven from pliable rods or branches, the humble wickerwork enclosure of a peasant or provincial yard. The word grounds the scene in a modest, rural-edge setting — a fence one can simply climb over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беседку","title":"«беседка» — a garden summer-house","body":"A «беседка» is a small open garden pavilion or arbour, a place to sit and talk (the root «бесед-» is \"conversation\"). It is the chapter's stage and its title-fixture; Alyosha lies in wait inside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"План","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"his plan"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of План","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захватить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"захватить","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on том","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватить","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватить","gloss":"unawares"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"перелезть","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with захватить","gloss":"climb over"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вчера","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелезть","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетень","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плетень","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелезть","gloss":"wattle fence"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with перелезть","gloss":"slip into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засесть","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"lie in wait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засесть","gloss":"summer-house"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c2-s10","source":"«Если же его там нет, — думал Алеша, — то, не сказавшись ни Фоме, ни хозяйкам, притаиться и ждать в беседке хотя бы до вечера.","translation":"“And if he is not there,” thought Alyosha, “then, without telling either Foma or the women of the house, I will hide and wait in the summer-house, even until evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же его там нет","title":"Genitive of negation: «его… нет»","body":"A negated existential takes the genitive: «его нет» literally \"of-him there-is-not\" = \"he is not there.\" The subject of «нет» obligatorily appears in the genitive «его». The particle «же» adds a mild \"and as for…,\" turning to the next contingency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сказавшись ни Фоме, ни хозяйкам","title":"Negated gerund with double «ни… ни»","body":"«Не сказавшись» is a perfective past gerund of the reflexive «сказаться» (to announce oneself), \"without telling.\" The negative concord «ни… ни» (\"neither… nor\") pairs with the negated verb, and the people told stand in the dative «Фоме», «хозяйкам»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притаиться и ждать… хотя бы до вечера","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — \"even until\"","body":"«Хотя бы» is a concessive idiom built on «бы», meaning \"if only, even, at least\" — here \"even until evening,\" conceding however long the wait must run. The infinitives «притаиться» (perfective, to take cover) and «ждать» (imperfective, to keep waiting) contrast a single move with the ongoing vigil that follows."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хозяйкам","title":"«хозяйка» — landlady, woman of the house","body":"«Хозяйка» is the feminine of «хозяин» (master, owner): the woman who keeps or owns the house, here the landlady and her household. The translation's \"the women of the house\" renders the plural; the daughter Marya Kondratyevna is one of them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет,","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negation","role":"predicate: absence, with genitive subject его","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb of the reported thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative introducing the result clause (притаиться...)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказавшись","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сказавшись","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on притаиться","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Фоме","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сказавшись","gloss":"Foma"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"хозяйкам","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Фоме","gloss":"the women of the house"},{"surface":"притаиться","lemma":"притаиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with притаиться","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беседке","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждать","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждать","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c2-s11","source":"Если он по-прежнему караулит приход Грушеньки, то очень может быть, что и придет в беседку…»","translation":"If he is still keeping watch for Grushenka to come, then it is very likely he will turn up at the summer-house…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и придет","title":"Perfective future «придёт» — a single arrival","body":"«Придёт» is the perfective (simple) future of «прийти» — a conjugated form with future meaning and no auxiliary, naming one completed arrival: \"he will turn up.\" The emphatic «и» (\"even, indeed\") underlines the likelihood. The base verb «прийти» is a prefixed motion verb (при- + идти)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"караулит","title":"«караулить» — to keep watch, lie in wait","body":"«Караулить» (to guard, stand watch, lie in wait for) comes from «караул», a sentry's guard-duty (a Turkic loan). Used of Dmitri watching for Grushenka's arrival, it carries a faint sense of jealous, predatory vigilance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of караулит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of караулит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"as before"},{"surface":"караулит","lemma":"караулить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"is keeping watch for"},{"surface":"приход","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of караулит","gloss":"the coming"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приход","gloss":"of Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of может","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the summer-house"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c2-s12","source":"Алеша, впрочем, не рассуждал слишком много о подробностях плана, но он решил его исполнить, хотя бы пришлось и в монастырь не попасть сегодня…","translation":"Alyosha, for that matter, did not reason out the details of the plan at any great length, but he resolved to carry it through, even if it meant not getting to the monastery today…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — a hedging \"however\"","body":"«Впрочем» is a parenthetical discourse word meaning \"however, then again, for that matter,\" used to qualify or step back from what was just said. It is one of the narrator's favourite hinges, slipping in a reservation mid-thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы пришлось… не попасть","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with impersonal «пришлось»","body":"«Хотя бы пришлось» means \"even if it should come to it,\" a concession built on «бы». «Пришлось» is an impersonal perfective (\"it became necessary, one had to\") with no nominative subject, the implied experiencer in the dative — \"even if [he] had to not get to the monastery.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассуждал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying рассуждал","gloss":"for that matter"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассуждал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассуждал","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reason out"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"подробностях","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассуждал","gloss":"the details"},{"surface":"плана","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подробностях","gloss":"of the plan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассуждал","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to carry through"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исполнить","gloss":"it meant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попасть","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попасть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"попасть","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"getting"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попасть","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c2-s13","source":"Всё произошло без помехи: он перелез плетень почти в том самом месте, как вчера, и скрытно пробрался в беседку.","translation":"Everything came off without a hitch: he climbed over the wattle fence at almost the very spot where he had yesterday, and stole his way into the summer-house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелез… пробрался","title":"Two perfectives carry the action forward","body":"«Перелез» (climbed over) and «пробрался» (made his way, stole through) are both perfective pasts moving the narrative event by event. The prefixes пере- (across) and про- (through) lend each verb its precise trajectory — over the fence, through into the summer-house."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без помехи","title":"«без помехи» — \"without a hitch\"","body":"«Помеха» is an obstacle, hindrance, or interference; «без помехи» (in the genitive after «без») means \"without obstruction, smoothly.\" The phrase quietly sets up the irony that the careful, frictionless approach is about to be undone by a sneeze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came off"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помехи","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"помехи","lemma":"помеха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"a hitch"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перелез","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"перелез","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to произошло","gloss":"climbed over"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перелез","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перелез","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вчера","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on перелез","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрытно","lemma":"скрытно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробрался","gloss":"stealthily"},{"surface":"пробрался","lemma":"пробраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перелез","gloss":"stole his way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"the summer-house"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c2-s14","source":"Ему не хотелось, чтоб его заметили: и хозяйка, и Фома (если он тут) могли держать сторону брата и слушаться его приказаний, а стало быть, или в сад Алешу не пустить, или брата предуведомить вовремя, что его ищут и спрашивают.","translation":"He did not want to be noticed: both the landlady and Foma (if he were here) might take his brother's side and obey his orders, and so either not let Alyosha into the garden, or warn his brother in good time that he was being looked for and asked after.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему не хотелось, чтоб его заметили","title":"Dative-subject «ему не хотелось» + «чтоб»-clause","body":"«Ему не хотелось» is a quintessential impersonal: the experiencer in the dative «ему», the verb in invariable neuter-reflexive form, no nominative subject — \"he did not feel like / want.\" It governs a «чтоб(ы)»-clause whose verb «заметили» stands in the past form required after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его заметили… не пустить… предуведомить","title":"Indefinite \"they\": agentless third-person plural","body":"«Заметили» (they would notice) has no stated subject — a bare third-person plural used impersonally, like English \"be noticed.\" The string of perfective infinitives «не пустить» (not let in), «предуведомить» (warn in advance) lays out the feared outcomes as discrete possibilities."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"держать сторону","title":"«держать сторону» — to take someone's side","body":"An idiom: «держать сторону (кого-то)» means \"to side with, take the part of\" someone — here, take Dmitri's side. Compare the modern «принять/взять сторону»; the «держать» variant is the older, more literary turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did not want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хотелось","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase и...и (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"the landlady"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хозяйка","gloss":"Foma"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of он (parenthetical)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушаться","lemma":"слушаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держать","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приказаний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приказаний","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of слушаться","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустить","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустить","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустить","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with предуведомить","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предуведомить","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"предуведомить","lemma":"предуведомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустить","gloss":"warn"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предуведомить","gloss":"in good time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ищут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ищут","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предуведомить","gloss":"was being looked for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ищут","gloss":"asked after"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c2-s15","source":"В беседке никого не было.","translation":"There was no one in the summer-house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого не было","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«Никого не было» is a textbook double pattern: the negative pronoun «никого» (nobody, genitive) and the negated «не было» work in concord — \"there was no one.\" The absent person obligatorily takes the genitive with «не было», and «ни-» word and «не» both appear."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беседке","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c2-s16","source":"Алеша сел на свое вчерашнее место и начал ждать.","translation":"Alyosha sat down in his place from yesterday and began to wait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сел… начал ждать","title":"Perfective onset + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Сел» (perfective, sat down) marks a single completed action; «начал ждать» pairs the perfective «начал» (began) with the imperfective infinitive «ждать» (to wait). Phase verbs like «начать» take the imperfective, since one begins an ongoing process, not a completed one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to wait"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c2-s17","source":"Он оглядел беседку, она показалась ему почему-то гораздо более ветхою, чем вчера, дрянною такою показалась ему в этот раз.","translation":"He looked the summer-house over; for some reason it struck him as far more decrepit than the day before—a wretched little thing it seemed to him this time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо более ветхою… дрянною такою","title":"Comparative «более ветхою» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Более ветхою» is the analytic (attributive-style) comparative \"more decrepit,\" intensified by «гораздо» (\"far\"). Both predicate adjectives stand in the instrumental — «ветхою», «дрянною» — because «показаться» (to seem) takes an instrumental complement; the -ою endings are the older bookish feminine instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ветхою… дрянною","title":"«ветхий» and «дрянной» — decrepit and trashy","body":"«Ветхий» means \"decrepit, dilapidated, time-worn\" (the same word as in «Ветхий Завет», the Old Testament). «Дрянной» is colloquial and contemptuous — \"trashy, worthless, wretched,\" from «дрянь» (rubbish, trash). Together they paint the summer-house as suddenly shabby in Alyosha's anxious eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглядел","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies показалась","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies показалась","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ветхою","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ветхою","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of показалась","gloss":"decrepit"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вчера","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ветхою","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дрянною","lemma":"дрянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of second показалась","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дрянною","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглядел","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показалась","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c2-s18","source":"День был, впрочем, такой же ясный, как и вчера.","translation":"The day, however, was just as clear as it had been yesterday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой же… как и вчера","title":"Correlative «такой же… как» — \"just as… as\"","body":"«Такой же… как (и)» is the standard equative frame: \"just the same… as.\" «Такой» agrees with «день» in gender and number, «же» fixes the sense of sameness, and the «и» before «вчера» adds \"as it was yesterday too.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ясный","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying ясный","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ясный","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"[intensifier]"},{"surface":"ясный","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of был","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вчера","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как и","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясный","gloss":"yesterday"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c2-s19","source":"На зеленом столе отпечатался кружок от вчерашней, должно быть, расплескавшейся рюмки с коньяком.","translation":"On the green table a ring had been left, the mark of a glass of cognac that must have been spilled the day before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отпечатался","title":"Reflexive «отпечатался» — a self-acting middle","body":"«Отпечататься» (-ся on «отпечатать», to imprint) is here the middle/intransitive use: the ring \"got imprinted, was left\" on the table, with no agent named. The -ся turns a transitive \"print\" into \"became printed,\" letting the mark appear on its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от… расплескавшейся рюмки","title":"Past active participle: «расплескавшейся»","body":"«Расплескавшейся» is the past active participle of the reflexive perfective «расплескаться» (to slop over, spill), declined into the genitive to agree with «рюмки» after «от». It compresses \"of a glass that had spilled\" into one word — the participial economy typical of descriptive prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рюмки с коньяком","title":"«рюмка» of «коньяк» — a stemmed shot-glass of cognac","body":"A «рюмка» is a small stemmed glass for spirits, not a tumbler. «Коньяк» (cognac/brandy) signals a touch of pretension to refinement on the bench — and the ring it leaves is a small forensic clue to yesterday's gathering."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"зеленом","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, prepositional, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпечатался","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"отпечатался","lemma":"отпечататься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been left"},{"surface":"кружок","lemma":"кружок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпечатался","gloss":"a ring"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рюмки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вчерашней","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рюмки","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adverb (impersonal), part of должно быть","role":"parenthetical modifying расплескавшейся","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"расплескавшейся","lemma":"расплескаться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies рюмки","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"рюмки","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньяком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"коньяком","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рюмки","gloss":"cognac"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c2-s20","source":"Пустые и непригодные к делу мысли, как и всегда во время скучного ожидания, лезли ему в голову: например, почему он, войдя теперь сюда, сел именно точь-в-точь на то самое место, на котором вчера сидел, и почему не на другое?","translation":"Idle, useless thoughts crept into his head, as they always do during a dull wait: why, for instance, on coming in here now, had he sat down in precisely the same exact spot where he had sat yesterday, and not in another?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лезли ему в голову","title":"Imperfective «лезли» of habit + dative «ему»","body":"«Лезли» (imperfective, were climbing/creeping in) with «как… всегда» (as always) conveys habitual, repeated action — thoughts that keep intruding. «Ему в голову» uses the dative «ему» (\"into his head\"), the experiencer to whom the thoughts come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя теперь сюда","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя» — \"on coming in\"","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective past деепричастие of «войти» (to enter), expressing an action completed just before the main verb: \"on coming in, having come in.\" It shares the subject (he) and tightly subordinates the entering to the sitting-down that the clause asks about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на котором вчера сидел","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«На котором» is the relative pronoun «который» governed by «на» into the prepositional case (location), agreeing in gender/number with its antecedent «место» but taking the case its own clause demands: \"the spot on which he had sat.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — \"exactly, to a T\"","body":"A reduplicative, emphatic adverb (from «точка», point) meaning \"precisely, identically, to the very spot.\" Its idle insistence on exactness suits the trivial, circling thoughts of a bored wait that the sentence is describing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пустые","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Пустые and непригодные","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непригодные","lemma":"непригодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Пустые","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of непригодные","gloss":"the task"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of лезли","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of лезли","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всегда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лезли","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во время","morphology":"preposition (part of compound во время)","role":"part of the compound preposition во время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, part of frozen phrase во время","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"скучного","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидания","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"ожидания","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of во время","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"лезли","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crept"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of лезли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезли","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"introduces the почему clause","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сел","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the почему-clause","gloss":"had sat down"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (idiom, part 1)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies сел","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition (idiom connector)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (idiom, part 2)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies сел","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"very (same)"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on место","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical сел of другое","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates на другое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другое","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with место (ellipsis of сел)","gloss":"another spot"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c2-s21","source":"Наконец ему стало очень грустно, грустно от тревожной неизвестности.","translation":"At last he grew very sad—sad with the anxiousness of not knowing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало очень грустно","title":"Dative-subject mood: «ему стало грустно»","body":"«Ему стало грустно» is impersonal: the experiencer «ему» in the dative, «грустно» an invariable predicate-adverb of feeling, and «стало» (perfective \"became\") marking the onset of the state — \"he grew sad.\" There is no nominative subject; the sadness simply comes over him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от тревожной неизвестности","title":"«неизвестность» — the dread of not knowing","body":"«Неизвестность» (literally \"un-known-ness,\" from «известный», known) is the state of suspense, uncertainty, not knowing what will happen; «тревожная» (anxious, alarming) sharpens it. The genitive after «от» gives the cause of the sadness — sad \"from\" the anxious suspense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"coordinated with the first грустно","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неизвестности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тревожной","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неизвестности","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"неизвестности","lemma":"неизвестность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of the second грустно","gloss":"uncertainty"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c2-s22","source":"Но не просидел он и четверти часа, как вдруг, очень где-то вблизи, послышался аккорд гитары.","translation":"But he had not been sitting there even a quarter of an hour when suddenly, somewhere very near, the chord of a guitar sounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не просидел он и четверти часа, как","title":"«не успел…, как» frame: scarcely had he…","body":"«Не просидел… и четверти часа, как…» is an idiomatic \"he had not been sitting even a quarter-hour when…\" construction. The negated perfective «не просидел» sets a barely-elapsed span, and «как» springs the sudden interrupting event. The emphatic «и» means \"even.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"четверти часа","title":"Genitive of measure: «четверти часа»","body":"Both nouns sit in the genitive: «четверти» (quarter) governs «часа» (of an hour) — \"a quarter of an hour.\" The genitive is the case of \"of\" and of the part-of-a-whole, here doubly so within a measure phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послышался аккорд","title":"Reflexive «послышался» — a sound made itself heard","body":"«Послышаться» (-ся on «послышать») means \"to be heard, to sound, reach the ear,\" an intransitive middle: the chord \"sounded\" of itself. Verb-before-subject order («послышался аккорд») presents the new, story-launching information last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просидел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes четверти (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"четверти","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of просидел","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверти","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послышался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вблизи","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb (indefinite, part 1)","role":"part of где-то, modifies вблизи","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker, part 2)","role":"part of где-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"вблизи","lemma":"вблизи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послышался","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"послышался","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the resultant clause","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"аккорд","lemma":"аккорд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послышался","gloss":"the chord"},{"surface":"гитары","lemma":"гитара","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies аккорд","gloss":"of a guitar"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c2-s23","source":"Сидели или только сейчас уселся кто-то шагах от него в двадцати, никак не дальше, где-нибудь в кустах.","translation":"Someone had been sitting there, or had only just sat down, about twenty paces from him, no farther, somewhere in the bushes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сидели или… уселся кто-то","title":"Imperfective vs perfective: «сидели» / «уселся»","body":"The narrator weighs two readings of the sound: «сидели» (imperfective, \"had been sitting,\" an ongoing state) versus «уселся» (perfective, \"had just sat down,\" a single completed settling). The aspect choice itself does the work of distinguishing a continuing situation from a fresh event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то","title":"«кто-то» — a specific but unknown someone","body":"«Кто-то» = «кто» + the particle «-то», marking a referent that is real and particular but not yet identified — \"someone\" who is definitely there, though Alyosha cannot yet name him. Contrast «кто-нибудь» (anyone at all), which would not fit a real, present person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагах от него в двадцати","title":"Approximation by inversion: «в двадцати»","body":"Putting «в двадцати» (\"about twenty\") after «шагах» rather than before signals approximation — \"some twenty paces off.\" Numerals over four take the genitive plural, here governed within a prepositional phrase of distance. The split word order scatters the phrase for a vague, groping feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with уселся via или","gloss":"had been sitting"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидели","gloss":"had sat down"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (indefinite, part 1)","role":"subject of Сидели/уселся","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker, part 2)","role":"part of кто-то","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"locative-of-measure complement of уселся","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двадцати","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, prepositional","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies не дальше","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дальше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with шагах","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (indefinite, part 1)","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies кустах","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker, part 2)","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кустах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кустах","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with шагах, locative complement","gloss":"the bushes"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c2-s24","source":"У Алеши вдруг мелькнуло воспоминание, что, уходя вчера от брата из беседки, он увидел, или как бы мелькнула пред ним влево у забора садовая зеленая низенькая старая скамейка между кустами.","translation":"A recollection suddenly flickered up in Alyosha: that yesterday, as he was leaving his brother and the summer-house, he had seen—or as if there had flashed before him—off to the left, by the fence, a low, old green garden bench among the bushes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У Алеши… мелькнуло воспоминание","title":"«у + genitive» possessor + perfective «мелькнуло»","body":"«У Алеши… мелькнуло воспоминание» frames the memory as something that flickered up \"with/in\" Alyosha — the «у»-phrase (genitive «Алеши») marks the locus of the experience, while perfective «мелькнуло» seizes it as one instantaneous flash. The subject «воспоминание» trails the verb, the news of the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходя вчера","title":"Imperfective gerund «уходя» — \"as he was leaving\"","body":"«Уходя» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «уходить» (to be leaving), setting the simultaneous backdrop \"as he was leaving.\" «Уходить/уйти» is a prefixed motion verb (у- + ходить), the prefix giving \"away from.\" The gerund shares the subject of the recalled clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садовая зеленая низенькая старая скамейка","title":"A stacked string of agreeing adjectives","body":"Four long-form adjectives — «садовая зелёная низенькая старая» — all agree with «скамейка» in feminine nominative singular, piling up before the noun. «Низенькая» carries the diminutive-affectionate suffix -еньк- (\"low little\"), softening the picture of the old green garden bench."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"Alyosha's (mind)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"a memory"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидел/мелькнула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уходя","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидел","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходя","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"беседки","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying воспоминание","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как бы)","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"had flashed"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"влево","lemma":"влево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"садовая","lemma":"садовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скамейка","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"зеленая","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скамейка","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"низенькая","lemma":"низенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скамейка","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скамейка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"скамейка","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кустами","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"кустами","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of между","gloss":"the bushes"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c2-s25","source":"На ней-то, стало быть, и уселись теперь гости.","translation":"It was on it, then, that the visitors had now settled themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На ней-то… и уселись","title":"Emphatic «-то» + fronted location","body":"Fronting «на ней» (on it) and tacking on the emphatic clitic «-то» foregrounds the bench as the established topic: \"it was on it, precisely, that…\" The reinforcing «и» before the perfective «уселись» (settled themselves) adds \"that's just where\" they sat."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — \"so then, therefore\"","body":"A fossilized inferential phrase (literally \"it became to be\") meaning \"so, then, consequently.\" It is a colloquial-deductive connector, here threading Alyosha's piecing-together of who is on the bench."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"complement of На, modifies уселись","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, part of ней-то)","role":"emphasizes ней","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"verb, part of the fixed phrase стало быть","role":"parenthetical, part of стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"стало быть","morphology":"infinitive, part of the fixed phrase стало быть","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes уселись","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уселись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уселись","gloss":"the guests"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c2-s26","source":"Кто же?","translation":"But who?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же?","title":"Interrogative «кто» + the particle «же»","body":"«Кто же?» is the interrogative pronoun «кто» (who) sharpened by the emphatic particle «же»: \"but who, then?\" «Же» injects insistence and curiosity that bare «кто?» would lack — the breathless press of Alyosha's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Кто","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c2-s27","source":"Один мужской голос вдруг запел сладенькою фистулою куплет, аккомпанируя себе на гитаре:","translation":"A man's voice suddenly struck up a verse in a sugary falsetto, accompanying himself on the guitar:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"запел… аккомпанируя себе","title":"Perfective «запел» + imperfective gerund «аккомпанируя»","body":"«Запел» (perfective, struck up, with за- marking the inception of singing) names the start of the song as one event; «аккомпанируя» is the imperfective gerund \"accompanying,\" an ongoing attendant action sharing the subject. «Себе» is the reflexive in the dative — accompanying \"himself.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладенькою фистулою","title":"«фистула» — a falsetto, in a cloying voice","body":"«Фистула» (from Latin) is an old word for a head-voice or falsetto. «Сладенькою» (instrumental of manner) is «сладкий» (sweet) plus the diminutive-pejorative -еньк-, \"sugary, cloyingly sweet\" — the affected, oily quality the narrator hears in Smerdyakov's singing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куплет","title":"«куплет» — a verse / couplet of a song","body":"A «куплет» (French couplet) is a verse or stanza of a sung song, often of a light or sentimental kind. Smerdyakov's куплеты are the cheap, mawkish romances that the chapter (and Smerdyakov himself, scorning verse) sets against real poetry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос (indefinite 'a')","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запел","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"запел","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"сладенькою","lemma":"сладенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фистулою","gloss":"sugary"},{"surface":"фистулою","lemma":"фистула","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запел (manner)","gloss":"falsetto"},{"surface":"куплет","lemma":"куплет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of запел","gloss":"a verse"},{"surface":"аккомпанируя","lemma":"аккомпанировать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on запел","gloss":"accompanying"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of аккомпанируя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гитаре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гитаре","lemma":"гитара","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"the guitar"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c2-s28","source":"Непобедимой силой\nПривержен я к милой.\nГосподи пом-и-илуй\nЕе и меня!\nЕе и меня!\nЕе и меня!","translation":"By a power none can master\nI cleave to my dear one.\nLord, ha-a-ave mercy\nOn her and on me!\nOn her and on me!\nOn her and on me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Привержен я к милой","title":"Short-form adjective «привержен» as predicate","body":"«Привержен» is the short (predicative) form of «приверженный» (devoted, attached), used here as a predicate with «к милой» (to my dear one). Short forms can only predicate, never modify, and carry a bookish, song-like solemnity well suited to the lyric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непобедимой","lemma":"непобедимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"unconquerable"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Привержен","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"Привержен","lemma":"привержен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"am devoted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Привержен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"милой","lemma":"милый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"my dear one"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address preceding помилуй","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"пом","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative (fragment 1 of помилуй)","role":"first syllable of the stretched imperative помилуй","gloss":"ha-"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"vocalic filler (fragment 2 of помилуй)","role":"inserted sung filler within помилуй","gloss":"-a-"},{"surface":"илуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective (fragment 3 of помилуй)","role":"final syllables of помилуй, takes Ее и меня as object","gloss":"-ve mercy"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй (repeated)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй (repeated)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c2-s29","source":"Голос остановился.","translation":"The voice stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился","title":"Reflexive «остановился» — came to a stop","body":"«Остановиться» (-ся on «остановить», to stop something) is the intransitive/middle: the voice \"stopped\" of itself, not stopped by an agent. The pair «остановить / остановиться» neatly shows how -ся turns a transitive into its intransitive twin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c2-s30","source":"Лакейский тенор и выверт песни лакейский.","translation":"A lackey's tenor, and the affected twist of the song a lackey's too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лакейский тенор и выверт песни лакейский.","title":"A verbless sentence with framing repetition","body":"There is no verb at all — Russian needs no copula in the present, so two noun phrases simply stand as the narrator's verdict. «Лакейский» (lackey-ish) is repeated at the start and the end, bracketing the line so the contempt rings twice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выверт","title":"«выверт» — an affected twist or flourish","body":"«Выверт» (from «вывернуть», to twist out) means a mannered contortion, an affected flourish — applied to the song, a tasteless, showy curlicue. Together with «лакейский» it brands Smerdyakov's performance as the strained refinement of a servant aping his betters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лакейский","lemma":"лакейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тенор","gloss":"lackey's"},{"surface":"тенор","lemma":"тенор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the first phrase, coordinated with выверт","gloss":"tenor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выверт","lemma":"выверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тенор","gloss":"the twist"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выверт","gloss":"of the song"},{"surface":"лакейский","lemma":"лакейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of выверт","gloss":"lackey's too"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c2-s31","source":"Другой, женский уже, голос вдруг произнес ласкательно и как бы робко, но с большим, однако, жеманством:","translation":"Another voice, a woman's this time, suddenly spoke up, coaxing and as if shy, yet with a great deal of coyness all the same:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес ласкательно… робко… с… жеманством","title":"Manner adverbs + instrumental «с жеманством»","body":"The way of speaking is stacked up: adverbs «ласкательно» (caressingly), «робко» (shyly), then «с большим… жеманством» — the preposition «с» with the instrumental «жеманством» (with great affectation). «С» + instrumental is the standard way to add an accompanying manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жеманством","title":"«жеманство» — coyness, mincing affectation","body":"«Жеманство» is studied coquettish affectation — simpering, mincing, putting on airs. The narrator catches Marya Kondratyevna's would-be-genteel manner exactly; «жеманный» / «жеманиться» belong to the same root of affected daintiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Другой, modifies голос","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женский","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke up"},{"surface":"ласкательно","lemma":"ласкательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"coaxingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как бы)","role":"modifies робко","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part 2 of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ласкательно","gloss":"shyly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жеманством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жеманством","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying жеманством phrase","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"жеманством","lemma":"жеманство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies произнес","gloss":"coyness"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c2-s32","source":"— Что вы к нам долго не ходите, Павел Федорович, что вы нас всё презираете?","translation":"“Why is it you don't come to see us for so long, Pavel Fyodorovich? Why is it you keep looking down on us?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы к нам долго не ходите","title":"Imperfective «не ходите» of habit + «что» as \"why\"","body":"«Ходите» is the imperfective multidirectional motion verb «ходить» (to go, visit, habitually), negated to mean \"you don't come (to see us).\" Here «Что вы…» is colloquial for «Почему вы…» (\"why is it you…\"). The multidirectional ходить, not идти, is right for repeated visits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun/adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies ходите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ходите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of к","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходите","gloss":"for so long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ходите","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Павел","lemma":"Павел","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pavel"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Павел","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun/adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of презираете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of презираете","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираете","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"презираете","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"look down on"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c2-s33","source":"— Ничего-с, — ответил мужской голос, хотя и вежливо, но прежде всего с настойчивым и твердым достоинством.","translation":"“It's nothing, ma'am,” answered the man's voice, politely enough, but above all with an insistent, firm dignity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (ничего-с)","title":"The deferential particle -с (\"словоерс\")","body":"Smerdyakov constantly tacks the particle «-с» onto his words («ничего-с», «вздор-с», «не выдавайте-с»). This is the “словоерс,” a contraction of «сударь» (“sir”) once added to show servile politeness. It marks him as a lackey straining to sound respectful and educated. It has no real English equivalent, so we render it with a tacked-on “sir” or “ma'am” where it fits, but in Russian it colours nearly every line he speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с настойчивым и твердым достоинством","title":"Instrumental of manner: «с… достоинством»","body":"«С настойчивым и твёрдым достоинством» — «с» plus the instrumental — names the manner of his answer: \"with an insistent, firm dignity.\" The two adjectives agree with «достоинством» in the instrumental (-ым). This is the everyday way Russian turns a quality into \"with X-ness.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (used predicatively)","role":"predicate, 'it's nothing'","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (polite address marker)","role":"attaches politeness marker to Ничего","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"мужской","lemma":"мужской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"the man's"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вежливо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive clause modifying ответил","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде всего","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of прежде всего)","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего, modifies ответил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"прежде всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter (part 2 of прежде всего)","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"настойчивым","lemma":"настойчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинством","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with настойчивым","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"достоинством","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies ответил","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c2-s34","source":"Видимо, преобладал мужчина, а заигрывала женщина.","translation":"Clearly the man had the upper hand, and the woman was the one doing the flirting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"преобладал мужчина, а заигрывала женщина","title":"Contrastive «а» balancing two clauses","body":"The conjunction «а» sets the two halves in gentle parallel contrast — \"the man dominated, while the woman flirted\" — not opposition so much as a shift of focus from one party to the other. The verb-first order in each clause throws weight onto the actions; both verbs are imperfective, describing a standing state of affairs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заигрывала","title":"«заигрывать» — to flirt, make advances","body":"«Заигрывать (с кем-то)» means to flirt with, make playful overtures to. The imperfective stresses the ongoing coquetry; with «преобладал» it sums up the power balance the eavesdropping Alyosha reads off the unseen pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying преобладал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"преобладал","lemma":"преобладать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had the upper hand"},{"surface":"мужчина","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преобладал","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"заигрывала","lemma":"заигрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преобладал","gloss":"was flirting"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заигрывала","gloss":"the woman"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c2-s35","source":"«Мужчина — это, кажется, Смердяков, — подумал Алеша, — по крайней мере по голосу, а дама — это, верно, хозяйки здешнего домика дочь, которая из Москвы приехала, платье со шлейфом носит и за супом к Марфе Игнатьевне ходит…»","translation":"“The man—that, it seems, is Smerdyakov,” thought Alyosha, “by the voice at least; and the lady—that must be the daughter of the woman who owns this little house, the one who came from Moscow, wears a dress with a train, and goes to Marfa Ignatyevna's for soup…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хозяйки здешнего домика дочь","title":"A chain of genitives + diminutive «домика»","body":"The possession stacks up in the genitive: «хозяйки… домика дочь» = \"the daughter of the landlady of the local little house.\" «Домик» is «дом» with the diminutive -ик (\"little house\"), and «здешний» means \"of this place, hereabouts.\" The heaped genitives mimic Alyosha's groping identification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая из Москвы приехала","title":"Relative «которая» heading a participle-like clause","body":"«Которая» (who, fem. nom.) introduces a relative clause describing the daughter, agreeing in gender/number with its antecedent and taking the nominative as the subject of its own clause. The string of imperfective verbs «носит», «ходит» paints habitual traits — she wears, she goes regularly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужчина","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject/topic of the это clause","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative copula","role":"copula linking Мужчина and Смердяков","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying это clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical quotative verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of по крайней мере)","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine (part 2 of по крайней мере)","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"по крайней мере","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine (part 3 of по крайней мере)","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голосу","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of по, modifies the это clause","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject/topic of the second это clause","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative copula","role":"copula linking дама and дочь","gloss":"that must be"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying это clause","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"хозяйки","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь (possessive)","gloss":"of the landlady"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домика","gloss":"of this place"},{"surface":"домика","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйки","gloss":"little house's"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приехала","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of из","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"приехала","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on дочь","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of носит","gloss":"a dress"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шлейфом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"шлейфом","lemma":"шлейф","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"a train"},{"surface":"носит","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дочь, coordinated with приехала","gloss":"wears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"супом","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of за","gloss":"soup"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марфе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марфе","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевне","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфе","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дочь, coordinated with носит","gloss":"goes"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c2-s36","source":"— Ужасно я всякий стих люблю, если складно, — продолжал женский голос. — Что же вы не продолжаете?","translation":"“I'm awfully fond of any kind of verse, if it scans nicely,” the woman's voice went on. “Why don't you go on?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ужасно я всякий стих люблю","title":"Emphatic fronting of «ужасно»","body":"Standard order would be «Я ужасно люблю»; fronting the intensifier «ужасно» (terribly, awfully) throws all the weight onto the degree of her fondness, mimicking gushing speech. «Ужасно» here is colloquially positive — \"awfully fond,\" not \"horribly.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же вы не продолжаете?","title":"«Что же…?» — coaxing question with «же»","body":"«Что же вы не продолжаете?» uses «что» colloquially for \"why,\" with «же» adding a cajoling insistence — \"why ever don't you go on?\" «Продолжаете» is imperfective, fitting the request to continue an ongoing activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"awfully"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стих","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"складно,","lemma":"складно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"it scans well"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"голос.","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun/adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies продолжаете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of продолжаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продолжаете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"продолжаете","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c2-s37","source":"Голос запел снова:","translation":"The voice struck up again:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"запел снова","title":"Inceptive perfective «запел»","body":"«Запел» again carries the inceptive prefix за- on «петь» (to sing): \"struck up, burst into song.\" The perfective marks the fresh start of singing as a single bounded event, against the imperfective «петь» that would mean \"to be singing.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запел","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"запел","lemma":"запеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запел","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c2-s38","source":"Царская корона —\nБыла бы моя милая здорова.\nГосподи пом-и-илуй\nЕе и меня!\nЕе и меня!\nЕе и меня!","translation":"A royal crown were nothing—\nIf only my darling were healthy.\nLord, ha-a-ave mercy\nOn her and on me!\nOn her and on me!\nOn her and on me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была бы моя милая здорова","title":"Conditional-wish «была бы… здорова»","body":"«Была бы… здорова» is the irrealis: past «была» plus «бы» plus the short adjective «здорова» (healthy) — \"if only my dear were well / would that she be well.\" «Бы» fronts to lean on the verb at the line's head, and the short-form «здорова» predicates a state. The couplet contrasts a royal crown with the one thing wished for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Царская","lemma":"царский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies корона","gloss":"royal"},{"surface":"корона","lemma":"корона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of an elided verb (exclamatory fragment); not the grammatical subject of Была — милая is the subject of Была...здорова, as w3/w7 already state","gloss":"a crown"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective (subjunctive with бы)","role":"main verb of the conditional clause, with милая as subject","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/subjunctive marker","role":"marks Была as subjunctive","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of милая","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была...здорова","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"здорова","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Была, with милая","gloss":"healthy"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address preceding помилуй","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"пом","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative (fragment 1 of помилуй)","role":"first syllable of the stretched imperative помилуй","gloss":"ha-"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"vocalic filler (fragment 2 of помилуй)","role":"inserted sung filler within помилуй","gloss":"-a-"},{"surface":"илуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective (fragment 3 of помилуй)","role":"final syllables of помилуй, takes Ее и меня as object","gloss":"-ve mercy"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй (repeated)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помилуй (repeated)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with Ее","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c2-s39","source":"— В прошлый раз еще лучше выходило, — заметил женский голос. — Вы спели про корону: «Была бы моя милочка здорова».","translation":"“Last time it came out even better,” the woman's voice remarked. “You sang it about the crown: ‘If only my sweetheart were healthy.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше выходило","title":"Suppletive comparative «лучше» + imperfective «выходило»","body":"«Лучше» is the irregular (suppletive) comparative of «хороший» (good) — not formed by suffix but a separate root, \"better.\" «Выходило» is imperfective (\"it was coming out, turning out\"), describing how the song used to sound — an ongoing quality, not a single result."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милочка","title":"«милочка» — \"sweetheart, dearie\" (diminutive)","body":"«Милочка» is «милая» (dear one) plus the affectionate diminutive -очк-, \"dear little sweetheart.\" Marya prefers it to the plainer «милой» of today's version precisely because the diminutive feels «нежнее» (more tender) — the very point she makes next."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"выходило,","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"голос.","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спели","lemma":"спеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корону","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"корону","lemma":"корона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спели","gloss":"the crown"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/optative","role":"marks optative mood with Была","gloss":"(if only)"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of милочка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милочка","lemma":"милочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"здорова","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Была","gloss":"healthy"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c2-s40","source":"Этак нежнее выходило, вы, верно, сегодня позабыли.","translation":"That way it came out more tender; you must have forgotten it today.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этак нежнее выходило","title":"Comparative adverb «нежнее»","body":"«Нежнее» is the comparative of «нежно/нежный» (tender), formed with the invariable predicative ending -ее: \"more tenderly.\" «Этак» is a colloquial \"that way, like that,\" and «выходило» again imperfective for the recurring effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы, верно, сегодня позабыли","title":"Perfective «позабыли» of a completed lapse","body":"«Позабыли» is perfective (\"you have forgotten,\" with за-/по- intensifying «забыть»), naming a completed loss of memory. The parenthetical «верно» here means \"surely, no doubt\" (an adverb of certainty), not \"correctly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"нежнее","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выходило","gloss":"more tenderly"},{"surface":"выходило","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позабыли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыли","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыли","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"позабыли","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c2-s41","source":"— Стихи вздор-с, — отрезал Смердяков.","translation":"“Verse is rubbish, ma'am,” Smerdyakov cut in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздор-с","title":"Curt verbless verdict + «-с»","body":"«Стихи вздор-с» has no copula — present-tense Russian needs none — so the bare nominatives «стихи» (verse) and «вздор» (nonsense) snap together: \"verse [is] rubbish.\" The deferential «-с» on the dismissive «вздор» captures Smerdyakov exactly: insolence wrapped in servile courtesy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"«вздор» — rubbish, nonsense, twaddle","body":"«Вздор» is dismissive \"nonsense, rot, twaddle.\" Smerdyakov's verdict on poetry — and his pseudo-logical defence of it — is one of the novel's small windows into his sterile, contemptuous rationalism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"rubbish"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to вздор (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c2-s42","source":"— Ах нет, я очень стишок люблю.","translation":"“Oh no, I'm very fond of a little poem.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишок","title":"«стишок» — a little verse (diminutive)","body":"«Стишок» is «стих» (verse) with the diminutive -ок, \"a little poem, a bit of verse\" — fond and slightly belittling at once. Marya's choice of the cosy diminutive against Smerdyakov's flat «стих» marks her sentimental, undiscerning taste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"independent negative particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"little poem"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond of"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c2-s43","source":"— Это чтобы стих-с, то это существенный вздор-с.","translation":"“As for its being verse, ma'am, that's essentially rubbish, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это чтобы стих-с, то это…","title":"Smerdyakov's mangled correlative syntax","body":"«Это чтобы стих-с, то это существенный вздор-с» is deliberately garbled pseudo-learned speech: a stray «чтобы», a correlative «это… то это», doubled «-с». Dostoevsky builds Smerdyakov's character out of this strained, would-be-logical syntax that keeps tangling itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"существенный","title":"«существенный» — \"essential, in essence\"","body":"«Существенный» (from «существо/сущность», essence) means \"essential, substantial.\" Smerdyakov reaches for the learned-sounding word to upgrade his verdict from \"rubbish\" to \"rubbish in its very essence\" — bookish vocabulary deployed to sound clever."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the topic clause","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стих","gloss":"that (it be)"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the чтобы-clause","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to стих (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the чтобы-clause, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"существенный","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"rubbish"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to вздор (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c2-s44","source":"Рассудите сами: кто же на свете в рифму говорит?","translation":"Judge for yourself: who in the world talks in rhyme?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассудите сами","title":"Imperative «рассудите» + intensifier «сами»","body":"«Рассудите» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «рассудить» (to judge, weigh) — \"judge for yourselves.\" «Сами» is the intensifying \"yourselves,\" agreeing with the implied вы. The perfective fits a single act of judgment Smerdyakov invites her to make."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же на свете в рифму говорит?","title":"«кто же» — rhetorical question with «же»","body":"«Кто же… говорит?» is a rhetorical question: the interrogative «кто» plus «же» (\"who on earth…?\") expects the answer \"no one.\" The imperfective «говорит» (speaks, habitually) frames it as a general truth about how people talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative)","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic, modifies the subject of Рассудите","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рифму","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рифму","lemma":"рифма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"rhyme"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talks"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c2-s45","source":"И если бы мы стали все в рифму говорить, хотя бы даже по приказанию начальства, то много ли бы мы насказали-с?","translation":"And if we all took to talking in rhyme, even by order of the authorities, how much would we manage to say, ma'am?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы мы стали все в рифму говорить… то много ли бы мы насказали","title":"Full counterfactual conditional with «бы»… «бы»","body":"A complete irrealis conditional: «если бы… стали говорить» (if we took to speaking) in the protasis, «много ли бы… насказали» in the apodosis, with «бы» repeated in both halves and the verbs in past form. It hypothesizes an unreal world to mock the very idea of speaking in rhyme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ли бы мы насказали-с","title":"Interrogative «ли» inside the conditional","body":"«Много ли» fronts the focused «много» (much) and follows it with the particle «ли» to form the question \"would we say much?\" — a literary alternative to mere intonation. The perfective «насказали» (with на-, \"would manage to say a quantity of\") caps the rhetorical jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with стали","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы (all of us)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рифму","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рифму","lemma":"рифма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"rhyme"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(even if)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приказанию","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"приказанию","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"начальства","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приказанию","gloss":"of the authorities"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the если-clause, introduces the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насказали","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the question with много","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with насказали","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of насказали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"насказали","lemma":"насказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would manage to say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to насказали (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c2-s46","source":"Стихи не дело, Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"Verse is no business of mine, Marya Kondratyevna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стихи не дело","title":"Verbless negation: «стихи не дело»","body":"Again no copula: «стихи не дело» = \"verse [is] no business / not a serious thing.\" «Не» negates the predicate noun «дело» directly. The flat construction matches Smerdyakov's dismissive finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, independent of the clause","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c2-s47","source":"— Как вы во всем столь умны, как это вы во всем произошли? — ласкался всё более и более женский голос.","translation":"“How is it you're so clever in everything? However did you come to be so accomplished in everything?” the woman's voice cooed, more and more caressing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это вы во всем произошли?","title":"Smerdyakov-tinged idiom «во всём произошли»","body":"«Произойти» normally means \"to happen\" or \"to descend/originate from\"; «как вы во всём произошли» is a strained, non-standard usage — roughly \"how did you come to turn out so accomplished in everything?\" Marya reaches above her register and mangles the verb, a comic echo of Smerdyakov's own pretensions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ласкался… женский голос","title":"Reflexive «ласкался» — the voice fawned","body":"«Ласкаться» (-ся on «ласкать», to caress) is the reflexive/middle \"to fawn, nestle up, speak caressingly.\" Predicated of the «голос» (voice) itself, it personifies the cooing tone. Verb-before-subject order foregrounds the wheedling manner."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столь","title":"«столь» — bookish \"so, to such a degree\"","body":"«Столь» is the elevated, literary equivalent of «так» (so), \"so/to such an extent.\" In Marya's mouth it is a reach for refinement — pairing high-flown «столь умны» with her garbled «произошли» captures her half-educated striving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies умны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умны","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умны","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective of the sentence","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"introduces the second question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как это (how is it that)","gloss":"(how is it that)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of произошли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошли","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"произошли?","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"came to be"},{"surface":"ласкался","lemma":"ласкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cooed caressingly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё более и более, modifies ласкался","gloss":"increasingly"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласкался","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ласкался","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c2-s48","source":"— Я бы не то еще мог-с, я бы и не то еще знал-с, если бы не жребий мой с самого моего сыздетства.","translation":"“I could do much more than this, ma'am, I could know much more than this, ma'am, were it not for my lot in life from my very childhood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы не то еще мог-с, я бы и не то еще знал-с","title":"Conditional boast «я бы… мог… знал»","body":"Two parallel conditionals — «я бы… мог», «я бы… знал» — with «бы» leaning on the fronted «я»: \"I could do / know far more.\" «Не то ещё» is colloquial \"and then some, much more than that.\" The irrealis sets his thwarted potential against the «жребий» (lot) that crushed it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жребий мой… с… сыздетства","title":"«жребий» — one's lot / fate, and «сыздетства»","body":"«Жребий» is literally a drawn lot, by extension one's allotted fate or destiny — a bookish, fatalistic word. «Сыздетства» is a folksy-colloquial \"from childhood\" (compare standard «с детства»); Smerdyakov mixes the elevated «жребий» with the homely «сыздетства», his register forever lurching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with мог","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то (more than this), complement of мог","gloss":"more than this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to мог (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with знал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies the знал-clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то (more than this), complement of знал","gloss":"more than this"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with мог","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to знал (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom если бы не (were it not for)","gloss":"(were it not)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom если бы не, modifies жребий","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"жребий","lemma":"жребий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the если-clause","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жребий","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыздетства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies моего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сыздетства","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сыздетства","lemma":"сыздетства","morphology":"adverb (nominal, genitive form)","role":"oblique complement of жребий","gloss":"childhood"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c2-s49","source":"Я бы на дуэли из пистолета того убил, который бы мне произнес, что я подлец, потому что без отца от Смердящей произошел, а они и в Москве это мне в глаза тыкали, отсюда благодаря Григорию Васильевичу переползло-с.","translation":"I'd shoot dead in a duel the man who'd say to my face that I'm a scoundrel because I came into the world fatherless, from the Stinking woman; and back in Moscow they kept throwing it in my eyes, it crept over there thanks to Grigory Vasilyevich, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того убил, который бы мне произнес","title":"Correlative «того… который» with conditional «бы»","body":"«Того… который бы… произнёс» pairs the demonstrative antecedent «того» (that man, accusative-genitive of the animate) with a relative «который» whose clause carries «бы» — \"the man who would say.\" The conditional inside the relative makes the offender hypothetical: whoever might dare say it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они… мне в глаза тыкали","title":"Plural «они»: a genuine plural here","body":"Here «они… тыкали» is a genuine plural — the people in Moscow who taunted him about his birth — not the deferential plural-for-one-person Smerdyakov uses elsewhere of Ivan. Note the same «они»/«ихнее» pattern recurs through Smerdyakov's lines. The imperfective «тыкали» conveys repeated jabbing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with убил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэли","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дуэли","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолета","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолета","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил (instrument)","gloss":"a pistol"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пистолета","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would kill"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with произнес","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of произнес","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause (whoever would say)","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подлец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the что-clause","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"(because, cont'd)"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердящей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердящей","lemma":"смердящая","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел, parallel to без отца","gloss":"the Stinking woman"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"I came to be"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of тыкали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies в Москве","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тыкали","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of тыкали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of тыкали","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тыкали","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"тыкали","lemma":"тыкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"kept throwing it"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переползло","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"благодаря","lemma":"благодаря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григорию","gloss":"thanks to"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переползло","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевичу","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорию","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"переползло","lemma":"переползти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"crept over"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to переползло (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c2-s50","source":"Григорий Васильевич попрекает, что я против рождества бунтую: «Ты, дескать, ей ложесна разверз».","translation":"Grigory Vasilyevich reproaches me for rebelling against my own birth: ‘You,’ says he, ‘you tore open her womb.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech particle","body":"«Дескать» (and «де», «мол») flags that the speaker is quoting or paraphrasing someone else's words, often skeptically — \"says he, so he claims.\" It lets Smerdyakov ventriloquize Grigory's reproach while keeping an ironic distance from it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ложесна разверз","title":"Church-Slavonic «ложесна разверз»","body":"«Ложесна» is an archaic Church-Slavonic word for the womb, and «разверз» the bookish perfective \"opened, rent open\" (compare «разверзнуть»). The phrase «разверзающий ложесна» echoes Scripture (Exodus 13:2, of the firstborn that \"openeth the womb\"). Grigory's solemn biblical idiom for Smerdyakov's violent birth lends his reproach a crushing, sacred weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попрекает","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"попрекает","lemma":"попрекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause, complement of попрекает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бунтую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рождества","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"рождества","lemma":"рождество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бунтую","gloss":"my birth"},{"surface":"бунтую","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"rebel"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разверз","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying ложесна","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ложесна","lemma":"ложесна","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of разверз","gloss":"womb"},{"surface":"разверз","lemma":"разверзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"tore open"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c2-s51","source":"Оно пусть ложесна, но я бы дозволил убить себя еще во чреве с тем, чтобы лишь на свет не происходить вовсе-с.","translation":"Womb or no womb, I'd have let myself be killed in the very belly, only so as not to be brought into the world at all, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы дозволил убить себя… с тем, чтобы… не происходить","title":"Conditional «бы» + purpose «с тем, чтобы»","body":"«Я бы дозволил» is conditional (\"I would have allowed\"), and «с тем, чтобы… не происходить» is a purpose clause — the correlative «с тем» pointing to «чтобы» plus an infinitive: \"with the aim of not coming into the world at all.\" The reflexive «себя» is the object of «убить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во чреве","title":"«во чреве» — Church-Slavonic \"in the womb\"","body":"«Чрево» is the elevated/Slavonic word for belly or womb (cf. «во чреве матери», in the mother's womb), and the form «во» (rather than «в») before the consonant cluster is itself Slavonic-archaic. Smerdyakov keeps slipping into this sacred register even to voice his blackest, anti-natal wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ложесна","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ложесна (concessive: granted)","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"ложесна","lemma":"ложесна","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"the womb thing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дозволил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with дозволил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"дозволил","lemma":"дозволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have allowed"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дозволил","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies во чреве (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чреве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чреве","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убить","gloss":"the womb"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom с тем, чтобы (so that)","gloss":"(so that)"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем, чтобы, introduces purpose clause","gloss":"(so that)"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не происходить (only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходить","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies происходить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"происходить","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"to come into being"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходить","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to вовсе (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c2-s52","source":"На базаре говорили, а ваша маменька тоже рассказывать мне пустилась по великой своей неделикатности, что ходила она с колтуном на голове, а росту была всего двух аршин с малыим.","translation":"They talked of it in the marketplace, and your mama too took it into her head to tell me all about it, out of her great want of delicacy, that she went about with her hair all in a matted tangle, and that she stood no more than two arshins and a wee bit in height.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваша маменька… рассказывать мне пустилась","title":"«пуститься» + infinitive — set to doing","body":"«Пуститься рассказывать» pairs perfective «пуститься» (to set off, take to) with the imperfective infinitive «рассказывать» (telling): \"took it into her head to start telling.\" The phase verb «пуститься» governs the imperfective because one launches into an ongoing activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька… колтуном","title":"«маменька» and «колтун»","body":"«Маменька» is an affectionate-genteel diminutive of «мама» (\"mama, mummy\"), a touch of mock-tenderness toward Marya's mother. A «колтун» is matted, felted, vermin-tangled hair — a mark of squalor and neglect; Stinking Lizaveta wandered «с колтуном на голове». The cosy diminutive against the squalid «колтун» is pure Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базаре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"базаре","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"the marketplace"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people talked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of маменька","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пустилась","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустилась","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустилась","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пустилась","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with говорили","gloss":"took it into her head"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделикатности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неделикатности","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделикатности","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"неделикатности","lemma":"неделикатность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустилась","gloss":"indelicacy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the that-clause, complement of рассказывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ходила","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колтуном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"колтуном","lemma":"колтун","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходила","gloss":"a matted tangle"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колтуном","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"росту","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of была (predicate of height)","gloss":"in height"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (copula)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies аршин","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"аршин","lemma":"аршин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying росту","gloss":"arshins"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малыим","gloss":"and a bit"},{"surface":"малыим","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular (dialectal for малым)","role":"modifies аршин, part of the measurement phrase","gloss":"small bit"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c2-s53","source":"Для чего же с малыим, когда можно просто «с малым» сказать, как все люди произносят?","translation":"Why ‘a wee bit,’ when one could simply say ‘a little,’ the way everyone else pronounces it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с малыим… просто «с малым»","title":"Dialect «малыим» vs standard «малым»","body":"Smerdyakov sneers at the folk-dialect instrumental «малыим» (with an extra syllable) for the standard «малым» (\"with a little\"). The non-standard ending betrays peasant speech, and his contempt for it — \"as all [proper] people pronounce it\" — is the whole point: he despises the peasant tongue he sprang from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the question (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малыим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"малыим","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular (dialectal)","role":"oblique complement of the question, quoted dialectal form","gloss":"'a wee bit'"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the когда-clause","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малым","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"малым","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"'a little'"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносят","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of произносят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"произносят","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"pronounce"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c2-s54","source":"Слезно выговорить захотелось, так ведь это мужицкая, так сказать, слеза-с, мужицкие самые чувства.","translation":"She wanted to put it tearfully, but that, you see, is a peasant tear, so to speak, ma'am, the most peasant sort of feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слезно выговорить захотелось","title":"Impersonal «захотелось» — the impulse came over her","body":"«Захотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of «захотеть» — there is no nominative subject; the implied experiencer (she) is felt in the dative, and the desire \"came over\" her: \"she felt like putting it tearfully.\" This dative-experiencer framing of inner impulse is everywhere in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужицкая… слеза… чувства","title":"«мужицкий» — \"peasant, boorish\"","body":"«Мужик» is a (male) peasant, and «мужицкий» the adjective \"peasant-, boorish, low-class.\" Smerdyakov uses it three times in scornful succession — «мужицкая слеза» (a peasant tear), «мужицкие чувства» (peasant feelings) — to disown the very class of his birth in favour of the «образованный человек» (educated man) he longs to be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слезно","lemma":"слёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорить","gloss":"tearfully"},{"surface":"выговорить","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on захотелось","gloss":"to put it"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she felt like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так ведь, introduces the next clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так ведь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слеза","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мужицкая","lemma":"мужицкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слеза","gloss":"peasant's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать (so to speak)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"part of the idiom так сказать, parenthetical","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"слеза","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это, modified by мужицкая","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to слеза (polite tic)","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"мужицкие","lemma":"мужицкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to слеза (predicate)","gloss":"feelings"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c2-s55","source":"Может ли русский мужик против образованного человека чувство иметь?","translation":"Can a Russian peasant have any feeling at all next to an educated man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может ли русский мужик… иметь?","title":"Rhetorical question with «ли»","body":"«Может ли… иметь?» fronts the verb «может» and follows it with the interrogative particle «ли» — \"can a Russian peasant have…?\" — a literary, rhetorical question expecting \"no.\" «Ли» is more formal than mere question intonation and frequent in Dostoevsky's stylized speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Может (question)","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Может","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"образованного","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of против","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c2-s56","source":"По необразованности своей он никакого чувства не может иметь.","translation":"In his lack of education he can have no feeling whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакого чувства не может иметь","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никакого чувства не может иметь» stacks the ни-word «никакого» (no… whatever) with the verbal negation «не» in obligatory concord, and the negated object «чувства» stands in the genitive — \"can have no feeling whatever.\" The genitive of negation plus «никакой» drives the absoluteness home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"По необразованности своей","title":"Causal «по» + dative, with reflexive «своей»","body":"«По необразованности» uses «по» + dative to give a cause — \"by reason of, owing to his lack of education.\" «Своей» is the reflexive possessive, his own. The abstract noun «необразованность» (un-educated-ness) is the negated mirror of the «образованный человек» Smerdyakov reveres."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необразованности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"необразованности","lemma":"необразованность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"lack of education"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необразованности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь (genitive under negation)","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c2-s57","source":"Я с самого сыздетства, как услышу, бывало, «с малыим», так точно на стену бы бросился.","translation":"From my very childhood, whenever I'd happen to hear that ‘a wee bit,’ I felt I could fairly throw myself at the wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как услышу, бывало","title":"«бывало» + future-form for habitual past","body":"«Бывало» (\"it used to happen, time and again\") with a perfective present/future form «услышу» builds the iterative past: \"whenever I would happen to hear.\" This «бывало» + perfective construction is the classic Russian way to narrate a repeated past habit vividly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так точно на стену бы бросился","title":"Conditional «бросился бы» of habitual reaction","body":"«На стену бы бросился» is conditional (past «бросился» + «бы»), here expressing a recurring near-reaction — \"I felt I could fairly throw myself at the wall.\" «Броситься» is reflexive-perfective (to hurl oneself); the «бы» renders the impulse as something that almost, repeatedly, happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыздетства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сыздетства","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сыздетства","lemma":"сыздетства","morphology":"adverb (nominal, genitive form)","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышу","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"услышу","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"I'd hear"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, marks habitual action","gloss":"it used to happen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малыим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"малыим","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular (dialectal)","role":"quoted phrase, object of hearing","gloss":"'a wee bit'"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"just about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional with бросился","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd throw myself"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c2-s58","source":"Я всю Россию ненавижу, Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"I hate the whole of Russia, Marya Kondratyevna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю Россию ненавижу","title":"Accusative object «всю Россию»","body":"«Всю Россию» is the direct object of «ненавижу» in the accusative (feminine «Россию», with «всю» agreeing). The imperfective «ненавидеть» (to hate) names a standing state, not an event — a settled, total hatred, fronted before the verb for emphasis: \"the whole of Russia I hate.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"the whole of"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавижу","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, independent of the clause","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c2-s59","source":"— Когда бы вы были военным юнкерочком али гусариком молоденьким, вы бы не так говорили, а саблю бы вынули и всю Россию стали бы защищать.","translation":"“If you'd been a young cadet in the army, or a dashing little hussar, you wouldn't talk like that—you'd have drawn your saber and gone to defend the whole of Russia.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда бы вы были… вы бы не так говорили, а саблю бы вынули","title":"Counterfactual with archaic «когда бы»","body":"«Когда бы вы были» is a bookish, slightly archaic equivalent of «если бы вы были» (if you had been) — «когда» here means \"if.\" The whole period is irrealis, with «бы» recurring in each clause («не так говорили», «вынули», «стали бы защищать»), imagining the soldier Smerdyakov is not."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юнкерочком… гусариком… али","title":"Diminutives «юнкерочек», «гусарик» + folksy «али»","body":"Marya coats the soldiery in cooing diminutives: «юнкерочек» (a dear little cadet, from «юнкер») and «гусарик» (a sweet little hussar, from «гусар») — the dashing officer reduced to a darling toy. «Али» is a folk-poetic variant of «или» (or). The whole line is sentimental, story-book militarism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause with были","gloss":"if","note":"«Когда бы» here means \"if only\" (irrealis), not \"when\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Когда","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"военным","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юнкерочком","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"юнкерочком","lemma":"юнкерочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"little cadet"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal","role":"links юнкерочком and гусариком","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"гусариком","lemma":"гусарик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with юнкерочком","gloss":"little hussar"},{"surface":"молоденьким","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гусариком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with говорили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"would talk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"саблю","lemma":"сабля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынули","gloss":"saber"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with вынули","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вынули","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"would have drawn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россию","gloss":"the whole of"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынули","gloss":"would have gone to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with стали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"defend"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c2-s60","source":"— Я не только не желаю быть военным гусариком, Марья Кондратьевна, но желаю, напротив, уничтожения всех солдат-с.","translation":"“Not only do I not wish to be an army hussar, Marya Kondratyevna, but on the contrary, I wish for the abolition of all soldiers, ma'am.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не желаю… но желаю, напротив","title":"Correlative «не только… но» framing","body":"«Не только не желаю… но… желаю» is the \"not only not X, but on the contrary Y\" frame, the double negation «не только не» piling up to heighten the reversal. «Напротив» (on the contrary) hinges the two halves, swinging from refusing soldierhood to wishing soldiers abolished."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"желаю… уничтожения всех солдат-с","title":"Genitive object «уничтожения»","body":"«Желать» (to wish/desire) governs the genitive: «желаю уничтожения» — \"I wish for the abolition.\" The abstract noun «уничтожение» (annihilation, abolition) then takes its own genitive «всех солдат» (of all soldiers). Verbs of desire and seeking classically take the genitive of their object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"correlated with но","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гусариком","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"военным","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гусариком","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"гусариком","lemma":"гусарик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"hussar"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желаю (first)","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying желаю","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"уничтожения","lemma":"уничтожение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желаю","gloss":"abolition"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of солдат","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of уничтожения","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to солдат","gloss":"ma'am","note":"The clipped «-с» is an obsequious verbal tic (from «сударь/сударыня»), added by servants like Smerdyakov; it has no independent meaning beyond politeness/servility."}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c2-s61","source":"— А когда неприятель придет, кто же нас защищать будет?","translation":"“And when the enemy comes, who's going to defend us?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же нас защищать будет?","title":"Compound future «защищать будет» + «же»","body":"«Защищать будет» is the imperfective compound future — future of «быть» plus imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing future activity: \"who will (be there to) defend us?\" «Же» on the interrogative «кто» gives the anxious press, \"who on earth, then?\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неприятель","title":"«неприятель» — the (military) enemy","body":"«Неприятель» is the somewhat formal/old-fashioned word for a military enemy or hostile force (distinct from a personal «враг»). It belongs to the patriotic-martial vocabulary of invasions and defence that the whole exchange — soldiers, Napoleon, the Fatherland — turns on."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding line","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"неприятель","lemma":"неприятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the enemy"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary forming the future with защищать","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c2-s62","source":"— Да и не надо вовсе-с.","translation":"“Why, there's no need of it at all, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и не надо вовсе-с","title":"Impersonal «не надо» — \"no need\"","body":"«Не надо» is an impersonal modal predicate (\"there's no need, one mustn't\"), taking no nominative subject; the thing not needed would stand in the genitive or be understood. «Да» opens with a dismissive \"why,\" «вовсе» means \"at all,\" and the «-с» tacks on the servile courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's no need"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to надо","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c2-s63","source":"В двенадцатом году было на Россию великое нашествие императора Наполеона французского первого, отца нынешнему, и хорошо, кабы нас тогда покорили эти самые французы: умная нация покорила бы весьма глупую-с и присоединила к себе.","translation":"In the year '12 there was the great invasion of Russia by the Emperor Napoleon the First of France, father of the present one, and it would have been a fine thing if those very Frenchmen had conquered us then: a clever nation would have subjugated a thoroughly stupid one, ma'am, and joined it to itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы нас… покорили… покорила бы… присоединила","title":"Folk «кабы» + counterfactual chain","body":"«Кабы» is a folk-colloquial fusion of «как бы / если бы» meaning \"if only,\" introducing an unreal wish. The apodosis runs in the conditional: «покорила бы… присоединила (бы)» — \"would have subjugated… and annexed.\" The whole is a counterfactual rewriting of 1812."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умная нация покорила бы весьма глупую","title":"Substantivized adjective «глупую» + comparison of nations","body":"«Глупую» (the stupid one) stands alone as a substantivized adjective, accusative feminine agreeing with an understood «нацию». «Весьма» is the bookish \"very, exceedingly.\" Smerdyakov frames the conquest as a clever nation rightfully absorbing a stupid one — his cold, anti-patriotic \"logic.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двенадцатом","lemma":"двенадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"twelfth"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of было","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main existential verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the object of нашествие","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, modifying нашествие","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нашествие","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"нашествие","lemma":"нашествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"invasion"},{"surface":"императора","lemma":"император","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нашествие","gloss":"of the Emperor"},{"surface":"Наполеона","lemma":"Наполеон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to императора","gloss":"Napoleon"},{"surface":"французского","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первого","gloss":"of France"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Наполеона","gloss":"the First"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Наполеона","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"нынешнему","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of отца","gloss":"of the present one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"it would be good"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покорили","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of покорили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покорили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"покорили","lemma":"покорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause complementing хорошо","gloss":"had conquered"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of французы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies французы","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"французы","lemma":"француз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of покорили","gloss":"Frenchmen"},{"surface":"умная","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нация","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"нация","lemma":"нация","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покорила","gloss":"nation"},{"surface":"покорила","lemma":"покорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"would have subjugated"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with покорила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупую","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"глупую","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покорила","gloss":"stupid one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to глупую","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"присоединила","lemma":"присоединить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покорила","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of присоединила","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c2-s64","source":"Совсем даже были бы другие порядки-с.","translation":"Things would have been ordered quite differently, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были бы… другие порядки","title":"Conditional «были бы» — \"things would have been\"","body":"«Были бы… другие порядки» is the conditional/counterfactual: past «были» plus «бы» with the plural subject «порядки» — \"there would have been a different order of things.\" «Совсем даже» piles on intensifiers, \"even quite, altogether,\" in Smerdyakov's emphatic register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порядки","title":"«порядки» — the established order, ways of things","body":"In the plural, «порядки» means the prevailing arrangements, customs, social order — \"the way things are run.\" Smerdyakov imagines a French conquest installing \"quite different порядки\": better-managed, more European, less Russian — his Westernizing fantasy in a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies другие","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with были","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies порядки","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"порядки","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"arrangements"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to порядки","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c2-s65","source":"— Да будто они там у себя так уж лучше наших?","translation":"“As if they're really so much better off there than we are?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да будто они… так уж лучше наших?","title":"Skeptical particles «да… будто… так уж»","body":"This question bristles with particles: «да» (\"come now\"), «будто» (\"as if, supposedly,\" casting doubt), and «так уж» (\"really so, all that\"). Together they make Marya's challenge incredulous — \"as if they're really all that much better than ours?\" The comparative «лучше» governs the genitive «наших» (than ours)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лучше","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate head of the clause","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"than ours"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c2-s66","source":"Я иного нашего щеголечка на трех молодых самых англичан не променяю, — нежно проговорила Марья Кондратьевна, должно быть, сопровождая в эту минуту слова свои самыми томными глазками.","translation":"I wouldn't trade one of our own little dandies for three of the very youngest Englishmen,” Marya Kondratyevna said tenderly, accompanying her words at that moment, no doubt, with her most languishing glances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на трех молодых самых англичан не променяю","title":"Genitive plural after «трёх» in a negated trade","body":"«Трёх… англичан» shows the numeral «три» (here declined «трёх») governing the genitive — and «англичан» is a zero-ending genitive plural. The perfective future «не променяю» (I won't trade/exchange) names a single refusal. «Иного… щеголечка» (one of our dandies) is the thing not to be given up even for three Englishmen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сопровождая… слова свои… глазками","title":"Imperfective gerund «сопровождая» + instrumental","body":"«Сопровождая» is the imperfective gerund \"accompanying,\" simultaneous with the main verb. The means is in the instrumental — «глазками» (with little glances) — and «свои» is the reflexive possessive (her own words). The narrator's «должно быть» (no doubt) flags this as his amused conjecture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щеголечка… томными глазками","title":"Diminutives «щеголёчек» and «глазки»","body":"«Щеголёчек» is a double-diminutive of «щёголь» (dandy, fop) — \"a dear little dandy.\" «Глазки» is the affectionate diminutive of «глаза» (eyes), and «томные» means \"languishing, melting.\" The cluster of diminutives renders Marya's syrupy, coquettish self-presentation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of променяю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеголечка","gloss":"one of our"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of щеголечка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"щеголечка","lemma":"щеголечек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of променяю","gloss":"little dandy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking англичан","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative, plural","role":"quantifies англичан","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies англичан","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"intensifies молодых","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"англичан","lemma":"англичанин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of променяю","gloss":"Englishmen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies променяю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"променяю,","lemma":"променять","morphology":"verb, non-past, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would trade"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying сопровождая","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сопровождая","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"accompanying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сопровождая","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сопровождая","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"intensifies томными","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"томными","lemma":"томный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"languishing"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of сопровождая","gloss":"glances"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c2-s67","source":"— Это как кто обожает-с.","translation":"“That depends on whom one fancies, ma'am.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это как кто обожает-с","title":"Headless relative «как кто обожает»","body":"«Это как кто обожает» is an elliptical, colloquial construction — roughly \"that depends on what/whom one fancies.\" «Кто» functions almost indefinitely here (\"according to who likes what\"), and «обожает» (adores, is mad about) is imperfective for a general disposition. Smerdyakov dodges the question with a worldly shrug, capped by «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обожает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обожает","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обожает","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"fancies"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to обожает","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c2-s68","source":"— А вы и сами точно иностранец, точно благородный самый иностранец, уж это я вам чрез стыд говорю.","translation":"“But you yourself are just like a foreigner—just like a most genteel foreigner; there, I say it to you, for all my shame.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно иностранец, точно благородный самый иностранец","title":"«точно» + nominative — \"just like\"","body":"«Точно» here is a comparative particle \"just like, exactly like\" (not \"precisely\" as an adverb), taking a bare nominative «иностранец» as its complement. Marya repeats it for swooning emphasis, escalating to «благородный самый иностранец» — \"a most genteel foreigner.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез стыд","title":"«чрез» — bookish \"through\" / «чрез стыд»","body":"«Чрез» is the elevated, contracted form of «через» (through), a literary-archaic touch. «Чрез стыд» means \"through/for all my shame\" — Marya confesses her admiration despite blushing. The bookish «чрез» in her mouth is another reach for refinement."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding line","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of иностранец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иностранец","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"иностранец","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"a foreigner"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благородный","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иностранец","gloss":"genteel"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иностранец","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"иностранец","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with иностранец (first)","gloss":"foreigner"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыд","gloss":"through","note":"«чрез» is an older/dialectal spelling of «через» (\"through\"), not the verb it was mis-tagged as."},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c2-s69","source":"— Если вы желаете знать, то по разврату и тамошние, и наши все похожи.","translation":"“If you wish to know, then in point of debauchery they're all alike, theirs and ours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если вы желаете знать","title":"Conditional «если» with «желать» + infinitive","body":"«Если вы желаете знать» is a real (not irrealis) conditional with «если» — \"if you wish to know.\" «Желать» governs the bare imperfective infinitive «знать». The mannered «желаете» (rather than plain «хотите») is Smerdyakov's pretension to polished speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по разврату… и тамошние, и наши все похожи","title":"Short adjective «похожи» + correlative «и… и»","body":"«Похожи» is the short (predicative) plural of «похожий» (alike, similar), the only form possible as a predicate here. «По разврату» (\"in respect of debauchery,\" «по» + dative) gives the dimension of likeness, and «и тамошние, и наши» (\"both theirs and ours\") is the inclusive correlative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тамошние","title":"«тамошний» — \"of that place, over there\"","body":"«Тамошний» (from «там», there) means \"local to that place, those over there\" — the counterpart of «здешний» (of here). Smerdyakov sets «тамошние» (the foreigners) against «наши» (our own) to level them: all rogues alike, only better-shod abroad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желаете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of желаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"желаете","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желаете","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative with Если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разврату","gloss":"in point of"},{"surface":"разврату","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies похожи","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with и (below)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"тамошние","lemma":"тамошний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, substantivized","role":"subject of похожи, coordinated with наши","gloss":"those there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, substantivized","role":"subject of похожи, coordinated with тамошние","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"summarizes the subject, modifies похожи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"похожи","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"are alike"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c2-s70","source":"Все шельмы-с, но с тем, что тамошний в лакированных сапогах ходит, а наш подлец в своей нищете смердит и ничего в этом дурного не находит.","translation":"All rogues, ma'am, only with this difference: that the one over there walks about in patent-leather boots, while our scoundrel reeks in his poverty and finds nothing wrong with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем, что тамошний… ходит, а наш… смердит","title":"Contrastive «а» across the social divide","body":"The crucial contrast hangs on «а»: «тамошний… ходит [в сапогах], а наш… смердит» — \"the one over there walks about [in boots], while ours reeks.\" «А» marks the gentle-but-pointed opposition of two parallel types. Both verbs are imperfective, generalizing each as a habitual type."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наш подлец… смердит","title":"«смердит» — \"reeks,\" the root of Smerdyakov","body":"«Смердеть» is the harsh \"to stink, reek,\" the same root that gives «Смердяков» and «Смердящая». Saying \"our scoundrel reeks in his poverty,\" Smerdyakov half-consciously names his own surname-wound: he is the one who \"stinks,\" and he projects the stench onto all of Russia."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of шельмы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шельмы","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"rogues"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to шельмы","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with с","gloss":"this difference"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тамошний","lemma":"тамошний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"the one there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лакированных","lemma":"лакированный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"patent-leather"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause complement of тем","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подлец","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смердит","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нищете","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"нищете","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смердит","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"смердит","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"reeks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of находит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"находит","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смердит","gloss":"finds"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c2-s71","source":"Русский, народ надо пороть-с, как правильно говорил вчера Федор Павлович, хотя и сумасшедший он человек со всеми своими детьми-с.","translation":"The Russian people need to be flogged, ma'am, as Fyodor Pavlovich rightly said yesterday, mad though he is, he and all his children, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"народ надо пороть","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive + accusative object","body":"«Надо пороть» is the impersonal necessity construction — «надо» (one must) plus the imperfective infinitive «пороть» (to flog), with no nominative subject. «Народ» is the accusative object of the flogging. «Русский народ надо пороть» — \"the Russian people must be flogged\" — frames a brutal generality as bare necessity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и сумасшедший он человек","title":"Concessive «хотя и» — \"mad though he is\"","body":"«Хотя и сумасшедший он человек» is a concessive clause with «хотя (и)» (although), here with the predicate fronted before the subject for vehemence — \"mad though he is, the man.\" It grants Fyodor Pavlovich's madness while still endorsing his cruel dictum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"logical object of пороть, topicalized","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"пороть","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"be flogged"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to пороть","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"comparative clause modifying the main statement","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Федор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумасшедший","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of детьми","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of детьми","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребенок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies он (comitative phrase)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to детьми","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c2-s72","source":"— Вы Ивана Федоровича, говорили сами, так уважаете.","translation":"“But you said yourself that you have such respect for Ivan Fyodorovich.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы Ивана Федоровича… так уважаете","title":"Animate accusative «Ивана Фёдоровича»","body":"«Ивана Фёдоровича» is the accusative of an animate masculine — and for animates the accusative borrows the genitive ending (-а on both the name and the patronymic), unlike inanimate nouns. The whole name+patronymic declines together as the object of «уважаете» (respect)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уважаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважаете","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Федорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважаете","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"уважаете","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respect"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c2-s73","source":"— А они про меня отнеслись, что я вонючий лакей.","translation":"“And yet he spoke of me as a stinking lackey.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А они про меня отнеслись","title":"Plural «они» for one man + «про» + accusative","body":"«Они… отнеслись» again uses the deferential plural «они» for the single Ivan. «Про меня» is «про» + the accusative «меня» — \"about me, concerning me.\" «Отнестись» (reflexive perfective) means \"to express oneself about, regard\" — here \"he spoke of me [as].\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вонючий лакей","title":"«вонючий лакей» — \"stinking lackey\"","body":"«Вонючий» (stinking, from «вонять», to stink) and «лакей» (lackey, footman) together fling back at Smerdyakov both his servile station and his stench-laden name. Ivan's insult lands on the two wounds — class and birth — around which all of Smerdyakov's resentment is wound."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding line","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отнеслись","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of отнеслись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отнеслись","lemma":"отнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лакей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лакей","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вонючий","lemma":"вонючий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лакей","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of отнеслись","gloss":"a lackey"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c2-s74","source":"Они меня считают, что бунтовать могу; это они ошибаются-с.","translation":"They reckon I'm capable of rebelling; there they're mistaken, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бунтовать могу","title":"«считают, что…» + infinitive «бунтовать могу»","body":"«Считают, что… могу» reports an opinion with the conjunction «что» (that): \"they reckon that I can…\" «Могу бунтовать» pairs «мочь» (to be able) with the imperfective infinitive «бунтовать» (to rebel, riot). The fronted «бунтовать» throws the stress onto the very capacity they (wrongly) impute to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бунтовать","title":"«бунтовать» — to rebel, rise up","body":"«Бунтовать» (from «бунт», a revolt, mutiny, riot) means to rebel or rise against authority. Whether Smerdyakov is one who would «бунтовать» — against his birth, against Russia, against the Karamazov order — is a charged question; he insists \"there they're mistaken,\" yet the whole novel turns on what he will dare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of считают","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"считают","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бунтовать","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"rebel"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of считают","gloss":"am capable"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, discourse marker","role":"expletive with ошибаются","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ошибаются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ошибаются","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считают","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to ошибаются","gloss":"ma'am"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c2-s75","source":"Была бы в кармане моем такая сумма, и меня бы здесь давно не было.","translation":"Had I such a sum in my pocket, I'd have been gone from here long ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была бы… сумма, и меня бы здесь… не было","title":"Conditionless counterfactual: «была бы… не было бы»","body":"A conditional with no «если»: the bare «была бы… сумма» (\"had there been such a sum\") carries the \"if\" by itself, and the result «меня бы… не было» (I would not have been here) is counterfactual. Note the genitive of negation: the absent person stands in the genitive «меня» with «не было»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with Была","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Была","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кармане","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумма","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"logical subject of было","gloss":"I","note":"Genitive «меня» (not accusative) because negated existential «не было» takes a genitive subject."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Была","gloss":"have been (gone)"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c2-s76","source":"Дмитрий Федорович хуже всякого лакея и поведением, и умом, и нищетой своею-с, и ничего-то он не умеет делать, а, напротив, от всех почтен.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich is worse than any lackey, in his conduct, in his mind, and in his poverty too, ma'am, and there's nothing whatever he can do, yet on the contrary, everyone holds him in honor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже всякого лакея… поведением, и умом, и нищетой","title":"Comparative «хуже» + instrumental of respect","body":"«Хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» (worse), governing the genitive «всякого лакея» (than any lackey). The respects of comparison stand in the instrumental — «поведением, умом, нищетой» (in conduct, in mind, in poverty) — the instrumental of \"in respect of which.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего-то он не умеет делать","title":"Emphatic «-то» on the negative «ничего»","body":"«Ничего-то… не умеет» attaches the emphatic clitic «-то» to the negated «ничего» (nothing at all), heightening the scorn — \"there's nothing whatever he can do.\" The double negation «ничего… не» is obligatory concord, and «от всех почтён» (honoured by all) is the galling contrast set off by «напротив»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Федорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакея","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"лакея","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и...и","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"поведением","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"in conduct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"in mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нищетой","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нищетой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to своею","gloss":"ma'am"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of умеет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"attached to ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying почтен","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of почтен","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почтен","lemma":"почтить","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"is honored"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c2-s77","source":"Я, положим, только бульонщик, но я при счастье могу в Москве кафе-ресторан открыть на Петровке.","translation":"I, let's say, am only a broth-cook, but given the luck, I could open a café-restaurant in Moscow, on Petrovka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положим","title":"«положим» — concessive \"let's say, granted\"","body":"«Положим» is the perfective imperative of «положить» used as a parenthetical concession: \"let's say, suppose, granted.\" Smerdyakov concedes his lowly trade («только бульонщик») before pivoting, with «но», to his boast of culinary skill."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бульонщик","title":"«бульонщик» — a broth-cook","body":"A «бульонщик» (from «бульон», broth/bouillon — itself a French loan) is a cook who makes broths and soups, a humble kitchen specialist. Smerdyakov names his actual station with feigned modesty, only to claim that this very skill could set up a Moscow restaurant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бульонщик","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положим","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies бульонщик clause","gloss":"let's say"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бульонщик","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бульонщик","lemma":"бульонщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of the sentence","gloss":"a broth-cook"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастье","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of могу","gloss":"luck"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бульонщик","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative modifier of открыть","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"кафе","lemma":"кафе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открыть, coordinated with ресторан","gloss":"café"},{"surface":"ресторан","lemma":"ресторан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открыть, coordinated with кафе","gloss":"restaurant"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петровке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Петровке","lemma":"Петровка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыть","gloss":"Petrovka"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c2-s78","source":"Потому что я готовлю специально, а ни один из них в Москве, кроме иностранцев, не может подать специально.","translation":"Because I cook specialty dishes, and not one of them in Moscow, the foreigners aside, can serve a specialty dish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни один из них… не может подать","title":"«ни один… не» — negative concord with \"not a single\"","body":"«Ни один из них… не может» is the emphatic \"not a single one of them can,\" with «ни один» and the verbal «не» in obligatory concord. «Кроме иностранцев» (except foreigners) carves out the exception — once again the foreigner is the standard Russians fall short of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"готовлю специально… подать специально","title":"«специально» — \"specialty (dishes)\"","body":"Smerdyakov uses «специально» oddly, as if it meant \"specialty cooking / specialty dishes\" — \"I cook specially,\" \"serve a specialty.\" The slightly off, would-be-professional use of a foreign-flavoured word is part of his portrait: technical-sounding language stretched beyond his command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of готовлю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готовлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готовлю","lemma":"готовить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовлю","gloss":"specially"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies один","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иностранцев","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"иностранцев","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of один","gloss":"foreigners"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with готовлю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"специально","lemma":"специально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подать","gloss":"as a specialty"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c2-s79","source":"Дмитрий Федорович голоштанник-с, а вызови он на дуэль самого первейшего графского сына, и тот с ним пойдет-с, а чем он лучше меня-с?","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich is a ragged pauper, ma'am, yet let him challenge the very foremost count's son to a duel, and the man will go out with him, ma'am—and how is he any better than me, ma'am?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вызови он… и тот… пойдет","title":"Imperative «вызови» as a conditional protasis","body":"«Вызови он… и тот пойдёт» uses a bare perfective imperative «вызови» (let him challenge / should he challenge) to mean \"if he were to challenge\" — the imperative form standing in for a conditional clause, a vivid colloquial idiom. The result «тот… пойдёт» is the perfective future \"the man will go out [to fight].\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем он лучше меня-с?","title":"Comparative «лучше» + «чем» / genitive","body":"«Чем он лучше меня?» — \"how is he any better than me?\" — shows the comparative «лучше» with the genitive «меня» (than me); «чем» here is the interrogative \"in what way.\" The line distills Smerdyakov's grievance: by what right does Dmitri rank above him?"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голоштанник","title":"«голоштанник» — a ragged pauper","body":"A coarse, contemptuous coinage from «голый» (bare) + «штаны» (trousers): literally \"bare-trousered one,\" i.e. a penniless ragamuffin who can't keep his breeches whole. Smerdyakov flings it at the well-born Dmitri to underline the gap between his rank and his ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of голоштанник","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"голоштанник","lemma":"голоштанник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Дмитрий","gloss":"a pauper"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on голоштанник","gloss":"(ma'am)","note":"The clipped '-с' (from сударь/сударыня) is Smerdyakov's obsequious speech tic, roughly 'sir/ma'am'."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вызови","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"were he to challenge","note":"An imperative form used to express a hypothetical condition ('let him challenge...' = 'if he were to challenge...')."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вызови","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэль","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дуэль","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызови","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первейшего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"первейшего","lemma":"первейший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"графского","lemma":"графский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"count's"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызови","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on пойдет","gloss":"(ma'am)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лучше","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"than me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on лучше","gloss":"(ma'am)"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c2-s80","source":"Потому что он не в пример меня глупее.","translation":"Because he's beyond all comparison stupider than I am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в пример меня глупее","title":"Comparative «глупее» + idiom «не в пример»","body":"«Глупее» is the comparative of «глупый» (stupider). «Не в пример» is an idiom \"incomparably, beyond all comparison\" intensifying it, and the comparison's standard «меня» is in the genitive — \"beyond all comparison stupider than I.\" The word order scatters across the colloquial flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of глупее","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глупее","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не в пример","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom не в пример","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глупее","gloss":"comparison","note":"'Не в пример' is a set idiom meaning 'incomparably/by far', not a literal 'not for example'."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of глупее","gloss":"than I"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"stupider"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c2-s81","source":"Сколько денег просвистал без всякого употребления-с.","translation":"Think how much money he's frittered away to no purpose at all, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сколько денег просвистал","title":"«сколько» + genitive «денег» + perfective «просвистал»","body":"«Сколько денег» — the quantifier «сколько» (how much) governs the genitive «денег» (of money). «Просвистал» is a slangy perfective meaning \"squandered, blew, frittered away\" (literally \"whistled away\"), the perfective marking the money as wholly, completely gone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просвистал… без всякого употребления","title":"«просвистать деньги» — to blow money for nothing","body":"«Просвистать» (lit. \"to whistle away\") is vivid slang for blowing money pointlessly. «Без всякого употребления» — \"without any use at all,\" the «ни/всякий» reinforcing the waste — caps the contempt: Dmitri threw his fortune away to no purpose, while Smerdyakov, frugal and able, has none."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of просвистал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"просвистал","lemma":"просвистать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking употребления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of употребления","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"употребления","lemma":"употребление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of просвистал","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on просвистал","gloss":"(ma'am)"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c2-s82","source":"— На дуэли очень, я думаю, хорошо, — заметила вдруг Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"“A duel must be very fine, I think,” Marya Kondratyevna suddenly remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На дуэли очень… хорошо","title":"Impersonal predicate «хорошо»","body":"«На дуэли… хорошо» is an impersonal evaluative: the invariable predicate «хорошо» (it is fine/good) with the locative «на дуэли» (at a duel) and no nominative subject — \"a duel must be a fine thing.\" Marya's dreamy aestheticizing of the duel sets up Smerdyakov's deflating reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дуэли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дуэли","lemma":"дуэль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хорошо","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"хорошо,","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c2-s83","source":"— Чем же это-с?","translation":"“How so, ma'am?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем же это-с?","title":"Instrumental «чем» + particle «же»","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что» (what), here \"in what way, how so?\" sharpened by «же». The whole curt question — \"how so, then?\" — plus the servile «-с» is pure Smerdyakov: a needling challenge dressed in deference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on это","gloss":"(ma'am)"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c2-s84","source":"— Страшно так и храбро, особенно коли молодые офицерики с пистолетами в руках один против другого палят за которую-нибудь.","translation":"“So frightening and so brave, especially when young officers, pistols in hand, blaze away at one another over some lady or other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли молодые офицерики… палят","title":"Folk «коли» + imperfective «палят»","body":"«Коли» is a folk-colloquial \"if/when\" (for «если/когда»), opening the vivid scene. «Палят» is imperfective (to blaze away, keep firing), painting the duel as an ongoing, picturesque spectacle rather than a single shot. «За которую-нибудь» — \"over some lady or other\" — uses «-нибудь» for a non-specific any-one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"офицерики… за которую-нибудь","title":"Diminutive «офицерик» + indefinite «которую-нибудь»","body":"«Офицерик» is the diminutive of «офицер» (officer) — \"a dashing little officer,\" the toy-soldier of Marya's romantic fancy. «Которую-нибудь» (some lady or other) uses the non-specific «-нибудь», leaving the woman they fight over pointedly vague — for Marya it is the picture, not the cause, that thrills."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with храбро","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"храбро","lemma":"храбро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Страшно","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of палят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies офицерики","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"офицерики","lemma":"офицерик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of палят","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies офицерики","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пистолетами","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of палят","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"палят","lemma":"палить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blaze away"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of палят","gloss":"some lady"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase которую","gloss":"or other"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c2-s85","source":"Просто картинка.","translation":"A perfect picture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Просто картинка","title":"«картинка» — \"a perfect picture\"","body":"«Картинка» is the diminutive of «картина» (picture), used idiomatically for something charmingly pretty, \"a perfect picture, a lovely sight.\" «Просто» here means \"simply, just\" — a one-phrase verbless exclamation of Marya's swooning aestheticism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies картинка","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"картинка","lemma":"картинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a picture"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c2-s86","source":"Ах, кабы девиц пускали смотреть, я ужасно как хотела бы посмотреть.","translation":"Ah, if only they let girls in to watch, I'd want dreadfully to see it.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы девиц пускали смотреть… я… хотела бы","title":"Folk «кабы» counterfactual + conditional wish","body":"«Кабы… пускали… я… хотела бы» is a counterfactual: folk «кабы» (if only) with imperfective «пускали» (they let), and the wish «хотела бы» (I would want) in the conditional. «Девиц» is the zero-ending genitive plural of «девица» — the negated/quantified object of \"let in.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно как хотела бы посмотреть","title":"Intensifier «ужасно как» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Ужасно как» piles two intensifiers — \"awfully how much\" — onto the conditional «хотела бы посмотреть». «Посмотреть» is perfective (to have a look, watch), fitting the single hoped-for act of watching. Marya's gushing register peaks here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пускали","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"девиц","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пускали","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"пускали","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пускали","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies ужасно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пускали","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотела","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c2-s87","source":"— Хорошо коли сам наводит, а коли ему самому в самое рыло наводят, так оно тогда самое глупое чувство-с.","translation":"“It's fine when you're the one taking aim, but when they're aiming straight into your own mug, then it's the stupidest feeling there is, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли сам наводит, а коли… наводят","title":"Folk «коли… а коли» + impersonal plural","body":"Two «коли» (if/when) clauses are balanced by contrastive «а»: \"when you yourself aim, but when they aim at you.\" The second «наводят» is an agentless third-person plural (\"they aim\" = \"one is aimed at\"). «Хорошо… самое глупое чувство» are impersonal evaluations with no subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самое рыло","title":"«рыло» — \"snout, mug\" (coarse)","body":"«Рыло» is properly an animal's snout (of a pig), and applied to a person it is crude and insulting — \"mug, ugly face.\" Smerdyakov's deliberately gross «в самое рыло наводят» (aiming right into your mug) yanks Marya's romantic duel-picture down into the dirt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the first clause","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наводит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наводит","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"наводит","lemma":"наводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли clause","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наводят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of наводят","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыло","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рыло","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рыло","lemma":"рыло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наводят","gloss":"mug"},{"surface":"наводят","lemma":"наводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наводит","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чувство","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глупое","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on чувство","gloss":"(ma'am)"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c2-s88","source":"Убежите с места, Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"You'd run from the spot, Marya Kondratyevna.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убежите с места","title":"Perfective future «убежите» as confident prediction","body":"«Убежите» is the perfective (simple) future of «убежать» (to run away) — \"you'll run off,\" a single completed flight. With no \"if,\" it functions as a flat, taunting prediction. «С места» (from the spot) names what she'd flee. The form is a prefixed motion verb (у- + бежать)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убежите","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'd run"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Убежите","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c2-s89","source":"— Неужто вы побежали бы?","translation":"“You don't mean you'd really run?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто вы побежали бы?","title":"Particle «неужто» + conditional «побежали бы»","body":"«Неужто» (a folksy variant of «неужели») is an incredulous question particle, \"surely you don't mean…?, really?\" «Побежали бы» is conditional (would run). Together: \"you don't mean you'd actually run?\" — Marya's coy disbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of побежали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would run"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of побежали","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c2-s90","source":"Но Смердяков не удостоил ответить.","translation":"But Smerdyakov did not deign to answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удостоил ответить","title":"«удостоить» + infinitive — \"did not deign\"","body":"«Удостоить» (to deem worthy, vouchsafe) with the perfective infinitive «ответить» yields \"did not deign to answer.\" The lofty, formal verb, negated, captures Smerdyakov's superior disdain — he treats the question as beneath a reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоил","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоил","gloss":"to answer"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c2-s91","source":"После минутного молчания раздался опять аккорд и фистула залилась последним куплетом:","translation":"After a moment's silence, the chord sounded once more and the falsetto poured itself out in a last verse:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался… аккорд и фистула залилась","title":"Reflexive «раздался» / «залилась» — sounds arising of themselves","body":"Both verbs are reflexive middles: «раздаться» (-ся, to ring out, resound) and «залиться» (-ся, to burst into / pour out sound). The chord and the falsetto \"ring out\" and \"pour themselves\" with no agent. Verb-before-subject order foregrounds the renewed music."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фистула залилась","title":"«залиться» — to pour out (in song)","body":"«Залиться» (песней, слезами, смехом) means to break into a flood of song, tears, or laughter — to pour oneself out. «Фистула залилась последним куплетом» — the falsetto \"poured itself out\" in a final verse, a faintly mocking image of gushing, overwrought singing."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"минутного","lemma":"минутный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчания","gloss":"a moment's"},{"surface":"молчания","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"аккорд","lemma":"аккорд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"the chord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фистула","lemma":"фистула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залилась","gloss":"the falsetto"},{"surface":"залилась","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздался","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies куплетом","gloss":"a last"},{"surface":"куплетом","lemma":"куплет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залилась","gloss":"verse"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c2-s92","source":"Сколько ни стараться\nСтану удаляться,\nЖизнью наслажда-а-аться\nИ в столице жить!\nНе буду тужить.\nСовсем не буду тужить,\nСовсем даже не намерен тужить!","translation":"However hard I try,\nAway I'll take myself,\nReveling in li-i-ife\nAnd living in the capital!\nI will not grieve.\nI won't grieve at all,\nI haven't the least intention of grieving!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сколько ни стараться","title":"Concessive «сколько ни» — \"however much\"","body":"«Сколько ни стараться» uses «ни» (not «не») in its concessive role: «сколько ни…» = \"however much one tries.\" Here «ни» does not negate but yields \"no matter how much.\" This «(как/сколько/что) ни» pattern is the standard \"however / whatever\" concessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стану удаляться… Не буду тужить… не намерен тужить","title":"Two futures: «стану/буду» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Стану удаляться» and «не буду тужить» are both imperfective futures (with «стать» and «быть» as auxiliaries plus imperfective infinitives), naming ongoing future states — withdrawing, not grieving. «Совсем даже не намерен» (I've not the least intention) caps the song's breezy resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тужить… в столице","title":"«тужить» — to grieve, pine; «столица» — the capital","body":"«Тужить» is a folk-poetic verb \"to grieve, fret, pine\" (cf. «не тужи» — don't fret), at home in songs and proverbs. «Столица» is the capital — Petersburg or Moscow — the song's emblem of the good life. The romance's daydream of \"living in the capital\" rhymes with Smerdyakov's own Moscow-restaurant fantasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стараться","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Сколько","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"стараться","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying удаляться","gloss":"try","note":"'Сколько ни + verb' is a concessive idiom: 'however much [one] tries'."},{"surface":"Стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"auxiliary of удаляться","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"удаляться","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стану","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"Жизнью","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наслажда...аться","gloss":"in life"},{"surface":"наслажда","lemma":"наслаждаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective, fragment","role":"complement of Стану, coordinated with удаляться","gloss":"revel","note":"The song stretches 'наслаждаться' (to revel in) into three sung syllables for the melisma: наслажда-а-аться."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection, filler (vocal elongation)","role":"part of the phrase наслажда","gloss":"(held note)"},{"surface":"аться","lemma":"наслаждаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective, fragment","role":"part of the phrase наслажда","gloss":"revel"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столице","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стану, coordinated with удаляться","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тужить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of тужить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"тужить","lemma":"тужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тужить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of тужить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"тужить","lemma":"тужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"intending"},{"surface":"тужить","lemma":"тужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to grieve"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c2-s93","source":"Тут случилась неожиданность: Алеша вдруг чихнул; на скамейке мигом притихли.","translation":"Here something unexpected happened: Alyosha suddenly sneezed; on the bench they fell silent in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилась… чихнул… притихли","title":"Three perfectives snap the scene","body":"A rapid chain of perfectives moves the turn: «случилась» (happened), «чихнул» (sneezed), «притихли» (fell silent). Each is a single bounded event; together they spring the trap — the sneeze, and the instant hush on the bench. «Мигом» (in a flash) underlines the suddenness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилась","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"случилась","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"неожиданность","lemma":"неожиданность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случилась","gloss":"something unexpected"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чихнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чихнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чихнул","lemma":"чихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неожиданность","gloss":"sneezed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамейке","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притихли","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притихли","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"притихли","lemma":"притихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with чихнул","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c2-s94","source":"Алеша встал и пошел в их сторону.","translation":"Alyosha stood up and walked in their direction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал и пошел","title":"Perfective «пошёл» — inceptive of motion","body":"«Встал» (stood up) and «пошёл» (set off) are paired perfectives. «Пойти» is the inceptive perfective of the unidirectional motion verb «идти» — \"to set off walking\" in one direction (here, toward them). It marks the start of a single trajectory, the natural choice for a decisive move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"direction"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c2-s95","source":"Это был действительно Смердяков, разодетый, напомаженный и чуть ли не завитой, в лакированных ботинках.","translation":"It was indeed Smerdyakov, all dressed up, pomaded and very nearly curled, in patent-leather shoes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разодетый, напомаженный… завитой","title":"Past passive participles as appearance-modifiers","body":"«Разодетый» (all dressed up), «напомаженный» (pomaded), «завитой» (curled) are past passive participles from perfective verbs, here used adjectivally to describe Smerdyakov's groomed state — each names something done to him. «Чуть ли не завитой» means \"very nearly curled,\" the «чуть ли не» hedging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Смердяков","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Смердяков","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"разодетый","lemma":"разодетый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"dressed up"},{"surface":"напомаженный","lemma":"напомаженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разодетый","gloss":"pomaded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завитой","gloss":"almost","note":"'Чуть ли не' is an idiom meaning 'almost/practically'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуть","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завитой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"завитой","lemma":"завитой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разодетый","gloss":"curled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ботинках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лакированных","lemma":"лакированный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies ботинках","gloss":"patent-leather"},{"surface":"ботинках","lemma":"ботинок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"shoes"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c2-s96","source":"Гитара лежала на скамейке.","translation":"The guitar lay on the bench.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Гитара","lemma":"гитара","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"the guitar"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамейке","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the bench"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c2-s97","source":"Дама же была Марья Кондратьевна, хозяйкина дочка; платье на ней было светло-голубое, с двухаршинным хвостом; девушка была еще молоденькая и недурная бы собой, но с очень уж круглым лицом и со страшными веснушками.","translation":"The lady was Marya Kondratyevna, the landlady's daughter; the dress she wore was a pale blue one, with a train two arshins long; the girl was still quite young and would not have been bad-looking, but for her too round a face and her frightful freckles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недурная бы собой","title":"Conditional «бы» softening a description","body":"«Недурная бы собой» tucks the particle «бы» into the appraisal — \"would not have been bad-looking\" — making it conditional on the qualifications that follow («но с… круглым лицом… веснушками»). «Недурна(я) собой» is the set phrase \"not bad-looking, rather pretty\" (literally \"not bad in herself\")."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двухаршинным хвостом… веснушками","title":"«хвост» (train) and «веснушки» (freckles)","body":"«Хвост» literally means \"tail,\" used colloquially for the train of a dress; «двухаршинный» (\"two-arshin,\" ~1.4 m) measures it in the old units. «Веснушки» are freckles. The grand Moscow train against the round, freckled provincial face is the narrator's deflating, affectionate joke at Marya's pretension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденькая","title":"«молоденькая» — \"quite young\" (diminutive)","body":"«Молоденькая» is «молодая» (young) with the diminutive-endearing suffix -еньк-, softening to \"quite young, ever so young.\" The narrator's diminutive lends a touch of tenderness to the otherwise comic portrait of the freckled landlady's daughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Марья","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дама","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Дама to Марья","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of Дама","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"хозяйкина","lemma":"хозяйкин","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочка","gloss":"the landlady's"},{"surface":"дочка","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of голубое","gloss":"the dress"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking платье to голубое","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло-голубой","morphology":"adjective, fragment (part of compound светло-голубое)","role":"part of the compound modifying платье","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"голубое","lemma":"светло-голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of платье","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвостом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двухаршинным","lemma":"двухаршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвостом","gloss":"two-arshin","note":"An arshin is a pre-revolutionary Russian unit of length (~71 cm/28 in); a 'two-arshin' train is roughly a yard and a half long."},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of молоденькая","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to молоденькая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молоденькая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молоденькая","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of девушка","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"недурная","lemma":"недурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молоденькая","gloss":"not bad-looking"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of недурная","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of недурная","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies круглым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"круглым","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of недурная","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веснушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшными","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies веснушками","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"веснушками","lemma":"веснушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лицом","gloss":"freckles"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c2-s98","source":"— Брат Дмитрий скоро воротится? — сказал Алеша как можно спокойнее.","translation":"“Will my brother Dmitri be back soon?” said Alyosha as calmly as he could.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брат Дмитрий скоро воротится?","title":"Perfective future «воротится» — a single return","body":"«Воротится» is the perfective future of the reflexive «воротиться» (to return) — \"will he be back?\", a single completed return. «Воротиться» is an old/folksy synonym of «вернуться»; both are -ся middles of motion-back. «Как можно спокойнее» means \"as calmly as possible.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротится","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"воротится?","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be back"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойнее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"спокойнее","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"calmly"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c2-s99","source":"Смердяков медленно приподнялся со скамейки; приподнялась и Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"Smerdyakov rose slowly from the bench; Marya Kondratyevna rose as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приподнялся… приподнялась и Марья","title":"Reflexive «приподняться» + echoing word order","body":"«Приподняться» (-ся, to rise a little, half-rise; при- softening «подняться») is an intransitive middle — he raises himself. The second clause inverts to verb-first, «приподнялась и Марья Кондратьевна», so the repeated verb leads and the new subject lands last, mirroring her copying his movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приподнялся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподнялся","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"приподнялся","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скамейки","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнялся","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"приподнялась","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподнялся","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Марья","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приподнялась","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c2-s100","source":"— Почему ж бы я мог быть известен про Дмитрия Федоровича; другое дело, кабы я при них сторожем состоял? — тихо, раздельно и пренебрежительно ответил Смердяков.","translation":"“How should I be informed about Dmitri Fyodorovich? It'd be another matter if I were set to keep watch over him,” Smerdyakov answered, quietly, distinctly, and with disdain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему ж бы я мог быть известен","title":"Conditional «бы» in a rhetorical retort","body":"«Почему ж бы я мог быть известен» folds «же» and «бы» into a haughty rhetorical question — \"why ever should I be informed?\" The conditional «мог бы» distances him from any obligation to know. «Известен» is a short-form adjective (here ~\"informed, in the know\"), predicative only."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы я… сторожем состоял","title":"Folk «кабы» + instrumental predicate «сторожем»","body":"«Кабы я… сторожем состоял» is a counterfactual with folk «кабы» (if only/were I). The predicate noun «сторожем» (as a watchman) stands in the instrumental after «состоять» (to serve as), the standard predicate-instrumental for a role one fills — \"if I were [serving as] his keeper.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известен","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известен","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the second clause","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сторожем","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of состоял","gloss":"as a watchman"},{"surface":"состоял?","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the кабы clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пренебрежительно","lemma":"пренебрежительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"disdainfully"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c2-s101","source":"— Да я просто спросил, не знаете ли? — объяснил Алеша.","translation":"“But I simply asked whether you might not know,” Alyosha explained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаете ли?","title":"Embedded question with «ли» — \"whether\"","body":"«Я просто спросил, не знаете ли» uses the particle «ли» to form a reported/indirect question — \"I simply asked whether you might not know.\" The negated «не знаете ли» is a polite, tentative \"you don't happen to know, do you?\" — Alyosha softening his probe."}],"words":[{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"subordinate clause complement of спросил","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ли?","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question in the clause of знаете","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спросил","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c2-s102","source":"— Ничего я про ихнее пребывание не знаю, да и знать не желаю-с.","translation":"“I know nothing of his whereabouts, and don't wish to know either, ma'am.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего я про ихнее пребывание не знаю","title":"Negative concord + non-standard «ихнее»","body":"«Ничего… не знаю» is double-negative concord (\"I know nothing\"). «Ихнее» is the non-standard, colloquial possessive for «их» (their/his) — a marked, sub-standard form; Smerdyakov uses the deferential plural «ихнее пребывание» (his whereabouts) of Dmitri. The non-standard ending quietly betrays his class even as he postures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и знать не желаю","title":"«да и… не желаю» — \"and don't even wish to\"","body":"«Да и знать не желаю» tacks on a dismissive coordinate clause with «да и» (\"and besides, and indeed\") — \"and I don't even wish to know.\" The fronted infinitive «знать» before its governing «не желаю» throws the stress onto the very thing he refuses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пребывание","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ихнее","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пребывание","gloss":"his","note":"'Ихнее' is a nonstandard/dialectal possessive ('their'/'his') that marks Smerdyakov's low, uneducated register."},{"surface":"пребывание","lemma":"пребывание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"whereabouts"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (сударь)","role":"deferential tag on желаю","gloss":"(ma'am)"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c2-s103","source":"— А брат мне именно говорил, что вы-то и даете ему знать обо всем, что в доме делается, и обещались дать знать, когда придет Аграфена Александровна.","translation":"“But my brother told me explicitly that it's you who keep him informed of everything that goes on in the house, and that you promised to let him know when Agrafena Alexandrovna comes.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы-то и даете ему знать","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «и»: \"it's you who…\"","body":"«Вы-то и даёте» fuses the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» on «вы» with the focusing «и» — \"it's precisely you who keep him informed.\" «Давать знать» is the set phrase \"to let know, inform.\" The imperfective «даёте» marks it as an ongoing arrangement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обещались дать знать, когда придет","title":"Reflexive «обещались» + temporal «когда придёт»","body":"«Обещались» is the reflexive «обещаться» (to promise), here with the deferential plural «-ись». «Когда придёт Аграфена Александровна» uses the perfective future «придёт» (will come) in a temporal clause — Russian uses the future, not a present, for a future \"when\"-event."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"explicitly"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of даете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of даете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"indeed","note":"«вы-то» singles out 'you' specifically, as the one who does it."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes даете","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"даете","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"keep","note":"«даете ... знать» = 'let know, keep informed'."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of даете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of даете","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of делается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всем","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обещались","lemma":"обещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещались","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дать","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on знать","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c2-s104","source":"Смердяков медленно и невозмутимо вскинул на него глазами.","translation":"Smerdyakov slowly and imperturbably raised his eyes to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул на него глазами","title":"Instrumental «глазами» with «вскинуть»","body":"«Вскинуть глазами» (lit. \"to fling up with the eyes\") takes the instrumental «глазами» as the means/manner of the look — to raise one's eyes sharply. The perfective «вскинул» captures the single, abrupt lift of the gaze; «невозмутимо» (imperturbably) colours the manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невозмутимо","lemma":"невозмутимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"imperturbably"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c2-s105","source":"— А вы как изволили на сей раз пройти, так как ворота здешние уж час как на щеколду затворены? — спросил он, пристально смотря на Алешу.","translation":"“And how did you see fit to get in this time, seeing that the gate here has been bolted shut for an hour now?” he asked, gazing intently at Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как изволили… пройти","title":"«изволить» + infinitive — mock-deferential idiom","body":"«Изволить» (to deign, be so good as to) plus the perfective infinitive «пройти» (to get through/in) is an archaic, ultra-polite formula — \"how did you see fit to come in?\" In Smerdyakov's mouth the courtly «изволили» drips with veiled insolence, mock-deference masking a pointed challenge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ворота… уж час как… затворены","title":"Short-form passive participle «затворены»","body":"«Затворены» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «затворённый» (closed, shut), agreeing in plural with «ворота» (gate) — \"the gate has been bolted.\" This short-form participle + implied «быть» is the standard resultative passive: it states the gate's resulting shut state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на щеколду затворены","title":"«щеколда» — a latch/bolt","body":"A «щеколда» is a door- or gate-latch or bolt. «На щеколду затворены» means \"shut on the latch, bolted.\" Smerdyakov's precise note that the gate has been bolted \"for an hour now\" is a quiet trap — how, then, did Alyosha get in? — revealing his watchful, suspicious cast of mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изволили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you see fit","note":"«изволили» is a formal/ironic 'saw fit to'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изволили","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"get in"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with как forming 'since'","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"pairs with так forming 'since'","gloss":"as","note":"«так как» together mean 'since'."},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of затворены","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"здешние","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies час","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration modifier of затворены","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"pairs with час forming a duration phrase","gloss":"now","note":"«уж час как» = 'it's already been an hour since'."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеколду","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"щеколду","lemma":"щеколда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затворены","gloss":"the latch"},{"surface":"затворены?","lemma":"затворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of ворота","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c2-s106","source":"— А я прошел с переулка через забор прямо в беседку.","translation":"“I came in from the lane, over the fence, straight into the summer-house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошел с переулка через забор","title":"Prepositions of route: «с» + genitive, «через» + accusative","body":"The path is built from governed prepositions: «с переулка» (from the lane, «с» + genitive of source), «через забор» (over the fence, «через» + accusative), «в беседку» (into the summer-house, «в» + accusative of motion). Each preposition fixes its case, and together they trace the trajectory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переулок","title":"«переулок» — a lane / side-street","body":"A «переулок» is a small side-street, alley, or lane branching off a main road. Alyosha's coming \"from the переулок over the fence\" places his stealthy entry at the back, away from the bolted gate — the very point Smerdyakov was probing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"переулка","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беседку","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the summer-house"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c2-s107","source":"Вы, надеюсь, извините меня в этом, — обратился он к Марье Кондратьевне, — мне надо было захватить скорее брата.","translation":"I hope you'll forgive me for that,” he said, turning to Marya Kondratyevna; “I had to catch my brother as quickly as I could.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"извините меня в этом","title":"Imperative «извините» + accusative object","body":"«Извините» is the polite/plural imperative of perfective «извинить» (to excuse), with «меня» as its accusative object — \"forgive me.\" «В этом» (in this, «в» + prepositional) specifies what for. The perfective imperative asks for a single, complete act of pardon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне надо было захватить","title":"Past impersonal necessity «мне надо было»","body":"«Мне надо было захватить» is the dative-subject necessity construction in the past: experiencer «мне» in the dative, «надо» (must/need), the past carried by neuter «было», plus the perfective infinitive «захватить» (to catch, seize) — \"I had to catch [him].\" No nominative subject appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of извините","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of извините","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этом,","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of извините","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to извините","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марье","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевне,","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марье","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to обратился","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"захватить","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватить","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватить","gloss":"my brother"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c2-s108","source":"— Ах, можем ли мы на вас обижаться, — протянула Марья Кондратьевна, польщенная извинением Алеши, — так как и Дмитрий Федорович часто этим манером в беседку ходят, мы и не знаем, а он уж в беседке сидит.","translation":"“Ah, how could we ever take offense at you,” drawled Marya Kondratyevna, flattered by Alyosha's apology, “since Dmitri Fyodorovich often comes to the summer-house this same way; we don't even know it, and he's already sitting there.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можем ли мы на вас обижаться","title":"Rhetorical «можем ли» + imperfective «обижаться»","body":"«Можем ли мы… обижаться?» fronts «можем» with «ли» for a rhetorical question expecting \"of course not\" — \"how could we ever take offence?\" «Обижаться (на кого-то)» is the reflexive \"to take offence at,\" governing «на вас» (at you, «на» + accusative). The imperfective fits a state of being offended."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий Федорович… ходят… сидит","title":"Deferential plural «ходят» for one person","body":"«Дмитрий Фёдорович… ходят» uses the plural verb «ходят» (multidirectional, habitual \"comes/goes\") of a single man — the servants' respectful plural, the same usage seen with «они/ихнее». Marya then slips back to the singular «сидит» (he's sitting), the plural-of-respect wavering in her excited speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"польщенная извинением","title":"Past passive participle «польщённая» + instrumental","body":"«Польщённая» is the past passive participle of «польстить» (to flatter), feminine, agreeing with Marya — \"flattered.\" Its cause stands in the instrumental: «извинением Алёши» (by Alyosha's apology), the instrumental marking the agent/means of the flattering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies протянула","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можем","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обижаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обижаться,","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можем","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"польщенная","lemma":"польстить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Марья","gloss":"flattered"},{"surface":"извинением","lemma":"извинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of польщенная","gloss":"the apology"},{"surface":"Алеши,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies извинением","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with как forming 'since'","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"pairs with так forming 'since'","gloss":"as","note":"«так как» together mean 'since'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходят","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходят","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of манером","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"манером","lemma":"манер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"беседку","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходят","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"ходят","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to протянула","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходят","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беседке","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"the summer-house"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаем","gloss":"sitting"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c2-s109","source":"— Я его теперь очень ищу, я очень бы желал его видеть или от вас узнать, где он теперь находится.","translation":"“I'm searching very hard for him now; I'd very much like to see him, or to learn from you where he is at present.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень бы желал… видеть… узнать","title":"Conditional «бы желал» softening a request","body":"«Очень бы желал» is the conditional of «желать» (would very much like), the «бы» softening the wish into a polite, tentative request — \"I'd very much like to.\" It governs two perfective infinitives «видеть» (here ~\"see/meet\") and «узнать» (to find out), the desired single outcomes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ищу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"ищу","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am searching for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ищу","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c2-s110","source":"Поверьте, что по очень важному для него же самого делу.","translation":"Believe me, it's on a matter of great importance to himself.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поверьте, что…","title":"Imperative «поверьте» + «что»-clause","body":"«Поверьте» is the polite imperative of perfective «поверить» (to believe), governing a «что»-clause (which the sentence leaves elliptical): \"believe me, [that] it's on a matter of great importance.\" «Для него же самого» — «же самого» intensifies \"to himself, his very own.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of важному","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самого","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies него","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of Поверьте","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c2-s111","source":"— Они нам не сказываются, — пролепетала Maрья Кондратьевна.","translation":"“He doesn't tell us his comings and goings,” Marya Kondratyevna faltered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они нам не сказываются","title":"Deferential plural «они» + reflexive «сказываются»","body":"«Они… не сказываются» again uses the respectful plural «они» of one man (Dmitri). «Сказываться» (-ся) here means \"to give notice of oneself, announce one's movements\" — \"he doesn't tell us his comings and goings.\" «Нам» is the dative of the people not told."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетала","title":"«пролепетать» — to falter, babble shyly","body":"«Пролепетать» (perfective of «лепетать», to babble, prattle as a child does) means to murmur or falter out something timidly. The narrator's choice paints Marya's reply as flustered and childlike, the perfective marking the single uttered phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сказываются","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказываются","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказываются","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"сказываются,","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell","note":"deferential plural verb form used for a single person (Dmitri)."},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказываются","gloss":"faltered"},{"surface":"Maрья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Maрья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c2-s112","source":"— Хотя бы я и по знакомству сюда приходил, — начал вновь Смердяков, — но они и здесь меня бесчеловечно стеснили беспрестанным спросом про барина: что, дескать, да как у них, кто приходит и кто таков уходит, и не могу ли я что иное им сообщить?","translation":"“Even though I'd come here as an acquaintance,” Smerdyakov began again, “they've worried me beyond all bearing here too, with their endless questions about the master: what's this, says he, and how are things with them, who comes and who goes, and can't I tell them something more?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя бы я и по знакомству сюда приходил","title":"Concessive «хотя бы… и» — \"even though\"","body":"«Хотя бы я и… приходил» is a concessive \"even though I came / granted I came,\" the «бы» and «и» reinforcing the concession. «По знакомству» (по + dative) means \"as an acquaintance, through acquaintance.\" Imperfective «приходил» frames it as repeated visiting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стеснили… спросом… что, дескать, да как","title":"Instrumental «спросом» + reported «дескать»","body":"«Стеснили… спросом» — they harried him \"with questioning\" (instrumental «спросом», the means). The «дескать» again flags reported speech, and «что… да как» (\"what's this and how's that\") mimics their pestering questions. «Бесчеловечно» (inhumanly) and «беспрестанным» (incessant) pile on the put-upon hyperbole."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про барина","title":"«барин» — the master, the gentleman","body":"«Барин» is the master of the house, the gentleman-employer (here Fyodor Pavlovich), the word of a servant for the man he serves. It carries the whole weight of the master-servant world; Smerdyakov, the cook, calls Karamazov «барин» even as he plots within that household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"Even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces Хотя","gloss":"even","note":"«хотя бы» = 'even though/even if'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знакомству","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомству","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знакомству","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приходил,","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стеснили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стеснили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of стеснили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бесчеловечно","lemma":"бесчеловечный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стеснили","gloss":"mercilessly"},{"surface":"стеснили","lemma":"стеснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"harassed"},{"surface":"беспрестанным","lemma":"беспрестанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спросом","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"спросом","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of стеснили","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спросом","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"reported speech marker","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"so to speak","note":"«дескать» marks reported/quoted speech, like 'he says'."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of них","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уходит","gloss":"can I"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c2-s113","source":"Два раза грозили мне даже смертью.","translation":"Twice they even threatened me with death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"грозили мне… смертью","title":"«грозить» + dative + instrumental","body":"«Грозить» (to threaten) takes the person threatened in the dative («мне», me) and the thing threatened with in the instrumental («смертью», with death) — a double-case government typical of this verb. «Два раза» (twice) with imperfective «грозили» counts the repeated threats."}],"words":[{"surface":"Два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозили","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"грозили","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грозили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смертью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозили","gloss":"with death"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c2-s114","source":"— Как это смертью? — удивился Алеша.","translation":"“With death, how do you mean?” Alyosha said in surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это смертью?","title":"Instrumental «смертью» echoed in a question","body":"Alyosha echoes the instrumental «смертью» (with death) from the previous line in his startled \"with death, how do you mean?\" «Как это…?» is the idiomatic \"how do you mean…?, what do you mean by…?\" The instrumental persists because it still answers \"threatened with what?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смертью","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смертью","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смертью?","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"said in surprise"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c2-s115","source":"— А для них разве это что составляет-с, по ихнему характеру, который сами вчера изволили наблюдать-с.","translation":"“And would that be anything to them, ma'am, given their character, which you yourself saw fit to observe yesterday, ma'am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве это что составляет","title":"Particle «разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» opens a question expressing doubt or surprise — \"as if it would, would it really…?\" «Это что составляет» (\"does that amount to anything\") with the deferential «-с» asks rhetorically whether such a threat means anything to men of \"their character.\" «Для них» is the dative of the ones to whom it would matter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который сами… изволили наблюдать","title":"Relative «который» + mock-deferential «изволили»","body":"«Который… изволили наблюдать» is a relative clause on «характер»: «который» (which, masc. acc.) is the object of «наблюдать» (to observe). The honorific «изволили» (you deigned/saw fit) plus «сами» keeps up Smerdyakov's oily courtesy toward Alyosha while reminding him he witnessed it himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of составляет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of составляет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составляет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"ma'am","note":"«-с» is an old deferential speech suffix, roughly 'sir/ma'am'."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характеру","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"ихнему","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характеру","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"характеру","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составляет","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on характеру","gloss":"saw fit to"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наблюдать","gloss":"ma'am","note":"«-с» is an old deferential speech suffix, roughly 'sir/ma'am'."}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c2-s116","source":"Если, говорят, Аграфену Александровну пропущу и она здесь переночует, — не быть тебе первому живу.","translation":"If, they say, I let Agrafena Alexandrovna by and she spends the night here—you'll be the first not to live to tell of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если… пропущу… не быть тебе первому живу","title":"Perfective future «пропущу» + dative-of-fate «тебе»","body":"«Если… пропущу» uses the perfective future «пропущу» (I [shall] let by) in a real conditional. The threat «не быть тебе… живу» is an archaic infinitive-of-fate construction: «быть» + dative «тебе» = \"you are not to be,\" i.e. \"you won't live\" — a doom pronounced over the dative person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первому живу","title":"Short-form «жив» in a folk-threat","body":"«Не быть тебе первому живу» is a folk-flavoured malediction — roughly \"you'll be the first not to survive it.\" «Живу» is the short (predicative) form of «живой» (alive), in the dative to agree with «тебе». The whole phrase is a set, menacing idiom of the «барин»'s violent temper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропущу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying пропущу","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"Аграфену","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пропущу","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровну","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфену","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"пропущу","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying быть","gloss":"let by"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переночует","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переночует","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"переночует,","lemma":"переночевать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропущу","gloss":"spends the night"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of быть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, short-form","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"alive","note":"archaic short-form dative of 'живой' (alive): 'не быть тебе живу' = 'you won't remain alive'."}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c2-s117","source":"Боюсь я их очень-с, и кабы не боялся еще пуще того, то заявить бы должен на них городскому начальству.","translation":"I'm very much afraid of them, ma'am, and if I weren't afraid of something still worse, I ought to report them to the town authorities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кабы не боялся еще пуще… то заявить бы должен","title":"Folk «кабы» counterfactual + conditional duty","body":"«Кабы не боялся… то… бы должен» is a counterfactual: folk «кабы» (if [I] weren't) plus the apodosis «заявить бы должен» (I ought to report). «Пуще» is the archaic-folk comparative \"more, worse\" (for «больше/сильнее»). The «бы» renders the obligation contrary to fact — fear stops him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боюсь я их очень","title":"Reflexive-only «бояться» + genitive object","body":"«Бояться» (to fear) exists only in the -ся form and governs its object in the genitive — «боюсь… их» (I fear them). It is a classic verb that takes a genitive complement. The deferential plural «их» again stands for the single «барин»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Боюсь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Боюсь","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"ma'am","note":"«-с» is an old deferential speech suffix, roughly 'sir/ma'am'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боялся","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"protasis of the conditional","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуще","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заявить","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"городскому","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начальству","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of заявить","gloss":"authorities"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c2-s118","source":"Даже бог знает что произвести могут-с.","translation":"God only knows what they might do, ma'am.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже бог знает что произвести могут","title":"Idiom «бог знает что» as object + «могут произвести»","body":"«Бог знает что» (\"God knows what\") functions as a single indefinite object phrase — \"goodness knows what.\" «Могут произвести» pairs «мочь» with the perfective infinitive «произвести» (to bring about, perpetrate). The deferential plural «могут» keeps the respectful plural for the master."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвести","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"ma'am","note":"«-с» is an old deferential speech suffix, roughly 'sir/ma'am'."}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c2-s119","source":"— Намедни сказали им: «В ступе тебя истолку», — прибавила Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"“The other day they said to him: ‘I'll grind you to a pulp in a mortar,’” Marya Kondratyevna added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказали им… истолку","title":"Deferential plural «сказали им» + perfective future «истолку»","body":"«Сказали им» again refers to the master in the deferential plural «им» (to him). The quoted threat «истолку» is the perfective future of «истолочь» (to pound/grind to a pulp) — a single, total crushing. The whole line reports the master's brutal speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В ступе тебя истолку","title":"«в ступе истолочь» — \"grind you to a pulp\"","body":"A «ступа» is a mortar (for pounding grain with a pestle). «В ступе тебя истолку» — \"I'll pound you to a pulp in a mortar\" — is a grotesque folk-threat of total annihilation, the kind of lurid violence the elder Karamazov hurls about. (A ступа is also the witch Baba Yaga's vehicle in folktale, adding a darkly fairy-tale menace.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Намедни","lemma":"намедни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"The other day"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ступе","lemma":"ступа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истолку","gloss":"a mortar"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of истолку","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"истолку»,","lemma":"истолочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted threat","gloss":"I'll grind","note":"«истолочь» = 'to grind/pound in a mortar'."},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказали","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c2-s120","source":"— Ну если в ступе, то это только, может быть, разговор… — заметил Алеша. — Если б я его мог сейчас встретить, я бы мог ему что-нибудь и об этом сказать…","translation":"“Well, if it's a mortar, then that's perhaps only talk…” Alyosha remarked. “If I could meet him right now, I might say something to him about this very thing…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б я его мог сейчас встретить, я бы мог… сказать","title":"Counterfactual with «если б… бы»","body":"Alyosha's closing line is a full counterfactual: «если б… мог встретить» (if I could meet) in the protasis and «я бы мог… сказать» (I could say) in the apodosis, «бы» in both. Both verbs are perfective infinitives («встретить», «сказать») — a single hoped-for meeting and a single thing said."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь… об этом","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» — \"something or other\"","body":"«Что-нибудь» (something, anything) uses the non-specific particle «-нибудь»: Alyosha has no particular words in mind, just \"something\" he might say. Contrast «что-то», which would imply a definite if unnamed thing. The vagueness mirrors his earlier inability to define what he even wants to tell his brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ступе","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ступе","lemma":"ступа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"conditional clause modifying это","gloss":"a mortar"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разговор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша.","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"protasis verb of the conditional","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретить","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"apodosis verb of the conditional","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"modifies что","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c2-s121","source":"— Вот что единственно могу сообщить, — как бы надумался вдруг Смердяков. — Бываю я здесь по всегдашнему соседскому знакомству, и как же бы я не ходил-с?","translation":"\"This is the one thing I can tell you,\" said Smerdyakov, as if he had suddenly made up his mind. \"I come here through the long-standing neighborly acquaintance, and how could I not come, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что единственно могу сообщить","title":"Fronted neuter «что» as object","body":"«Вот что» literally fronts the relative-interrogative «что» (neuter, accusative) as the thing he can report: 'here is what I can tell'. The bookish placement of the adverb «единственно» ('the only thing') before the verb gives the line its careful, hedging weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The deferential «-с» (slovoyers)","body":"The clitic «-с» tacked onto «знакомству-с», «ходил-с», and throughout Smerdyakov's speech is the «словоер» — a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'). It signals servile deference to a social superior, and Dostoevsky loads Smerdyakov's mouth with it to mark his lackey's cunning obsequiousness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же бы я не ходил-с","title":"Conditional «бы» with rhetorical «же»","body":"The past-tense «ходил» plus the particle «бы» builds the irrealis ('how could I not be coming'), while «же» adds the insistent, appealing 'why on earth'. The whole is a rhetorical question expecting agreement, doubly negated by «не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative anticipating что","gloss":"This is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу сообщить","gloss":"the only thing"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, governs сообщить","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сообщить,","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies надумался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"надумался","lemma":"надуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"had decided","note":"\"как бы надумался\" — as if he had just made up his mind."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надумался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смердяков.","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надумался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Бываю","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next sentence","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Бываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бываю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомству","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всегдашнему","lemma":"всегдашний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знакомству","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"соседскому","lemma":"соседский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знакомству","gloss":"neighborly"},{"surface":"знакомству","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бываю (по + dative)","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question, coordinated with Бываю","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on ходил","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic \"-с\" is Smerdyakov's servile \"sir\"; it carries no independent meaning."}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c2-s122","source":"С другой стороны, Иван Федорович чем свет сегодня послали меня к ним на квартиру в ихнюю Озерную улицу, без письма-с, с тем чтобы Дмитрий Федорович на словах непременно пришли в здешний трактир-с на площади, чтобы вместе обедать.","translation":"On the other hand, Ivan Fyodorovich sent me at first light today to the gentleman's lodgings, to his place on Ozyornaya Street, without a letter, sir, with this errand: that Dmitri Fyodorovich was without fail to come, by word of mouth, to the tavern here on the square, sir, so the two of them might dine together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван Федорович… послали меня","title":"Servile honorific plural","body":"«послали» is plural ('they sent'), though Ivan is one man. Servants used the plural verb for a master out of deference, the same impulse behind «-с». Note it again in «пришли» and «приходили» below — a grammatical mark of social rank, not number."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чем свет","title":"«чем свет» — at first light","body":"A fixed idiom meaning 'at daybreak, before dawn' (literally 'than-it-is-light', i.e. earlier than the light). Folksy and slightly archaic, it colors the servant's narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ихнюю Озерную улицу","title":"Non-standard «ихний»","body":"«ихний» ('their') is a colloquial, sub-standard possessive that educated Russian avoids in favor of the invariable «их». Dostoevsky uses it to fix Smerdyakov's half-educated, lower-class register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы Дмитрий Федорович… пришли","title":"Purpose clause with «чтобы»","body":"«с тем, чтобы…» introduces a purpose/instruction clause, and «чтобы» obligatorily takes the past-form verb «пришли» as its irrealis — a willed, not yet realized outcome ('so that he should come'). The repeated «чтобы… чтобы вместе обедать» chains two such clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition С (idiom: on the other hand)","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послали","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чем свет, modifies послали","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom чем свет (at first light)","gloss":"first light","note":"\"чем свет\" is an idiom meaning \"at dawn/first light,\" not the literal subject of послали."},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послали","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"послали","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ихнюю","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Озерную","lemma":"озёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Ozyornaya"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послали, prepositional phrase modifying квартиру (not the same referent, so not true apposition)","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письма","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on письма","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с, correlate of чтобы","gloss":"the aim","note":"\"с тем чтобы\" = \"with the aim that / so that.\""},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришли (idiom: by word of mouth)","gloss":"word of mouth"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on трактир","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обедать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедать","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on пришли","gloss":"dine"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c2-s123","source":"Я пошел-с, но Дмитрия Федоровича я на квартире ихней не застал-с, а было уж восемь часов.","translation":"So I went, sir, but I did not find Dmitri Fyodorovich at his lodgings, sir, though it was already eight o'clock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия Федоровича… не застал","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не застал» ('did not find'), the animate object «Дмитрия Федоровича» stands in the genitive — though here, because Dmitri is animate masculine, the genitive and accusative forms coincide anyway. The choice is reinforced by the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было уж восемь часов","title":"Numeral + genitive plural","body":"«восемь часов» — five and above govern the genitive plural, hence «часов». The impersonal past «было» ('it was [eight o'clock]') has no subject and stays neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on пошел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"квартире","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"ихней","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартире","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on застал","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with пошел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восемь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"o'clock"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c2-s124","source":"«Был, говорят, да весь вышел» — этими самыми словами их хозяева сообщили.","translation":"\"He was here, they say, but he's gone for good\" — those were the very words his landlords gave me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Был, да весь вышел","title":"«был, да весь вышел» — proverbial","body":"A folk catchphrase: 'he was [here], but he's all run out' — said of something or someone wholly gone, as a barrel runs dry. The landlords answer Smerdyakov in a stock saying rather than plain prose; «да» here is the colloquial 'but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этими самыми словами их хозяева сообщили","title":"Instrumental of means + emphatic «самый»","body":"«этими самыми словами» is instrumental — the words are the means by which they reported ('reported in these very words'). «самый» reinforces the demonstrative ('these very'), and the object is fronted before its subject «хозяева» for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"He was here"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject он (Dmitri), not the verb вышел; idiom весь вышел = \"used up/gone for good\"","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"вышел»","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"is gone","note":"\"Был, да весь вышел\" is a proverb meaning \"he's gone/used up for good.\""},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies словами","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщили","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"modifies хозяева","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сообщили","gloss":"landlords"},{"surface":"сообщили","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told (me)"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c2-s125","source":"Тут точно у них заговор какой-с, обоюдный-с.","translation":"There is plainly some arrangement between them, sir, a mutual one, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговор какой-с","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» trimmed to «какой»","body":"«заговор какой» ('some sort of arrangement / plot') uses «какой» postposed as a vague indefinite, the «-то» dropped in casual speech. The word order — noun before its modifier — is itself colloquial and tentative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обоюдный","title":"«обоюдный» — mutual","body":"A somewhat bookish adjective meaning 'mutual, reciprocal, two-sided'. Coming after the slangy «заговор какой-с», it shows Smerdyakov reaching, half-successfully, for a learned word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"заговор","lemma":"заговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"arrangement"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on заговор","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"обоюдный","lemma":"обоюдный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заговор","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on обоюдный","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c2-s126","source":"Теперь же, может быть, они в эту самую минуту в трактире этом сидят с братцем Иваном Федоровичем, так как Иван Федорович домой обедать не приходили, а Федор Павлович отобедали час тому назад одни и теперь почивать легли.","translation":"And now, perhaps at this very minute, they are sitting in that tavern with your brother Ivan Fyodorovich, for Ivan Fyodorovich did not come home to dine, while Fyodor Pavlovich finished his dinner an hour ago, alone, and has now lain down to rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в эту самую минуту","title":"Accusative of time-point","body":"«в эту самую минуту» ('at this very minute') takes the accusative after «в» to mark a point in time, not location. Contrast «в трактире этом сидят» in the same sentence, where «в трактире» is prepositional for location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с братцем","title":"Diminutive «братец»","body":"«братец» is the affectionate-deferential diminutive of «брат». In the servant's mouth, addressing Alyosha about Ivan, it carries an ingratiating warmth — 'your dear brother'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отобедали… почивать легли","title":"«отобедать» and «почивать» — genteel verbs","body":"«отобедать» (perfective, 'to finish dining') and especially «почивать» ('to repose, take one's rest', a polite-archaic word for sleeping) are deferential verbs reserved for a master. They lift Fyodor Pavlovich's nap into the dignified register of the household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sitting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братцем","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братцем","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходили","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of приходили","gloss":"to dine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходили","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отобедали","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"отобедали","lemma":"отобедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приходили","gloss":"finished dining"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase час тому назад, modifies отобедали","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тому назад (ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate modifier of Федор Павлович","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почивать","lemma":"почивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of легли","gloss":"to rest"},{"surface":"легли","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отобедали","gloss":"has lain down"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c2-s127","source":"Убедительнейше, однако, прошу, чтобы вы им про меня и про то, что я сообщил, ничего не говорили-с, ибо они ни за что убьют-с.","translation":"I most earnestly beg you, however, to say nothing to him about me or about what I have told you, sir, for he would kill me without a second thought, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Убедительнейше","title":"Superlative adverb «убедительнейше»","body":"A bookish superlative adverb in «-ейше», 'most earnestly/persuasively', built on the same «-ейш-» that forms elevated superlative adjectives. The elaborate politeness is comic against the menace it precedes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вы… ничего не говорили","title":"Negative command via «чтобы» + negative concord","body":"After «прошу», «чтобы… не говорили» is an indirect request taking the past-form irrealis. «ничего… не» shows negative concord — the «ни»-word and the verb's «не» both stand, one negation in meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо они ни за что убьют-с","title":"Bookish «ибо» and «ни за что»","body":"«ибо» is an archaic-literary 'for, because', loftier than «потому что» — incongruous in the lackey's mouth. «ни за что» ('for nothing, on no account') is an «ни»-idiom meaning here 'without a moment's hesitation'; «убьют» is perfective future ('will [certainly] kill')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убедительнейше","lemma":"убедительнейше","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"most earnestly"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of прошу","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил, introduces clause modifying то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорили","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прошу","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on говорили","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьют","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убьют","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom ни за что (without hesitation)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"убьют","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on убьют","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c2-s128","source":"— Брат Иван звал Дмитрия сегодня в трактир? — быстро переспросил Алеша","translation":"\"Brother Ivan asked Dmitri to the tavern today?\" Alyosha asked again, quickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро переспросил","title":"Perfective «переспросил» with «пере-»","body":"The prefix «пере-» on «спросил» gives 'to ask again, to ask back over', capturing Alyosha's quick re-checking of what he just heard. Perfective past, a single completed act, with the adverb «быстро» pinning its speed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван, part of the subject","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of звал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трактир?","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of звал","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переспросил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause, parallel to звал","gloss":"asked again"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c2-s129","source":"— Это точно так-с.","translation":"\"That is exactly so, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Это точно так-с","title":"«точно так» — just so","body":"«точно так» is a set affirmative, 'exactly so, just so' — the standard subordinate's confirming reply, capped again with the servile «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on так","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c2-s130","source":"— В трактир «Столичный город», на площади?","translation":"\"To the tavern 'The Metropolis,' on the square?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город, name kept in nominative","gloss":"Capital"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактир (tavern's name)","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"the square"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c2-s131","source":"— В этот самый-с.","translation":"\"That very one, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этот самый-с","title":"Elliptical accusative reply","body":"A clipped answer echoing Alyosha's «в трактир»: «в этот самый» ('to that very [one]') keeps the accusative of motion-toward, the noun «трактир» understood. The «-с» again seals the deference."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этот (elliptical, refers to трактир)","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied трактир","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on самый","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c2-s132","source":"— Это очень возможно! — воскликнул Алеша в большом волнении. — Благодарю вас, Смердяков, известие важное, сейчас пойду туда.","translation":"\"That is quite possible!\" exclaimed Alyosha in great agitation. \"Thank you, Smerdyakov; this is important news, I'll go there at once.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас пойду туда","title":"Perfective future of motion «пойду»","body":"«пойду» is the perfective future of the prefixed motion verb «пойти» — 'I'll set off (there) at once'. The prefix «по-» marks the inception of a single trip, and the conjugated perfective gives future meaning with no auxiliary."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"известие важное","title":"«известие» — a piece of news","body":"«известие» is the bookish noun for a piece of news or intelligence (neuter, in «-ие»), weightier than «новость». Alyosha's word choice marks the gravity he attaches to it; it recurs as «Известие» opening segments 137."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"возможно!","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"волнении.","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"Благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the next sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важное","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of известие","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Благодарю","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c2-s133","source":"— Не выдавайте-с, — проговорил ему вслед Смердяков.","translation":"\"Don't give me away, sir,\" Smerdyakov called after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не выдавайте","title":"«выдавать» — to give away / betray","body":"«выдавать» (imperfective) means 'to hand over, betray, give away (a secret or person)'. The negated imperative «не выдавайте» is Smerdyakov's plea — 'don't give me away'. Imperfective with «не» is the normal way to forbid an action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил ему вслед","title":"Dative + «вслед»","body":"«вслед» ('after, in the wake of') takes the dative «ему» — 'said after him' as Alyosha departs. The perfective «проговорил» frames a single uttered remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдавайте","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"выдавайте","lemma":"выдавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give away"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential","role":"politeness marker on выдавайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"after (him)"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c2-s134","source":"— О нет, я в трактир явлюсь как бы нечаянно, будьте покойны.","translation":"\"Oh no, I'll turn up at the tavern as if by chance, you may set your mind at rest.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явлюсь как бы нечаянно","title":"Reflexive «явлюсь» + «как бы»","body":"«явлюсь» is the perfective future of the reflexive «явиться» ('to appear, present oneself'); the «-ся/-сь» here is the lexicalized middle that the verb always carries. «как бы нечаянно» ('as if by accident') softens it with the hedging «как бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будьте покойны","title":"«будьте покойны» — set your mind at rest","body":"A polite formula, 'be easy, rest assured', using the short predicative adjective «покойны» ('calm, at peace') with the imperative of «быть». Slightly old-fashioned and reassuring."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of явлюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явлюсь","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"явлюсь","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"I'll turn up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies нечаянно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явлюсь","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to покойны","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"покойны","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate with будьте","gloss":"at ease"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c2-s135","source":"— Да куда же вы, я вам калитку отопру, — крикнула было Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"\"But where are you going? I'll open the gate for you,\" Marya Kondratyevna started to cry out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнула было","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«было» after a perfective past (here «крикнула было») marks an action begun or about to happen but interrupted or undone — 'started to cry out [but…]'. This «было» is a frozen particle, not the verb 'to be', and is a vivid feature of narrative Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"калитку отопру","title":"«калитка» and «отопру»","body":"A «калитка» is a small garden or yard gate set into a fence. «отопру» is the perfective future of «отпереть» ('to unlock, open'), with its characteristic stem alternation — 'I'll open the gate for you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of куда","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отопру","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отопру","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отопру","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"отопру,","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will open"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крикнула, marks an interrupted action","gloss":"started to","note":"\"крикнула было\" — she began to cry out (but was cut off/interrupted)."},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c2-s136","source":"— Нет, здесь ближе, я опять чрез плетень.","translation":"\"No, it's shorter this way, I'll go over the fence again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я опять чрез плетень","title":"Archaic «чрез» + accusative, verbless","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/poetic contraction of «через» ('over, across'), governing the accusative «плетень». The motion verb is omitted entirely — 'I'll [go] over the fence again' — a brisk colloquial ellipsis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плетень","title":"«плетень» — a wattle fence","body":"A «плетень» is a fence woven from branches or withes — the humble wattle hurdle of a Russian yard. Alyosha hops over it rather than use the gate — the same way he came in — declining Marya Kondratyevna's offer to unlock it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"response particle","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (go), governing чрез плетень","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плетень","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плетень","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c2-s137","source":"Известие страшно потрясло Алешу.","translation":"The news had shaken Alyosha terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известие страшно потрясло Алешу","title":"Topic-first word order; adverb «страшно»","body":"The known topic «Известие» ('the news') leads, the new information — that it shook him — follows, with «Алешу» (animate accusative) last. The adverb «страшно» ('terribly') is here an intensifier, not literal fright. «потрясло» is perfective: a single decisive jolt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясло","gloss":"The news"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясло","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"потрясло","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясло","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c2-s138","source":"Он пустился к трактиру.","translation":"He set off for the tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он пустился к трактиру","title":"Reflexive «пуститься» of sudden motion","body":"«пуститься» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») means 'to dash off, set out impulsively'. With «к» + dative «трактиру» ('toward the tavern'), it conveys Alyosha bolting away — the «-ся» here is the inceptive middle the verb carries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактиру","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трактиру","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустился","gloss":"the tavern"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c2-s139","source":"В трактир ему входить было в его одежде неприлично, но осведомиться на лестнице и вызвать их, это было возможно.","translation":"To go into the tavern dressed as he was would have been unseemly, but to inquire on the stairs and call them out — that was possible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему входить было… неприлично","title":"Dative-subject impersonal","body":"The construction has no nominative subject: «ему» (dative) is the one for whom it would be «неприлично» ('unseemly'), with the infinitive «входить» as the thing assessed and «было» as the neuter past linker — 'for him to go in would have been improper'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в его одежде","title":"Prepositional of state «в одежде»","body":"«в его одежде» ('in his [monastic] clothing') uses «в» + prepositional to describe the state he is in — the cassock that makes a tavern entrance unseemly. Contrast «в трактир» (accusative, motion-into) earlier in the line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомиться… вызвать их","title":"Genteel «осведомиться»","body":"«осведомиться» (perfective, reflexive) is a formal-bookish 'to make inquiry, ascertain', paired with plain «вызвать» ('to call out'). The register mirrors Alyosha's scrupulous weighing of what is and isn't permissible."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входить","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of неприлично (dative construction)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of неприлично","gloss":"to go in"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking входить to неприлично","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies одежде","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"одежде","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying входить","gloss":"attire"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"осведомиться","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of возможно, coordinated with вызвать","gloss":"to inquire"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестнице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лестнице","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомиться","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вызвать","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with осведомиться","gloss":"to call out"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вызвать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject of возможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to возможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with неприлично","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c2-s140","source":"Но только что он подошел к трактиру, как вдруг отворилось одно окно и сам брат Иван закричал ему из окна вниз:","translation":"But no sooner had he come up to the tavern than a window suddenly opened, and his brother Ivan himself called down to him from above:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что он подошел… как вдруг отворилось","title":"«только что… как» — no sooner… than","body":"The correlative pair «только что… как» frames a sudden coincidence in time: 'no sooner had he come up… than [a window] opened'. Both verbs are perfective («подошёл», «отворилось»), staging two abrupt, sequential events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворилось одно окно","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as intransitive 'open'","body":"«отворилось» ('[a window] opened') uses «-ся/-сь» to make «отворить» intransitive — the window opens of itself, no agent named. The verb follows its subject «окно», a presentative order that introduces the new event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам брат Иван","title":"Intensifier «сам»","body":"«сам» ('himself, in person') intensifies «брат Иван» — it was Ivan himself, unexpectedly, who called down. Distinct from the reflexive «-ся», «сам» is a declinable emphatic agreeing with its noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что ... как, modifies подошел","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трактиру","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of только что, introduces clause of отворилось","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отворилось","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies окно","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отворилось","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворилось","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c2-s141","source":"— Алеша, можешь ты ко мне сейчас войти сюда или нет?","translation":"\"Alyosha, can you come up here to me right now, or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можешь ты ко мне сейчас войти","title":"Perfective infinitive «войти» of single entry","body":"«войти» (perfective, prefix «в-» on the motion verb) names a single completed act of entering — 'come in (right now)'. Under the modal «можешь» it stays infinitive; «ко мне» ('to me') is «к» + dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можешь ты… или нет?","title":"Inverted question + «или нет»","body":"Ivan inverts to verb-first «можешь ты…?» and tags «или нет?» ('or not?') — a blunt, urgent yes/no question, brotherly and informal, addressing Alyosha with «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войти","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"come up"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войти","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with войти","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c2-s142","source":"Одолжишь ужасно.","translation":"You'd be doing me a tremendous favor.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Одолжишь ужасно","title":"«одолжить» — to oblige; «ужасно» as intensifier","body":"«одолжишь» (perfective future of «одолжить») here means 'you'll do me a favor, oblige me'. «ужасно» ('terribly') is colloquially just 'enormously' — 'you'd oblige me no end'. The clipped one-word sentence is Ivan's offhand urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одолжишь","lemma":"одолжить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'd oblige me"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Одолжишь","gloss":"tremendously"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c2-s143","source":"— Очень могу, только не знаю, как мне в моем платье.","translation":"\"I can well enough, only I don't know how, dressed as I am.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мне в моем платье","title":"Elliptical dative-subject worry","body":"«не знаю, как мне в моём платье [войти]» drops the verb: dative «мне» is the experiencer, «в моём платье» (prepositional) the state — 'I don't know how [I'm to manage], dressed as I am'. The unstated infinitive is left to the reader."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"платье","title":"«платье» — clothing, dress","body":"Here «платье» means not a woman's dress but 'garb, attire' generally — Alyosha's novice's cassock. The older, broad sense of «платье» as any clothing is normal in 19th-century usage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the elliptical clause, complement of знаю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause modifying мне","gloss":"clothes"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c2-s144","source":"— А я как раз в отдельной комнате, ступай на крыльцо, я сбегу навстречу…","translation":"\"As it happens, I'm in a private room; come to the porch, I'll run down to meet you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как раз","title":"«как раз» — as it happens","body":"«как раз» is a handy adverbial phrase, 'just, exactly, as it happens' — Ivan notes the lucky fit: he is in a private room precisely now, so the cassock won't matter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай на крыльцо","title":"Imperative «ступай» + accusative of motion","body":"«ступай» is the familiar imperative of «ступать» ('to step, go'), a brisk, slightly homey 'go, head'. «на крыльцо» is «на» + accusative for motion onto/toward the porch. «сбегу» that follows is perfective future of «сбежать» ('I'll run down')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this clause to ступай","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (я ... в комнате)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom как раз","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifying the clause","gloss":"just","note":"как раз is a fixed idiom meaning 'as it happens/exactly'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (frozen adverbial), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifying the clause","gloss":"as it happens"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отдельной","lemma":"отдельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate location complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцо","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крыльцо","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступай","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбегу","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ступай","gloss":"will run down"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбегу","gloss":"to meet you"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c2-s145","source":"Через минуту Алеша сидел рядом с братом.","translation":"A minute later Alyosha was sitting beside his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Через минуту Алеша сидел рядом с братом","title":"Imperfective «сидел» as resulting state; «с» + instrumental","body":"After the time-phrase «через минуту» ('a minute later'), the imperfective «сидел» paints the settled, ongoing state rather than the act of sitting down. «с братом» is «с» ('with') + instrumental — accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c2-s146","source":"Иван был один и обедал.","translation":"Ivan was alone and dining.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван был один и обедал","title":"Imperfective «обедал» — background process","body":"Both predicates are stative-imperfective: «был один» ('was alone') and «обедал» ('was dining'). The imperfective sets a quiet, ongoing scene — the standing background against which the brothers' charged conversation will unfold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to один","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"dining"}]}]}