{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c3","title":{"source":"III. Братья знакомятся","translated":"The Brothers Make Friends"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c3","lines":253},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c3-s1","source":"Находился Иван, однако, не в отдельной комнате. Это было только место у окна, отгороженное ширмами, но сидевших за ширмами все-таки не могли видеть посторонние.","translation":"Ivan, however, was not sitting in a private room. It was only a place by the window, screened off behind partitions, yet those who sat behind the partitions still could not be seen by the other guests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Находился Иван, однако","title":"Verb-first inversion","body":"Dostoevsky opens with the verb «находился» ('was located') before the subject «Иван», a marked inversion that throws weight onto the act of placement and lets «однако» ('however') land as a soft contrastive aside. Default order would be «Иван, однако, находился…»; the fronted verb gives a narratorial, scene-setting cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отгороженное ширмами","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«Отгороженное» is a short-of-long past passive participle ('screened off') agreeing with neuter «место»; «ширмами» is the instrumental naming what does the screening. The participle compresses a whole relative clause ('a place that had been screened off') into one modifier — a hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидевших за ширмами все-таки не могли видеть посторонние","title":"Past active participle as a noun; subject last","body":"«Сидевших» is a past active participle ('those who were sitting') used substantivally and standing in the accusative as object of «не могли видеть»; the real subject «посторонние» ('outsiders, other guests') comes at the very end. The order foregrounds the screened pair and saves the agent for last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Находился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of Находился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Находился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отдельной","lemma":"отдельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Находился","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to место","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies место","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"отгороженное","lemma":"отгородить","morphology":"verb (participle), past, passive, nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying место","gloss":"screened off"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отгороженное","gloss":"partitions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сидевших","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb (participle), past, active, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"direct object of видеть (substantivized: 'those sitting')","gloss":"those sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидевших","gloss":"partitions"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom все-таки","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom все-таки","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"посторонние","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"the other guests"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c3-s2","source":"Комната эта была входная, первая, с буфетом у боковой стены.","translation":"This was the front room, the first one, with a buffet against the side wall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Комната эта была входная","title":"Postposed demonstrative «эта»","body":"Russian can place the demonstrative after its noun — «комната эта» rather than «эта комната» — which feels colloquial and resumptive, roughly 'this room here.' The order keeps «комната» as the established topic and tucks «эта» in as a pointing afterthought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"буфет","title":"buffet / sideboard","body":"Here «буфет» is the sideboard or serving counter of a tavern (a French-derived word), not the modern 'snack bar.' «У боковой стены» places it 'against the side wall' (genitive after «у»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Комната","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to входная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"входная","lemma":"входной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"the front room"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with входная","gloss":"the first one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking буфетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"буфетом","lemma":"буфет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"a buffet"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"боковой","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стены","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"wall"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c3-s3","source":"По ней поминутно шмыгали половые.","translation":"Waiters kept darting across it every minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"половые","title":"polovye — tavern waiters","body":"«Половой» (plural «половые») is the period word for a waiter or serving-man in a Russian tavern or inn — substantivized from an adjective ('of the floor/room'). It is now wholly archaic, evoking the 19th-century трактир."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поминутно шмыгали","title":"Imperfective for repeated darting","body":"«Шмыгали» is imperfective past, the aspect of repeated, ongoing motion — reinforced by «поминутно» ('every minute'). «Шмыгать» is an expressive, slightly low verb for 'to dart/scurry,' painting the restless traffic of the front room."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шмыгали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шмыгали","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"шмыгали","lemma":"шмыгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"darted"},{"surface":"половые","lemma":"половой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, plural","role":"subject of шмыгали","gloss":"waiters"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c3-s4","source":"Из посетителей был один лишь старичок, отставной военный, и пил в уголку чай.","translation":"Of the customers there was only a single old man, a retired military officer, drinking his tea in a corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичок","title":"starichok — a dear little old man","body":"«Старичок» is the diminutive of «старик» ('old man'), the suffix -ок lending warmth and a touch of pity rather than literal smallness. It softens the figure of the lone retired officer into something gently affectionate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в уголку","title":"v ugolku — in a little corner","body":"«Уголок» is the diminutive of «угол» ('corner'); «в уголку» uses the old stressed locative -у́ ending (rather than «в уголке»), a colloquial, cozy touch. It snugly tucks the old officer into his corner with his tea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"customers"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies старичок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старичок","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies военный","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"военный","lemma":"военный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старичок","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уголку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уголку","lemma":"уголок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пил","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пил","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c3-s5","source":"Зато в остальных комнатах трактира происходила вся обыкновенная трактирная возня, слышались призывные крики, откупоривание пивных бутылок, стук бильярдных шаров, гудел орган.","translation":"In the other rooms of the tavern, by contrast, all the usual tavern bustle was going on: there were shouts calling for service, the popping of beer bottles, the click of billiard balls, an organ droning away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато","title":"«зато» — 'but on the other hand'","body":"«Зато» ('but to make up for it, on the other hand') sets the noisy other rooms against the quiet screened nook — a compensatory contrast, not a flat 'but.' Our 'by contrast' catches the pivot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"происходила… возня, слышались призывные крики… гудел орган","title":"Imperfective verbs painting a standing scene","body":"A whole chain of imperfective past verbs — «происходила», «слышались», «гудел» — holds the tavern's racket as an unbroken background, against which the brothers' meeting will play out. The imperfective is precisely the aspect of standing, simultaneous din."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышались призывные крики","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle/passive","body":"«Слышались» (from «слышаться») carries the clitic «-ся» to make the verb intransitive: the cries 'were heard / made themselves heard,' with no stated hearer. This middle use lets the sounds simply arise out of the room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возня","title":"voznya — bustle, fuss","body":"«Возня» is noisy, fidgety commotion — scurrying, fussing about. Paired with «трактирная» ('tavern-') it names the whole low hubbub of a public house."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies комнатах","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"комнатах","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходила","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комнатах","gloss":"of the tavern"},{"surface":"происходила","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going on"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возня","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"обыкновенная","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возня","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"трактирная","lemma":"трактирный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возня","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"возня","lemma":"возня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходила","gloss":"bustle"},{"surface":"слышались","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with происходила","gloss":"were heard"},{"surface":"призывные","lemma":"призывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of слышались","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"откупоривание","lemma":"откупоривание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with крики","gloss":"the popping"},{"surface":"пивных","lemma":"пивной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бутылок","gloss":"beer"},{"surface":"бутылок","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies откупоривание","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крики","gloss":"the click"},{"surface":"бильярдных","lemma":"бильярдный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies шаров","gloss":"billiard"},{"surface":"шаров","lemma":"шар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies стук","gloss":"balls"},{"surface":"гудел","lemma":"гудеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with происходила","gloss":"was droning"},{"surface":"орган","lemma":"орган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гудел","gloss":"an organ"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c3-s6","source":"Алеша знал, что Иван в этот трактир почти никогда не ходил и до трактиров вообще не охотник; стало быть, именно потому только и очутился здесь, подумал он, чтобы сойтись по условию с братом Дмитрием.","translation":"Alyosha knew that Ivan hardly ever came to this tavern, and had no taste for taverns in general; so he must have turned up here, Alyosha thought, only for the express purpose of keeping an appointment with their brother Dmitri.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не охотник","title":"ne okhotnik — no fancier of","body":"«Охотник до чего-либо» idiomatically means 'one keen on / fond of' something (literally 'a hunter for'); «не охотник до трактиров» = 'no lover of taverns.' The object «до трактиров» takes the genitive after «до»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'therefore, so'","body":"«Стало быть» is a fixed inferential phrase ('it follows that, so, ergo'), faintly colloquial and reasoning-aloud. It marks Alyosha's deduction about why Ivan would be in a tavern he never frequents."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сойтись по условию с братом Дмитрием","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Чтобы сойтись» states the purpose ('in order to meet up'); when the subject is the same as the main clause, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form clause. «Сойтись по условию» = 'to meet by [prior] arrangement.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трактир","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактиров","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трактиров","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of охотник","gloss":"taverns"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охотник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"охотник","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"fan","note":"'не охотник до X' is an idiom meaning 'no taste for X'."},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, part of the phrase стало быть","role":"parenthetical, part of the fixed phrase стало быть (so/consequently)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective, part of the phrase стало быть","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying очутился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of Alyosha's inferred clause (subject Иван)","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause, subject он","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойтись","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on очутился","gloss":"meet up"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"условию","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c3-s7","source":"И, однако, брата Дмитрия не было.","translation":"And yet brother Dmitri was not there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брата Дмитрия не было","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"A negated existential puts its subject obligatorily in the genitive: «брата Дмитрия не было» = 'brother Dmitri was not [there].' The verb «было» stays neuter and impersonal, and «брата Дмитрия» drops from nominative into genitive — the standard pattern of Russian non-existence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of было","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive (animate accusative=genitive), masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of не было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was there"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c3-s8","source":"— Прикажу я тебе ухи аль чего-нибудь, не чаем же ведь ты одним живешь, — крикнул Иван, по-видимому ужасно довольный, что залучил Алешу.","translation":"\"Let me order you some fish soup, or whatever you like — you don't live on tea alone, after all,\" cried Ivan, evidently terribly pleased at having lured Alyosha in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ухи","title":"ukha — Russian fish soup","body":"«Уха» is a clear broth-soup of fish, a Russian staple; here «ухи» is its genitive (partitive 'some fish soup') after «прикажу». It is not generic 'soup' but specifically the fish dish a tavern would serve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"al' — folksy 'or'","body":"«Аль» is a colloquial, rustic variant of «или» ('or'), flavoring Ivan's speech with a homely, everyday tone. It recurs below in «Алешка, аль нет?»"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не чаем же ведь ты одним живешь","title":"Stacked particles «же» and «ведь»; instrumental of means","body":"Two appeal-to-the-obvious particles pile up — «же» insisting, «ведь» invoking shared knowledge ('after all, you know') — coloring Ivan's coaxing. «Чаем одним» is instrumental ('on tea alone'), the means by which one lives; «жить чем-либо» governs the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"залучил","title":"Perfective of a single capture","body":"«Залучил» (perfective, from «залучить» 'to lure/get hold of') views Ivan's success in getting Alyosha to him as one accomplished event. The prefix за- adds a sense of 'managing to snag' someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прикажу","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me order"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прикажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Прикажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ухи","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Прикажу","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = or)","role":"coordinates ухи with чего-нибудь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, part of the indefinite чего-нибудь","role":"coordinated with ухи","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, part of the indefinite чего-нибудь","role":"part of the pronoun чего-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чаем","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живешь","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живешь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of живешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чаем","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"живешь","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Прикажу (parenthetical remark)","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb, part of по-видимому","role":"part of the adverb по-видимому, modifies довольный","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb, part of по-видимому","role":"part of the adverb по-видимому, modifies довольный","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольный","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"довольный","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing Иван (subject of крикнул)","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of залучил, complement of довольный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"залучил","lemma":"залучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of довольный","gloss":"had lured"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of залучил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c3-s9","source":"Сам он уж кончил обед и пил чай.","translation":"He himself had already finished his dinner and was drinking tea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж кончил обед и пил чай","title":"Perfective then imperfective: finished vs ongoing","body":"Aspect divides the line: «кончил» (perfective) reports a completed act — he had finished dinner — while «пил» (imperfective) holds the still-going state of drinking tea. The pair shows Russian's habit of marking 'done' against 'in progress' with verb shape alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had finished"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"his dinner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кончил","gloss":"was drinking"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пил","gloss":"tea"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c3-s10","source":"— Ухи давай, давай потом и чаю, я проголодался, — весело проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"Bring the fish soup, and tea afterward — I'm starving,\" said Alyosha cheerfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ухи давай, давай потом и чаю","title":"Imperative «давай» + partitive genitive","body":"«Давай» (imperative of «давать») here means 'give / bring / let's have'; the objects «ухи» and «чаю» both stand in the genitive as partitives ('some soup,' 'some tea'). «Чаю» is the special partitive genitive in -у that a few mass nouns keep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проголодался","title":"Reflexive perfective for entering a state","body":"«Проголодался» (from «проголодаться», -ся verb) means 'have grown hungry' — the prefix про- plus «-ся» mark a completed change into the state of hunger, hence 'I'm starving.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ухи","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давай","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давай","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давай","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проголодался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"проголодался","lemma":"проголодаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to давай","gloss":"am starving"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c3-s11","source":"— А варенья вишневого?","translation":"\"And some cherry preserves?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А варенья вишневого?","title":"Elliptical genitive offer with «а»","body":"The whole offer is one bare genitive phrase — «варенья вишневого» ('some cherry preserves'), partitive — with the verb 'do you want / shall I bring' left unsaid. The opening «а» is the soft topic-shifting 'and,' adding the preserves to the order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"варенье","title":"varenye — fruit preserves","body":"«Варенье» is whole-fruit preserve cooked in syrup, traditionally served by the spoonful with tea — a homely comfort, not jam on bread. Cherry («вишневое») preserves carry the childhood warmth Ivan invokes next."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"варенья","lemma":"варенье","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the implicit давай","gloss":"some preserves"},{"surface":"вишневого","lemma":"вишнёвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies варенья","gloss":"cherry"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c3-s12","source":"Здесь есть.","translation":"They have it here.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c3-s13","source":"Помнишь, как ты маленький у Поленова вишневое варенье любил?","translation":"Remember how, when you were little, you loved the cherry preserves at Polenov's?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты маленький… любил","title":"«маленький» as depictive; imperfective for habit","body":"«Ты маленький» means 'you [when] little,' the adjective standing in apposition to give 'back when you were small.' «Любил» is imperfective — the aspect of a lasting childhood fondness rather than a single act of loving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"when little"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Поленова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Поленова","lemma":"Поленов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"Polenov's"},{"surface":"вишневое","lemma":"вишнёвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies варенье","gloss":"cherry"},{"surface":"варенье","lemma":"варенье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"preserves"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Помнишь","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c3-s14","source":"— А ты это помнишь?","translation":"\"You remember that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты это помнишь?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» in dialogue","body":"Alyosha's «а» turns the conversation back on Ivan — 'and you, you remember that?' — the mild contrastive particle so constant in Russian exchange. It marks a pivot of attention, not real opposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помнишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c3-s15","source":"Давай и варенья, я и теперь люблю.","translation":"Bring the preserves too — I love them even now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давай и варенья, я и теперь люблю","title":"Repeated additive «и»","body":"«И» here is not 'and' but the additive particle 'too / also / even': «давай и варенья» ('the preserves too'), «я и теперь люблю» ('I love them even now'). The little word stacks Alyosha's assent onto Ivan's offer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies варенья (emphatic 'too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"варенья","lemma":"варенье","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Давай","gloss":"the preserves"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c3-s16","source":"Иван позвонил полового и приказал уху, чай и варенья.","translation":"Ivan rang for the waiter and ordered the fish soup, tea, and preserves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвонил полового и приказал уху, чай и варенья","title":"Perfective chain of single acts","body":"Two perfective verbs, «позвонил» ('rang [for]') and «приказал» ('ordered'), move the narrative forward as discrete completed events. The objects shift between accusative «уху» (the specific bowl) and partitive genitive «варенья» ('some preserves')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позвонил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"позвонил","lemma":"позвонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang for"},{"surface":"полового","lemma":"половой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвонил","gloss":"the waiter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвонил","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приказал","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уху","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"варенья","lemma":"варенье","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with уху","gloss":"preserves"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c3-s17","source":"— Я всё помню, Алеша, я помню тебя до одиннадцати лет, мне был тогда пятнадцатый год.","translation":"\"I remember everything, Alyosha — I remember you up to the age of eleven; I was about fifteen then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне был тогда пятнадцатый год","title":"Dative of age; ordinal year","body":"Age is framed impersonally with the dative experiencer: «мне был… год» ('to me there was a year') — literally 'I was in my fifteenth year.' The ordinal «пятнадцатый год» counts the year in progress, so it means 'about fourteen, going on fifteen.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помню","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of помню","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помню","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer subject of был (age construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to год","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пятнадцатый","lemma":"пятнадцатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"fifteenth"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c3-s18","source":"Пятнадцать и одиннадцать, это такая разница, что братья в эти годы никогда не бывают товарищами.","translation":"Fifteen and eleven — that's such a difference that at those ages brothers are never companions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"братья в эти годы никогда не бывают товарищами","title":"«бывают» habitual; instrumental predicate","body":"«Бывают» (imperfective of «бывать») is the iterative 'to be [habitually/generally]' — brothers at those ages 'are never' companions as a rule. The predicate noun «товарищами» stands in the instrumental, the normal case for a role-complement after a 'be' verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with одиннадцать, subject of the clause","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with Пятнадцать","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject referring to Пятнадцать и одиннадцать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of разница","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"разница","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of годы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывают","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разница","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"товарищами","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of бывают","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c3-s19","source":"Не знаю, любил ли я тебя даже.","translation":"I don't even know whether I loved you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил ли я тебя даже","title":"Embedded «ли» = 'whether'","body":"«Не знаю, любил ли я тебя» uses the enclitic «ли» to embed an indirect yes/no question: 'I don't know whether I loved you.' The focused word «любил» is fronted and «ли» clings just behind it; «даже» ('even') trails for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c3-s20","source":"Когда я уехал в Москву, то в первые годы я даже и не вспоминал об тебе вовсе.","translation":"When I went off to Moscow, in the first years I didn't even think of you at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда я уехал в Москву, то…","title":"«когда…, то…» correlative; prefixed motion","body":"«Уехал» is the perfective of prefixed motion (у- 'away' + -ехать), a single completed departure 'by vehicle.' The resumptive «то» picks up the «когда»-clause ('when…, [then]…'), a bookish correlative pairing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вспоминал об тебе вовсе","title":"Imperfective of non-remembering; archaic «об тебе»","body":"«Не вспоминал» is imperfective — the durative 'didn't think of you [over that whole time]' — reinforced by «вовсе» ('at all'). «Об тебе» (for modern «о тебе») keeps the older, fuller preposition before a vowel-like onset, a 19th-century touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспоминал","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative, = then)","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминал, part of даже и не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought of"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c3-s21","source":"Потом, когда ты сам попал в Москву, мы раз только, кажется, и встретились где-то.","translation":"Then, when you yourself ended up in Moscow, we met only once, I think, somewhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам попал в Москву","title":"Intensifier «сам»; perfective «попал»","body":"«Сам» ('yourself, in person') intensifies the subject — you too ended up there. «Попал» (perfective of «попасть») means 'landed up / found oneself somewhere,' often by chance, a single completed event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы раз только… и встретились где-то","title":"«-ся» reciprocal; indefinite «где-то»","body":"«Встретились» (from «встретиться», -ся) is reciprocal — 'we met [each other].' «Где-то» uses the clitic «-то» for a specific-but-unrecalled place ('somewhere'), exactly the vague-yet-real reference -то marks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретились","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встретились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to встретились","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встретились","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb, part of где-то","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb, part of где-то","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"somewhere"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c3-s22","source":"А вот здесь я уже четвертый месяц живу, и до сих пор мы с тобой не сказали слова.","translation":"And here I've already been living for a fourth month now, and so far we haven't exchanged a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я уже четвертый месяц живу","title":"Imperfective present for ongoing duration","body":"Russian uses the present «живу» (not a past) with «уже четвертый месяц» to mean 'I've been living [here] for a fourth month now' — an action begun in the past and still going. The ordinal «четвертый месяц» counts the month in progress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы с тобой не сказали слова","title":"Inclusive «мы с тобой»; genitive of negation","body":"«Мы с тобой» literally 'we with you' is the idiomatic Russian for 'you and I.' Under negation the object slips to genitive: «не сказали слова» ('haven't said a [single] word'), the genitive of negation lending a 'not even one' flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of живу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четвертый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal expression with живу","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've been living"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, idiom до сих пор","gloss":"until","note":"до сих пор is a fixed idiom meaning 'until now, so far'."},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пор, part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"head noun of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with живу","gloss":"exchanged"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказали (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c3-s23","source":"Завтра я уезжаю и думал сейчас, здесь сидя: как бы мне его увидать, чтобы проститься, а ты и идешь мимо.","translation":"Tomorrow I'm leaving, and just now, sitting here, I was thinking how I might see him to say goodbye — and then you come walking by.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"здесь сидя","title":"Imperfective gerund «сидя»","body":"«Сидя» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «сидеть» — 'while sitting [here].' This indeclinable verb-adverb attaches a simultaneous circumstance to the main verb «думал», sharing its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы мне его увидать","title":"«бы» of musing; dative subject; archaic «увидать»","body":"«Как бы мне… увидать» is a wondering-aloud irrealis: the particle «бы» plus dative «мне» plus infinitive yields 'how might I [manage to] see him.' «Увидать» is the older, colloquial perfective doublet of «увидеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжаю","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уезжаю","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уезжаю","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying думал","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question, modifies увидать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы = 'how ... might')","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of увидать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увидать","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement clause of думал","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проститься","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on увидать","gloss":"to say goodbye"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идешь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause introduced by а","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идешь","gloss":"by"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c3-s24","source":"— А ты очень желал меня увидать?","translation":"\"You really wanted to see me, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желал меня увидать","title":"Imperfective desire + perfective goal; archaic infinitive","body":"Imperfective «желал» ('wanted, was wanting') frames the standing wish, while its complement «увидать» (perfective) names the single hoped-for sighting — a typical desire-verb pairing. «Увидать» again keeps the archaic infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увидать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"увидать","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c3-s25","source":"— Очень, я хочу с тобой познакомиться раз навсегда и тебя с собой познакомить.","translation":"\"Very much. I want to get to know you once and for all, and to make myself known to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"познакомиться… тебя с собой познакомить","title":"«-ся» reciprocal vs transitive pair; reflexive «собой»","body":"The «-ся» verb «познакомиться [с тобой]» means 'get acquainted [with you],' reciprocal; its transitive twin «познакомить тебя с собой» means 'acquaint you with myself.' «Собой» is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя», pointing back to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раз навсегда","title":"raz navsegda — once and for all","body":"«Раз навсегда» (more usually «раз и навсегда») is the set phrase 'once and for all, definitively.' Ivan wants a settling-of-accounts kind of acquaintance, not a casual one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical answer to the previous question","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомиться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to get acquainted"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase раз навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познакомиться, idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of познакомить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of познакомить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"познакомить","lemma":"познакомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with познакомиться","gloss":"make known"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c3-s26","source":"Да с тем и проститься.","translation":"And with that, to say goodbye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да с тем и проститься","title":"Initiating «да»; «с тем» resumptive","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is the additive 'and [also]' continuing the thought, not 'yes.' «С тем» ('with that [purpose]') resumes the aim just stated; «и» adds 'as well' — 'and with that, to say goodbye too.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous statement","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проститься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проститься","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main infinitive of the sentence","gloss":"to say goodbye"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c3-s27","source":"По-моему, всего лучше знакомиться пред разлукой.","translation":"To my mind, the best time to get acquainted is right before parting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего лучше знакомиться пред разлукой","title":"Superlative «всего лучше»; archaic «пред»","body":"«Всего лучше» ('best of all') is the comparative «лучше» raised to a superlative by the genitive «всего» ('than everything'). «Пред» is the bookish, elevated variant of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «разлукой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моему, idiom по-моему","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по, idiom по-моему = 'in my opinion'","gloss":"my opinion","note":"по-моему is a fixed idiom meaning 'to my mind, in my opinion'."},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше, idiom всего лучше = 'best of all'","gloss":"best of all"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"знакомиться","lemma":"знакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject infinitive of лучше","gloss":"to get acquainted"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разлукой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"разлукой","lemma":"разлука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомиться","gloss":"parting"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c3-s28","source":"Я видел, как ты на меня смотрел все эти три месяца, в глазах твоих было какое-то беспрерывное ожидание, а вот этого-то я и не терплю, оттого и не подошел к тебе.","translation":"I've watched how you've been looking at me all these three months; there was a kind of ceaseless expectation in your eyes — and that is the very thing I can't bear, which is why I never came up to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я видел, как ты на меня смотрел","title":"«как» + imperfective for watching-in-progress","body":"«Видел, как ты… смотрел» — 'I saw how you were looking' — uses «как» to introduce a perceived ongoing action, both verbs imperfective to hold the months-long gaze as a continuous process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого-то я и не терплю","title":"Emphatic «-то» and focusing «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «этого» foregrounds it as the very thing in question, and «и» before the verb tightens the focus — 'that is precisely what I cannot bear.' Object «этого» is genitive of negation under «не терплю»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оттого и не подошел к тебе","title":"«оттого» causal; perfective prefixed motion","body":"«Оттого» means 'for that reason'; «не подошел» is the perfective of prefixed motion (под- 'up to' + -ойти) governing «к тебе» (dative after «к») — 'I didn't come up to you.' The single negated act is perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have watched"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"have looked"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of смотрел","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ожидание, part of какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"беспрерывное","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"ceaseless"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого, emphatic","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of терплю (genitive of negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic suffix)","role":"part of the phrase этого-то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of терплю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терплю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терплю","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can't bear"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, coordinated with терплю","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c3-s29","source":"Но в конце я тебя научился уважать: твердо, дескать, стоит человечек.","translation":"But in the end I learned to respect you: there's a little fellow, I'd say to myself, who stands firm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"научился уважать","title":"Perfective «-ся» of acquired ability","body":"«Научился» (perfective of «научиться», -ся) means 'came to / learned [how] to,' the «-ся» marking the change in the subject himself; its complement «уважать» stays imperfective ('to respect [habitually]')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"deskat' — 'as if to say'","body":"«Дескать» is a reportative particle flagging quoted or imagined inner speech — here Ivan voices the thought he formed about Alyosha ('there's a fellow, I'd say to myself, who stands firm'). It marks the words as a represented quotation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человечек","title":"chelovechek — a little fellow","body":"«Человечек» is the diminutive of «человек» ('person, man'), affectionate-condescending here — a 'little fellow.' The suffix mixes tenderness with Ivan's elder-brother loftiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of научился","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of научился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"научился","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of научился","gloss":"to respect"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"parenthetical, modifies стоит","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded thought (твердо стоит человечек)","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"little fellow"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c3-s30","source":"Заметь, я хоть и смеюсь теперь, но говорю серьезно.","translation":"Mind you, though I'm laughing now, I'm speaking in earnest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметь","title":"Imperative «заметь» as discourse marker","body":"«Заметь» (imperative of «заметить», 'note, observe') functions as 'mind you, note this' — an attention-directing aside, the perfective imperative urging a single act of noticing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и смеюсь… но говорю","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"The frame «хоть и [verb]… но [verb]» means 'though I do X, yet I Y' — a concessive contrast between «смеюсь» (laughing, with reflexive «-ся») and «говорю серьезно» (speaking in earnest)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative main verb addressing the listener","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеюсь, idiom хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"I'm laughing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause, contrasted with смеюсь","gloss":"I'm speaking"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c3-s31","source":"Ведь ты твердо стоишь, да?","translation":"You do stand firm, don't you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь ты твердо стоишь, да?","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»; tag «да?»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to what both already feel ('after all, surely'), and the trailing «да?» turns the statement into a tag question ('don't you?'). Together they make Ivan press warmly for confirmation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоишь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стоишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоишь","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"стоишь","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you stand"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"right?"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c3-s32","source":"Я таких твердых люблю, на чем бы там они ни стояли, и будь они такие маленькие мальчуганы, как ты.","translation":"I love such firm people, whatever it may be they stand on — even if they're such little boys as you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на чем бы там они ни стояли","title":"Concessive «как ни» / «что ни» pattern with «бы»","body":"«На чем бы… ни стояли» is the universal-concessive construction 'whatever they may stand on': interrogative «на чем» + «бы» + the «ни» that pairs with negation/concession + past-form verb. It grants every possible case at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь они такие маленькие мальчуганы","title":"Imperative «будь» as concessive 'even if'","body":"«Будь они…» uses a bare imperative of «быть» in a concessive sense — 'even were they / be they such little boys.' This frozen imperative-as-conditional is a vivid bookish turn. «Мальчуганы» is an affectionate word for 'little lads.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of твердых","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"твердых","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"firm people"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative на чем бы ... ни (whatever)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стояли, part of the correlative бы ... ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of люблю","gloss":"they stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative (concessive use), second, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the concessive clause (будь они = 'even if they were')","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мальчуганы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of маленькие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчуганы","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчуганы","lemma":"мальчуган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun of the concessive clause (будь они ... мальчуганы)","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, marking ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"compared to мальчуганы","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c3-s33","source":"Ожидающий взгляд твой стал мне вовсе под конец не противен; напротив, полюбил я наконец твой ожидающий взгляд… Ты, кажется, почему-то любишь меня, Алеша?","translation":"Toward the end that expectant look of yours stopped repelling me altogether; on the contrary, I came at last to love your expectant look… You seem, for some reason, to love me, Alyosha?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал мне вовсе… не противен","title":"Short adjective predicate «противен»; dative experiencer","body":"«Противен» is the short (predicative) form of «противный» ('repellent'), the form Russian uses after «стать»; «мне» is the dative of the one to whom it is repellent. So: 'your look stopped being repellent to me.' Short adjectives carry just this predicative, state-describing job."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ожидающий взгляд","title":"Present active participle «ожидающий»","body":"«Ожидающий» ('expectant, waiting') is the present active participle of «ожидать», declining like an adjective and condensing 'a look that waits/expects' into one word — the bookish device repeated twice in this line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему-то любишь меня","title":"Indefinite «почему-то»","body":"«Почему-то» = 'for some reason [or other],' the clitic «-то» marking a real but unidentified cause. It gives Ivan's question its half-puzzled tenderness — 'you love me, somehow, why I can't say.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ожидающий","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"expectant"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд, part of subject of стал","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer complement of противен","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противен","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец, idiom под конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стал, idiom под конец = 'toward the end'","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"противен","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"repugnant"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to полюбил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ожидающий","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"expectant"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel to любишь","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любишь, part of почему-то","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase почему-то = 'for some reason'","gloss":"some reason"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c3-s34","source":"— Люблю, Иван.","translation":"\"I do, Ivan.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люблю, Иван","title":"Pro-drop affirmative","body":"Alyosha answers with the bare verb «Люблю» ('[I] do [love]'), subject «я» dropped because the 1st-person ending says it all. Russian routinely replies by echoing the verb where English needs 'I do.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical answer)","gloss":"I do"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c3-s35","source":"Брат Дмитрий говорит про тебя: Иван — могила.","translation":"Brother Dmitri says of you: Ivan is a tomb.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит про тебя: Иван — могила","title":"«про» + accusative; zero-copula equation","body":"«Про тебя» ('about you') uses «про» + accusative, a slightly colloquial alternative to «о тебе». The verdict «Иван — могила» has no verb: present-tense 'X is Y' simply juxtaposes two nominatives with a dash for the missing copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"могила","title":"mogila — a grave (as 'sealed lips')","body":"Literally 'grave/tomb,' «могила» figuratively means one who keeps everything buried in silence — utterly close-mouthed. Dmitri's quip 'Ivan is a tomb' calls him impenetrably secretive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могила","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"могила","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"a tomb"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c3-s36","source":"Я говорю про тебя: Иван — загадка.","translation":"I say of you: Ivan is a riddle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загадка","title":"zagadka — riddle, enigma","body":"«Загадка» is a riddle or puzzle (from «загадать», 'to pose'); Alyosha's 'Ivan is a riddle' answers Dmitri's 'tomb' — less final, still unsolved. Another zero-copula equation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загадка","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"a riddle"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c3-s37","source":"Ты и теперь для меня загадка, но нечто я уже осмыслил в тебе, и всего только с сегодняшнего утра!","translation":"Even now you are a riddle to me, but something in you I've already worked out — and only since this very morning!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто я уже осмыслил в тебе","title":"Fronted object «нечто»; bookish indefinite","body":"«Нечто» ('something') is a bookish indefinite pronoun, fronted here for emphasis ahead of «я… осмыслил» — 'something I've already worked out.' The perfective «осмыслил» marks the figuring-out as accomplished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of загадка","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загадка","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of загадка","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"загадка","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"a riddle"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of осмыслил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осмыслил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмыслил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"осмыслил","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, contrasted with загадка","gloss":"worked out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of осмыслил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только, idiom всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сегодняшнего","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осмыслил","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c3-s38","source":"— Что ж это такое? — засмеялся Иван.","translation":"\"And what's that?\" Ivan laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж это такое?","title":"Particle «ж»; «что такое» idiom","body":"«Ж» is the reduced form of the emphatic «же», adding insistence ('well, what is it then?'). «Что это такое?» is the set idiom 'what's this / what on earth is that?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement correlating with Что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c3-s39","source":"— А не рассердишься? — засмеялся и Алеша.","translation":"\"You won't be angry?\" Alyosha laughed too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не рассердишься?","title":"Perfective future of «-ся»; preemptive «а»","body":"«Не рассердишься?» is the perfective future ('you won't get angry?') of the reflexive «рассердиться» — a perfective verb's present-form endings give future meaning. The opening «а» softly leads in the worry."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердишься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассердишься","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"you won't be angry"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c3-s40","source":"— Ну?","translation":"\"Well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c3-s41","source":"— А то, что ты такой же точно молодой человек, как и все остальные двадцатитрехлетние молодые люди, такой же молодой, молоденький, свежий и славный мальчик, ну желторотый, наконец, мальчик!","translation":"\"That you're exactly the same sort of young man as all the other twenty-three-year-olds — just as young, youthful, fresh, and fine a boy, well, in the end a green boy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой же точно… как и все остальные","title":"«такой же… как» comparison of likeness","body":"«Такой же… как (и)» is the frame 'just the same kind as,' with «же» reinforcing identity and «точно» ('exactly') sharpening it. It sets Alyosha's verdict that Ivan is no different from any other young man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двадцатитрехлетние","title":"Compound numeral adjective","body":"«Двадцатитрехлетние» ('twenty-three-year-old') fuses the number into a single declined adjective (двадцать-три-лет-ние). Russian readily builds such age-adjectives; it recurs as the noun «желторотости» below."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденький","title":"molodenkiy — ever so young","body":"«Молоденький» is the affectionate diminutive of «молодой» ('young'), formed with -еньк-, intensifying tenderness rather than degree — 'so young and youthful.' It piles up with «свежий и славный» in Ivan's fond cataloguing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"желторотый","title":"zheltoroty ('green', callow)","body":"«Желторотый» literally means 'yellow-throated' — the image of a fledgling bird with a yellow gape — and so figuratively 'callow, inexperienced.' We render it 'green.' Ivan applies it half-mockingly, half-tenderly to himself and Alyosha as young men who must still settle the 'eternal questions.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мальчик, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты, clause modifying то","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause, marking люди","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все, idiom как и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"двадцатитрехлетние","lemma":"двадцатитрёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"twenty-three-year-old"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head noun of the comparison clause introduced by как","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молодой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"молоденький","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодой","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодой","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славный","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодой","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing ты","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"желторотый","lemma":"желторотый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to мальчик","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c3-s42","source":"Что, не очень тебя обидел?","translation":"Well — I haven't offended you too badly?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не очень тебя обидел?","title":"Perfective past as gentle check","body":"«Обидел» (perfective of «обидеть», 'to offend') asks about one accomplished act — 'have I offended you?' The perfective looks at the offense as a completed whole whose result is now in question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"too badly"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I offended"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c3-s43","source":"— Напротив, поразил совпадением! — весело и с жаром вскричал Иван.","translation":"\"On the contrary, you've astounded me by the coincidence!\" Ivan cried, gaily and with warmth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразил совпадением","title":"Instrumental of means with «поразить»","body":"«Поразил совпадением» = 'struck/astounded [me] by the coincidence,' with «совпадением» in the instrumental naming what did the astounding. The verb «поразить» (perfective) regularly takes this instrumental of cause/means."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с жаром","title":"s zharom — with ardor","body":"«С жаром» (literally 'with heat') is the idiom 'ardently, fervently, with warmth' — «жар» being heat or fever-pitch feeling. It catches Ivan's sudden gust of enthusiasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to поразил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've astounded me"},{"surface":"совпадением","lemma":"совпадение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"the coincidence"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"warmth"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, modified by весело и с жаром","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c3-s44","source":"— Веришь ли, что я, после давешнего нашего свидания у ней, только об этом про себя и думал, об этой двадцатитрехлетней моей желторотости, а ты вдруг теперь точно угадал и с этого самого начинаешь.","translation":"\"Would you believe it — ever since our meeting earlier today at her place, I've been thinking about just this to myself, about this twenty-three-year-old greenness of mine, and now you suddenly hit on it exactly and begin with that very thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли","title":"Conversational «веришь ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» ('would you believe it') fronts «веришь» with the interrogative «ли» — a literary, button-holing aside that draws the listener in. It recurs as «поверишь ли» later in Ivan's monologue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только об этом про себя и думал","title":"Restrictive «только… и»; reflexive «про себя»","body":"The frame «только… и [verb]» means 'did nothing but / thought of only this' — «и» tightens the restriction set up by «только». «Про себя» ('to myself, inwardly') uses the reflexive «себя» after «про»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"желторотости","title":"zheltorotost' — greenness, callowness","body":"«Желторотость» is the abstract noun coined from «желторотый» (see s41) with the suffix -ость — 'the state of being green/callow.' Ivan turns the bird-image into a quality he broods over: his 'twenty-three-year-old greenness.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Веришь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"earlier today's","note":"colloquial/archaic adjective meaning \"of a little while ago\""},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свидания","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"her","note":"archaic genitive form of \"она\" after a preposition (modern \"неё\")"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Веришь","gloss":"I've been thinking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желторотости","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of желторотости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двадцатитрехлетней","lemma":"двадцатитрёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies желторотости","gloss":"twenty-three-year-old"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of желторотости","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"желторотости","lemma":"желторотость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"greenness","note":"literally \"yellow-beakedness\" — callow, fledgling naivety"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of угадал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"угадал","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"hit on it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"начинаешь","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"you begin"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c3-s45","source":"Я сейчас здесь сидел и знаешь что говорил себе: не веруй я в жизнь, разуверься я в дорогой женщине, разуверься в порядке вещей, убедись даже, что всё, напротив, беспорядочный, проклятый и, может быть, бесовский хаос, порази меня хоть все ужасы человеческого разочарования — а я все-таки захочу жить и уж как припал к этому кубку, то не оторвусь от него, пока его весь не осилю!","translation":"I was just sitting here, and do you know what I was saying to myself: even if I were to lose my faith in life, even if I were to grow disillusioned with the woman I love, disillusioned with the order of things, even if I were to become convinced that everything, on the contrary, is a disorderly, accursed, and perhaps devilish chaos, even if I were struck by all the horrors of human disenchantment — still I would want to live, and having once put my lips to this cup, I won't tear myself from it until I've drained the whole thing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не веруй я в жизнь, разуверься я… убедись… порази меня","title":"Imperative-as-conditional chain","body":"This famous tirade strings together bare imperatives used hypothetically — «не веруй я», «разуверься я», «убедись», «порази меня» — each meaning 'even were I to…' The 2nd-person imperative standing for an irrealis condition is a vivid, archaic-flavored syntax that drives the whole crescendo."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разуверься","title":"razuverit'sya — to lose one's faith in","body":"«Разувериться [в ком/чём]» is to become disillusioned, to lose belief in someone or something — the prefix раз- 'un-' undoing «уверить». It governs «в дорогой женщине» / «в порядке вещей» (prepositional after «в»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как припал к этому кубку, то не оторвусь","title":"«как… то» temporal; perfective futures","body":"«Как [я] припал…, то не оторвусь» = 'once I've put my lips to it, [then] I won't tear away,' the «как… то» pair giving 'as soon as.' Both «припал» and «оторвусь» (future) are perfective single acts; «не осилю» ('until I've drained it') is the perfective future after «пока… не»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of знаешь","gloss":"I was saying"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруй","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруй","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"irrealis clause parallel to сидел","gloss":"believe","note":"imperative form used in a hypothetical \"even if I don't...\" construction, not a real command"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веруй","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруй","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"разуверься","lemma":"разувериться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with веруй","gloss":"grow disillusioned","note":"same hypothetical-imperative construction as веруй"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разуверься","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщине","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разуверься","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"разуверься","lemma":"разувериться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with веруй","gloss":"grow disillusioned","note":"same hypothetical-imperative construction as веруй"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разуверься","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"убедись","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with веруй","gloss":"become convinced","note":"same hypothetical-imperative construction as веруй"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убедись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of беспорядочный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of беспорядочный","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying беспорядочный","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"беспорядочный","lemma":"беспорядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of убедись","gloss":"disorderly"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with беспорядочный","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying бесовский","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"\"может быть\" together = \"perhaps\""},{"surface":"бесовский","lemma":"бесовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хаос","gloss":"devilish"},{"surface":"хаос","lemma":"хаос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспорядочный","gloss":"chaos"},{"surface":"порази","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with веруй","gloss":"strike","note":"same hypothetical-imperative construction as веруй"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of порази","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ужасы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ужасы","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of порази","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разочарования","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"разочарования","lemma":"разочарование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ужасы","gloss":"of disenchantment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"still","note":"\"все-таки\" together = \"still, nevertheless\""},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сидел","gloss":"I would want"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припал","gloss":"once","note":"\"уж как\" together = \"once, having...\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase уж","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"припал","lemma":"припасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захочу","gloss":"I pressed my lips"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кубку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кубку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кубку","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припал","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оторвусь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оторвусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оторвусь","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"I'll tear myself away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оторвусь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осилю","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осилю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of его","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осилю","gloss":"not","note":"\"пока... не\" together means \"until\""},{"surface":"осилю","lemma":"осилить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оторвусь","gloss":"I've drained"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c3-s46","source":"Впрочем, к тридцати годам, наверно, брошу кубок, хоть и не допью всего и отойду… не знаю куда.","translation":"Though by the time I'm thirty I'll surely throw the cup aside, even if I haven't drunk it all, and walk away… I don't know where.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тридцати годам… брошу кубок","title":"Perfective future «брошу»; «к» + dative of time-by-which","body":"«Брошу» (perfective future of «бросить», 'to throw/cast aside') states a single completed future act. «К тридцати годам» uses «к» + dative for 'by [the time of] thirty,' the dative-of-deadline. «Допью» and «отойду» continue the perfective futures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впрочем","title":"«впрочем» — qualifying turn","body":"«Впрочем» ('though, however, then again') marks a self-correcting swerve — Ivan walks back the absolute resolve of the cup-speech. It is a favorite Dostoevskian hinge for a character second-guessing himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to брошу","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies годам","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"годам","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of брошу","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"брошу","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll throw aside"},{"surface":"кубок","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of брошу","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допью","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допью","gloss":"(intensifier)","note":"\"хоть и\" together = \"even if\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допью","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допью","lemma":"допить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"I drink up"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допью","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отойду","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брошу","gloss":"I'll walk away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"where"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c3-s47","source":"Но до тридцати моих лет, знаю это твердо, всё победит моя молодость — всякое разочарование, всякое отвращение к жизни.","translation":"But until I'm thirty, this I know for certain, my youth will conquer everything — every disillusionment, every revulsion against life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё победит моя молодость","title":"Object-first word order; perfective future","body":"The object «всё» ('everything') leads, with subject «моя молодость» ('my youth') held to the end as the stressed comment — 'everything my youth will conquer.' «Победит» is the perfective future of a decisive single victory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of победит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"победит","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"will conquer"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of победит","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of разочарование","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"разочарование","lemma":"разочарование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"disillusionment"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отвращение","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разочарование","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отвращение","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c3-s48","source":"Я спрашивал себя много раз: есть ли в мире такое отчаяние, чтобы победило во мне эту исступленную и неприличную, может быть, жажду жизни, и решил, что, кажется, нет такого, то есть опять-таки до тридцати этих лет, а там уж сам не захочу, мне так кажется.","translation":"I've asked myself many times: is there in the world any despair strong enough to overcome this frenzied and perhaps unseemly thirst for life in me — and I decided that, it seems, there is none — that is, again, only up until those thirty years, after which I myself won't want it anymore, or so it seems to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть ли в мире такое отчаяние, чтобы победило…","title":"«есть ли» question + «чтобы»-result clause","body":"«Есть ли… такое отчаяние, чтобы [оно] победило» asks 'is there a despair such that it would overcome' — «ли» frames the yes/no question, and «чтобы» + past-form «победило» gives the hypothetical, willed result clause attached to «такое»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — 'then again, once more'","body":"«Опять-таки» ('once again, all the same') is «опять» reinforced by the emphatic clitic «-таки». It flags Ivan circling back to the same proviso — only up to thirty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленную","title":"isstuplyonnaya — frenzied, frantic","body":"«Исступлённый» means 'frenzied, in a transport, beside oneself' — a strong, near-ecstatic word (from Church-Slavonic «исступити», из- + ступити, 'to step out of oneself' — not «иступить», 'to blunt/dull'). It marks the almost pathological intensity of Ivan's 'thirst for life,' which he calls «неприличной» ('unseemly')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спрашивал","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've asked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спрашивал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашивал","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of победило","gloss":"that would"},{"surface":"победило","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on есть","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of победило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of исступленную","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"исступленную","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажду","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неприличную","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with исступленную","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying неприличную","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"\"может быть\" together = \"perhaps\""},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of победило","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажду","gloss":"for life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спрашивал","gloss":"I decided"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying нет","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that","note":"\"то есть\" together = \"that is\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"again","note":"\"опять-таки\" together = \"again, still\""},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"I won't want"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кажется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"it seems"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c3-s49","source":"Эту жажду жизни иные чахоточные сопляки-моралисты называют часто подлою, особенно поэты.","translation":"This thirst for life certain consumptive, sniveling little moralists often call base — the poets especially.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сопляки-моралисты","title":"soplyaki — snot-noses","body":"«Сопляк» (from «сопли», 'snot') is a coarse, contemptuous word for a green, sniveling youngster — 'snot-nose.' Yoked to «моралисты» and «чахоточные» ('consumptive'), it makes a sneer at sickly young poet-moralists who would call the thirst for life 'base.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of называют","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажду","gloss":"for life"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сопляки","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"чахоточные","lemma":"чахоточный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сопляки","gloss":"consumptive"},{"surface":"сопляки","lemma":"сопляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of называют","gloss":"sniveling brats","note":"hyphenated compound \"сопляки-моралисты\" = \"sniveling little moralists\""},{"surface":"моралисты","lemma":"моралист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of называют","gloss":"moralists"},{"surface":"называют","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называют","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"подлою","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называют","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поэты","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"поэты","lemma":"поэт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to сопляки-моралисты","gloss":"the poets"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c3-s50","source":"Черта-то она отчасти карамазовская, это правда, жажда-то эта жизни, несмотря ни на что, в тебе она тоже непременно сидит, но почему ж она подлая?","translation":"It's a trait that is partly Karamazov, that's true — this thirst for life in spite of everything; it surely lodges in you too — but why should it be base?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Черта-то она… карамазовская","title":"Topic-clitic «-то»; resumptive «она»","body":"«Черта-то… она» fronts «черта» ('a trait') with the topic-marking «-то», then resumes it with the pronoun «она» — a spoken, emphatic dislocation: 'this trait, now — it's Karamazov.' The same pattern repeats in «жажда-то эта жизни»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря ни на что","title":"Concessive «несмотря ни на что»; negative concord","body":"«Несмотря ни на что» ('in spite of everything, no matter what') embeds the «ни»-intensifier inside «ни на что» — a fixed phrase showing Russian's negative concord even without a verb. It frames the thirst for life as unconditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему ж она подлая?","title":"Short adjective «подлая»? / particle «ж»","body":"Note the rhetorical «ж» (= «же») driving the challenge 'but why on earth should it be base?' «Подлая» here is the long-form predicate ('base, vile, mean-spirited'), the moralists' charge Ivan throws back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of карамазовская","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Черта","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of карамазовская","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies карамазовская","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"карамазовская","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with карамазовская","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"жажда","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with карамазовская","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жажда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажда","gloss":"for life"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"despite","note":"\"несмотря ни на что\" together = \"in spite of everything\""},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"(no matter)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with карамазовская","gloss":"lodges"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подлая","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подлая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c3-s51","source":"Центростремительной силы еще страшно много на нашей планете, Алеша.","translation":"There is still a terrible deal of centripetal force on our planet, Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Центростремительной силы еще страшно много","title":"Genitive of quantity after «много»","body":"«Много» ('much, a lot') governs the genitive — here «центростремительной силы» ('of centripetal force'), fronted for weight. «Страшно» ('terribly') is the colloquial intensifier 'an awful lot.' The grand physics term lands almost comically in tavern talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Центростремительной","lemma":"центростремительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"centripetal"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking планете","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of планете","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"планете","lemma":"планета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"planet"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c3-s52","source":"Жить хочется, и я живу, хотя бы и вопреки логике.","translation":"One wants to live, and so I live, even if it's against all logic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жить хочется","title":"Impersonal «хочется» with the experiencer unstated","body":"«Жить хочется» is the impersonal reflexive 'one wants to live / there's a wanting-to-live' — «хочется» (from «хотеться», -ся) needs no nominative subject and would take the experiencer in the dative if named. It frames desire as something that wells up rather than something willed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и вопреки логике","title":"Concessive «хотя бы»; «вопреки» + dative","body":"«Хотя бы и» means 'even if, even though' (concessive «хотя» + softening «бы»). «Вопреки логике» ('against / in defiance of logic') uses the preposition «вопреки», which governs the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one wants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of живу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"живу","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочется","gloss":"I live"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of логике","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"(even if)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопреки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вопреки","lemma":"вопреки","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking логике","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"логике","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живу","gloss":"logic"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c3-s53","source":"Пусть я не верю в порядок вещей, но дороги мне клейкие, распускающиеся весной листочки, дорого голубое небо, дорог иной человек, которого иной раз, поверишь ли, не знаешь за что и любишь, дорог иной подвиг человеческий, в который давно уже, может быть, перестал и верить, а все-таки по старой памяти чтишь его сердцем.","translation":"Let me grant that I don't believe in the order of things — still, the sticky little leaves unfurling in spring are dear to me, the blue sky is dear, a certain person is dear, whom at times — would you believe it — you love without knowing why; a certain human deed is dear, in which one may long ago have ceased to believe, yet which, out of old memory, one still reveres in one's heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть я не верю… но дороги мне…","title":"Concessive «пусть»; short adjective «дороги» + dative","body":"«Пусть [я не верю]» ('let it be that I don't believe / granted I don't believe') concedes a point. The reply pivots on the short predicative adjective «дороги/дорого/дорог» ('[is] dear') agreeing with each subject, with the dative «мне» for 'to me' — the bookish short form fitting the lyrical register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"распускающиеся весной листочки","title":"Present active participle «распускающиеся»","body":"«Распускающиеся» ('unfurling, coming into leaf') is a present active participle of the reflexive «распускаться», agreeing with «листочки» — a participle that itself carries «-ся». «Листочки» is the tender diminutive of «листья» ('little leaves'). This image of the sticky spring leaves becomes one of the book's keynotes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого… не знаешь за что и любишь","title":"Relative «которого» (animate gen./acc.); «за что»","body":"«Которого» is the relative pronoun in the genitive-looking accusative (animate) — 'whom… you love.' Embedded in it, «не знаешь за что» means 'without knowing why/for what,' and «и любишь» — 'and [yet] love.' A clause folded inside a clause, typical of Dostoevsky's run-on tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг","title":"podvig — a noble feat / spiritual exploit","body":"«Подвиг» is a heroic or self-sacrificing deed — in religious usage a spiritual 'feat' or ascetic labor. The word carries an exalted, almost sacred charge; «иной подвиг человеческий» = 'a certain human exploit' one reveres even after ceasing to believe in it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтишь","title":"chtish' — you revere","body":"«Чтишь» (from «чтить», 'to revere, honor') is an elevated, semi-archaic verb of veneration, stronger than «уважать». «По старой памяти» ('out of old memory, for old times' sake') pairs with it: one still honors the deed in one's heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"let it be that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядок","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies порядок","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, modifies листочки","gloss":"are dear"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дороги","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"клейкие","lemma":"клейкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies листочки","gloss":"sticky"},{"surface":"распускающиеся","lemma":"распускаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying листочки","gloss":"unfurling"},{"surface":"весной","lemma":"весна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распускающиеся","gloss":"in spring"},{"surface":"листочки","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"little leaves"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, modifies небо","gloss":"is dear"},{"surface":"голубое","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дорого","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies человек","gloss":"is dear"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дорог","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying любишь","gloss":"times","note":"\"иной раз\" together = \"at times\""},{"surface":"поверишь","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверишь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying человек","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies подвиг","gloss":"is dear"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дорог","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"человеческий","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking который","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying перестал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"\"может быть\" together = \"perhaps\""},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on подвиг","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтишь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтишь","gloss":"still","note":"\"все-таки\" together = \"still, nevertheless\""},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"старой","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтишь","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"чтишь","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with перестал","gloss":"one reveres"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтишь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of чтишь","gloss":"with one's heart"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c3-s54","source":"Вот тебе уху принесли, кушай на здоровье.","translation":"Here, they've brought your fish soup — eat it in good health.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уху принесли","title":"Indefinite-personal plural «принесли»","body":"«Принесли» ('[they] have brought') with no stated subject is the indefinite-personal construction: a 3rd-person plural meaning 'someone / they brought,' i.e. the waiters. The object «уху» is accusative (the specific bowl of soup)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кушай на здоровье","title":"kushay na zdorovye — eat in good health","body":"«Кушай» is the polite, hospitable imperative 'eat' (warmer than «ешь»), and «на здоровье» ('to your health, you're welcome') is the standard table blessing. Together a homely, kindly send-off to the meal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принесли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесли","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесли","gloss":"fish soup"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they've brought"},{"surface":"кушай","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принесли","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"in","note":"\"на здоровье\" together = \"in good health\""},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кушай","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c3-s55","source":"Уха славная, хорошо готовят.","translation":"The soup's first-rate; they cook well here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошо готовят","title":"Indefinite-personal «готовят»","body":"«Хорошо готовят» — '[they] cook well [here]' — again leaves the subject open in the 3rd-plural indefinite-personal: not specific people but 'the cooks, one, you.' Russian's neat way of saying 'the cooking is good.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"славная","title":"slavnaya — fine, splendid","body":"«Славный» colloquially means 'nice, fine, splendid' (not 'glorious' here) — «уха славная» = 'the soup's first-rate.' A warm, everyday term of approval."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уха","lemma":"уха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of славная","gloss":"the soup"},{"surface":"славная","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is first-rate"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовят","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"готовят","lemma":"готовить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with славная","gloss":"they cook"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c3-s56","source":"Я хочу в Европу съездить, Алеша, отсюда и поеду; и ведь я знаю, что поеду лишь на кладбище, но на самое, на самое дорогое кладбище, вот что!","translation":"I want to take a trip to Europe, Alyosha; I'll go straight from here — and you know, I know I'm going only to a graveyard, but to the dearest, the very dearest of graveyards, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съездить… поеду","title":"Prefixed motion: round-trip «съездить» vs. set-out «поеду»","body":"«Съездить» (perfective, с-…-ездить) means to make a round trip — 'go to Europe [and back]'; «поеду» (perfective future of «поехать») means to set off on the journey. The two prefixed motion verbs distinguish 'take a trip' from 'I'll set out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Европу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Европу","lemma":"Европа","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съездить","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"съездить","lemma":"съездить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to take a trip"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links отсюда and поеду","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause, parallel to хочу","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю (parenthetical emphasis)","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with поеду","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поеду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на кладбище","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кладбище","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кладбище","lemma":"кладбище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поеду","gloss":"a graveyard"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самое (repeated, broken off)","gloss":"to","note":"Ivan breaks off and restarts the phrase — a stylistic stammer, not an error."},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"superlative intensifier, modifies дорогое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кладбище","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"superlative intensifier, modifies дорогое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дорогое","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кладбище","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"кладбище","lemma":"кладбище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поеду, restates the destination","gloss":"graveyard"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of вот (exclamation)","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c3-s57","source":"Дорогие там лежат покойники, каждый камень над ними гласит о такой горячей минувшей жизни, о такой страстной вере в свой подвиг, в свою истину, в свою борьбу и в свою науку, что я, знаю заранее, паду на землю и буду целовать эти камни и плакать над ними, — в то же время убежденный всем сердцем моим, что всё это давно уже кладбище, и никак не более.","translation":"Precious dead lie buried there; every stone above them speaks of so ardent a past life, of such passionate faith in their own deed, their own truth, their own struggle, and their own learning, that I know beforehand I shall fall to the ground and kiss those stones and weep over them — convinced, at the very same time, with all my heart, that all of it has long since been a graveyard, and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гласит","title":"glasit — speaks, proclaims","body":"«Гласить» ('to say, proclaim, read [of an inscription]') is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavored verb sharing a root with «глас» ('voice'). Used of the gravestones that 'speak' of past life, it lifts the passage into a solemn register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"паду на землю и буду целовать… и плакать","title":"Perfective future «паду» vs. compound future «буду целовать»","body":"«Паду» (archaic perfective future of «пасть», 'to fall') names one decisive act, while «буду целовать… и плакать» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive) for the prolonged kissing and weeping. The aspect choice opposes the single fall to the lingering grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убежденный всем сердцем моим","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental","body":"«Убежденный» ('convinced') is a past passive participle agreeing with the implied 'I,' and «всем сердцем моим» ('with all my heart') is its instrumental of means/manner. The participle hangs the inner conviction onto the weeping figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорогие","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies покойники","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"покойники","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of камень","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гласит","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of гласит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"гласит","lemma":"гласить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежат","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"горячей","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"минувшей","lemma":"минувший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гласит","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вере","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страстной","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вере","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизни, oblique complement of гласит","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вере (content of the faith)","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истину","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подвиг (content of the faith)","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking борьбу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of борьбу","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"борьбу","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подвиг (content of the faith)","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of науку","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"науку","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подвиг (content of the faith)","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (such...that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of паду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying паду","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"паду","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I'll fall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of паду","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of целовать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with паду","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of камни","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целовать","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of плакать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies убежденный","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"убежденный","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying я (subject)","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежденный","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of убежденный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кладбище","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кладбище","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кладбище","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кладбище","lemma":"кладбище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of убежденный","gloss":"a graveyard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with кладбище","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c3-s58","source":"И не от отчаяния буду плакать, а лишь просто потому, что буду счастлив пролитыми слезами моими.","translation":"And I shall weep not out of despair, but simply because I'll be happy with the tears I've shed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не от отчаяния… а лишь просто потому, что","title":"«не… а» corrective; «потому что» cause","body":"«Не от отчаяния, а… потому что» is the corrective frame 'not out of X, but because Y' — «а» supplying the contrastive 'but.' «От отчаяния» ('from despair') is genitive of cause after «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастлив пролитыми слезами моими","title":"Short adjective «счастлив» + instrumental of cause","body":"«Счастлив» is the short predicative form of «счастливый» ('happy'), and «пролитыми слезами» (past passive participle «пролитые», 'shed,' + instrumental) gives the cause — 'happy with/because of the tears I've shed.' Short adjective plus instrumental is the idiomatic 'happy with.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от отчаяния","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакать","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просто","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of счастлив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастлив","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"пролитыми","lemma":"пролитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of счастлив","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c3-s59","source":"Собственным умилением упьюсь.","translation":"I'll be drunk on my own tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Собственным умилением упьюсь","title":"Instrumental object of «упиться»; fronted for weight","body":"«Упьюсь» (perfective future of «упиться», -ся, 'to get drunk on') governs the instrumental — «собственным умилением» ('on my own tender emotion'), fronted for rhetorical stress. The verb literally means 'drink oneself drunk,' here on feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"umilenie — tender emotion, being moved","body":"«Умиление» is a key Dostoevskian word: a melting tenderness, a being-moved-to-tears, with a spiritual coloring (it names a whole type of Orthodox icon of the Virgin). Ivan half-mocks himself for getting 'drunk' on his own such tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умилением","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упьюсь","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"упьюсь","lemma":"упиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll be drunk"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c3-s60","source":"Клейкие весенние листочки, голубое небо люблю я, вот что!","translation":"The sticky little spring leaves, the blue sky — those I love, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Клейкие весенние листочки… люблю я, вот что!","title":"Objects fronted, subject last; «вот что»","body":"The loved objects come first and «я» ('I') is held to the very end for emphatic close — the inverted weight of impassioned speech. «Вот что!» ('that's what!') is an emphatic clincher Ivan stamps on his declarations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клейкие","lemma":"клейкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies листочки","gloss":"sticky"},{"surface":"весенние","lemma":"весенний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies листочки","gloss":"little spring"},{"surface":"листочки","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"голубое","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of вот (exclamation)","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c3-s61","source":"Тут не ум, не логика, тут нутром, тут чревом любишь, первые свои молодые силы любишь… Понимаешь ты что-нибудь в моей ахинее, Алешка, аль нет? — засмеялся вдруг Иван.","translation":"It's not the mind, not logic — it's with the gut, with the entrails that you love; you love your first young powers… Do you understand anything of my nonsense, Alyoshka, or not?\" Ivan laughed suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нутром… чревом любишь","title":"Instrumental of means «нутром, чревом»","body":"«Нутром» ('with the gut/innards') and «чревом» ('with the belly/womb') are both instrumental — the means by which 'one loves.' «Любишь» is a generalizing 2nd-person ('you/one loves'). The bodily nouns make the love visceral, not rational."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрево","title":"chrevo — belly, womb (archaic/bookish)","body":"«Чрево» is the elevated, archaic-biblical word for belly or womb (cf. «чрево кита», the whale's belly), far weightier than «живот». Set beside the homely «нутро» ('innards, gut'), it gives the phrase a deliberately scriptural undertone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ахинея","title":"akhineya — nonsense, gibberish","body":"«Ахинея» is 'nonsense, twaddle, raving' — Ivan deprecatingly calls his own outpouring «моя ахинея». The word is colloquial-bookish and faintly self-mocking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"Alyoshka — familiar/rough form","body":"«Алешка» is the -ка form of Aleksei/Alyosha — more offhand and rougher than the tender «Алеша», marking the easy, slightly teasing intimacy that has grown between the brothers. Such name-shifts are themselves characterization in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (elided copula)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of тут","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies логика","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"логика","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ум","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel to тут (w1), heads next clause","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"нутром","lemma":"нутро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любишь, coordinated with чревом","gloss":"with the gut"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"чревом","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любишь","gloss":"with the entrails"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"powers"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel clause","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of Понимаешь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of Понимаешь","gloss":"-thing","note":"что-нибудь ('anything') is one indefinite pronoun split into two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ахинее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ахинее","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ахинее","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Понимаешь","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative question with нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Понимаешь (alternative)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Понимаешь","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c3-s62","source":"— Слишком понимаю, Иван: нутром и чревом хочется любить — прекрасно ты это сказал, и рад я ужасно за то, что тебе так жить хочется, — воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"\"I understand all too well, Ivan: to want to love with the gut and the entrails — that's beautifully put — and I'm terribly glad that you want so much to live,\" exclaimed Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рад я ужасно за то, что","title":"Short adjective «рад»; «за то, что» causal","body":"«Рад» exists only as a short (predicative) adjective — 'glad.' «За то, что…» ('glad for the fact that…') uses the correlative «то» plus «что» to name the cause of the gladness: that Ivan so wants to live."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе так жить хочется","title":"Dative experiencer with «хочется»","body":"«Тебе… жить хочется» = 'you so want to live,' the impersonal «хочется» (-ся) taking its experiencer «тебе» in the dative — no nominative subject. It echoes Ivan's own «жить хочется» (s52), now turned warmly back on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"all too well"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нутром","lemma":"нутро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочется","gloss":"with the gut"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чревом","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нутром","gloss":"with the entrails"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"explains понимаю (elaboration after colon)","gloss":"one wants"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочется","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate, coordinated with сказал","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of хочется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, explains то","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c3-s63","source":"— Я думаю, что все должны прежде всего на свете жизнь полюбить.","translation":"\"I think that everyone ought, above all else in the world, to come to love life.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все должны… жизнь полюбить","title":"Inceptive perfective «полюбить»; object fronted","body":"«Полюбить» is the perfective of «любить» whose prefix по- adds an inceptive sense — 'to come to love, fall to loving.' The object «жизнь» precedes the verb after the heavy adverbial «прежде всего на свете» ('above all in the world')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего (idiom: прежде всего = above all)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полюбить","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"come to love"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c3-s64","source":"— Жизнь полюбить больше, чем смысл ее?","translation":"\"To love life more than its meaning?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше, чем смысл ее","title":"Comparative «больше, чем»; possessive «ее»","body":"«Больше, чем» ('more than') is the standard comparative-with-clause; «больше» is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой». «Смысл ее» ('its meaning') uses the invariable 3rd-person possessive «ее», placed after its noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison (чем)","gloss":"the meaning"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c3-s65","source":"— Непременно так, полюбить прежде логики, как ты говоришь, непременно чтобы прежде логики, и тогда только я и смысл пойму.","translation":"\"Yes, absolutely so — to love it before logic, as you say, absolutely before logic, and only then will I understand its meaning too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы прежде логики","title":"«непременно чтобы» — willed condition","body":"«Непременно чтобы прежде логики» insists on a required condition with «чтобы» ('it absolutely must be that [one love] before logic'), the verb gapped. «Прежде логики» ('before logic') is the archaic preposition «прежде» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда только я и смысл пойму","title":"«только… и» restrictive; perfective future «пойму»","body":"«Тогда только… и пойму» = 'only then will I understand,' the «только… и» frame restricting the moment of comprehension. «Пойму» is the perfective future of «понять» — a single act of grasping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on так","gloss":"to love it"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies логики","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"логики","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говоришь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on полюбить","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде (repeats the emphasis)","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical purpose clause (love understood)","gloss":"so that","note":"чтобы прежде логики is elliptical — the verb 'love' from earlier is understood."},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies логики","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"логики","lemma":"логика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"logic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойму","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда только (only then)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смысл (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пойму","gloss":"the meaning"},{"surface":"пойму","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will understand"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c3-s66","source":"Вот что мне давно уже мерещится.","translation":"That's what has long been dawning on me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне давно уже мерещится","title":"Impersonal «мерещится» + dative","body":"«Мерещится» ('appears dimly, half-seems, haunts the mind') is a reflexive impersonal taking its experiencer in the dative «мне» — 'that's what has long been dawning on / haunting me.' No nominative subject; the vision simply 'shows itself' to one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мерещится","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещится","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещится","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мерещится","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been dawning"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c3-s67","source":"Половина твоего дела сделана, Иван, и приобретена: ты жить любишь.","translation":"Half your task is done, Ivan, and won: you love life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Половина… сделана, и приобретена","title":"Short passive participles «сделана, приобретена»","body":"Both «сделана» ('is done') and «приобретена» ('is won/acquired') are short past passive participles agreeing with feminine «половина» — the periphrastic resultative passive (быть understood). They state a result now achieved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сделана","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Половина","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"сделана","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is done"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приобретена","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделана","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любишь","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you love"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c3-s68","source":"Теперь надо постараться тебе о второй твоей половине, и ты спасен.","translation":"Now you must take pains over your second half, and you're saved.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо постараться тебе… и ты спасен","title":"Dative «тебе» + «надо»; short passive «спасен»","body":"«Надо… тебе постараться» is the dative-experiencer necessity construction ('you must take pains'), «надо» invariable and «тебе» dative. «Спасен» is the short past passive participle of «спасти» ('saved') — and freighted with the religious sense of salvation in Alyosha's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"постараться","lemma":"постараться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"take pains"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половине","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постараться","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спасен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спасен","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with the first clause","gloss":"are saved"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c3-s69","source":"— Уж ты и спасаешь, да я и не погибал, может быть!","translation":"\"Already saving me, are you — though maybe I was never lost!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж ты и спасаешь","title":"Particle «уж»; ironic «и»","body":"«Уж» (a reduced «уже»/emphatic particle) plus the focusing «и» gives a teasing, slightly mocking 'already saving me, are you.' «Спасаешь» is imperfective — the ongoing/attempted 'saving,' against the perfective «спасен» Alyosha just used."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и не погибал","title":"Imperfective negation «не погибал»","body":"«Не погибал» (imperfective past) means 'I was not [in the process of] perishing / I was never being lost' — the imperfective denying the whole state, vs. a perfective 'didn't perish [once].' «Может быть» trails as 'perhaps.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасаешь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спасаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies спасаешь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спасаешь","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saving"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of погибал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибал (not even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погибал","lemma":"погибать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спасаешь","gloss":"was lost"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = maybe), modifies погибал","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c3-s70","source":"А в чем она, вторая твоя половина?","translation":"And what is it, this second half of yours?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А в чем она, вторая твоя половина?","title":"Prepositional «в чем»; postposed possessive","body":"«В чем [она]?» asks 'in what does it consist?' — «в чем» being «что» in the prepositional after «в». «Вторая твоя половина» postposes «твоя» between the ordinal and noun, a natural Russian ordering."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (in what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of половина","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with она","gloss":"half"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c3-s71","source":"— В том, что надо воскресить твоих мертвецов, которые, может быть, никогда и не умирали.","translation":"\"It lies in this: that you must resurrect your dead, who perhaps never died at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо воскресить твоих мертвецов","title":"Animacy: accusative «мертвецов» = genitive","body":"«Мертвецов» ('the dead') is animate masculine plural, so its accusative borrows the genitive form — «воскресить твоих мертвецов» ('resurrect your dead'). «Воскресить» ('to raise from the dead') carries an unmistakable resurrection-resonance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые… никогда и не умирали","title":"Relative «которые»; negated imperfective + «и»","body":"«Которые… не умирали» — 'who never died' — the relative «которые» (nominative, subject of its clause) agreeing in number with «мертвецов». «Никогда… и не умирали» layers «никогда» (negative concord) with focusing «и» for 'never even died at all.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"воскресить","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"resurrect"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мертвецов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мертвецов","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of воскресить","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умирали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps), modifies умирали","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умирали","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies умирали (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умирали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умирали","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мертвецов","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c3-s72","source":"Ну давай чаю.","translation":"Well, bring on the tea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давай чаю","title":"Imperative «давай» + partitive genitive «чаю»","body":"Again «давай» ('bring / let's have') with the partitive genitive «чаю» ('some tea') — the special -у partitive. A breezy 'bring on the tea,' deflating the high talk back to the table."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring on"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давай (partitive)","gloss":"tea","note":"Partitive genitive after давай — 'some tea', not the nominative."}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c3-s73","source":"Я рад, что мы говорим, Иван.","translation":"I'm glad we're talking, Ivan.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"говорим","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"are talking"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Ivan","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c3-s74","source":"— Ты, я вижу, в каком-то вдохновении.","translation":"\"You're in some sort of inspired mood, I see.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каком-то вдохновении","title":"Prepositional «в… вдохновении»; indefinite «каком-то»","body":"«В… вдохновении» ('in [a state of] inspiration') is the prepositional after «в». «Каком-то» ('some sort of') uses the clitic «-то» for a real but vaguely-defined state — Ivan eyeing Alyosha's exalted mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied copula (predicate: в вдохновении)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (I see)","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдохновении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вдохновении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вдохновении","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"вдохновении","lemma":"вдохновение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Ты","gloss":"inspiration"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c3-s75","source":"Ужасно я люблю такие professions de foi вот от таких… послушников.","translation":"I'm terribly fond of such professions de foi from novices like you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушников","title":"poslushnik — a novice","body":"«Послушник» (genitive plural «послушников») is a monastic novice — one still under «послушание» ('obedience'), not yet tonsured a monk (from «слушать», 'to obey/listen'). Ivan teasingly classes Alyosha among such 'novices,' fitting his monastery life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond of"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of professions","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"professions","lemma":"professions","morphology":"word (French)","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"professions","note":"French phrase left untranslated by Dostoevsky, as in the original — a marker of educated-class speech."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on professions","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"foi","lemma":"foi","morphology":"word (French)","role":"depends on professions","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таких","gloss":"like these"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушников","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of послушников","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"послушников","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"novices"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c3-s76","source":"Твердый ты человек, Алексей.","translation":"You're a firm man, Alexei.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Твердый ты человек, Алексей","title":"Fronted predicate; full name «Алексей»","body":"«Твердый ты человек» fronts the predicate adjective for emphasis — 'a firm man, you are.' Note Ivan switching to the full, dignified «Алексей» (vs. earlier «Алеша/Алешка»), lending the compliment weight — a small act of characterization through naming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing ты","gloss":"Alexei"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c3-s77","source":"Правда, что ты из монастыря хочешь выйти?","translation":"Is it true that you want to leave the monastery?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из монастыря хочешь выйти","title":"«из» + genitive of exit; perfective «выйти»","body":"«Из монастыря» ('out of the monastery') is genitive after «из», the preposition of motion-out-of. «Выйти» is the perfective of prefixed motion (вы- 'out' + -йти) — to leave/exit, a single completed departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, complement clause with что","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of Правда","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to leave"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c3-s78","source":"— Правда.","translation":"\"It's true.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c3-s79","source":"Мой старец меня в мир посылает.","translation":"My elder is sending me out into the world.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в мир посылает","title":"Accusative of motion «в мир»; imperfective «посылает»","body":"«В мир» ('into the world') is accusative after «в» expressing motion-toward. «Посылает» is imperfective present for the elder's standing decision now unfolding — 'is sending [me] out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылает","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посылает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посылает","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"посылает","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sending"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c3-s80","source":"— Увидимся еще, стало быть, в миру-то, встретимся до тридцати-то лет, когда я от кубка-то начну отрываться.","translation":"\"We'll see each other again, then, out in the world — we'll meet before I'm thirty, when I start to tear myself from the cup.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидимся… встретимся","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» perfective futures","body":"«Увидимся» and «встретимся» are perfective futures of the reciprocal «-ся» verbs ('we'll see each other,' 'we'll meet') — single future encounters. Both lack a stated object because «-ся» supplies the 'each other.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в миру-то… до тридцати-то лет… от кубка-то","title":"Reiterated topic-clitic «-то»","body":"Ivan peppers the line with the emphatic «-то» («миру-то», «тридцати-то», «кубка-то»), each tagging a known topic with a colloquial nudge — 'out in the world, you know,' 'before thirty, mind.' Note also the special locative «в миру» (stressed -у́, 'in the [secular] world'), distinct from «в мире»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидимся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll see each other"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Увидимся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть ('that is to say'), parenthetical","gloss":"so","note":"Fixed idiom «стало быть» = 'that is to say'; rendered here simply as 'then.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase стало быть, complement of стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Увидимся","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic particle on миру","gloss":"just","note":"Colloquial enclitic «-то» adds emphasis; it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"встретимся","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Увидимся","gloss":"we'll meet"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic particle on тридцати","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретимся","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начну","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кубка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кубка","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрываться","gloss":"the cup"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic particle on кубка","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретимся","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"отрываться","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"to tear myself away"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c3-s81","source":"Отец вот не хочет отрываться от своего кубка до семидесяти лет, до восьмидесяти даже мечтает, сам говорил, у него это слишком серьезно, хоть он и шут.","translation":"Father, now, doesn't want to tear himself from his cup until he's seventy — he even dreams of eighty, he said so himself; with him it's all too serious, buffoon though he is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочет отрываться от своего кубка","title":"Reflexive «свой»; «-ся» verb + «от» + genitive","body":"«Отрываться от… кубка» ('to tear oneself from the cup') is a «-ся» verb governing «от» + genitive. «Своего» is the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'his own [cup],' pointing back to the father as subject (using «его» would mean someone else's cup)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть он и шут","title":"Concessive «хоть… и»","body":"«Хоть он и шут» = 'buffoon though he is,' the concessive «хоть… и» conceding the father's clowning while insisting his cup-clinging is 'too serious.' «Шут» ('jester, buffoon') is Fyodor Pavlovich's defining role in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Отец","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"отрываться","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to tear himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кубка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кубка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кубка","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрываться","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"семидесяти","lemma":"семьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отрываться","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восьмидесяти","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"восьмидесяти","lemma":"восемьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of мечтает","gloss":"eighty"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечтает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мечтает","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun, subject of говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of серьезно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of серьезно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to хочет","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"шут","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"buffoon"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c3-s82","source":"Стал на сладострастии своем и тоже будто на камне… хотя после тридцати-то лет, правда, и не на чем, пожалуй, стать, кроме как на этом…","translation":"He has taken his stand on his sensuality, and on that too as though on rock… though after thirty, true enough, there's perhaps nothing else left to stand on but that…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал на сладострастии своем… на камне","title":"«стать на» + prepositional; reflexive «своем»","body":"«Стал на… [чём-то]» ('took his stand on') governs the prepositional «сладострастии», «камне». «Своем» (reflexive «свой») fixes the sensuality as the father's own. The image 'as though on rock' faintly travesties the Gospel of building on rock."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастие","title":"sladostrastie — voluptuousness, lust","body":"«Сладострастие» (literally 'sweet-passion') is sensual voluptuousness, carnal lust — a defining Karamazov vice and a key term running through the novel. It names old Fyodor Pavlovich's whole 'foundation' in life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на чем… стать, кроме как на этом","title":"Negative «не на чем»; «кроме как»","body":"«Не на чем стать» is the negative existential 'there's nothing to stand on,' the «ни/не» welded into «не на чем». «Кроме как на этом» ('except on this') adds the lone exception. A bleak little syntax for a bleak thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has taken his stand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастии","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сладострастии","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Стал","gloss":"sensuality"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сладострастии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies камне","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison на камне","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"камне","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Стал","gloss":"rock"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying Стал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic particle on тридцати","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"true enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical remark, modifies стать","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase кроме как, marking этом","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c3-s83","source":"Но до семидесяти подло, лучше до тридцати: можно сохранить «оттенок благородства», себя надувая.","translation":"But to keep at it till seventy is vile — better to stop at thirty: one can preserve \"a tinge of nobility\" while deceiving oneself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до семидесяти подло, лучше до тридцати","title":"Impersonal predicate «подло»; comparative «лучше»","body":"«Подло» here is the impersonal neuter predicative ('[it is] vile [to keep at it] till seventy'), no subject — the dative-experiencer pattern with an evaluative adverb. «Лучше до тридцати» ('better [to stop] at thirty') uses the bare comparative «лучше»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя надувая","title":"Imperfective gerund «надувая»; reflexive «себя»","body":"«Надувая» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «надувать» ('to deceive, fool') — 'while deceiving [oneself],' a simultaneous circumstance sharing the main subject. Its object «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to that subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оттенок благородства","title":"ottenok blagorodstva — a tinge of nobility","body":"«Оттенок» is a shade or nuance (of color, of meaning), here 'a tinge' of «благородство» ('nobility, high-mindedness'). The phrase sits in guillemets in the source as an ironic, quoted catch-phrase — the self-flattering gloss one keeps while really deceiving oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семидесяти","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"семидесяти","lemma":"семьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of подло","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is vile"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"parallel clause to подло","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тридцати","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to подло","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"сохранить","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"preserve"},{"surface":"оттенок","lemma":"оттенок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сохранить","gloss":"a tinge"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оттенок","gloss":"of nobility"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of надувая","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"надувая","lemma":"надувать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сохранить","gloss":"deceiving"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c3-s84","source":"Не видал сегодня Дмитрия?","translation":"Have you not seen Dmitri today?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не видал сегодня Дмитрия?","title":"Pro-drop question; archaic «видал»","body":"Subjectless «не видал?» drops «ты» — the verb ending and context suffice ('[you] haven't seen…?'). «Видал» is the colloquial/archaic imperfective beside «видел». Animate «Дмитрия» takes the genitive-form accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c3-s85","source":"— Нет, не видал, но я Смердякова видел.","translation":"\"No, I haven't seen him, but I did see Smerdyakov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но я Смердякова видел","title":"Object-fronting for contrast; animacy","body":"«Я Смердякова видел» fronts the object «Смердякова» (animate, accusative = genitive form) before the verb to set the new name in contrastive focus against the absent Dmitri — 'but Smerdyakov I did see.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"answer particle, head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"haven't"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"did see"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c3-s86","source":"— И Алеша рассказал брату наскоро и подробно о своей встрече с Смердяковым.","translation":"And Alyosha hurriedly but in detail recounted to his brother his meeting with Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказал брату наскоро и подробно","title":"Dative indirect object «брату»; perfective narration","body":"«Рассказал брату» — 'recounted to his brother' — puts the recipient «брату» in the dative (indirect object) and the perfective «рассказал» moves the narrative on as one completed telling, despite the adverb «подробно» ('in detail')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"to his brother"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with наскоро, modifies рассказал","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встрече","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встрече","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"встрече","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встрече","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c3-s87","source":"Иван стал вдруг очень озабоченно слушать, кое-что даже переспросил.","translation":"Ivan suddenly began to listen very intently, and even questioned him again about a thing or two.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал… слушать… переспросил","title":"Inceptive «стал» + infinitive; perfective «переспросил»","body":"«Стал слушать» ('began to listen') is the common inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive, opening a stretch of listening; «переспросил» (perfective, пере- 'asking again') punctuates it with single re-questions. The prefix пере- here means 'over again.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озабоченно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушать","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"particle, part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что","role":"part of the phrase кое-что, direct object of переспросил","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, part of the indefinite pronoun кое-что","role":"part of the phrase кое-что, direct object of переспросил","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переспросил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушать","gloss":"asked again"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c3-s88","source":"— Только он просил меня брату Дмитрию не сказывать о том, что он о нем говорил, — прибавил Алеша.","translation":"\"Only he asked me not to tell brother Dmitri what he'd said about him,\" Alyosha added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"просил… не сказывать… о том, что","title":"Negated imperfective infinitive; «о том, что»","body":"Under «просил… не [делать]» Russian normally uses the imperfective infinitive — «не сказывать» ('not to tell') — for a request to refrain. «О том, что он… говорил» uses correlative «то» (prepositional after «о») + «что» for 'about what he had said.' «Сказывать» is a folksy/archaic 'to tell.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of просил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказывать","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of просил","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to просил","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c3-s89","source":"Иван нахмурился и задумался.","translation":"Ivan frowned and fell to thinking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нахмурился и задумался","title":"Inceptive perfective «-ся» verbs","body":"Both «нахмурился» ('frowned, knit his brows') and «задумался» ('fell to thinking, grew pensive') are perfective «-ся» verbs of entering a state — the prefix за- in «задумался» specifically marking the onset of brooding. A single, vivid pair of completed acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурился","gloss":"fell to thinking"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c3-s90","source":"— Ты это из-за Смердякова нахмурился? — спросил Алеша,","translation":"\"Did you frown on account of Smerdyakov?\" Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за Смердякова нахмурился","title":"«из-за» + genitive of cause","body":"«Из-за Смердякова» ('on account of / because of Smerdyakov') uses the compound preposition «из-за» governing the genitive (here the animate-genitive «Смердякова»). «Из-за» of cause often carries a faintly negative 'because of [the trouble of]' coloring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle, modifies нахмурился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking Смердякова","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking Смердякова","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нахмурился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you frown"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нахмурился","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c3-s91","source":"— Да, из-за него.","translation":"\"Yes, on his account.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"answer particle, head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking него","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c3-s92","source":"К черту его, Дмитрия я действительно хотел было видеть, но теперь не надо… — неохотно проговорил Иван.","translation":"To the devil with him — I really did want to see Dmitri, but there's no need now…\" Ivan said reluctantly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было видеть","title":"The «было» of an abandoned intention","body":"«Хотел было видеть» uses the special particle «было» — a frozen neuter past of «быть» that marks an action begun or intended but then broken off or reversed: 'I did want to see him [but…].' Ivan's very next words ('but there's no need now') complete the cancellation. This «было» recurs in «отрезал было» (s99) and «спросить было» (s117)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"К черту его","title":"k chyortu — to the devil with him","body":"«К черту [его]» ('to the devil with him') is a brusque dismissive idiom, «к черту» = dative after «к» ('to the devil'). One of several devil-oaths («черт возьми», «Э, черт») that pepper Ivan's irritated speech in this scene — pointed, given his coming reckoning with the devil."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the interjection phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies черту","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary marking an interrupted action, with хотел","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"неохотно","lemma":"неохотно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хотел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c3-s93","source":"— А ты в самом деле так скоро уезжаешь, брат?","translation":"\"And are you really leaving so soon, brother?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самом деле так скоро уезжаешь","title":"«в самом деле» idiom; imperfective present-for-future","body":"«В самом деле» ('really, in fact') intensifies the question. «Уезжаешь» is imperfective present used for a planned near-future departure ('are you leaving so soon') — Russian often uses the present this way for scheduled events."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжаешь","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжаешь","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"уезжаешь","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c3-s94","source":"— Да.","translation":"\"Yes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c3-s95","source":"— Что же Дмитрий и отец?","translation":"\"And what of Dmitri and father?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же Дмитрий и отец?","title":"Elliptical «что же…?»; particle «же»","body":"«Что же [с] Дмитрием и отцом?» is clipped to 'and what [about] Dmitri and father?' — verb and preposition gapped. «Же» adds the pressing, anxious nuance ('but what of…?') so characteristic of worried questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Что","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c3-s96","source":"Чем это у них кончится? — тревожно промолвил Алеша.","translation":"How will it all end between them?\" Alyosha said anxiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем это у них кончится?","title":"Instrumental «чем» with «кончиться»","body":"«Кончиться чем» ('to end in/with something') governs the instrumental, so «чем» (instrumental of «что») asks 'how / in what will it end?' «У них» ('between them, at theirs') localizes the quarrel to Dmitri and the father."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промолвил","title":"promolvil — uttered, said (bookish)","body":"«Промолвить» is an elevated, literary verb for 'to utter, say [a few words],' more measured than «сказать». Dostoevsky's narration favors such speech-verbs («проговорил», «вскричал», «отрезал») to color each line's delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвил","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"промолвил","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кончится","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолвил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c3-s97","source":"— А ты всё свою канитель!","translation":"\"There you go again, harping on the same string!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё свою канитель","title":"kanitel' — the same old rigmarole","body":"«Канитель» literally is fine metallic thread/tinsel, but idiomatically a tedious, drawn-out business — «тянуть канитель» = 'to drag things out.' «Всё свою канитель!» = 'there you go, harping on the same old string!' «Свою» is the reflexive «свой» ('your [own]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты всё свою канитель!","title":"Verbless exclamation; «всё» = 'always at it'","body":"The sentence has no verb — «А ты всё свою канитель!» — 'always [up to] your same rigmarole!' Here «всё» is the adverb 'still / always, constantly,' and the missing verb (тянешь, заводишь) is felt rather than said, the clipped exasperation of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of канитель","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies канитель","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of канитель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"канитель","lemma":"канитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of an elided verb, head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"same old story"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c3-s98","source":"Да я-то тут что?","translation":"What have I got to do with it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да я-то тут что?","title":"Initiating «да»; emphatic «я-то»","body":"«Да» opens with exasperated emphasis ('why,'); «я-то» uses the contrastive clitic «-то» to set the speaker apart — 'I, for my part, what have I to do with it?' The phrase is elliptical, the verb 'have to do' implied by «тут»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic particle attached to я","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c3-s99","source":"Сторож я, что ли, моему брату Дмитрию? — раздражительно отрезал было Иван, но вдруг как-то горько улыбнулся.","translation":"Am I my brother Dmitri's keeper?\" Ivan snapped irritably — but suddenly gave a kind of bitter smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сторож я, что ли, моему брату","title":"Tag particle «что ли»; dative «моему брату»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial dubitative tag ('or what? / am I…?') built on the question particle «ли». «Сторож… моему брату» puts the one watched-over in the dative — 'a keeper to my brother.' The whole is the Russian rendering of Cain's biblical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрезал было… но вдруг… улыбнулся","title":"«отрезал было» — checked action; «-ся» perfective","body":"«Отрезал было» again uses «было» for an action cut short — he 'snapped [it out]' but then the sentence turns with «но вдруг… улыбнулся». «Отрезать» figuratively = 'to retort curtly'; «улыбнулся» is the perfective reflexive 'gave a smile.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the question","gloss":"keeper"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сторож","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag phrase что ли ('is it?')","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag phrase что ли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брату","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of Сторож","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брату","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary marking an abrupt action, with отрезал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part of как-то","role":"part of the adverb как-то, modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, part of как-то","role":"part of the adverb как-то, modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезал","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c3-s100","source":"— Каинов ответ богу об убитом брате, а?","translation":"\"Cain's answer to God about his murdered brother, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об убитом брате","title":"Past passive participle «убитом»","body":"«Убитом» is the past passive participle of «убить» ('killed, murdered'), declined in the prepositional to agree with «брате» after «об» — 'about [his] murdered brother.' The participle quietly carries the whole horror of Abel's — and the foreshadowed — killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каинов","lemma":"каинов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"Cain's"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответ","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"убитом","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies брате","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag particle, head of its own phrase","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c3-s101","source":"Может быть, ты это думаешь в эту минуту?","translation":"Maybe that's what you're thinking at this moment?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в эту минуту","title":"Accusative of time-point «в эту минуту»","body":"«В эту минуту» ('at this moment') uses «в» + accusative for a point in time — the accusative (not prepositional) being the case for clock-time and 'this very moment' expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase может быть ('maybe'), modifies думаешь","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are thinking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаешь","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c3-s102","source":"Но, черт возьми, не могу же я в самом деле оставаться тут у них сторожем?","translation":"But, devil take it, I really can't stay on here as their keeper, can I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу же я… оставаться тут… сторожем","title":"Particle «же»; instrumental predicate «сторожем»","body":"«Же» injects exasperated insistence into the rhetorical 'I really can't…can I?' The predicate «сторожем» ('as their keeper') stands in the instrumental — the case for a role assumed after «оставаться» ('to remain [as]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оставаться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сторожем","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"as keeper"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c3-s103","source":"Дела кончил и еду.","translation":"I've finished my business and I'm off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дела кончил и еду","title":"Perfective «кончил» vs. present «еду»","body":"«Кончил» (perfective past, 'finished') reports a completed deed; «еду» is the present of the unidirectional motion verb «ехать» used for an imminent departure — 'I'm off [going].' The pairing crisply opposes done business to imminent leaving. The clipped «Дела кончил и еду» repeats verbatim at s106, a refrain of Ivan's resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"my business"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кончил","gloss":"I'm off"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c3-s104","source":"Уж не думаешь ли ты, что я ревную к Дмитрию, что я отбивал у него все эти три месяца его красавицу Катерину Ивановну.","translation":"You're not thinking, are you, that I'm jealous of Dmitri, that all these three months I've been trying to steal his lovely Katerina Ivanovna from him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не думаешь ли ты, что","title":"«уж не… ли» — suspicious question","body":"«Уж не… ли» is a fixed dubitative frame voicing a suspicion one expects denied: 'you're not [seriously] thinking…, are you?' «Уж» colors it, «ли» questions it. A favorite of touchy, defensive speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревную к Дмитрию… отбивал у него","title":"«ревновать к» + dative; «отбивать у» + genitive","body":"«Ревновать к [кому]» ('to be jealous of') takes «к» + dative («к Дмитрию»). «Отбивать [кого] у [кого]» ('to lure/steal away from') takes «у» + genitive («у него») for the one robbed. Two governed prepositions doing precise emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ревную","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ревную","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ревную","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"am jealous"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрию","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревную","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отбивал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отбивал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отбивал","lemma":"отбивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"was trying to steal"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбивал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of месяца","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"time adverbial modifying отбивал","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies красавицу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"красавицу","lemma":"красавица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбивал","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to красавицу","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c3-s105","source":"Э, черт, у меня свои дела были.","translation":"Bah, the devil — I had my own affairs to attend to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня свои дела были","title":"«у меня… были» possession; reflexive «свои»","body":"Possession is framed with «у меня… были» ('I had…,' literally 'by me there were'). «Свои дела» ('my own affairs') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», stressing they were his own, no one else's. «Э, черт» is an exasperated interjection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"bah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel exclamation to Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c3-s106","source":"Дела кончил и еду.","translation":"I've finished my business and I'm off.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кончил","gloss":"I'm off"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c3-s107","source":"Дела давеча кончил, ты был свидетелем.","translation":"I finished that business just now — you were a witness to it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"davecha — a little while ago","body":"«Давеча» is an archaic/colloquial adverb meaning 'a short while ago, earlier today' — squarely period vocabulary now lost from standard speech. Ivan uses it twice (cf. s44 «давешнего») to point back to the scene at Katerina Ivanovna's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты был свидетелем","title":"Instrumental predicate «свидетелем»","body":"«Ты был свидетелем» ('you were a witness') puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after past-tense «был» — the standard case for a role or state held in the past, where the present tense would take a bare nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of кончил","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a witness"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c3-s108","source":"— Это давеча у Катерины Ивановны?","translation":"\"That was just now, at Katerina Ivanovna's?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of давеча","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"was just now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c3-s109","source":"— Да, у ней, и разом развязался.","translation":"\"Yes, at her place, and in one stroke I broke free.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разом развязался","title":"«-ся» middle «развязался»; adverb «разом»","body":"«Развязался» (from «развязаться», -ся) literally 'came untied,' here figuratively 'I broke free / got myself disentangled' — the «-ся» giving the middle, self-affecting sense. «Разом» ('in one stroke, all at once') marks the suddenness Ivan keeps stressing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"her place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развязался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"развязался","lemma":"развязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke free"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c3-s110","source":"И что ж такое? Какое мне дело до Дмитрия?","translation":"And what of it? What is Dmitri to me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое мне дело до Дмитрия?","title":"«какое мне дело до» — dative + genitive idiom","body":"«Какое мне дело до [кого]?» is the set phrase 'what concern is X to me? / what do I care about X?' — dative «мне» for the person concerned, «до Дмитрия» genitive after «до» for the matter. A crisp dismissive idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Какое","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Какое","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c3-s111","source":"Дмитрий тут ни при чем.","translation":"Dmitri has nothing to do with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий тут ни при чем","title":"Idiom «ни при чём»; negative concord","body":"«Ни при чём» ('has nothing to do with it, is not involved') is a fixed phrase with the «ни»-intensifier fused into «при чём» (prepositional after «при»). It shows Russian's negative-concord habit even in a frozen idiom — 'Dmitri is in no way mixed up in it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"to do with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it","note":"the idiom ни при чём means \"nothing to do with it.\""}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c3-s112","source":"У меня были только собственные дела с Катериною Ивановною.","translation":"I had only my own affairs with Katerina Ivanovna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собственные дела с Катериною Ивановною","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»; «с» + instrumental","body":"«С Катериною Ивановною» ('with Katerina Ivanovna') uses «с» + instrumental, with the older, fuller feminine instrumental ending «-ою/-ею» (vs. modern «-ой/-ей») — a 19th-century literary flavor. «Собственные дела» = 'my own affairs.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собственные","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катериною","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановною","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катериною","gloss":"Ivanovna"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c3-s113","source":"Сам ты знаешь, напротив, что Дмитрий вел себя так, как будто был в заговоре со мной.","translation":"You know yourself that, on the contrary, Dmitri behaved as though he were in league with me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто был в заговоре со мной","title":"«как будто» comparison; «был» + locative state","body":"«Как будто» ('as if, as though') introduces an unreal comparison of Dmitri's behavior. «Был в заговоре со мной» ('was in collusion with me') uses «в заговоре» (prepositional, a state) and «со мной» («с» + instrumental, the older «со» before consonant clusters)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам ты знаешь","title":"Emphatic «сам»; fronting","body":"«Сам ты знаешь» ('you yourself know') fronts the intensifier «сам» for stress — appealing to Alyosha's own knowledge. «Сам» agrees with the subject in gender/number and emphasizes 'in person, of your own knowledge.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying вел","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to заговоре","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заговоре","lemma":"заговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"league"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies заговоре","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c3-s114","source":"Я ведь не просил его нисколько, а он сам мне торжественно ее передал и благословил.","translation":"After all, I never asked him for anything, and he himself solemnly handed her over to me and gave us his blessing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь не просил его нисколько","title":"Particle «ведь»; intensified negation «нисколько»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to the obvious ('after all, you know'). «Нисколько» ('not in the least, not at all') is a «ни»-negative adverb co-occurring with «не просил» — negative concord, the doubled negation meaning a single emphatic 'not at all.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просил","gloss":"for anything"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передал","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просил","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with передал","gloss":"gave his blessing"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c3-s115","source":"Это всё смеху подобно.","translation":"The whole thing is laughable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смеху подобно","title":"smekhu podobno — laughable, absurd","body":"«Смеху подобно» ('like [a thing] of laughter, ridiculous') is a bookish idiom; «подобно» ('like, similar to') governs the dative «смеху». It crisply dismisses the whole affair as absurd — 'the thing's a joke.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подобно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подобно","gloss":"a laugh"},{"surface":"подобно","lemma":"подобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is like"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c3-s116","source":"Нет, Алеша, нет, если бы ты знал, как я себя теперь легко чувствую!","translation":"No, Alyosha, no — if only you knew how light I feel now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты знал, как я себя… легко чувствую","title":"Conditional «если бы»; reflexive «себя чувствовать»","body":"«Если бы ты знал» ('if only you knew') is the irrealis conditional — «если бы» + past-form «знал» — used here as an exclamatory wish. «Себя… чувствую» ('I feel') idiomatically takes the reflexive «себя» plus an adverb («легко», 'light'); «как» heads the embedded clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"feel"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c3-s117","source":"Я вот здесь сидел и обедал и, веришь ли, хотел было спросить шампанского, чтоб отпраздновать первый мой час свободы.","translation":"I was sitting here dining, and, would you believe it, I nearly asked for champagne to celebrate my first hour of freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было спросить шампанского","title":"«хотел было»; partitive genitive «шампанского»","body":"Once more «хотел было» marks a checked impulse — 'I nearly / was about to ask [but didn't].' «Шампанского» is partitive genitive ('some champagne'), as the object of an order/request. «Чтоб отпраздновать» gives the purpose with «чтоб» (= «чтобы») + infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was dining"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"[interrogative]"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел, forms 'almost did' construction","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to ask for"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отпраздновать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отпраздновать","lemma":"отпраздновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросить","gloss":"to celebrate"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпраздновать","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"of freedom"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c3-s118","source":"Тьфу, полгода почти — и вдруг разом, всё разом снял.","translation":"Ugh — almost half a year — and then suddenly, in one stroke, I shook it all off at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг разом, всё разом снял","title":"Perfective «снял»; reiterated «разом»","body":"«Снял» (perfective of «снять», 'to take off, lift off') images shedding the burden of the affair as one decisive act — 'I shook it all off.' The doubled «разом… всё разом» ('at one stroke, all at once') hammers the suddenness. «Тьфу» is the spitting interjection of disgust ('ugh, pah')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тьфу","lemma":"тьфу","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"полгода","lemma":"полгода","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topicalized duration adverbial","gloss":"half a year"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полгода","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"in one stroke"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook off"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c3-s119","source":"Ну подозревал ли я даже вчера, что это, если захотеть, то ничего не стоит кончить!","translation":"Why, even yesterday, did I so much as suspect that this, if one only wished it, would cost nothing at all to end!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подозревал ли я даже вчера","title":"Rhetorical «ли»-question; imperfective «подозревал»","body":"The fronted «подозревал ли я» with «ли» makes an exclamatory rhetorical question — 'did I even suspect…?!' (i.e. I never did). The imperfective «подозревал» views the suspecting as a state ongoing 'even yesterday.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если захотеть, то ничего не стоит кончить","title":"Infinitive conditional «если захотеть»; impersonal «ничего не стоит»","body":"«Если захотеть» uses a bare perfective infinitive as a general condition ('if one [only] wished it'), resumed by «то». «Ничего не стоит [+ infinitive]» is the impersonal idiom 'it costs nothing / is no trouble at all to…,' with genitive «ничего» under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"[interrogative]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотеть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"захотеть","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоит","gloss":"one wished"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive, introduces стоит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подозревал","gloss":"would cost"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to end"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c3-s120","source":"— Ты про любовь свою говоришь, Иван?","translation":"\"You're speaking of your love, Ivan?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты про любовь свою говоришь","title":"«про» + accusative; reflexive «свою»","body":"«Про любовь» ('about [your] love') uses the colloquial «про» + accusative for the topic of speech (vs. «о любви»). «Свою» is the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'your own love,' referring back to the subject «ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are speaking"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c3-s121","source":"— Любовь, если хочешь, да, я влюбился в барышню, в институтку.","translation":"— Love, if you like — yes, I fell in love with a young lady, a girl fresh out of school.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбился в барышню","title":"«влюбиться в» + accusative","body":"The reflexive perfective «влюбился» ('fell in love') governs «в» + the accusative «барышню», «институтку» — motion-toward 'into' love. The -ся marks a change of state (становление), not a true reflexive; the single completed act sits in the perfective past."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"институтка","title":"«институтка» — an Institute girl","body":"A graduate (or pupil) of one of the Institutes for Noble Maidens — boarding schools for gentry daughters. The word connoted a sheltered, sentimental, impractical young lady; here it sharpens 'barышня' into a precise social type."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барышня","title":"«барышня» — a young lady","body":"A diminutive of «барыня» (a gentlewoman), «барышня» is the unmarried daughter of the gentry — 'miss', 'young lady'. The genteel register matters: Ivan is placing the woman socially before naming her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on влюбился","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies влюбился","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of влюбился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Любовь","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышню","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"барышню","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"a young lady"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking институтку","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"институтку","lemma":"институтка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to барышню","gloss":"a girl fresh out of school"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c3-s122","source":"Мучился с ней, и она меня мучила.","translation":"I suffered over her, and she tormented me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мучился с ней, и она меня мучила","title":"Same verb, mirrored: «мучился» vs «мучила»","body":"The chiasmus turns on aspect-neutral imperfectives describing ongoing torment. The reflexive «мучился с ней» ('I suffered, was in torment over her') versus transitive «она меня мучила» ('she tormented me') — the same root «муч-» staged reciprocally, with -ся making the first intransitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мучился","title":"Dropped subject","body":"The past tense «мучился» is masculine -л with no pronoun: the -л-form's gender (here masculine) and the context carry 'I', so «я» is freely omitted — colloquial, breathless narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I suffered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мучился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мучила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Мучился","gloss":"tormented"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c3-s123","source":"Сидел над ней… и вдруг всё слетело.","translation":"I would sit over her for hours… and then all at once it was gone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сидел над ней… и вдруг всё слетело","title":"Imperfective backdrop, perfective snap","body":"«Сидел» (imperfective past) paints a habitual, durative scene — 'I would sit over her'; then «вдруг всё слетело» (perfective past) lands the sudden single event. The aspect switch is the sentence's whole drama: standing background, then one decisive 'flew off'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слетело","title":"«слетело» — 'it flew off / fell away'","body":"From «слететь», to fly off, drop away in an instant. Used of the feeling vanishing — the neuter «всё … слетело» makes the emotion an autonomous thing that simply took flight, an idiom of abrupt disenchantment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I would sit"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сидел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетело","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слетело","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слетело","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сидел","gloss":"was gone"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c3-s124","source":"Давеча я говорил вдохновенно, а вышел и расхохотался — веришь этому.","translation":"Earlier I spoke with such fervor, and then I walked out and burst out laughing — can you believe it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a short while ago'","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'earlier today, just now'. It recurs like a refrain through this scene (давеча… давеча-то…), tying everything to the afternoon's events at Katerina Ivanovna's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил … а вышел и расхохотался","title":"The contrastive «а» and an aspect pivot","body":"«а» is the mild adversative 'and/but', marking a turn rather than flat opposition: imperfective «говорил» (was speaking, with feeling) gives way to perfective «вышел и расхохотался» (walked out and burst out laughing). The prefix «рас-» in «расхохотался» signals sudden, full-blown onset of laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"вдохновенно","lemma":"вдохновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"with fervor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расхохотался","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"can you believe"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of веришь","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c3-s125","source":"Нет, я буквально говорю.","translation":"No, I mean it literally.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"буквально говорю","title":"Present-tense imperfective for an ongoing claim","body":"«говорю» (1st-sg present, second conjugation: говорю, говоришь… говорят) — 'I am saying / I mean'. The imperfective present states the standing assertion; the dropped «я» is normal since the ending already marks first person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean it"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c3-s126","source":"— Ты и теперь так это весело говоришь, — заметил Алеша, вглядываясь в его в самом деле повеселевшее вдруг лицо.","translation":"— You speak of it so cheerfully even now, — remarked Alyosha, peering into his face, which had in fact suddenly brightened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядываясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «вглядываясь»","body":"A деепричастие in -ясь ('peering, gazing into') expressing action simultaneous with the main verb «заметил». It shares Alyosha's subject and is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration: the remark and the searching look happen at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повеселевшее вдруг лицо","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«повеселевшее» (from «повеселеть», to brighten up) is a past active participle in -вшее, agreeing with neuter «лицо» — 'the face which had suddenly brightened'. It compresses a который-clause into one adjective, bookish but vivid."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — 'in fact, really'","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase meaning 'indeed, in actual fact'. Here it underscores that the brightening was genuine, not Alyosha's imagining."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говоришь","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom 'в самом деле' (in fact), modifies повеселевшее","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning \"in fact/indeed.\""},{"surface":"повеселевшее","lemma":"повеселеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицо","gloss":"brightened"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повеселевшее","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c3-s127","source":"— Да почем же я знал, что я ее вовсе не люблю!","translation":"— How was I to know that I did not love her at all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почем же я знал","title":"«почём» + the particle «же»","body":"Colloquial «почём» ('how, by what means') plus the insistent particle «же» gives an exasperated rhetorical question — 'how on earth was I to know!'. «же» carries the emotional pressure English can only put in stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не люблю","title":"Intensified negation «вовсе не»","body":"«вовсе не» = 'not at all', strengthening the basic negator «не» before «люблю». A recurring intensifier in this chapter (вовсе не люблю, не пойду вовсе), it is emphatic, total denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"почем","lemma":"почём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was I to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"did not love"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c3-s128","source":"Хе-хе!","translation":"Heh-heh!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"heh"},{"surface":"хе","lemma":"хе","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated exclamation","gloss":"heh"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c3-s129","source":"Вот и оказалось, что нет.","translation":"And so it turned out that I didn't.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось, что нет","title":"Impersonal «оказалось»","body":"«оказалось» is a neuter impersonal perfective — 'it turned out' — with no nominative subject; the «что»-clause supplies the content. The bare «нет» ('not / no') stands for the whole negated predicate 'that I don't [love her]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"I didn't"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c3-s130","source":"А ведь как она мне нравилась!","translation":"And yet how I liked her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она мне нравилась","title":"«нравиться» + dative experiencer","body":"Russian says not 'I liked her' but «она мне нравилась» — 'she was pleasing to me': the liked thing is the nominative subject, the liker stands in the dative «мне». The imperfective past «нравилась» (fem., agreeing with «она») gives the durative 'how I used to like her'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь","title":"«а ведь» — 'and yet, after all'","body":"The contrastive «а» plus appealing particle «ведь» opens an exclamation that leans on shared feeling — 'and yet, you know, how I liked her!'. «ведь» invites Alyosha to grant the point."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравилась","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies нравилась","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нравилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нравилась","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appealed to me"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c3-s131","source":"Как она мне даже давеча нравилась, когда я речь читал.","translation":"How I liked her even earlier today, while I was reading out my speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я речь читал","title":"Imperfective «читал» for an ongoing 'while'","body":"In the «когда»-clause the imperfective past «читал» frames a backdrop of duration — 'while I was reading out my speech' — against which the liking held. Word order «речь читал» (object before verb) is the neutral spoken rhythm here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нравилась","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нравилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравилась","gloss":"earlier today"},{"surface":"нравилась","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appealed to me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of читал","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нравилась","gloss":"was reading"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c3-s132","source":"И знаешь ли, и теперь нравится ужасно, а между тем как легко от нее уехать.","translation":"And you know, I like her terribly even now — and yet how easy it is to walk away from her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаешь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» in «знаешь ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» following the fronted verb makes a softened, literary 'do you know'. More elevated than plain intonation, it is a favourite of Dostoevsky's confiding narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как легко от нее уехать","title":"Impersonal «легко» + infinitive","body":"«легко … уехать» is an impersonal predicate with a neuter adverb plus infinitive — 'how easy it is to drive away'. The prefixed perfective «уехать» (у- 'away' on the motion verb «ехать») names a clean departure; «от неё» takes the genitive after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нравится","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"I like her"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравится","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'между тем' (meanwhile)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легко","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate, modifies уехать","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival subject of легко","gloss":"to walk away"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c3-s133","source":"Ты думаешь, я фанфароню?","translation":"Do you think I'm bragging?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фанфароню","title":"«фанфаронить» — to brag, swagger","body":"From «фанфарон» (a braggart, swaggerer; via French fanfaron). The 1st-sg «фанфароню» means 'am I showing off, putting it on?'. A slightly dandyish loanword fitting Ivan's self-aware tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of фанфароню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"фанфароню","lemma":"фанфаронить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думаешь","gloss":"am bragging"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c3-s134","source":"— Нет.","translation":"— No.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c3-s135","source":"Только это, может, не любовь была.","translation":"Only perhaps it wasn't love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не любовь была","title":"Predicate nominative with past «была»","body":"Alyosha keeps the predicate noun «любовь» in the nominative ('it wasn't love'), not the expected predicate instrumental, because the subject is the demonstrative «это»: «это … не любовь была» equates two things rather than ascribing a role. The hedging «может» ('perhaps') and word order put 'love' last for weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любовь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying любовь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to любовь","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c3-s136","source":"— Алешка, — засмеялся Иван, — не пускайся в рассуждения о любви!","translation":"— Alyoshka, — laughed Ivan, — don't go launching into discourses about love!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — the rough-affectionate name","body":"Alongside gentle «Алёша» (from Алексей), the suffix -ка in «Алёшка» is familiar and bantering, sometimes a touch rough. Ivan's slide between Алёша and Алёшка tracks his shifting tenderness toward his brother."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пускайся в рассуждения","title":"Negative imperative «не пускайся»","body":"A reflexive imperfective imperative («пускаться» 'to launch into') under «не» — a negated command warning against an ongoing course of action: 'don't go launching into…'. Imperfective is normal in such prohibitions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka","note":"Male name — a diminutive of Alyosha, not feminine."},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пускайся","lemma":"пускаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go launching"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассуждения","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рассуждения","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of пускайся","gloss":"discourses"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рассуждения","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c3-s137","source":"Тебе неприлично.","translation":"It doesn't become you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе неприлично","title":"Dative + impersonal «неприлично»","body":"A subjectless construction: dative «тебе» plus the neuter predicative «неприлично» ('improper, unbecoming') — 'it doesn't become you'. The person affected is in the dative, with no nominative subject at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of неприлично","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (short form, predicate)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is unbecoming"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c3-s138","source":"Давеча-то, давеча-то ты выскочил, ай!","translation":"Earlier, just earlier, how you sprang up, oh my!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давеча-то, давеча-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on a topic","body":"The hyphenated «-то» fastens emphasis onto a known topic — 'as for earlier, earlier!' — and the doubling drives the excitement. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выскочил","title":"«выскочить» — to spring up / leap out","body":"Perfective «вы-» ('out') on «скочить/скакать»; 'how you sprang up'. With the interjection «ай!» it captures Alyosha's impulsive earlier defence of Ivan as a single vivid bound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"earlier","note":"Давеча is a colloquial/archaic adverb for 'a while ago, earlier today.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to Давеча","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил, repeats for emphasis","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to давеча","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation expressing surprise","gloss":"oh my"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c3-s139","source":"Я еще и забыл поцеловать тебя за это… А мучила-то она меня как!","translation":"I even forgot to kiss you for it… And how she tormented me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А мучила-то она меня как","title":"Fronted «-то» plus exclamatory «как»","body":"Word order is wholly expressive: verb-first «мучила-то» with the topic-emphatic «-то», then subject «она», object «меня», and the exclamation «как!» thrown to the end — 'and how she tormented me!'. Free order serves emphasis, not grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл, reinforces еще","gloss":"even","note":"еще и together forms the intensifier 'even.'"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поцеловать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic, modifies мучила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мучила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"modifies мучила","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c3-s140","source":"Воистину у надрыва сидел.","translation":"Truly, I was sitting in the grip of a laceration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрыв","title":"nadryv ('laceration')","body":"«надрыв» literally means a 'tear' or 'rip' (from «надрывать», to rend). Dostoevsky uses it for a self-wounding, self-dramatizing emotional state — a love that feeds on its own pain. We render it 'laceration'; the word is so central to this Book that the title of Book IV is built on the plural «надрывы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Воистину","title":"«воистину» — 'verily, truly'","body":"A solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavoured 'truly' (the answer to the Paschal greeting: «Воистину воскресе!»). Ivan drops this elevated word into self-mockery, lending his confession of «надрыв» a mock-liturgical gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у надрыва сидел","title":"«у» + genitive of position","body":"«у надрыва» ('at, beside the laceration') uses «у» + genitive; literally 'I was sitting at a надрыв'. The spatial idiom turns the emotional state into a place one sits beside — a striking, almost physical metaphor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрыва","gloss":"in the grip of"},{"surface":"надрыва","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"a laceration","note":"Надрыв is a key Dostoevsky term for a self-tormenting emotional outburst."},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c3-s141","source":"Ох, она знала, что я ее люблю!","translation":"Oh, she knew that I loved her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я ее люблю","title":"«что»-clause of reported fact","body":"«знала, что я её люблю» — the subordinating «что» introduces a plain reported fact (contrast «чтобы» for willed/hypothetical). The imperfective present «люблю» inside the past-frame reports the love as ongoing at that time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c3-s142","source":"Любила меня, а не Дмитрия, — весело настаивал Иван.","translation":"It was me she loved, not Dmitri, — Ivan insisted cheerfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любила меня, а не Дмитрия","title":"Verb-first focus, animate accusative","body":"Fronting the verb «Любила» throws the weight onto the object contrast «меня, а не Дмитрия». «Дмитрия» shows the animate accusative borrowing the genitive ending -а — the case alone distinguishes him as object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"настаивал","title":"Imperfective «настаивал» — durative insisting","body":"The imperfective past «настаивал» ('kept insisting') with the adverb «весело» paints Ivan's insistence as a continuing manner, not a single act — fitting the playful tone Dostoevsky stages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Любила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c3-s143","source":"— Дмитрий только надрыв.","translation":"— Dmitri is only a laceration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дмитрий только надрыв","title":"Zero-copula metaphor","body":"'Dmitri is only a laceration' — no verb 'to be' in the present, two nominatives juxtaposed. The reuse of «надрыв» as a predicate makes Ivan's brother into the very thing the love-tangle is: a self-inflicted wound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate надрыв)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надрыв","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"надрыв","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, describes Дмитрий","gloss":"a laceration"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c3-s144","source":"Всё, что я давеча ей говорил, истинная правда.","translation":"Everything I told her earlier today is the honest truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё, что я давеча ей говорил","title":"Relative «что» after correlative «всё»","body":"«Всё, что…» — 'everything that…' — uses «что» as a relative pronoun tied to the correlative «всё», a common bookish pattern. «ей» is the dative addressee of «говорил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истинная правда","title":"«истинная правда» — 'the honest truth'","body":"«истинный» ('true, genuine') is a more elevated, book-register cousin of «настоящий»; «истинная правда» is a set emphatic phrase, 'the very truth'. The doubling (true + truth) is idiomatic intensification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил, introduces relative clause on Всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"earlier today"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Всё","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"истинная","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, describes Всё","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c3-s145","source":"Но только в том дело, самое главное, что ей нужно, может быть, лет пятнадцать аль двадцать, чтобы догадаться, что Дмитрия она вовсе не любит, а любит только меня, которого мучает.","translation":"But here's the thing, the chief thing — she may need fifteen years, or twenty, to figure out that she doesn't love Dmitri at all, but loves only me, whom she torments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей нужно … лет пятнадцать аль двадцать","title":"Dative of need + numeral governing genitive","body":"Impersonal «ей нужно» ('she needs', lit. 'to her [it is] necessary') sets the experiencer in the dative. The numeral phrase «лет пятнадцать» inverts noun and number for approximation ('some fifteen years'), with «лет» the genitive plural of «год» demanded by 'five and above'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы догадаться","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы догадаться» ('in order to realise') — «чтобы» with a bare infinitive expresses purpose when the subject is the same. The perfective «догадаться» views the realisation as a single achieved insight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня, которого мучает","title":"Relative «которого» in its own case","body":"«которого мучает» — the relative «который» agrees with its antecedent «меня» in gender/number but takes the accusative «которого» its own clause requires ('whom she torments'). The clause folds back on Ivan as the tormented object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"A colloquial, peasant-flavoured variant of «или» ('or'). Dropped into Ivan's educated speech, «аль» gives a deliberately homely, offhand shrug to 'fifteen years or twenty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate в том)","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms superlative with главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дело","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"clausal complement of дело/главное","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies лет пятнадцать аль двадцать","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head noun quantified by пятнадцать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"approximation numeral quantifying лет","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links лет пятнадцать and двадцать","gloss":"or","note":"Аль is a colloquial/dialectal form of или ('or')."},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"coordinated with пятнадцать","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of догадаться","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying нужно","gloss":"figure out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадаться","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучает","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мучает","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on меня","gloss":"torments"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c3-s146","source":"Да, пожалуй, и не догадается она никогда, несмотря даже на сегодняшний урок.","translation":"And likely she'll never figure it out at all, despite even today's lesson.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не догадается она никогда","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"«не догадается … никогда» pairs the verbal negator «не» with the negative adverb «никогда» — Russian's obligatory double negation, one meaning ('she'll never figure it out'). The perfective future «догадается» (perfective conjugated = future) names the single insight that won't come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря даже на сегодняшний урок","title":"«несмотря на» + accusative","body":"The concessive preposition «несмотря на» ('despite, in spite of') governs the accusative «урок»; «даже» ('even') heightens it. A bookish concessive turn weighing the day's painful 'lesson'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, links to previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадается","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догадается","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will figure out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of догадается","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадается","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (compound, with на)","role":"preposition marking урок","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking урок","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сегодняшний","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies урок","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"урок","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition несмотря на","gloss":"lesson"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c3-s147","source":"Ну и лучше: встал да и ушел навеки.","translation":"Well, and so much the better: I got up and walked off forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал да и ушел навеки","title":"Narrative «да и» + perfective chain","body":"Two perfective pasts «встал … ушёл» chart successive completed events ('got up… walked off'), linked by the folksy emphatic «да и» ('and just', 'and so simply'). «навеки» ('forever') gives the departure its absolute, almost biblical finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause following лучше","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinates with и, links встал and ушел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c3-s148","source":"Кстати, что она теперь?","translation":"By the way, how is she now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она теперь","title":"Zero-copula question","body":"«что она теперь?» — 'how is she now?' — with no verb at all: present-tense 'to be' is simply absent in Russian, leaving subject and adverb to imply the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the (implied) copula","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the (implied) copula, temporal","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c3-s149","source":"Что там было, когда я ушел?","translation":"What happened there after I left?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что там было, когда я ушел","title":"Neuter «было» + perfective «ушёл»","body":"«что … было» uses neuter past «было» with the indefinite «что» ('what was/happened there'); the «когда»-clause's perfective «ушёл» fixes the reference point — 'after I left'. Perfective marks the leaving as the completed pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ушел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on было","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c3-s150","source":"Алеша рассказал ему об истерике и о том, что она, кажется, теперь в беспамятстве и в бреду.","translation":"Alyosha told him about the fit of hysterics, and that she now seemed to be unconscious and delirious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об истерике и о том, что…","title":"«о» + prepositional, with correlative «о том, что»","body":"«рассказал … об истерике» — «о/об» governs the prepositional («истерике»). The correlative «о том, что…» bridges to a content clause: 'about that, [namely] that she…', the standard way Russian hangs a «что»-clause off a preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в беспамятстве и в бреду","title":"«беспамятство», «бред» — unconscious and delirious","body":"«беспамятство» (lit. 'memory-lessness', a swoon or unconsciousness) and «бред» (delirium, raving). The «в»-phrases describe a state one is 'in'; «в бреду» takes the stressed locative -у́ ending typical of a few masculine nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"истерике","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"the hysterics"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with истерике, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate беспамятстве/бреду)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспамятстве","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беспамятстве","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"unconsciousness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспамятстве","gloss":"delirium"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c3-s151","source":"— А не врет Хохлакова?","translation":"— Isn't Khokhlakova making it up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врет","title":"«врать» — to lie / make things up","body":"«не врёт ли» — 'isn't she lying / inventing it?'. «врать» is the everyday, colloquial 'to lie, talk nonsense', lighter than «лгать»; here it casts mild doubt on Madame Khokhlakova's report."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врет","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"making it up"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of врет","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c3-s152","source":"— Кажется, нет.","translation":"— I don't think so.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies нет","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c3-s153","source":"— Надо справиться.","translation":"— It ought to be looked into.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо справиться","title":"Impersonal «надо» + perfective infinitive","body":"Subjectless «надо» ('one must, it ought') plus the reflexive perfective infinitive «справиться» ('to inquire, find out about'). No nominative; obligation stated impersonally. Note «справиться» here means 'make inquiries', not 'cope'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"look into it"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c3-s154","source":"От истерики, впрочем, никогда и никто не умирал.","translation":"No one, however, has ever died of hysterics.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда и никто не умирал","title":"Stacked negatives: «никогда … никто … не»","body":"Three negative elements — «никогда» (never), «никто» (no one), «не» (verbal negator) — converge for a single emphatic claim, 'no one has ever died of it'. Russian negative concord requires «не» on the verb even with the «ни»-words present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"От истерики","title":"Cause with «от» + genitive","body":"«от истерики» ('of/from hysterics') — «от» governs the genitive and here marks the cause of death. Fronted for topic ('as for dying of hysterics…'), with «впрочем» softening into an aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерики","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"истерики","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умирал","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies умирал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умирал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of умирал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умирал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умирал","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c3-s155","source":"Да и пусть истерика, бог женщине послал истерику любя.","translation":"And let her have her hysterics — God sent woman hysterics out of love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть истерика","title":"«пусть» — concessive 'let / so be it'","body":"«пусть» plus a bare noun grants permission or concession — 'let there be hysterics, never mind the hysterics'. It is the everyday third-person 'let' that elsewhere builds 'let him come' (пусть придёт)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог женщине послал истерику любя","title":"Gerund «любя» of attendant manner","body":"The imperfective gerund «любя» ('lovingly, out of love') modifies «послал», sharing God's subject — 'God sent it loving[ly]'. «женщине» is the dative recipient. The terse aphorism is pure Ivan: tender mockery dressed as piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истерика","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (let there be hysterics)","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"to woman"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"истерику","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"любя","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, gerund (adverbial participle), imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of послал","gloss":"out of love"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c3-s156","source":"Не пойду я туда вовсе.","translation":"I won't go there at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пойду я туда вовсе","title":"Perfective future of motion as refusal","body":"«не пойду» — the perfective future of «пойти» (prefixed «по-» on «идти») used as flat refusal, 'I won't go'. Fronting the negated verb and trailing «вовсе» ('at all') makes it emphatic; the subject «я» follows for contrastive weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c3-s157","source":"К чему лезть опять.","translation":"Why thrust myself in again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К чему лезть опять","title":"«к чему» + infinitive — rhetorical 'what for'","body":"«к чему лезть» ('what's the point of climbing/thrusting in') — the dative «к чему» plus an infinitive forms a rhetorical why-bother question with no finite verb. «лезть» (to climb, push in) is colloquial and slightly self-deprecating."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лезть","gloss":"what","note":"К чему is an idiom meaning 'why, what for.'"},{"surface":"лезть","lemma":"лезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrust myself in"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лезть","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c3-s158","source":"— Ты, однако же, давеча ей сказал, что она никогда тебя не любила.","translation":"— Yet earlier today you told her she had never loved you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же","title":"Concessive «однако же»","body":"«однако» ('however, yet') reinforced by the particle «же» — Alyosha gently presses the contradiction: 'yet you told her…'. «же» here sharpens the rejoinder rather than insisting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда тебя не любила","title":"Negative concord, past tense","body":"«никогда … не любила» — the negative adverb «никогда» co-occurs with verbal «не» (concord), imperfective past «любила» for the denied ongoing love over time: 'she had never loved you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сказал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"earlier today"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c3-s159","source":"— Это я нарочно.","translation":"— I did that on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нарочно","title":"«нарочно» — 'on purpose, deliberately'","body":"A key adverb in this scene (нарочно дразнил, нарочно начал), meaning 'intentionally'. Ivan repeatedly admits to staging his provocations — the word flags his self-conscious theatricality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"object referring to the previous statement","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverbial, modifies the implied action","gloss":"on purpose"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c3-s160","source":"Алешка, прикажу-ка я шампанского, выпьем за мою свободу.","translation":"Alyoshka, let me order some champagne, and we'll drink to my freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прикажу-ка","title":"Softening clitic «-ка» on the future","body":"«-ка» attached to the perfective future «прикажу» softens it into a casual self-suggestion — 'let me just order…'. The colloquial particle takes the edge off a resolve; cf. «давай-ка»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпьем за мою свободу","title":"«выпить за» — to drink to (a toast)","body":"«выпьем за свободу» — «за» + accusative is the toast formula, 'let's drink to my freedom'. «выпьем» is a 1st-pl perfective future doubling as 'let's', a common hortatory use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"прикажу","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me order"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softening particle, modifies прикажу","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прикажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), neuter, singular","role":"direct object (partitive) of прикажу","gloss":"champagne","note":"Partitive genitive: 'some' champagne rather than a definite direct object."},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прикажу","gloss":"we'll drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпьем","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c3-s161","source":"Нет, если бы ты знал, как я рад!","translation":"No, if only you knew how glad I am!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты знал, как я рад","title":"Counterfactual «если бы» + past","body":"«если бы ты знал» — «если бы» plus the past form «знал» is the conditional/subjunctive, here a wishful 'if only you knew'. The particle «бы» is the irrealis hinge; the result clause «как я рад» uses the short adjective «рад»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я рад","title":"Short adjective «рад»","body":"«рад» ('glad') exists only as a short, predicative form — it cannot precede a noun. Such short adjectives state a current state ('I am glad') and are common in emotional 19th-c. dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause (apodosis implied)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c3-s162","source":"— Нет, брат, не будем лучше пить, — сказал вдруг Алеша, — к тому же мне как-то грустно.","translation":"— No, brother, we'd better not drink, — said Alyosha suddenly, — besides, I feel somehow sad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будем лучше пить","title":"Negated compound future «не будем пить»","body":"«не будем пить» — the imperfective compound future (conjugated «быть» + infinitive «пить») here as a soft collective resolve, 'we'd better not drink'. «лучше» ('better') turns it into gentle counsel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне как-то грустно","title":"Dative experiencer + «грустно»","body":"«мне … грустно» — the impersonal feeling-construction: dative «мне», neuter predicative «грустно» ('I feel sad'), no subject. The vague «как-то» ('somehow') is exactly the unaccountable inner weather Dostoevsky favours."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пить","gloss":"we will"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будем пить","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, complement of будем","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"to","note":"к тому же is a fixed idiom meaning 'besides, moreover.'"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase к тому же","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies грустно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies грустно","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то together means 'somehow.'"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the sentence, describes мне","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c3-s163","source":"— Да, тебе давно грустно, я это давно вижу.","translation":"— Yes, you've been sad for a long while now; I've seen it for a long time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе давно грустно","title":"Dative feeling with durative «давно»","body":"The same dative-experiencer frame «тебе … грустно» now with «давно» ('for a long time'): a state read as persisting. The repeated «давно … давно» insists Ivan has long perceived Alyosha's sadness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the first clause","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have seen"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c3-s164","source":"— Так ты непременно завтра утром поедешь?","translation":"— So you really are leaving tomorrow morning?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно завтра утром поедешь","title":"Perfective future of motion «поедешь»","body":"«поедешь» — perfective future of «поехать» (prefixed «по-» on «ехать», to go by vehicle), naming a single setting-off: 'you will leave'. «непременно» ('without fail') and «утром» (instrumental of time, 'in the morning') fix the departure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра утром","title":"Instrumental of time «утром»","body":"«утром» is the instrumental of «утро» used adverbially for time of day ('in the morning'); likewise «днём», «вечером», «ночью». A fossilised instrumental, not a separate adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поедешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"definitely"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедешь","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"поедешь","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c3-s165","source":"— Утром?","translation":"— Morning?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c3-s166","source":"Я не говорил, что утром… А впрочем, может, и утром.","translation":"I didn't say in the morning… though perhaps it will be in the morning after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А впрочем, может, и утром","title":"«а впрочем» — concessive backtrack","body":"«а впрочем» ('though, then again') signals Ivan reversing himself; «может» (= «может быть», 'perhaps') and the additive «и» ('after all, even') let the morning back in. A cluster of small hedging words doing the work of self-correction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утром","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies утром","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies утром","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in the morning"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c3-s167","source":"Веришь ли, я ведь здесь обедал сегодня, единственно чтобы не обедать со стариком, до того он мне стал противен.","translation":"Would you believe it, I dined here today solely so as not to dine with the old man — that is how loathsome he has become to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли, я ведь здесь обедал сегодня","title":"«веришь ли» + appealing «ведь»","body":"«веришь ли» uses interrogative «ли» for 'would you believe'; «ведь» then appeals to shared understanding ('you see, after all'). Two particles set the confiding, button-holing tone of the whole confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно чтобы не обедать","title":"Negative purpose «чтобы не» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы не обедать со стариком» — purpose with «чтобы» plus a negated imperfective infinitive, 'so as not to dine'. Same-subject purpose takes the infinitive; «единственно» ('solely') sharpens the motive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того он мне стал противен","title":"«стать» + instrumental? No — short adjective «противен»","body":"«стал противен» pairs «стать» with the short adjective «противен» ('repugnant'), agreeing with «он», dative «мне» as the one to whom he became loathsome. «до того … что» ('so much so that') is the result idiom Ivan leans on heavily here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Веришь (question particle)","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обедал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обедал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dined"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обедать","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обедать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обедать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обедать","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обедал","gloss":"to dine"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стариком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стариком","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обедать","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to the point","note":"до того ... is a fixed pattern meaning 'to such an extent that.'"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition до, anticipates the following clause","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the до того clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"противен","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"loathsome"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c3-s168","source":"Я от него от одного давно бы уехал.","translation":"Because of him alone I'd have left long ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от него от одного давно бы уехал","title":"Counterfactual «бы» + perfective past","body":"«давно бы уехал» — the irrealis «бы» on the perfective past «уехал» gives 'I would have left long ago'. The doubled «от него от одного» ('because of him alone') is emphatic, colloquial reduplication of the «от» + genitive cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного, repeats for emphasis","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies него (emphatic 'alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of уехал","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b5-c3-s169","source":"А ты что так беспокоишься, что я уезжаю.","translation":"But why are you so distressed that I'm going away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что так беспокоишься","title":"Reflexive «беспокоишься»","body":"«беспокоиться» ('to worry, be distressed') is a -ся verb expressing an inner state. The 2nd-sg present «беспокоишься» asks 'why are you so distressed'; the «что»-clause «что я уезжаю» states the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of беспокоишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb (interrogative, colloquial)","role":"modifies беспокоишься (means 'why')","gloss":"why","note":"Colloquial use of что as 'why', instead of почему."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоишься","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"беспокоишься","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are distressed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уезжаю","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of беспокоишься","gloss":"am going away"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b5-c3-s170","source":"У нас с тобой еще бог знает сколько времени до отъезда.","translation":"You and I still have God knows how much time before my departure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас с тобой … времени","title":"«у» + genitive of possession; partitive «времени»","body":"«у нас с тобой» ('you and I have', lit. 'by us with you') is the standard Russian way to say 'have'. «сколько времени» takes the genitive «времени» after a quantity word — how much 'of time'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бог знает сколько","title":"«бог знает сколько» — 'God knows how much'","body":"A fixed colloquial intensifier, 'God knows / heaven knows how much'. The casual invocation of God foreshadows the metaphysical turn the conversation is about to take."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks нас in the have-construction (у + genitive = 'to have')","gloss":"we have","note":"У + genitive is the Russian construction for 'to have'; 'у нас с тобой' literally means 'at us with you'."},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of the preposition У (have-construction)","gloss":"we/us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the idiom бог знает","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает (idiom бог знает = 'goodness knows')","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the idiom бог знает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, quantifier, accusative","role":"quantifier depending on времени","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of the have-construction (У нас ... времени)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезда","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"отъезда","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"departure"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b5-c3-s171","source":"Целая вечность времени, бессмертие!","translation":"A whole eternity of time, immortality!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Целая вечность времени","title":"Genitive of measure «времени»","body":"«вечность времени» — 'an eternity of time': «времени» in the genitive as the substance measured. The verbless exclamation piles «вечность» and «бессмертие» as bare nominatives, hurling Ivan toward immortality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вечность","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"вечность","lemma":"вечность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"eternity"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вечность","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вечность","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b5-c3-s172","source":"— Если ты завтра уезжаешь, какая же вечность?","translation":"— If you're leaving tomorrow, what eternity is there?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая же вечность","title":"Exclamatory «какая же»","body":"«какая же вечность?» — the interrogative-adjective «какой» (fem. «какая», agreeing with «вечность») plus emphatic «же»: 'what eternity, then?'. A rhetorical challenge: Alyosha catches the contradiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжаешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжаешь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"уезжаешь","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you're leaving"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вечность","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вечность","lemma":"вечность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"eternity"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b5-c3-s173","source":"— Да нас-то с тобой чем это касается? — засмеялся Иван, — ведь свое-то мы успеем все-таки переговорить, свое-то, для чего мы пришли сюда?","translation":"— But what does that matter to you and me? — laughed Ivan, — for we'll still find time to talk over what's our own, the thing we came here for, won't we?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нас-то с тобой чем это касается","title":"«касаться» + genitive; instrumental «чем»","body":"«касаться» ('to concern') governs the genitive «нас» ('what does it concern us'); «чем» is the instrumental interrogative ('in what way'). The clitic «-то» topicalises 'us', and «это» is the concerning matter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свое-то мы успеем … переговорить","title":"Reflexive possessive «своё» as a noun","body":"«своё» ('our own [business]'), the neuter of the reflexive possessive «свой», stands alone as a noun — what belongs to the clause's subject 'we'. The emphatic «-то» fastens onto it; «успеем переговорить» is 'we'll manage to talk it over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question, modifies касается","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of касается","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to нас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"coordinated with нас as object of касается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of касается","gloss":"in what way"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касается","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"касается","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of успеем","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переговорить (fronted for emphasis)","gloss":"our own thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to свое","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of успеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"успеем","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"we'll manage"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle (part of idiom все-таки)","role":"modifies переговорить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (part of idiom все-таки)","role":"modifies переговорить","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"переговорить","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеем","gloss":"to talk over"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to свое (restating word 12)","gloss":"our own thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to свое","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on свое (word 19)","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришли","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b5-c3-s174","source":"Чего ты гладишь с удивлением?","translation":"Why are you staring at me in surprise?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты гладишь с удивлением","title":"Genitive object «чего»; instrumental of manner","body":"Colloquial «чего» (gen. of «что») here means 'why'. «с удивлением» — «с» + instrumental for manner, 'with surprise'. (The verb «гладишь», 'you stroke', is a textual quirk for «глядишь», 'you look'.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (colloquial 'why')","role":"adverbial complement of гладишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гладишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гладишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are staring","note":"Read as глядишь ('you look/stare'); гладишь would literally be from гладить ('to stroke'), which does not fit the sense here."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гладишь","gloss":"surprise"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b5-c3-s175","source":"Отвечай: мы для чего здесь сошлись?","translation":"Answer: what did we come together here for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы для чего здесь сошлись","title":"«для чего» + reflexive «сошлись»","body":"«для чего» ('for what, to what end') uses «для» + genitive «чего». «сошлись» is the perfective past of reflexive «сойтись» ('came together, met'), prefixed «с-» on the motion verb — a single completed gathering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did we come together"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b5-c3-s176","source":"Чтобы говорить о любви к Катерине Ивановне, о старике и Дмитрии?","translation":"To talk about love for Katerina Ivanovna, about the old man and Dmitri?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы говорить о любви","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive answering 'what for'","body":"The string of «чтобы / о…?» questions answers «для чего». «о любви … о старике … о Дмитрии» all sit in the prepositional after «о/об» ('about'), the topic case. Imperfective «говорить» frames talk as a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies любви","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"старике","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любви (parallel topic)","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрии","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старике","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b5-c3-s177","source":"О загранице?","translation":"About going abroad?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О загранице","title":"«заграница» — 'abroad'","body":"«заграница» (from «за границей», 'beyond the border') is the substantivised 'abroad, foreign parts'. «о загранице» — the prepositional. For Russia's educated young, 'going abroad' (especially to Europe) was a loaded cultural aspiration."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking загранице","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"загранице","lemma":"заграница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"going abroad"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b5-c3-s178","source":"О роковом положении России?","translation":"About the fateful situation of Russia?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковом положении России","title":"«роковой» — 'fateful, fatal'","body":"«роковой» ('fateful, fraught with doom', from «рок», fate) modifies «положение» ('situation'). The phrase 'the fateful situation of Russia' satirises the grand abstractions the young intelligentsia debated."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"роковом","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies положении","gloss":"of Russia"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b5-c3-s179","source":"Об императоре Наполеоне?","translation":"About the Emperor Napoleon?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking императоре","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"императоре","lemma":"император","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the Emperor"},{"surface":"Наполеоне","lemma":"наполеон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to императоре","gloss":"Napoleon"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b5-c3-s180","source":"Так ли, для этого ли?","translation":"Is that it, is that what for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли, для этого ли","title":"Interrogative «ли» twice over","body":"Two «ли»-questions ('is that it? is it for this?') with the focused word fronted before each «ли». The repetition builds Ivan's mock-cross-examination of his own purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так (yes/no question)","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для этого (yes/no question)","gloss":"(question particle)"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b5-c3-s181","source":"— Нет, не для этого.","translation":"— No, not for that.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для этого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b5-c3-s182","source":"— Сам понимаешь, значит, для чего.","translation":"— Then you understand yourself what for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам понимаешь, значит, для чего","title":"Intensifier «сам»","body":"«сам» ('yourself, of your own accord') intensifies the 2nd-sg «понимаешь» — 'you understand it yourself'. «значит» ('then, so') draws the inference; «для чего» trails the elided 'what for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the subject of понимаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you understand"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаешь","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b5-c3-s183","source":"Другим одно, а нам, желторотым, другое, нам прежде всего надо предвечные вопросы разрешить, вот наша забота.","translation":"For others, one thing; but for us, the fledglings, another — we above all must settle the eternal questions first, that is our concern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другим одно, а нам, желторотым, другое","title":"Dative of interest + contrastive «а»","body":"Verbless parallel with datives of interest: «другим одно, … нам … другое» ('for others one thing, for us another'). The contrastive «а» pivots between the two groups; «желторотым» is a dative-plural adjective in apposition to «нам»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"желторотым","title":"«желторотый» — 'yellow-mouthed', a fledgling","body":"Literally 'yellow-mouthed' (the gape of a nestling); figuratively a callow greenhorn. Ivan ironically enlists himself and Alyosha among the «желторотые», the unfledged young who must settle the ultimate questions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предвечные вопросы","title":"«предвечный» — 'eternal, pre-eternal'","body":"«предвечный» ('existing before all time', a theological epithet of God) elevates «вопросы» into 'the eternal questions'. The lofty Church-tinged adjective makes the boys' debates sound like cosmic theology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative topic, contrasts with нам","gloss":"to others"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative topic, contrasts with Другим","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"желторотым","lemma":"желторотый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"in apposition to нам","gloss":"the fledglings"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with одно","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom прежде всего)","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (part of idiom прежде всего)","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb (modal)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"предвечные","lemma":"предвечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разрешить","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"разрешить","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to settle"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the predicate наша забота","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of забота","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the вот-clause","gloss":"concern"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b5-c3-s184","source":"Вся молодая Россия только лишь о вековечных вопросах теперь и толкует.","translation":"All of young Russia now talks of nothing but the everlasting questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лишь … и толкует","title":"Restrictive «только … и» frame","body":"«только лишь о … вопросах … и толкует» — the «только … и» construction means 'does nothing but talk about'. Imperfective «толкует» ('discourses, holds forth') marks habitual chatter; «о вопросах» is prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вековечных","title":"«вековечный» — 'everlasting'","body":"«вековечный» ('age-old, everlasting', from «век», age) — a near-synonym Ivan rings against «предвечный» and «мировой». The shifting epithets for 'the eternal questions' are part of his ironic rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Россия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Россия","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of толкует","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle (part of idiom только лишь)","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"restricts о вековечных вопросах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вековечных","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вопросах","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of толкует","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толкует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes толкует","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"толкует","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talks"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b5-c3-s185","source":"Именно теперь, как старики все полезли вдруг практическими вопросами заниматься.","translation":"Precisely now, just as all the old men have suddenly thrown themselves into busying themselves with practical questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полезли … заниматься","title":"Perfective «полезли» of sudden onset + instrumental object","body":"«полезли … заниматься» ('clambered/threw themselves into busying') — perfective «полезть» here for an abrupt collective rush. «заниматься» governs the instrumental «практическими вопросами» ('to occupy oneself with'): the means/object case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полезли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полезли","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"старики","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of полезли","gloss":"the old men"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of старики","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"полезли","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have thrown themselves"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полезли","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"практическими","lemma":"практический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вопросами","gloss":"practical"},{"surface":"вопросами","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заниматься","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"заниматься","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полезли","gloss":"busying themselves with"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b5-c3-s186","source":"Ты из-за чего все три месяца глядел на меня в ожидании?","translation":"What was it that made you watch me expectantly all these three months?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за чего … глядел … в ожидании","title":"«из-за» + genitive cause; «в ожидании»","body":"«из-за чего» ('on account of what, why') — «из-за» governs the genitive. «глядел … в ожидании» ('watched in expectation') uses «в» + prepositional for the state; imperfective «глядел» gives the long three-month gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три месяца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"accusative-of-duration complement of глядел","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"expectation"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b5-c3-s187","source":"Чтобы допросить меня: «Како веруеши али вовсе не веруеши?» — вот ведь к чему сводились ваши трехмесячные взгляды, Алексей Федорович, ведь так?","translation":"Was it to question me: 'Dost thou believe, or dost thou not believe at all?' — that, after all, is what your three months of glances came down to, Alexei Fyodorovich, isn't it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Како веруеши али вовсе не веруеши","title":"Church-Slavonic catechism: «веруеши»","body":"Ivan quotes in mock-liturgical Church Slavonic: «како» ('how'), «веруеши» (the archaic 2nd-sg present of 'believe', modern «веруешь»), «али» ('or'). It parodies a priest's examination — 'Dost thou believe, or believest thou not at all?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему сводились … взгляды","title":"Reflexive «сводиться» + «к» dative","body":"«сводились к чему» ('came down to what') — the reflexive «сводиться» ('to amount to') governs «к» + dative «чему». Imperfective past «сводились» describes the recurring sense of the three-month glances."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of допросить","gloss":"was it to"},{"surface":"допросить","lemma":"допросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive of the rhetorical question","gloss":"interrogate"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of допросить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Како","lemma":"како","morphology":"adverb (archaic, Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies веруеши","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"веруеши","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, second, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"dost thou believe","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic 2nd-person ending, quoted as a formulaic catechism question."},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"coordinating conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the two веруеши clauses","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруеши","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруеши","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, second, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with веруеши (word 5)","gloss":"dost thou believe"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the summarizing clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вот","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сводились","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сводились","lemma":"сводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the summarizing clause","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of взгляды","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"трехмесячные","lemma":"трёхмесячный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies взгляды","gloss":"three months'"},{"surface":"взгляды","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сводились","gloss":"glances"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Alyosha","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the vocative name, with Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the tag question так","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"tag question confirming сводились","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b5-c3-s188","source":"— Пожалуй что и так, — улыбнулся Алеша.","translation":"— Perhaps it is so, — Alyosha smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуй что и так","title":"«пожалуй» — 'perhaps, I daresay'","body":"«пожалуй» is a modal 'perhaps, I suppose, very likely', conceding a point with mild reluctance. «пожалуй что и так» = 'I daresay it is so' — Alyosha half-yielding to Ivan's reading of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle (part of idiom пожалуй что)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle (part of idiom пожалуй что)","role":"part of the idiom пожалуй что","gloss":"(filler)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Пожалуй","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b5-c3-s189","source":"— Ты ведь не смеешься теперь надо мною, брат?","translation":"— You're not laughing at me now, are you, brother?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смеешься … надо мною","title":"«смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"The -ся verb «смеяться» ('to laugh') takes «над» + instrumental for the object mocked — «надо мною» ('at me'). «надо» is the variant of «над» before «мн-»; «мною» is the fuller, slightly bookish instrumental of «я». «ведь» appeals for reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеешься","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition (variant form before мною)","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b5-c3-s190","source":"— Я-то смеюсь?","translation":"— Me, laughing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то смеюсь?","title":"Contrastive «я-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «я» ('I, for one / me, of all people?') gives an incredulous, contrastive echo of the accusation — 'me, laughing?'. It foregrounds 'I' against the implied charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to Я","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am laughing"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b5-c3-s191","source":"Не захочу я огорчить моего братишку, который три месяца глядел на меня в таком ожидании.","translation":"I would not want to grieve my little brother, who has watched me for three months in such expectation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не захочу я огорчить","title":"Negated perfective future + perfective infinitive","body":"«не захочу … огорчить» — perfective future «захочу» ('I will [not] come to want') with perfective infinitive «огорчить» ('to grieve'). Russian renders 'I would not want' partly through this future-of-resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братишку","title":"«братишка» — affectionate 'little brother'","body":"The suffix -ишк- on «брат» here is endearing rather than pejorative (context decides): 'my dear little brother'. It is one of the warmest moments in Ivan's mockery, a real tenderness slipping through."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который три месяца глядел","title":"Relative «который» as subject","body":"«братишку, который … глядел» — the relative «который» (masc. nom., agreeing with «братишка» and serving as its clause's subject) introduces the описание; imperfective «глядел» renders the sustained three-month watching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"огорчить","lemma":"огорчить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"to grieve"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братишку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"братишку","lemma":"братишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of огорчить","gloss":"little brother"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"accusative-of-duration complement of глядел","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on братишку","gloss":"has watched"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ожидании","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"expectation"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b5-c3-s192","source":"Алеша, взгляни прямо: я ведь и сам точь-в-точь такой же маленький мальчик, как и ты, разве только вот не послушник.","translation":"Alyosha, look straight at me: I too am exactly the same little boy as you, except that I'm not a novice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляни прямо","title":"Perfective imperative «взгляни»","body":"«взгляни» — perfective imperative of «взглянуть» ('glance, look'), the -и ending after a consonant-final stressed stem: a single decisive 'look straight at me'. Perfective imperatives urge one specific act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — 'exactly, just like'","body":"A reduplicative adverb (from «точка», point) meaning 'exactly, to a T'. «точь-в-точь такой же» = 'exactly the same'. Ivan levels himself with Alyosha: 'just the same little boy as you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взгляни","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взгляни","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мальчик (equative clause)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the equative clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom, part 1)","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom, part 2)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (fixed idiom, part 3)","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой (emphatic)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (я = мальчик)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"compared with я (as ... as you)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle (part of idiom разве только)","role":"modifies послушник","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle (part of idiom разве только)","role":"part of the idiom разве только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послушник","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послушник","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мальчик (contrast)","gloss":"a novice"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b5-c3-s193","source":"Ведь русские мальчики как до сих пор орудуют?","translation":"For how have Russian boys gone about it up to now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"орудуют","title":"«орудовать» — to operate, go about it","body":"«орудовать» ('to wield, manage, get things done', from «орудие», tool) is colloquial 'how do Russian boys operate / go about it?'. The slangy verb deflates the grand 'eternal questions' into a knack."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до сих пор","title":"«до сих пор» — 'up to now'","body":"A fixed phrase, «до сих пор» ('until these times, hitherto'), preserving the archaic genitive «сих» of «сей» ('this'). The fossil of «сей» is a small relic of the older literary demonstrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies орудуют","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of орудуют","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the question, modifies орудуют","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom до сих пор)","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural (archaic)","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"орудуют","lemma":"орудовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go about it"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b5-c3-s194","source":"Иные то есть?","translation":"Some of them, that is?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Иные то есть","title":"«иные» — 'some, certain ones'","body":"«иные» ('some, certain', a bookish synonym of «некоторые») here means 'some of them'. «то есть» ('that is') is Ivan's self-qualifying tic, narrowing the claim mid-thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the idiom то есть","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the idiom то есть, coordinated with Иные","gloss":"i.e."}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b5-c3-s195","source":"Вот, например, здешний вонючий трактир, вот они и сходятся, засели в угол.","translation":"Here, for instance, is the local stinking tavern; here they come together, settle into a corner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот они и сходятся, засели в угол","title":"Presentative «вот … и» + aspect shift","body":"«вот они и сходятся» ('here they come together') uses the presentative «вот … и» for vivid staging; imperfective «сходятся» (habitual gathering) then yields to perfective «засели» ('have settled in'), «за-» marking settled completion. «в угол» is accusative of motion-into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вонючий трактир","title":"«трактир», «вонючий» — tavern and stench","body":"A «трактир» is a cheap inn/tavern serving food and drink — exactly where this whole scene unfolds. «вонючий» ('stinking', from «вонь', stench) gives the setting its squalid, all-too-Russian smell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"вонючий","lemma":"вонючий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трактир","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вот (existential predicate)","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces сходятся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сходятся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходятся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сходятся","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause, coordinated with засели","gloss":"come together"},{"surface":"засели","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the clause, coordinated with сходятся","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засели","gloss":"a corner"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b5-c3-s196","source":"Всю жизнь прежде не знали друг друга, а выйдут из трактира, сорок лет опять не будут знать друг друга, ну и что ж, о чем они будут рассуждать, пока поймали минутку в трактире-то?","translation":"All their lives they never knew one another, and once they walk out of the tavern they'll go forty years again without knowing one another — well, and what of it, what will they reason about while they've snatched a minute in the tavern?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знали друг друга … не будут знать друг друга","title":"Aspect across past and compound future","body":"Imperfective past «не знали» (never knew, over a lifetime) is balanced by imperfective compound future «не будут знать» (won't know, for forty years more) — «быть» + infinitive. The reciprocal «друг друга» ('one another') frames it all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока поймали минутку","title":"«пока» + perfective «поймали»; diminutive «минутка»","body":"«пока … поймали минутку» — «пока» ('while') here with perfective «поймали» ('have snatched') stresses the grabbed moment. The diminutive «минутку» ('a little minute') tenderly shrinks the snatched interval."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"accusative of duration, modifies знали","gloss":"their lives"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part of idiom друг друга)","role":"direct object of знали, part of идиом друг друга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (part of idiom друг друга)","role":"part of the idiom друг друга","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйдут","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the second clause","gloss":"will walk out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдут","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"accusative of duration, modifies знать","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of знать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part of idiom друг друга)","role":"direct object of знать, part of idiom друг друга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (part of idiom друг друга)","role":"part of the idiom друг друга","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (part of idiom что ж)","role":"head of the rhetorical question ('what of it')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle (part of idiom что ж)","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассуждать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассуждать","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of рассуждать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question о чем ... рассуждать","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймали","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"поймали","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by пока","gloss":"they've snatched"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поймали","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймали","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to трактире","gloss":"(emphatic)"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b5-c3-s197","source":"О мировых вопросах, не иначе: есть ли бог, есть ли бессмертие?","translation":"About the universal questions, nothing less: is there a God, is there immortality?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть ли бог, есть ли бессмертие","title":"Existential «есть» + «ли» question","body":"«есть ли бог» — the existential «есть» ('there is') fronted with interrogative «ли»: 'is there a God?'. The parallel «есть ли бессмертие» makes the two the cardinal questions; «не иначе» ('nothing less') caps them."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мировых","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вопросах","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вопросах (idiom не иначе)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the first embedded question","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть (word 6)","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"immortality"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b5-c3-s198","source":"А которые в бога не веруют, ну те о социализме и об анархизме заговорят, о переделке всего человечества по новому штату, так ведь это один же черт выйдет, всё те же вопросы, только с другого конца.","translation":"And those who don't believe in God, well, they'll fall to talking of socialism and anarchism, of remaking all of humanity on a new plan — and so it comes to the same devilish thing, all the same questions, only from the other end.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые в бога не веруют","title":"Correlative «которые … те»; «веровать в» + accusative","body":"«А которые … не веруют, … те …» — «который» as subject correlated with resumptive «те» ('those who… , they…'). «веровать в бога» takes «в» + accusative, the religious 'believe in'; negated here with «не»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один же черт выйдет","title":"«один чёрт» — 'one and the same devil'","body":"«один чёрт» is a coarse idiom, 'it's all the same, makes no difference' (lit. 'one devil'); with «же» insisting. Ivan's pun is pointed: God-talk and atheist-talk 'come to the same devilish thing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруют","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруют","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруют","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (which don't believe)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заговорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking социализме","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"социализме","lemma":"социализм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорят","gloss":"socialism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking анархизме","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"анархизме","lemma":"анархизм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with социализме","gloss":"anarchism"},{"surface":"заговорят","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, parallel to веруют","gloss":"will fall to talking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переделке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"переделке","lemma":"переделка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорят","gloss":"remaking"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of человечества","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies переделке","gloss":"of humanity"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штату","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штату","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"штату","lemma":"штат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переделке","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies черт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"same","note":"один же чёрт is idiomatic: 'the very same devil (of a thing) comes out' = it all amounts to the same."},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with заговорят","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies те же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to черт","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of выйдет","gloss":"end"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b5-c3-s199","source":"И множество, множество самых оригинальных русских мальчиков только и делают, что о вековечных вопросах говорят у нас в наше время.","translation":"And a multitude, a great multitude, of the most original Russian boys do nothing in our day but talk of the everlasting questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и делают, что … говорят","title":"«только и … что» — 'do nothing but'","body":"«только и делают, что … говорят» is the idiom 'they do nothing but talk'. The doubled «множество, множество» ('a multitude, a great multitude') is expressive reduplication; «самых оригинальных» is a superlative-by-«самый» of the genitive-plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of делают","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with множество (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies оригинальных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"оригинальных","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мальчиков","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мальчиков","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делают","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делают","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"делают","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do","note":"только и делают, что — idiom: 'do nothing but'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вековечных","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вопросах","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делают","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b5-c3-s200","source":"Разве не так?","translation":"Isn't that so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве не так?","title":"Particle «разве» in a question","body":"«разве» introduces a question expecting confirmation while hinting at surprise or challenge — 'isn't that so?'. It colours the query with Ivan's near-rhetorical certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (interrogative)","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b5-c3-s201","source":"— Да, настоящим русским вопросы о том: есть ли бог и есть ли бессмертие, или, как вот ты говоришь, вопросы с другого конца, — конечно, первые вопросы и прежде всего, да так и надо, — проговорил Алеша, всё с тою же тихою и испытующею улыбкой вглядываясь в брата.","translation":"— Yes, for true Russians the questions of whether there is a God and whether there is immortality, or, as you put it, the questions from the other end, are of course the first questions and come before all else — and so they should, — said Alyosha, still studying his brother with that same quiet, searching smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"настоящим русским вопросы … первые","title":"Dative of interest «настоящим русским»","body":"«настоящим русским» (dat. pl., 'for true Russians') is the dative of interest opening the sentence; the substantivised adjective «русским» means 'Russians'. The verbless equation makes the God-questions 'the first questions' for them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тою же тихою и испытующею улыбкой … вглядываясь","title":"Archaic instrumental -ою + present participle","body":"«с тою же тихою … улыбкой» shows the bookish -ою instrumental endings (modern -ой) on «та», «тихая». «испытующею» is a present active participle ('searching, probing') used adjectivally; «вглядываясь» the simultaneous gerund — a dense literary cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"настоящим","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies русским","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"русским","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"dative of reference (for true Russians)","gloss":"Russians"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (topic, restated by первые вопросы)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопросы, introduces the following clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бессмертие","lemma":"бессмертие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"immortality"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying the following вопросы","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вопросы (w4)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate первые вопросы","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы (w25)","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, restates вопросы (w4)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего, modifies the predicate","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, coordinated with the previous clause","gloss":"it should be"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбкой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"тихою","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"испытующею","lemma":"испытующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой, coordinated with тихою","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying проговорил","gloss":"gazing intently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b5-c3-s202","source":"— Вот что, Алеша, быть русским человеком иногда вовсе не умно, но все-таки глупее того, чем теперь занимаются русские мальчики, и представить нельзя себе.","translation":"— You see, Alyosha, to be a Russian is sometimes not clever at all, yet one can't imagine anything stupider than what the Russian boys are occupied with now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быть русским человеком … не умно","title":"Predicate instrumental after «быть» (infinitive)","body":"«быть русским человеком» — the infinitive «быть» links to the predicate noun in the instrumental «русским человеком» ('to be a Russian'). The impersonal evaluation «не умно» ('not clever') has the infinitive phrase as its logical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупее того, чем … занимаются","title":"Comparative «глупее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«глупее того» — the comparative «глупее» ('stupider') of «глупый», taking the genitive «того» as its standard ('than that'); «чем … занимаются» fills in what 'that' is. «представить нельзя себе» is an impersonal 'one can't imagine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что (address)","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom вот что, opens the address","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause, subject of умно (copula with человеком)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"русским","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умно","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умно","lemma":"умно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom все-таки, modifies глупее","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom все-таки, modifies глупее","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with умно","gloss":"stupider"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глупее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занимаются","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимаются","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"занимаются","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"are occupied with"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of занимаются","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with умно","gloss":"one can't"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"oneself"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b5-c3-s203","source":"Но я одного русского мальчика, Алешку, ужасно люблю.","translation":"But there is one Russian boy, Alyoshka, whom I love terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одного русского мальчика … ужасно люблю","title":"Animate accusative + adverb «ужасно»","body":"«одного русского мальчика» — animate masculine accusative throughout (одн-ого, мальчик-а), borrowing genitive endings, marking the loved object. «ужасно» ('terribly') as an intensifier of degree, not fear — 'love terribly much'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мальчика","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчика","gloss":"Alyoshka","note":"Алёшка is a masculine nickname despite its feminine-looking -а ending."},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b5-c3-s204","source":"— Как ты это славно подвел, — засмеялся вдруг Алеша.","translation":"— How neatly you led up to that, — Alyosha laughed suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"славно подвел","title":"«подвести» — to lead up to; «славно» — 'neatly'","body":"«подвёл» (perf. of «подводить», to bring/lead up to) here means rhetorically 'led up to it'. «славно» ('splendidly, neatly', from «слава») praises the deft turn — Alyosha admiring the trap Ivan sprang for tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подвел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подвел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвел","gloss":"neatly"},{"surface":"подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led up"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b5-c3-s205","source":"— Ну говори же, с чего начинать, приказывай сам, — с бога? Существует ли бог, что ли?","translation":"— Well then, tell me where to begin; you give the orders yourself — with God? Does God exist, is that it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори же … приказывай сам","title":"Imperfective imperatives + insistent «же»","body":"«говори», «приказывай» are imperfective imperatives urging Alyosha to get on with it generally; «же» pushes ('do tell, then!'). «сам» ('yourself') stresses that Alyosha is to set the agenda."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Существует ли бог, что ли","title":"«ли» question framed by tag «что ли»","body":"«существует ли бог» is a neutral «ли» yes/no question ('does God exist?'); the trailing colloquial «что ли» ('or what, is that it?') adds an offhand, almost flippant tag."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause, object of говори","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"приказывай","lemma":"приказывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говори","gloss":"give the orders"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказывай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical continuation of с чего начинать","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Существует","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Существует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что ли (tag question)","gloss":"is that","note":"что ли is a colloquial tag meaning roughly 'or what?/is that it?'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, part of idiom что ли","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b5-c3-s206","source":"— С чего хочешь, с того и начинай, хоть с «другого конца».","translation":"— Begin wherever you like, even from 'the other end.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С чего хочешь, с того и начинай","title":"Correlative «с чего … с того»","body":"«С чего хочешь, с того и начинай» — a correlative pair: relative «с чего» ('from whatever') answered by demonstrative «с того» ('from that'), both «с» + genitive. The imperfective imperative «начинай» invites a general start."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинай, correlative with с чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начинай","gloss":"end"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b5-c3-s207","source":"Ведь ты вчера у отца провозгласил, что нет бога, — пытливо поглядел на брата Алеша.","translation":"After all, yesterday at Father's you proclaimed that there is no God, — Alyosha looked searchingly at his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"провозгласил, что нет бога","title":"Genitive of negation: «нет бога»","body":"«нет бога» — the existential negator «нет» forces the genitive «бога» ('there is no God'). This is the obligatory genitive of negated existence, the grammatical heart of the chapter's whole question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провозгласил","title":"«провозгласить» — to proclaim","body":"«провозгласить» (perf., 'to proclaim, declaim aloud') is loftier than «сказать» — fitting a public, oracular pronouncement. Alyosha's word-choice underlines that Ivan's atheism was theatrically announced at their father's table."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies провозгласил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозгласил","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of провозгласил","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"пытливо","lemma":"пытливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"searchingly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b5-c3-s208","source":"— Я вчера за обедом у старика тебя этим нарочно дразнил и видел, как у тебя разгорелись глазки.","translation":"— Yesterday at dinner at the old man's I was teasing you with that on purpose, and I saw how your little eyes flared up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя этим … дразнил","title":"Instrumental of means «этим»","body":"«дразнил тебя этим» — «дразнить» ('to tease') with the instrumental «этим» ('with that') as the means of teasing. Imperfective past «дразнил» frames the teasing as sustained, «нарочно» as deliberate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разгорелись глазки","title":"Diminutive «глазки» — 'little eyes'","body":"«глазки» (dim. of «глаза») is affectionate-condescending, 'your little eyes'. «разгорелись» (perf. of «разгореться», to blaze up) gives 'flared up' — Ivan watching the spark of feeling kindle in his younger brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дразнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразнил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обедом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"обедом","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнил","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обедом","gloss":"old man's"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразнил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнил","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дразнил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"дразнил","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was teasing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дразнил","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разгорелись","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя (possessive)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорелись","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"разгорелись","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разгорелись","gloss":"little eyes"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b5-c3-s209","source":"Но теперь я вовсе не прочь с тобой переговорить и говорю это очень серьезно.","translation":"But now I'm not at all against talking it over with you, and I say this very seriously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прочь … переговорить","title":"«не прочь» + perfective infinitive","body":"«не прочь» ('not averse, quite willing') is a fixed predicative idiom taking an infinitive — «переговорить» (perf., 'to talk over'). Litotes: the double negative 'not against' means a positive willingness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the first clause","gloss":"against","note":"не прочь is an idiom: 'wouldn't mind / not opposed to'."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"переговорить","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прочь","gloss":"talk over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"seriously"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b5-c3-s210","source":"Я с тобой хочу сойтись, Алеша, потому что у меня нет друзей, попробовать хочу.","translation":"I want to draw close to you, Alyosha, because I have no friends — I want to try.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня нет друзей","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«у меня нет друзей» — «нет» negating existence forces the genitive plural «друзей» ('I have no friends'). «друзей» is also the irregular plural of «друг». The bare admission is the emotional core of Ivan's overture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сойтись … попробовать хочу","title":"Reflexive «сойтись»; fronted infinitive","body":"«сойтись» (perf. reflexive, 'to grow close, become friends'); then «попробовать хочу» fronts the infinitive before «хочу» for emphasis — 'I want to try'. The reordering throws weight onto the attempt itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"draw close"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что, introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (possessive)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (у меня нет = I have no)","gloss":"have no"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"попробовать","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу (w14)","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b5-c3-s211","source":"Ну, представь же себе, может быть, и я принимаю бога, — засмеялся Иван, — для тебя это неожиданно, а?","translation":"Well, just imagine, perhaps I too accept God, — Ivan laughed, — that's unexpected for you, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представь же себе","title":"Imperative + reflexive «себе» (dative)","body":"«представь себе» — perfective imperative «представь» ('imagine') with the reflexive pronoun «себе» in the dative ('to yourself'), a set phrase 'just imagine'. «же» urges; «и я» ('I too') springs the surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, parenthetical","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я, emphatic (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause complement of представь себе","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неожиданно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b5-c3-s212","source":"— Да, конечно, если ты только и теперь не шутишь.","translation":"— Yes, of course, if only you aren't joking even now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ты только … не шутишь","title":"Real conditional «если» + present","body":"«если … не шутишь» — a real (indicative) conditional with «если» and present «шутишь», no «бы»: 'if you really aren't joking'. The restrictive «только» ('only, just') narrows the proviso."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шутишь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шутишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шутишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are joking"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b5-c3-s213","source":"— \"Шутишь\".","translation":"— 'Joking.'","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"joking!","note":"Quoting Ivan's own earlier word back at him, mockingly."}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b5-c3-s214","source":"Это вчера у старца сказали, что я шучу.","translation":"That's what they said yesterday at the elder's — that I was joking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у старца сказали, что я шучу","title":"Impersonal-plural 'they said'","body":"«сказали» (3rd-pl past with no subject) is the indefinite 'they said / it was said' — a common Russian impersonal. The «что»-clause reports plain fact; present «шучу» ('I am joking') is read inside the past frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic referring back to the previous remark","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказали","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'they said')","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шучу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шучу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шучу","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"am joking"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b5-c3-s215","source":"Видишь, голубчик, был один старый грешник в восемнадцатом столетии, который изрек, что если бы не было бога, то следовало бы его выдумать, s’il n’existait pas Dieu il faudrait l’inventer.","translation":"You see, my dear, there was an old sinner in the eighteenth century who declared that if God did not exist, he would have to be invented, s'il n'existait pas Dieu il faudrait l'inventer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear' (lit. 'little dove')","body":"An endearment, the diminutive of «голубь» (dove): 'my dear fellow, darling'. Ivan sprinkles it through his confession (голубчик…), a coaxing intimacy that softens the harsh metaphysics to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы не было бога, то следовало бы его выдумать","title":"Counterfactual «бы» twice; impersonal «следовало бы»","body":"A full counterfactual: protasis «если бы не было бога» (with genitive-of-negation «бога» under «не было») and apodosis «следовало бы … выдумать» — impersonal «следовало» ('one ought') plus «бы» and infinitive. Two «бы»-clauses make the whole irrealis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«изречь» — to utter, pronounce","body":"«изрёк» (perf. of «изречь', to pronounce solemnly) is high, archaic-bookish 'declared, pronounced' — the verb of oracles and scripture. Ivan dresses Voltaire's quip in lofty diction, half mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical, addressing listener)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the existential clause (there was)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies грешник","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грешник","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"грешник","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"sinner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столетии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восемнадцатом","lemma":"восемнадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетии","gloss":"eighteenth"},{"surface":"столетии","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of был","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of relative clause modifying грешник","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the if-clause, existential (subject бога)","gloss":"existed","note":"не было бога is an existential negation, so the logical subject бога stands in the genitive."},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the then-clause, correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the then-clause (it would be necessary)","gloss":"would be necessary","note":"следовало бы is an impersonal construction meaning \"it would be necessary to.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with следовало","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выдумать","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"s’il","lemma":"si","morphology":"French: conjunction si + pronoun il","role":"introduces the French if-clause, echoing если","gloss":"if","note":"The line ends with the French original of the sinner's saying (Voltaire's Épître à l'auteur du livre des Trois imposteurs)."},{"surface":"n’existait","lemma":"exister","morphology":"French: verb, imperfect, indicative, negated","role":"verb of the French if-clause, subject Dieu","gloss":"did not exist"},{"surface":"pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"French: negation particle","role":"negates n’existait with n’","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Dieu","lemma":"Dieu","morphology":"French: noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of n’existait","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"il","lemma":"il","morphology":"French: pronoun, impersonal subject","role":"subject of faudrait","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"faudrait","lemma":"falloir","morphology":"French: verb, conditional, third, singular","role":"main verb of the French then-clause (it would be necessary)","gloss":"would be necessary"},{"surface":"l’inventer","lemma":"inventer","morphology":"French: verb, infinitive, with clitic pronoun le","role":"complement of faudrait","gloss":"to invent him"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b5-c3-s216","source":"И действительно, человек выдумал бога.","translation":"And man did indeed invent God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек выдумал бога","title":"Animate accusative «бога»","body":"«выдумал бога» — perfective past «выдумал» ('invented, made up') with animate accusative «бога» (= genitive form). «действительно» ('indeed, in fact') drives Ivan's provocative inversion of the Voltaire line."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдумал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b5-c3-s217","source":"И не то странно, не то было бы дивно, что бог в самом деле существует, но то дивно, что такая мысль — мысль о необходимости бога — могла залезть в голову такому дикому и злому животному, как человек, до того она свята, до того она трогательна, до того премудра и до того она делает честь человеку.","translation":"And the strange thing, the marvelous thing, is not that God really exists; what is marvelous is that such a thought — the thought of the necessity of God — could creep into the head of so wild and wicked an animal as man, so holy is it, so touching, so wise, and so much does it do honor to man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то странно … но то дивно, что …","title":"Correlative «то … то, что» contrast","body":"Ivan builds a rhetorical antithesis on the neuter «то» ('that/this thing'): 'not that … is strange, but that … is marvellous'. The «что»-clauses supply the content; «было бы дивно» slips in a «бы»-tinged hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того она свята, до того … трогательна, до того премудра","title":"Short adjectives in a «до того» crescendo","body":"A chain of short-form adjectives — «свята, трогательна, премудра» — each as predicate of «мысль», all governed by «до того» ('so… '). Short forms carry an absolute, exalted quality fitting the rising rhetorical pitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"премудра","title":"«премудрый» — 'most wise' (Slavonic «пре-»)","body":"The intensive prefix «пре-» ('exceedingly') plus «мудрый» gives «премудрый», 'all-wise' — a word of religious register (Премудрость Божия, the Wisdom of God). Its short form «премудра» lends the thought a sacred coloration."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the first то (idiom не то...не то)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject of странно, part of idiom не то...не то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with дивно","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second то (idiom не то...не то)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject of дивно, part of idiom не то...не то","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of дивно (conditional was/would be)","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with странно","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of странно/дивно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле (indeed), modifies существует","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of странно/дивно","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дивно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of дивно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive restating мысль (w21)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необходимости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"необходимости","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the appositive мысль (w22)","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies необходимости","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, subject мысль (w21)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"залезть","lemma":"залезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"creep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залезть","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of животному","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"дикому","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies животному","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злому","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дикому","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"животному","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies голову (into the head of)","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative, marking человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to животному (as man)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до того (so, to such an extent), modifies свята","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies свята","gloss":"much","note":"до того (literally \"to that [extent]\") is an intensifier meaning \"so\" or \"so much,\" repeated before each of the four parallel predicates."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of свята","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"свята","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with трогательна/премудра/делает","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies трогательна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies трогательна","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трогательна","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"трогательна","lemma":"трогательный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свята","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies премудра","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies премудра","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"премудра","lemma":"премудрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свята/трогательна","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies делает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom до того, modifies делает","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with свята/трогательна/премудра","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of делает","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b5-c3-s218","source":"Что же до меня, то я давно уже положил не думать о том: человек ли создал бога или бог человека?","translation":"As for me, I long ago resolved not to think about it: did man create God, or God man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положил не думать","title":"«положить» = 'resolve' + negated infinitive","body":"«положил не думать» — «положить» here in its older sense 'to resolve, decide' (perf.), taking the negated imperfective infinitive «не думать» ('not to think', i.e. to refrain habitually). «давно уже» stresses the long-standing resolve."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек ли создал бога или бог человека","title":"Embedded «ли» alternative question","body":"«человек ли создал бога, или бог человека» — «ли» on the fronted «человек» frames an either/or indirect question. The second clause gaps the verb «создал», leaving bare nominative «бог» and accusative «человека» to carry the reversal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что до (as for), modifies меня","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in что же до","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom что до, preposition marking меня","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of idiom что до","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative, introduces the main clause of положил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (resolved)","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать, points ahead to the following clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the embedded yes/no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded question, explains том","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided создал, parallel to бога","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided создал, parallel to бога","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b5-c3-s219","source":"Не стану я, разумеется, перебирать на этот счет все современные аксиомы русских мальчиков, все сплошь выведенные из европейских гипотез; потому что что там гипотеза, то у русского мальчика тотчас же аксиома, и не только у мальчиков, но, пожалуй, и у ихних профессоров, потому что и профессора русские весьма часто у нас теперь те же русские мальчики.","translation":"I won't, of course, go running through all the modern axioms of the Russian boys on this score, every one of them drawn straight out of European hypotheses; because what is a hypothesis over there becomes, for a Russian boy, an axiom at once — and not only for the boys, but, perhaps, for their professors too, since with us nowadays the Russian professors are very often the very same Russian boys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все сплошь выведенные из европейских гипотез","title":"Past passive participle «выведенные»","body":"«выведенные» — past passive participle (long form, nom. pl., from perfective «вывести», 'derive') agreeing with «аксиомы»: 'all of them derived from European hypotheses'. «из … гипотез» is genitive of source after «из». Bookish participial compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что там гипотеза, то у русского мальчика … аксиома","title":"Correlative «что … то» equation","body":"«что там гипотеза, то … аксиома» — a 'what is X there, [that] is Y here' correlative, both predicate nouns in the nominative with no copula. It crisply opposes European 'hypothesis' to Russian 'axiom'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихних","title":"«ихний» — substandard 'their'","body":"«ихних» (gen. pl. of the colloquial, non-standard possessive «ихний») for proper «их». Educated Russian uses invariable «их»; Ivan slips into the vulgar form half-mockingly, mimicking the very 'boys' he describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (auxiliary of intent)","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb / parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying стану","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"перебирать","lemma":"перебирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"go through"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom на этот счет (on this score), modifies перебирать","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of аксиомы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"современные","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies аксиомы","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"аксиомы","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of перебирать","gloss":"axioms"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мальчиков","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies аксиомы","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of выведенные (all of them)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сплошь","lemma":"сплошь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выведенные","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"выведенные","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying аксиомы","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гипотез","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"европейских","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гипотез","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"гипотез","lemma":"гипотеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выведенные","gloss":"hypotheses"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because","note":"потому что (\"because\") is split across two tokens by the tagger; together they form one conjunction."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative subject of гипотеза, resumed by то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гипотеза","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"гипотеза","lemma":"гипотеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the что-clause","gloss":"hypothesis"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative, resumes что and introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of аксиома","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies аксиома","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"аксиома","lemma":"аксиома","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the correlative main clause (becomes an axiom)","gloss":"axiom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мальчиков","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчиков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement, parallel to у мальчика","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb / parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying профессоров-clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у профессоров (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking профессоров","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ихних","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies профессоров","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"профессоров","lemma":"профессор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement, parallel structure (elided аксиома)","gloss":"professors"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies профессора (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"профессора","lemma":"профессор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (implied copula, predicate мальчики)","gloss":"professors"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies профессора","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied copula (frequency)","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"idiom у нас (in our country), modifies the clause","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate мальчики","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчики","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes те (the very same)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мальчики","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement (subject профессора)","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b5-c3-s220","source":"А потому обхожу все гипотезы.","translation":"And so I'll skip all the hypotheses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обхожу все гипотезы","title":"Imperfective present «обхожу»","body":"«обхожу» (1st-sg present of «обходить», 'to go around, skip over') states Ivan's present resolve to bypass the hypotheses. «а потому» ('and therefore') draws the inference from the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обхожу","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"обхожу","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I skip"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of гипотезы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"гипотезы","lemma":"гипотеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of обхожу","gloss":"hypotheses"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b5-c3-s221","source":"Ведь у нас с тобой какая теперь задача?","translation":"After all, what's the task before you and me now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нас с тобой какая теперь задача","title":"Possessive «у» + interrogative «какая»","body":"«у нас с тобой … задача» — the 'have' construction (у + genitive) with no copula: 'what task do you and I have?'. «какая» (fem., agreeing with «задача») is the interrogative 'what kind / what'. «ведь» appeals to shared purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of задача","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies нас (нас с тобой = you and me)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of задача","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задача","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"задача","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"task"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b5-c3-s222","source":"Задача в том, чтоб я как можно скорее мог объяснить тебе мою суть, то есть что я за человек, во что верую и на что надеюсь, ведь так, так?","translation":"The task is that I should explain to you, as quickly as I can, my essence — that is, what kind of man I am, what I believe in and what I hope for; isn't that so, isn't it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Задача в том, чтоб я … мог объяснить","title":"«в том, чтобы» + irrealis past-sense clause","body":"«Задача в том, чтоб…» ('the task consists in… that') hangs a «чтобы»-clause off the correlative «в том». «чтоб я … мог» uses «чтобы» + past-form «мог» (the irrealis required after «чтобы») for a willed outcome, not plain fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во что верую и на что надеюсь","title":"«верую в» / «надеюсь на» + accusative","body":"Two faith-verbs with their prepositions: «верую во что» ('what I believe in', «в» + acc.) and «надеюсь на что» ('what I hope for', «на» + acc.). «верую» is the elevated, liturgical form (cf. the Creed) beside everyday «верю»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задача","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, points ahead to the чтоб-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как можно скорее (as quickly as possible)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как можно скорее","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause, complement of том","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суть","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть (\"то есть,\" that is) is a fixed explanatory phrase, split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive clause explaining суть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"idiom что за (what kind of), preposition marking человек","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, appositive to суть, parallel to верую/надеюсь","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with человек-clause, apposition to суть","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеюсь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верую","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (tag question)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, tag question (isn't that so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так (w28), for emphasis","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b5-c3-s223","source":"А потому и объявляю, что принимаю бога прямо и просто.","translation":"And so I declare that I accept God plainly and simply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявляю, что принимаю бога","title":"Performative present «объявляю»","body":"«объявляю» (1st-sg present, 'I declare') is a performative — the saying enacts the declaring. The «что»-clause reports the content; animate accusative «бога» is the thing 'accepted'. «прямо и просто» = 'plainly and simply'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявляю","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes объявляю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"объявляю","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявляю","gloss":"I accept"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимаю, coordinated with просто","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимаю, coordinated with прямо","gloss":"simply"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b5-c3-s224","source":"Но вот, однако, что надо отметить: если бог есть и если он действительно создал землю, то, как нам совершенно известно, создал он ее по эвклидовой геометрии, а ум человеческий с понятием лишь о трех измерениях пространства.","translation":"But here, however, is what must be noted: if God exists and if He really did create the earth, then, as we know perfectly well, He created it according to Euclidean geometry, while He fashioned the human mind to conceive of only three dimensions of space.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бог есть и если он … создал … то …","title":"Real conditional «если … то»","body":"Two «если» protases (existential «бог есть»; perfective «создал землю') with the resumptive «то» ('then') — an indicative, not counterfactual, conditional. The reasoning proceeds 'if … and if … then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"создал он ее по эвклидовой геометрии","title":"«по» + dative of standard","body":"«по эвклидовой геометрии» — «по» governs the dative «геометрии» in the sense 'according to, in conformity with'. Verb-first «создал он» throws focus onto the manner; «ум человеческий» is the (gapped) direct object of the elided «создал он»; the subject of the second clause is the understood «он»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот... что надо отметить (here is what)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb / parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying надо","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отметить (relative pronoun, what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb / impersonal predicate","role":"impersonal predicate (must)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"отметить","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the first if-clause (exists)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two if-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second if-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies создал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the second if-clause","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of создал (w14)","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of известно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical predicate (as we know)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал (w21)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of создал (w21), refers to землю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking геометрии","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"эвклидовой","lemma":"эвклидов","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies геометрии","gloss":"Euclidean"},{"surface":"геометрии","lemma":"геометрия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создал (w21)","gloss":"geometry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrastive coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided создал (subject он carried over from the clause above) — 'ум' is what God made, not who made it","gloss":"mind","note":"The verb создал (\"[he] created/made\") is elided in this second, parallel clause: \"[he made] the human mind with a conception of only three dimensions.\""},{"surface":"человеческий","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понятием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"понятием","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement, modifies ум","gloss":"conception"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измерениях","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измерениях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies измерениях","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"измерениях","lemma":"измерение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies понятием","gloss":"dimensions"},{"surface":"пространства","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies измерениях","gloss":"space"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b5-c3-s225","source":"Между тем находились и находятся даже и теперь геометры и философы, и даже из замечательнейших, которые сомневаются в том, чтобы вся вселенная или, еще обширнее — всё бытие было создано лишь по эвклидовой геометрии, осмеливаются даже мечтать, что две параллельные линии, которые, по Эвклиду, ни за что не могут сойтись на земле, может быть, и сошлись бы где-нибудь в бесконечности.","translation":"Meanwhile there have been, and there are even now, geometers and philosophers, and even among the most eminent, who doubt that the whole universe — or, more broadly still, all of existence — was created solely according to Euclidean geometry; they even dare to dream that two parallel lines, which by Euclid can never under any circumstances meet upon the earth, might perhaps meet somewhere in infinity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"находились и находятся … геометры и философы","title":"Imperfective tense-pairing «находились и находятся»","body":"«находились и находятся» (imperfective past + present of reflexive «находиться», 'there have been and there are') spans time to assert continuity. The reflexive here is the 'be found / exist' middle, not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из замечательнейших","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«замечательнейших» (gen. pl.) is the bookish synthetic superlative in «-ейш-» ('the most eminent'), preferred in literary style over «самый замечательный». «даже из …» = 'even among the most eminent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, и сошлись бы где-нибудь","title":"Conditional «бы» + indefinite «-нибудь»","body":"«сошлись бы» — perfective past «сошлись» plus «бы» for a hypothetical 'might meet'. «где-нибудь» uses the non-specific indefinite «-нибудь» ('somewhere, anywhere'), fitting the vagueness of 'somewhere in infinity'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"«между тем» is a fixed phrase meaning \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"находились","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"находятся","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with находились","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies теперь (даже и = even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by даже и","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"геометры","lemma":"геометр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of находились","gloss":"geometers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"философы","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with геометры","gloss":"philosophers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из замечательнейших","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замечательнейших","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"замечательнейших","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural, substantivized","role":"elliptical for геометры и философы (some of them), genitive complement of из","gloss":"the most eminent"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сомневаются","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сомневаются","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on геометры и философы","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"correlate anticipating чтобы-clause, complement of сомневаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of создано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вселенная","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"вселенная","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive создано","gloss":"universe"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обширнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"обширнее","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"parenthetical, modifies бытие","gloss":"more broadly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бытие","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бытие","lemma":"бытие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вселенная, subject of passive создано","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of создано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"создано","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по эвклидовой геометрии","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking геометрии","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"эвклидовой","lemma":"эвклидов","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies геометрии","gloss":"Euclidean"},{"surface":"геометрии","lemma":"геометрия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создано (via по)","gloss":"geometry"},{"surface":"осмеливаются","lemma":"осмеливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сомневаются (same subject которые)","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечтать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of осмеливаются","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошлись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on линии","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"параллельные","lemma":"параллельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies линии","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"линии","lemma":"линия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the что-clause (могут/сошлись)","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Эвклиду","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"Эвклиду","lemma":"Эвклид","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical, oblique complement of могут (via по)","gloss":"Euclid"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что (by no means), modifies могут","gloss":"not","note":"«ни за что» is an idiom meaning \"under no circumstances.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom ни за что, oblique complement of могут","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on линии","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойтись","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom может быть (perhaps), modifies сошлись","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сошлись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate parallel to могут сойтись, subject линии","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of сошлись","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь (somewhere), modifies сошлись","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of где-нибудь (somewhere)","gloss":"-ever","note":"«-нибудь» is an indefinite suffix; где-нибудь together means \"somewhere.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесконечности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесконечности","lemma":"бесконечность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"infinity"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b5-c3-s226","source":"Я, голубчик, решил так, что если я даже этого не могу понять, то где ж мне про бога понять.","translation":"I, my dear, have concluded that if I cannot understand even this, then how am I to understand anything about God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я даже этого не могу понять, то где ж мне …","title":"Conditional + impersonal «где ж мне»","body":"Real conditional «если … не могу понять, то …»; the apodosis «где ж мне про бога понять» is impersonal — dative «мне» plus infinitive plus rhetorical «где ж» ('where am I to…?', i.e. 'how could I possibly'). The genitive «этого» follows negated «не могу понять»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Я (term of address)","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have concluded"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если...то clause complement of решил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понять","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"rhetorical, modifies понять","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of the infinitive понять","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понять","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (impersonal dative construction)","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b5-c3-s227","source":"Я смиренно сознаюсь, что у меня нет никаких способностей разрешать такие вопросы, у меня ум эвклидовский, земной, а потому где нам решать о том, что не от мира сего.","translation":"I humbly confess that I have no faculty whatever for resolving such questions; my mind is Euclidean, earthly, and so how are we to decide about things not of this world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня нет никаких способностей","title":"Genitive of negation + reinforcing «никаких»","body":"«нет никаких способностей» — «нет» forces genitive «способностей», and «никаких» ('no… whatever', gen. pl. of «никакой») reinforces by negative concord. The doubled negation is the idiomatic 'no faculty whatever'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не от мира сего","title":"«не от мира сего» — 'not of this world'","body":"A biblical phrase (John 18:36) preserving the archaic genitive «сего» of «сей» ('this'). Now also an idiom for an unworldly, dreamy person. Ivan uses it of metaphysical questions beyond his 'earthly, Euclidean' mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сознаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознаюсь","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"сознаюсь","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня (у меня = I have)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential particle","role":"clausal complement of сознаюсь","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of способностей","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"способностей","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"faculty"},{"surface":"разрешать","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies способностей","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разрешать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the elliptical clause (у меня ум = my mind is)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical есть (my mind is...)","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"эвклидовский","lemma":"эвклидовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies ум","gloss":"Euclidean"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with эвклидовский, modifies ум","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решать (therefore)","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"rhetorical, introduces the clause, modifies решать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of решать","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"решать","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause (impersonal infinitive)","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate от мира сего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elliptical есть) of the что-clause","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b5-c3-s228","source":"Да и тебе советую об этом никогда не думать, друг Алеша, а пуще всего насчет бога: есть ли он или нет?","translation":"And I advise you too never to think about it, friend Alyosha, and least of all about whether there is a God or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе советую … никогда не думать","title":"Dative addressee + negative concord","body":"«тебе советую … не думать» — «советовать» takes a dative «тебе» of the advisee plus infinitive. «никогда … не думать» shows negative concord (никогда + не) inside the infinitive; «а пуще всего» = 'and above all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще","title":"«пуще» — archaic 'more, especially'","body":"«пуще» is a folk/archaic comparative meaning 'more, all the more'; «пуще всего» = 'most of all, above all'. It survives chiefly in set phrases (пуще прежнего), giving Ivan's counsel a homely-old ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да и = and also)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of советую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"советую","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advise"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of советую","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to тебе","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with думать (ellipsis: не думать), part of idiom пуще всего","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom пуще всего (most of all)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насчет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the embedded question (whether God exists), elaborates бога","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (marks the yes/no question)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b5-c3-s229","source":"Всё это вопросы совершенно несвойственные уму, созданному с понятием лишь о трех измерениях.","translation":"These are all questions wholly unsuited to a mind created to conceive of only three dimensions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несвойственные уму, созданному …","title":"Adjective + passive participle, both governing dative","body":"«несвойственные уму» — the adjective «несвойственный» ('not proper to, unsuited to') takes a dative «уму». That noun is then modified by the past passive participle «созданному» ('created'), also dative, agreeing — a layered bookish phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical copula (вопросы is predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal (elliptical copula), modified by несвойственные","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несвойственные","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"несвойственные","lemma":"несвойственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"unsuited"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несвойственные","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"созданному","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying уму","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понятием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"понятием","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of созданному","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о трех измерениях","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking измерениях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies измерениях","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"измерениях","lemma":"измерение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies понятием (via о)","gloss":"dimensions"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b5-c3-s230","source":"Итак, принимаю бога, и не только с охотой, но, мало того, принимаю и премудрость его, и цель его, нам совершенно уж неизвестные, верую в порядок, в смысл жизни, верую в вечную гармонию, в которой мы будто бы все сольемся, верую в Слово, к которому стремится вселенная и которое само «бе к богу» и которое есть само бог, ну и прочее и прочее, и так далее в бесконечность.","translation":"And so, I accept God, and not only willingly, but more than that — I accept His wisdom too, and His purpose, both utterly unknown to us; I believe in order, in the meaning of life, I believe in the eternal harmony into which we are all supposedly to merge, I believe in the Word toward which the universe strives and which itself 'was with God' and which is itself God, and so on and so on, on into infinity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верую в порядок … верую в Слово, к которому стремится вселенная","title":"Anaphoric «верую в» + relative «к которому»","body":"The liturgical «верую в» ('I believe in') + accusative is repeated as a creed-like anaphora. The relative «к которому стремится вселенная» ('toward which the universe strives') uses «к» + dative «которому», agreeing with «Слово»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бе к богу","title":"«бе» — Church-Slavonic 'was'","body":"«бе» is the Old Church Slavonic imperfect of 'to be' (3rd sg., 'was'), quoting John 1:1 («Слово бе к Богу», 'the Word was with God'). Ivan embeds untouched Scripture-Slavonic in his speech, both reverent and ironic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой мы будто бы все сольемся","title":"Relative «в которой» + perfective future «сольёмся»","body":"«гармонию, в которой … сольёмся» — «в которой» (prepositional, agreeing with «гармония»). «сольёмся» is the perfective future of reflexive «слиться» ('to merge'). «будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') marks Ivan's ironic distance from the doctrine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introductory adverb for the sentence","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только (not only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охотой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"охотой","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаю","gloss":"willingness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того (moreover)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (repeated main verb)","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"also (emphatic), before премудрость","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"премудрость","lemma":"премудрость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of second принимаю","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of премудрость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with премудрость (direct object of принимаю)","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of цель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of неизвестные","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неизвестные","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes неизвестные","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"неизвестные","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, modifies премудрость and цель","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (new main verb)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядок","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысл","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with порядок, oblique complement of верую","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (new main verb)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гармонию","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вечную","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонию","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сольемся","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сольемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы (supposedly)","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы (supposedly)","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"quantifier in apposition to мы (we all)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сольемся","lemma":"слиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on гармонию","gloss":"will merge"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (new main verb)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Слово","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Слово","lemma":"Слово","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верую","gloss":"the Word","note":"Capitalized reference to the Logos of John 1:1."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремится","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Слово","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"вселенная","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стремится","gloss":"the universe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бе","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies которое, emphasizes бе к богу","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"бе","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperfect, third, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"predicate of the которое-clause","gloss":"was","note":"«бе» is the archaic (Church Slavonic) imperfect of быть, quoting John 1:1, «И Слово бе к Богу» — \"and the Word was with God.\""},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богу","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бе","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking которое to бог","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of есть","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom и прочее (and so on)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical (и прочее и прочее = etc. etc.)","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочее","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прочее","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так далее (so forth)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так далее (so forth)","gloss":"forth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесконечность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"бесконечность","lemma":"бесконечность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of далее","gloss":"infinity"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b5-c3-s231","source":"Слов-то много на этот счет наделано.","translation":"Plenty of words have been spun out on this score.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слов-то много … наделано","title":"Genitive of quantity + impersonal short passive «наделано»","body":"«слов … много» — «много» governs the genitive plural «слов»; «-то» topicalises it. «наделано» is a neuter short past passive participle used impersonally ('much has been made/spun'), no agent named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of много (quantified subject of наделано)","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic (enclitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Слов","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, quantifier","role":"modifies наделано, governs Слов","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наделано, idiom на этот счет (on this score)","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"наделано","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b5-c3-s232","source":"Кажется, уж я на хорошей дороге — а?","translation":"I seem to be on a good road — eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж я на хорошей дороге","title":"Particle «уж»; «на» + prepositional location","body":"«уж» (a clipped «уже», 'already / indeed') colours the self-assessment with mild irony. «на хорошей дороге» — «на» + prepositional for location, 'on a good road'; the verbless clause assumes present 'I am'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (it seems), modifies the whole clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the predicate на хорошей дороге","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical есть (predicate: на хорошей дороге)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хорошей","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of elliptical есть","gloss":"a road"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"tag-question particle (eh?)","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b5-c3-s233","source":"Ну так представь же себе, что в окончательном результате я мира этого божьего — не принимаю и хоть и знаю, что он существует, да не допускаю его вовсе.","translation":"Well then, imagine: in the final reckoning I do not accept this world of God's — and though I know that it exists, still I do not admit it at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мира этого божьего — не принимаю","title":"Genitive of negation + fronting for emphasis","body":"«мира … божьего не принимаю» — the negated object «мир» shifts to the genitive «мира … божьего» (genitive of negation) and is fronted before the verb for emphatic weight. «божьего» is the possessive adjective from «бог», 'God's'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представь же себе, что …","title":"Imperative + «себе» + «что»-clause","body":"«представь же себе, что…» — the set 'just imagine that…', perfective imperative «представь» with dative reflexive «себе» and a content «что»-clause. The insistent «же» builds toward the central confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes представь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking результате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окончательном","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies результате","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"результате","lemma":"результат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies принимаю (final reckoning)","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю (fronted, genitive under negation)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"божьего","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представь","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies знаю (concessive)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes хоть (хоть и = even though)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (concessive clause)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допускаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допускаю","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю (contrastive main clause)","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допускаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допускаю","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b5-c3-s234","source":"Я не бога не принимаю, пойми ты это, я мира, им созданного, мира-то божьего не принимаю и не могу согласиться принять.","translation":"It is not God I do not accept — understand this — it is the world He created, this world of God's, that I do not accept and cannot bring myself to accept.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не бога не принимаю … я мира … не принимаю","title":"Object fronting + genitive of negation, twice","body":"Ivan's pivotal distinction is built by word order: «не бога … я мира … не принимаю» fronts each negated object before its verb for contrastive stress. «бога» (animate acc.) but «мира» shifts to genitive of negation — 'it is not God, it is the world, that I refuse'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мира, им созданного","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«мира, им созданного» — the past passive participle «созданного» (gen., agreeing with «мира») with the agent in the instrumental «им» ('the world created by Him'). The instrumental of the agent is the hallmark of the Russian participial passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойми ты это","title":"Imperative «пойми» with emphatic «ты»","body":"«пойми» — perfective imperative of «понять» ('understand'); the unusual overt «ты» after the imperative adds urgent, button-holing emphasis ('understand this, you'). It interrupts the argument to seize Alyosha's attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates бога (fronted contrastive topic)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю (fronted, genitive under negation)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"пойми","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пойми","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю (second clause)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю (fronted, genitive under negation)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of созданного (by Him)","gloss":"by Him"},{"surface":"созданного","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic (enclitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to мира","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"божьего","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"согласиться","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласиться","gloss":"accept"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b5-c3-s235","source":"Оговорюсь: я убежден, как младенец, что страдания заживут и сгладятся, что весь обидный комизм человеческих противоречий исчезнет, как жалкий мираж, как гнусненькое измышление малосильного и маленького, как атом, человеческого эвклидовского ума, что, наконец, в мировом финале, в момент вечной гармонии, случится и явится нечто до того драгоценное, что хватит его на все сердца, на утоление всех негодований, на искупление всех злодейств людей, всей пролитой ими их крови, хватит, чтобы не только было возможно простить, но и оправдать всё, что случилось с людьми, — пусть, пусть это всё будет и явится, но я-то этого не принимаю и не хочу принять!","translation":"Let me make a reservation: I am convinced, like a child, that the sufferings will heal and be smoothed away, that the whole offensive comedy of human contradictions will vanish like a pitiful mirage, like the vile concoction of the feeble, atom-small human Euclidean mind, and that at last, in the world's finale, at the moment of eternal harmony, something so precious will come to pass and reveal itself that it will suffice for all hearts, to assuage every indignation, to redeem every crime of mankind, all the blood they have spilled; that it will suffice not only to make it possible to forgive but to justify everything that has happened with men — let it, let it all be and come to pass, but I do not accept it and will not accept it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страдания заживут и сгладятся","title":"Perfective futures «заживут … сгладятся»","body":"«заживут» (perf. fut. of «зажить», 'to heal over') and reflexive «сгладятся» ('will be smoothed away') are perfective futures naming completed outcomes. The prefix «за-» here marks the healing's onset-to-completion; -ся makes «сгладятся» a middle/passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"случится и явится нечто до того драгоценное, что …","title":"«до того … что» result with indefinite «нечто»","body":"«нечто … драгоценное» — the indefinite pronoun «нечто» ('something') modified by an adjective, paired with «до того … что» ('so precious that…') opening a result clause. The verbs «случится», «явится» are perfective futures of the eschatological 'coming to pass'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гнусненькое измышление малосильного","title":"Pejorative diminutive «гнусненькое»; «измышление»","body":"«гнусненькое» adds the belittling diminutive «-еньк-» to «гнусный» ('vile') — 'vile little'. «измышление» (a fabrication, concoction, bookish) and «малосильный» ('feeble') pile contempt on the 'Euclidean mind'. The suffix drips Ivan's scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть, пусть это всё будет … но я-то этого не принимаю","title":"Concessive «пусть» vs contrastive «я-то»","body":"The repeated concessive «пусть … будет» ('let it all be') grants the whole vision, only for the contrastive «я-то» (with topic-clitic «-то») and genitive-of-negation «этого не принимаю» to refuse it. The grammar stages Ivan's rebellion: concede everything, accept nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оговорюсь","lemma":"оговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll make a reservation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause, parallel to Оговорюсь","gloss":"am convinced"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparison младенец, modifying убежден","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заживут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of заживут","gloss":"the sufferings"},{"surface":"заживут","lemma":"зажить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"will heal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сгладятся","lemma":"сгладиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заживут","gloss":"be smoothed over"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчезнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of комизм","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обидный","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комизм","gloss":"offensive"},{"surface":"комизм","lemma":"комизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исчезнет","gloss":"comedy"},{"surface":"человеческих","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies противоречий","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"противоречий","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies комизм","gloss":"contradictions"},{"surface":"исчезнет","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден, parallel to заживут","gloss":"will vanish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparison мираж, modifying исчезнет","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"жалкий","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мираж","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"мираж","lemma":"мираж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a mirage"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparison измышление, coordinated with мираж","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"гнусненькое","lemma":"гнусненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies измышление","gloss":"vile little"},{"surface":"измышление","lemma":"измышление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of как, coordinated with мираж","gloss":"a concoction"},{"surface":"малосильного","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with малосильного, modifies ума","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparison атом, modifying маленького","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"атом","lemma":"атом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"an atom"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"эвклидовского","lemma":"эвклидовский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"Euclidean"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies измышление","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случится/явится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мировом","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies финале","gloss":"world's"},{"surface":"финале","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случится","gloss":"finale"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случится","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"вечной","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонии","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies момент","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of убежден","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случится","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случится/явится","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom до того...что, modifies драгоценное","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"драгоценное","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of хватит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хватит","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, impersonal, third, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the result clause","gloss":"it will suffice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of хватит","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of хватит","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утоление, coordinated with на сердца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"утоление","lemma":"утоление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сердца as complement of хватит","gloss":"the assuaging"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of негодований","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"негодований","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies утоление","gloss":"indignations"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искупление, coordinated with previous на","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"искупление","lemma":"искупление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with утоление as complement of хватит","gloss":"the redemption"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of злодейств","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"злодейств","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies искупление","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies злодейств","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пролитой","lemma":"пролитый","morphology":"participle, past passive, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of пролитой","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злодейств as complement of искупление","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"хватит","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, impersonal, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first хватит","gloss":"it will suffice"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возможно","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on возможно","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with простить","gloss":"to justify"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оправдать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет/явится","gloss":"let it"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет/явится, repeats for emphasis","gloss":"let it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет, with всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это as subject of будет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with явится","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached as -то)","role":"emphatic particle modifying я","gloss":"myself","note":"«я-то» = emphatic \"as for me\"; the particle -то singles out the speaker."},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with хочу","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимаю","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to accept"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b5-c3-s236","source":"Пусть даже параллельные линии сойдутся и я это сам увижу: увижу и скажу, что сошлись, а все-таки не приму.","translation":"Let even the parallel lines meet, and let me see it with my own eyes: I'll see it and say that they've met, and still I won't accept it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть даже параллельные линии сойдутся","title":"Concessive «пусть даже» + perfective future","body":"«пусть даже … сойдутся» — concessive «пусть» strengthened by «даже» ('even'), with the perfective future «сойдутся» ('let them meet'). It grants the impossible (parallel lines meeting) only to reject the conclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увижу и скажу … а все-таки не приму","title":"Perfective-future chain + adversative «а всё-таки»","body":"Three perfective futures «увижу … скажу … не приму» ('I'll see… I'll say… and still I won't accept') drive the defiance event by event. «а всё-таки» ('and yet, all the same') is the adversative hinge of Ivan's refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сойдутся","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies линии","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"параллельные","lemma":"параллельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies линии","gloss":"parallel"},{"surface":"линии","lemma":"линия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сойдутся","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"сойдутся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увижу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойдутся","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"restates увижу, main verb coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I'll see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увижу","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошлись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"have met"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of set phrase все-таки)","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of set phrase все-таки)","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"will accept"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b5-c3-s237","source":"Вот моя суть, Алеша, вот мой тезис.","translation":"There is my essence, Alyosha, there is my thesis.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот моя суть … вот мой тезис","title":"Presentative «вот» + zero copula","body":"Twin verbless declaratives with presentative «вот» ('here is') — 'here is my essence, here is my thesis'. No copula in the present; «моя суть» and «мой тезис» stand as bare nominatives. Curt, summary — the rhetorical full stop."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суть","title":"«суть» — 'essence'","body":"«суть» (fem., 'essence, the gist') is a bookish, philosophical noun — 'the heart of the matter'. Beside the learned «тезис» ('thesis'), it frames Ivan's outburst as a deliberate intellectual position, not mere feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суть","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"суть","lemma":"суть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of Вот","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the second phrase","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тезис","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"тезис","lemma":"тезис","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the second вот","gloss":"thesis"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b5-c3-s238","source":"Это уж я серьезно тебе высказал.","translation":"This much I have told you in earnest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это уж я серьезно тебе высказал","title":"Perfective «высказал» + particle «уж»","body":"«высказал» (perf. of «высказать», 'to express, get out') views the saying as a completed whole — 'this I have now told you'. «уж» (= «уже») and «серьёзно» mark the shift from banter to earnest; «тебе» is the dative addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of высказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказал","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of высказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have told"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b5-c3-s239","source":"Я нарочно начал этот наш с тобой разговор как глупее нельзя начать, но довел до моей исповеди, потому что ее только тебе и надо.","translation":"I deliberately began this talk of ours as stupidly as it could be begun, but I brought it round to my confession, because that is all you need.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как глупее нельзя начать","title":"Comparative «глупее» in an impossibility frame","body":"«как глупее нельзя начать» — the comparative «глупее» ('more stupidly') with impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive ('one cannot') yields 'as stupidly as it is possible to begin'. A neat idiom: the impossibility of being stupider sets the superlative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исповеди","title":"«исповедь» — confession","body":"«исповедь» is specifically the religious confession (the sacrament), broadened to a baring of the soul. Ivan, the unbeliever, frames his outpouring to the novice as an «исповедь» — a charged, ironic choice in this monastery-shadowed book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies наш (idiom \"наш с тобой\")","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause modifying начал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"more stupidly"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"predicate of the как-clause, modifying разговор","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"brought it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исповеди","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of исповеди","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довел","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of phrase потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces clause of надо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicate of necessity)","role":"main predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"is needed"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b5-c3-s240","source":"Не о боге тебе нужно было, а лишь нужно было узнать, чем живет твой любимый тобою брат.","translation":"It wasn't about God that you needed me; you only needed to learn what your brother, whom you love, lives by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не о боге тебе нужно было, а лишь … узнать","title":"Fronted negation + dative of need","body":"«не о боге … нужно было, а … узнать» — the contrastive «не … а» ('not… but') with «о боге» (prepositional) fronted; «тебе нужно было» is the dative-of-need impersonal ('you needed'), here taking the infinitive «узнать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твой любимый тобою брат","title":"Present passive participle «любимый» + instrumental agent","body":"«любимый тобою брат» — «любимый» is the rare present passive participle ('beloved, [being] loved'), agreeing with «брат», and its agent stands in the instrumental «тобою» ('loved by you'). The bookish participle closes the confession on a note of tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о боге","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боге","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"боге","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужно","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of нужно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нужно","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of живет","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любимый","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of любимый","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b5-c3-s241","source":"Я и сказал.","translation":"And that is just what I did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я и сказал","title":"Emphatic «и» before the verb","body":"Here «и» is not the conjunction 'and' but a focusing particle meaning 'and that is exactly what (I did)' — it underscores that the action followed through on what was just said. Our translation 'And that is just what I did' renders this insistent flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказал","title":"Perfective past — a single completed act","body":"«сказал» (from perfective «сказать») reports one finished speech-act, not the process of speaking; it caps the preceding tirade as a done deed. The bare «-л» form agrees with the masculine speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b5-c3-s242","source":"Иван заключил свою длинную тираду вдруг с каким-то особенным и неожиданным чувством.","translation":"Ivan brought his long tirade to a close all at once, with a certain peculiar and unexpected feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заключил свою длинную тираду","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою» (reflexive possessive «свой») marks the tirade as belonging to the clause's own subject, Ivan — not someone else's. Russian would use «его» only to point to a third party's tirade."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тирада","title":"«тирада» — a tirade, a long set speech","body":"A bookish loanword (from French tirade) for an extended, declamatory outpouring. Dostoevsky's narrator uses it with a faint irony, sizing up Ivan's confession as performance as much as truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то особенным и неожиданным чувством","title":"Instrumental of manner; indefinite «какой-то»","body":"«с ... чувством» is the instrumental after «с» expressing the manner in which he ended (with feeling). «каким-то» («какой-то» + the «-то» particle) marks the feeling as real but unnamed — a 'certain peculiar' something the narrator can sense but not pin down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought to a close"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тираду","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тираду","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"тираду","lemma":"тирада","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заключил","gloss":"tirade"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чувством","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (part of какой-то)","role":"part of the determiner каким-то","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with особенным","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключил","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b5-c3-s243","source":"— А для чего ты начал так, как «глупее нельзя начать»? — спросил Алеша, задумчиво смотря на него.","translation":"“But why did you begin the way you did — saying you ‘could not begin more stupidly’?” Alyosha asked, gazing at him thoughtfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупее нельзя начать","title":"Comparative «глупее» + impersonal «нельзя»","body":"«глупее» is the predicative comparative of «глупый» ('more stupidly'); paired with impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive it means 'one couldn't begin more stupidly.' The whole frame is subjectless — there is no nominative, only the impossibility itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"задумчиво смотря на него","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «смотреть» — 'while gazing,' an action running simultaneously with Alyosha's asking. It shares the main clause's subject and is a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did begin"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause modifying так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"more stupidly"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"predicate of the как-clause","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на/смотря","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b5-c3-s244","source":"— Да, во-первых, хоть для русизма: русские разговоры на эти темы все ведутся как глупее нельзя вести.","translation":"“Well, in the first place, if only for the sake of Russianness: Russian conversations on such subjects are always carried on as stupidly as they possibly can be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русизм","title":"«русизм» — Russianness as a trait","body":"Ivan coins/uses «русизм» half-mockingly to mean a characteristically Russian way of doing things — here, talking past the point. The «-изм» suffix lends it a wry, intellectual abstraction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговоры ... ведутся","title":"«-ся» as imperfective passive","body":"«ведутся» (from «вести», 'to conduct/carry on') with the clitic «-ся» forms an imperfective passive-impersonal: the conversations 'are carried on,' with no agent named. This middle/passive «-ся» is common for describing how things are generally done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть для русизма","title":"Concessive «хоть» + genitive after «для»","body":"«хоть» here means 'if only / at least.' «для» governs the genitive «русизма» ('for the sake of Russianness'), one of the prepositions that fix the genitive case on their object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle (discourse marker)","role":"discourse particle opening the reply","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase во-первых)","role":"part of the phrase во-первых, modifies ведутся","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase во-первых)","role":"part of the phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для русизма","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking русизма","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"русизма","lemma":"русизм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"Russianness"},{"surface":"русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies разговоры","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ведутся","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of темы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"темы","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies разговоры","gloss":"topics"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведутся","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ведутся","lemma":"вестись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are carried on"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause modifying ведутся","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"more stupidly"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"predicate of the как-clause, modifying ведутся","gloss":"one could not"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"carry on"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b5-c3-s245","source":"А во-вторых, опять-таки чем глупее, тем ближе к делу.","translation":"And in the second place, once again, the stupider it is, the nearer to the point.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем глупее, тем ближе","title":"The «чем … тем …» correlative comparative","body":"«чем» + comparative … «тем» + comparative is the standard 'the more … the more …' frame, here with the predicative comparatives «глупее» and «ближе» (from «близкий»). The construction is verbless, stating a bald proportion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять-таки","title":"Insistent «-таки»","body":"«опять-таки» ('once again, all the same') uses the emphatic particle «-таки», which adds a note of 'nonetheless, mark you' — part of the conversational texture Russian carries in tiny particles rather than intonation alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase во-вторых)","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase во-вторых)","role":"part of the phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase опять-таки)","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies глупее","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"опять-таки","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase опять-таки)","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of глупее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"head of the чем-clause","gloss":"stupider"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of ближе","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"head of the тем-clause","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к, modifies ближе","gloss":"the point"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b5-c3-s246","source":"Чем глупее, тем и яснее.","translation":"The stupider, the clearer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем глупее, тем и яснее","title":"Stripped-down correlative with emphatic «и»","body":"An even barer repetition of the «чем … тем …» proportion, now with no verb and no nouns at all — pure adjective-comparatives «глупее» / «яснее». The «и» inside «тем и» intensifies: 'the clearer, precisely.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of глупее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"head of the чем-clause","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of яснее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies яснее","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"яснее","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"head of the тем-clause","gloss":"clearer"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b5-c3-s247","source":"Глупость коротка и нехитра, а ум виляет и прячется.","translation":"Stupidity is brief and without guile, whereas intelligence dodges and hides itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глупость коротка и нехитра","title":"Short-form adjectives as predicate","body":"«коротка» and «нехитра» are short-form adjectives (long forms «короткая», «нехитрая»), feminine to agree with «глупость». The short form is bookish and aphoristic, stating an absolute quality — perfect for a maxim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ум виляет и прячется","title":"Contrastive «а»; reflexive «прячется»","body":"«а» sets stupidity against intelligence — the mild adversative 'whereas' that hinges so much Russian dialogue. «прячется» (from «прятаться») uses true-reflexive «-ся»: intelligence 'hides itself.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of коротка","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"коротка","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is brief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нехитра","lemma":"нехитрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with коротка","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виляет","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"виляет","lemma":"вилять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"dodges"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прячется","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with виляет","gloss":"hides itself"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b5-c3-s248","source":"Ум подлец, а глупость пряма и честна.","translation":"Intelligence is a scoundrel, but stupidity is straightforward and honest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ум подлец","title":"Zero-copula equation","body":"Present-tense 'to be' is unexpressed: «Ум подлец» is literally 'Intelligence [is] a scoundrel,' two nominatives juxtaposed. Russian needs no copula in the present, so the dash/pause carries the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — a scoundrel, a base man","body":"A strong term of moral contempt for a low, dishonourable person. Applied to «ум» (intelligence) it personifies the faculty as a sly cheat — sharpening Ivan's paradox that cleverness is morally suspect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глупость пряма и честна","title":"More predicative short adjectives","body":"«пряма» and «честна» are again feminine short forms (long «прямая», «честная»), continuing the proverb-like cadence: stupidity 'is straightforward and honest.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"intelligence"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"is a scoundrel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пряма","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"пряма","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"is straightforward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честна","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пряма","gloss":"honest"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b5-c3-s249","source":"Я довел дело до моего отчаяния, и чем глупее я его выставил, тем для меня же выгоднее.","translation":"I have driven the matter all the way to my own despair, and the more stupidly I have set it out, the more it works to my advantage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я довел дело до моего отчаяния","title":"Perfective «довёл» + «до» + genitive","body":"«довёл» (perfective «довести») means 'brought/drove all the way to'; «до» governs the genitive «моего отчаяния» ('to my despair'). The preposition «до» always fixes the genitive on its object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем глупее я его выставил, тем для меня же выгоднее","title":"«чем … тем …» with a verb; insistent «же»","body":"The proportional frame now governs a full clause: 'the more stupidly I set it out, the more advantageous for me.' «выставил» is perfective past. The particle «же» in «для меня же» insists — 'all the more to my own advantage.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of довел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have driven"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of довел","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяния","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довел","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of глупее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"глупее","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies выставил","gloss":"more stupidly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выставил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выставил","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"head of the чем-clause","gloss":"set it forth"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative conjunction (чем...тем)","role":"introduces the clause of выгоднее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выгоднее","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicate","role":"head of the тем-clause","gloss":"more advantageous"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b5-c3-s250","source":"— Ты мне объяснишь, для чего «мира не принимаешь»? — проговорил Алеша.","translation":"“You will explain to me why it is that you ‘do not accept the world’?” said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты мне объяснишь","title":"Perfective future «объяснишь»; dative «мне»","body":"«объяснишь» is the present-form conjugation of perfective «объяснить», which yields a completed future — 'you will explain (and finish).' «мне» is the dative indirect object: explain to whom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мира не принимаешь","title":"Genitive of negation: «мира»","body":"Under negation the object «мир» ('the world') shifts from accusative to genitive «мира» — the genitive of negation, 'do not accept the world.' Ivan's slogan «не принимаю мира» is one of the novel's keynotes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объяснишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснишь","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"объяснишь","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will explain"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаешь (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаешь","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснишь","gloss":"accept","note":"«мира не принимаешь» — Ivan's famous phrase, \"you do not accept the world.\""},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to объяснишь","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b5-c3-s251","source":"— Уж конечно, объясню, не секрет, к тому и вел.","translation":"“Of course I will explain it, it is no secret — that is what I was leading up to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж конечно","title":"Emphatic particle «уж»","body":"«уж» (a worn-down «уже») here is not 'already' but an emphatic particle reinforcing «конечно» — 'why, of course.' This colouring particle belongs to the family that carries a speaker's attitude in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому и вел","title":"Imperfective «вёл» — the leading-up process","body":"«вёл» (imperfective past of «вести») views the action as ongoing background — 'that is what I was leading up to,' a process rather than a single point. «к тому» is dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объясню","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will explain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with объясню","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объясню","gloss":"was leading up"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b5-c3-s252","source":"Братишка ты мой, не тебя я хочу развратить и сдвинуть с твоего устоя, я, может быть, себя хотел бы исцелить тобою, — улыбнулся вдруг Иван, совсем как маленький кроткий мальчик.","translation":"Little brother of mine, it is not you I want to corrupt and shift off your foundation — perhaps it is myself I would like to heal through you,” Ivan suddenly smiled, exactly like a small, gentle boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Братишка ты мой","title":"«братишка» — affectionate diminutive of «брат»","body":"The suffix «-ишк-» on «брат» here is tender, not pejorative: 'little brother of mine, dear brother.' The postposed «ты мой» ('you, mine') heightens the intimacy — a striking softness from the cerebral Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тебя я хочу развратить","title":"Fronted negated object «не тебя»","body":"The object «тебя» is pulled to the front under «не» for contrastive focus: 'it is not YOU I want to corrupt.' Free word order lets Russian place the contrasted element first; the answer ('myself') comes in the next clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя хотел бы исцелить тобою","title":"Conditional «хотел бы»; reflexive «себя»; instrumental «тобою»","body":"«хотел бы» is the conditional/subjunctive (past form + particle «бы») — 'I would like.' «себя» is the reflexive object ('heal myself'), and «тобою» (an elevated form of «тобой») is the instrumental of means — 'through you, by means of you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем как маленький кроткий мальчик","title":"Adjective agreement in the simile","body":"«маленький кроткий мальчик» shows two attributive adjectives agreeing with the masculine nominative noun. «кроткий» ('meek, gentle') is a quietly biblical word, lending the smile a childlike, almost holy innocence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братишка","lemma":"братишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"little brother"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Братишка","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of развратить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"развратить","lemma":"развратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"corrupt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдвинуть","lemma":"сдвинуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with развратить","gloss":"shift"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking устоя","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of устоя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"устоя","lemma":"устой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдвинуть","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть, modifying хотел","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed parenthetical meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of исцелить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"исцелить","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"heal"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of исцелить","gloss":"through you"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison modifying улыбнулся","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"кроткий","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by как","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b5-c3-s253","source":"Никогда еще Алеша не видал у него такой улыбки.","translation":"Never yet had Alyosha seen such a smile on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда еще Алеша не видал ... такой улыбки","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никогда … не видал» is double negation (negative concord): the «ни»-adverb still requires «не» on the verb. The negated object «такой улыбки» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation — 'had never seen such a smile.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не видал","title":"Imperfective «видал» for cumulative experience","body":"«видал» (imperfective, colloquial variant of «видел») suits the 'never (once) had seen' meaning — surveying the whole stretch of past experience rather than a single sighting. The fronted «Никогда еще» throws full emphasis on the unprecedentedness of the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улыбки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"улыбки","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"a smile"}]}]}