{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Бунт","translated":"Rebellion"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c4","lines":243},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c4-s1","source":"— Я тебе должен сделать одно признание, — начал Иван: — я никогда не мог понять, как можно любить своих ближних.","translation":"\"I have to make you one confession,\" Ivan began: \"I have never been able to understand how one can love one's neighbors.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе должен сделать одно признание","title":"Dative of the person owed","body":"«тебе» is the dative of «ты» — the person to whom Ivan owes the confession. With «должен» ('must, owe') the obligated person sits in the nominative («я») but the recipient of the debt takes the dative, a quiet pattern that frames much of the brothers' exchange."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно любить","title":"Impersonal «можно» + infinitive","body":"«можно любить» ('one can love') is a subjectless modal frame: the invariable predicate «можно» plus a bare infinitive, with no nominative subject. The implied experiencer would stand in the dative — exactly the impersonal cast in which Dostoevsky habitually states what is or is not possible for the soul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своих ближних","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своих» is the reflexive possessive «свой» in the accusative plural, pointing back to the clause's own implied subject ('one's own neighbours'). Russian prefers «свой» over «их» when the thing belongs to whoever is doing the loving — here the generalized 'one'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ближних","title":"«ближний» — the neighbour of Scripture","body":"«ближний» literally means 'the near one' and is the fixed biblical term for one's 'neighbour' in the commandment to love (возлюби ближнего твоего). Ivan's whole provocation turns on taking this sacred word and then setting «ближних» against «дальних» (the far ones) in the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies признание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"признание","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ближних","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"ближних","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"neighbors"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c4-s2","source":"Именно ближних-то, по-моему, и невозможно любить, а разве лишь дальних.","translation":"It is precisely one's neighbors, to my mind, whom it is impossible to love — at most, perhaps, those far away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ближних-то","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-emphasizing clitic: it underscores the known word it leans on — 'one's neighbours, precisely those'. It throws the spotlight exactly where Ivan wants the paradox to bite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а разве лишь дальних","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the thought","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction that hinges one clause against another with a shift of focus rather than flat opposition ('whereas, but rather'). Paired with «разве лишь» ('at most, only perhaps') it turns the sentence on its axis from «ближних» to «дальних»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дальних","title":"«дальний» as the foil to «ближний»","body":"«дальний» ('the far one') is coined here as the deliberate antonym of «ближний». The wordplay — love the distant, not the near — is Ivan's sardonic inversion of the Gospel, and is untranslatable as a single pair in English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ближних","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ближних","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ближних","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis to the preceding word; not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, part of по-моему","role":"parenthetical modifying невозможно","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, part of по-моему","role":"parenthetical modifying невозможно","gloss":"my opinion","note":"по-моему is a fixed idiom meaning 'in my opinion', split by the tagger into по + моему."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes невозможно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дальних","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дальних","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with ближних, object of the implied любить","gloss":"those far off"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c4-s3","source":"Я читал вот как-то и где-то про «Иоанна Милостивого» (одного святого), что он, когда к нему пришел голодный и обмерзший прохожий и попросил согреть его, лег с ним вместе в постель, обнял его и начал дышать ему в гноящийся и зловонный от какой-то ужасной болезни рот его.","translation":"I once read somewhere about \"John the Merciful\" (a certain saint), how, when a starving and frostbitten passerby came to him and begged to be warmed, he lay down with him in his bed, embraced him, and began to breathe into his mouth, festering and foul with some dreadful disease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда к нему пришел голодный и обмерзший прохожий и попросил","title":"Perfective chain moving the story","body":"«пришел… попросил… лег… обнял… начал» are all perfective pasts, each naming a single completed event and stepping the narrative forward. Set against the imperfective backdrop of «читал» (Ivan 'was reading'), they show aspect's basic division of labour: imperfective frame, perfective sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то и где-то","title":"Indefinite «-то»: somewhere, somehow","body":"«как-то» ('somehow') and «где-то» ('somewhere') use the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a specific but unrecalled circumstance — Ivan read this in a definite place he can no longer name. Contrast «-нибудь», which would mean 'anywhere at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гноящийся и зловонный … рот","title":"Present active participle «гноящийся»","body":"«гноящийся» ('festering, suppurating') is a present active participle from the reflexive «гноиться», declined as an adjective to modify «рот». Packing a whole 'which was festering' clause into one bookish word, it is the kind of participial density that marks Dostoevsky's narrative register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part of как-то","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"at some","note":"как-то ... где-то together mean 'at some point, somewhere'; the tagger split each into two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part of как-то","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb, part of где-то","role":"coordinated with как-то, modifies читал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb, part of где-то","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иоанна","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Иоанна","lemma":"Иоанн","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читал","gloss":"John"},{"surface":"Милостивого","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"epithet modifying Иоанна","gloss":"the Merciful"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies святого","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иоанна","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лег","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лег","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лег","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"голодный","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прохожий","gloss":"hungry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обмерзший","lemma":"обмёрзнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with голодный","gloss":"frostbitten"},{"surface":"прохожий","lemma":"прохожий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"passerby"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"согреть","lemma":"согреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to warm"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of согреть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of читал (main verb of the что-clause)","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лег","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лег","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лег","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"дышать","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to breathe"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дышать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гноящийся","lemma":"гноиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies рот","gloss":"festering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зловонный","lemma":"зловонный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гноящийся","gloss":"foul-smelling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular, part of какой-то","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular, part of какой-то","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"or other","note":"какой-то ('some kind of') is one word, split by the tagger."},{"surface":"ужасной","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зловонный","gloss":"disease"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of дышать","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of рот","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c4-s4","source":"Я убежден, что он это сделал с надрывом лжи, из-за заказанной долгом любви, из-за натащенной на себя эпитимии.","translation":"I am convinced he did it with the strain of a lie, out of a love commanded by duty, out of a penance he had laid upon himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надрыв","title":"nadryv / 'self-laceration'","body":"«Надрыв» literally means a 'tearing' or 'rupture'; in Dostoevsky it names a painful, self-wounding emotional strain in which one forces a feeling against one's own nature. It is so central to this novel that Book IV is titled «Надрывы». Here it surfaces in the phrase «с надрывом лжи» — the strained, self-lacerating quality of a love performed against the grain; we render it 'with the strain of a lie.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за заказанной долгом любви","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«заказанной» is a past passive participle ('ordered, commanded'), agreeing with «любви», while «долгом» is the instrumental naming the agent — love 'commanded by duty'. The participle-plus-instrumental is Russian's compact way of saying who did the acting in a passive phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"натащенной на себя эпитимии","title":"Reflexive «на себя» — onto oneself","body":"«на себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which has no nominative and always points to the clause's subject — the penance he dragged 'onto himself'. Combined with the participle «натащенной», it stresses that the saint heaped the discipline on his own person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эпитимии","title":"«эпитимия» — Orthodox penance","body":"«эпитимия» (from Greek epitimia) is the specifically ecclesiastical term for a penance imposed by the Church — fasting, prostrations, abstention from communion. Ivan's claim that the saint's charity was a self-imposed «эпитимия» drags an act of love into the cold machinery of religious discipline."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрывом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надрывом","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надрывом","gloss":"of a lie"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of из-за","role":"compound preposition marking любви","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of из-за","role":"compound preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"заказанной","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"долгом","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of заказанной","gloss":"by duty"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из-за","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of из-за","role":"compound preposition marking эпитимии","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition, part of из-за","role":"compound preposition marking эпитимии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"натащенной","lemma":"натащить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies эпитимии","gloss":"heaped on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of натащенной","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"эпитимии","lemma":"эпитимия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of из-за","gloss":"penance"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c4-s5","source":"Чтобы полюбить человека, надо, чтобы тот спрятался, а чуть лишь покажет лицо свое — пропала любовь.","translation":"To love a man, he must keep himself hidden; the moment he shows his face — love is gone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы полюбить человека, надо, чтобы тот спрятался","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтобы» twice opens a willed, non-factual clause and pulls the verb into the past form («спрятался») even with future sense — the subjunctive logic baked into «чтобы» (чтобы = что + бы). It is purpose and condition at once: 'in order to love… it is necessary that he hide himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо","title":"Impersonal «надо» — bare necessity","body":"«надо» ('it is necessary') is an invariable impersonal predicate taking no nominative subject; any person concerned would stand in the dative. It states necessity as a fact of the world rather than someone's choice — characteristic of Ivan's deterministic framing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пропала любовь","title":"Verb-first word order for the upshot","body":"Placing the perfective verb «пропала» before its subject «любовь» throws the weight onto the sudden vanishing — 'gone is love'. Free word order lets Russian foreground the event; the noun arrives last as the thing that perishes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полюбить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбить","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрятался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрятался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спрятался","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"keep hidden"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть лишь","morphology":"adverb, part of чуть лишь","role":"introduces the clause of покажет","gloss":"the moment","note":"чуть лишь together mean 'the moment that/no sooner than'."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"чуть лишь","morphology":"particle, part of чуть лишь","role":"modifies покажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"покажет","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спрятался","gloss":"shows"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покажет","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пропала","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропала","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c4-s6","source":"— Об этом не раз говорил старец Зосима, — заметил Алеша, — он тоже говорил, что лицо человека часто многим еще неопытным в любви людям мешает любить.","translation":"\"The elder Zosima spoke of this more than once,\" Alyosha remarked; \"he too used to say that a man's face often gets in the way of loving, for many people still inexperienced in love.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"многим еще неопытным в любви людям","title":"Dative phrase with adjective agreement","body":"«многим… неопытным… людям» is a stacked dative-plural phrase — the people whom a face 'gets in the way of loving'. «многим», «неопытным», and «людям» all carry the dative plural ending, the agreement making the case visible across the whole noun group."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже говорил","title":"Imperfective «говорил» for repeated speech","body":"The imperfective past «говорил» here reads as habitual — Zosima 'used to say' this more than once, not on a single occasion. Aspect carries the iterative sense that English needs a phrase ('used to') to render."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз, part of не раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил, part of не раз","gloss":"once","note":"не раз is an idiom meaning 'more than once'."},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мешает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мешает","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of a person"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мешает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многие","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неопытным","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неопытным","lemma":"неопытный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неопытным","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of мешает","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"мешает","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"hinders"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мешает","gloss":"loving"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c4-s7","source":"Но ведь есть и много любви в человечестве, и почти подобной Христовой любви, это я сам знаю, Иван…","translation":"But surely there is also much love in mankind, and almost akin to the love of Christ — this I know for myself, Ivan…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь есть и много любви","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but surely, after all, you know' — softening Alyosha's objection into a reminder of something Ivan must already grant. It is one of the small modal particles that give Dostoevsky's dialogue its conversational pressure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много любви","title":"Genitive after a quantity word","body":"After «много» ('much, many') the thing quantified goes in the genitive: «любви» is the genitive of «любовь». Quantity words govern the genitive just as numerals do, the case marking the partitive sense 'a quantity of love'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Христовой любви","title":"«Христов» — possessive adjective 'of Christ'","body":"«Христовой» is not a genitive of the noun but a possessive adjective formed from «Христос» ('Christ's, Christlike'), an old Slavic pattern (-ов/-ин) for forming 'belonging to' from names. The elevated «Христова любовь» frames the whole debate: a love almost 'akin to the love of Christ'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes много","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подобной","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"подобной","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви (second)","gloss":"similar to"},{"surface":"Христовой","lemma":"Христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви (second)","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любви (love in mankind)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c4-s8","source":"— Ну я-то пока еще этого не знаю и понять не могу, и бесчисленное множество людей со мной тоже.","translation":"\"Well, I for one do not yet know it, and cannot understand it, and a countless multitude of people are with me in that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я-то пока еще этого не знаю","title":"Contrastive «я-то» — 'I, for one'","body":"The clitic «-то» on «я» marks an emphatic contrast: 'I, for my part' — Ivan setting himself apart from Alyosha's confident faith. This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite suffix on pronouns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого не знаю","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the object «это» shifts to the genitive «этого» — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract, non-specific object. The same pull governs «понять не могу», where the negated knowing reaches for the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"for one","note":"Enclitic -то here gives 'I for one'."},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока ещё","morphology":"adverb, part of пока ещё","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"пока ещё","morphology":"adverb, part of пока ещё","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесчисленное","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided predicate parallel to знаю/могу","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of со, modifies множество","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c4-s9","source":"Вопрос ведь в том, от дурных ли качеств людей это происходит, или уж оттого, что такова их натура.","translation":"The question, after all, is whether this comes from people's bad qualities, or simply because such is their nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от дурных ли качеств людей это происходит","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"The enclitic «ли» fronts the focused phrase «от дурных… качеств» and turns the clause into an indirect alternative question: 'whether this comes from bad qualities… or…'. «ли» is the literary marker of the 'whether/or' disjunction, more formal than mere intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вопрос ведь в том","title":"Correlative «в том, …или»","body":"«в том» (prepositional of «то») is a correlative placeholder pointing forward to the «ли… или» disjunction it introduces — literally 'the question is in that [namely whether]'. The demonstrative anchors the abstract content that the following clauses unpack."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"такова их натура","title":"«таков» — predicative 'such'","body":"«такова» is the short predicative form of «таков» ('such, of such a kind'), agreeing feminine with «натура». This bookish short form appears only as a predicate — 'such is their nature' — and carries a sententious, aphoristic ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the sentence","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, resumed by the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking качеств","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дурных","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies качеств","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the disjunctive question, attaches to дурных","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"качеств","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies качеств","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого что","morphology":"adverb, part of оттого что","role":"coordinated with от дурных ли качеств, modifies том","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"оттого что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of оттого что","role":"introduces the clause of такова","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicate, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of натура","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"натура","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"nature"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c4-s10","source":"По-моему, Христова любовь к людям есть в своем роде невозможное на земле чудо.","translation":"To my mind, Christ's love for men is, in its own kind, a miracle impossible on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Христова любовь к людям есть … чудо","title":"Overt copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops the present-tense 'to be', so the explicit «есть» ('is') here is emphatic and bookish, lending the definition the weight of a formal pronouncement: 'Christ's love… is a miracle'. The predicate noun «чудо» stays in the nominative because the copula is the bare «есть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любовь к людям","title":"«к» + dative: directed love","body":"«к людям» is the dative governed by «к» ('toward'), expressing the direction of the love — love aimed at people. The preposition «к» always takes the dative, here turning an emotion into something oriented toward an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, part of по-моему","role":"parenthetical modifying есть","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"по-моему","morphology":"adverb, part of по-моему","role":"parenthetical modifying есть","gloss":"my opinion"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"Христов","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking любовь to чудо","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть, part of the idiom в своем роде","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"невозможное","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможное","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"miracle"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c4-s11","source":"Правда, он был бог.","translation":"True, He was God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он был бог","title":"Predicate after past «был» — nominative held","body":"Although «быть» in the past normally pulls a predicate noun into the instrumental («был богом»), Dostoevsky keeps the nominative «бог», stating identity as a flat, absolute fact rather than a role assumed. The choice of nominative over instrumental subtly insists this was simply what He was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to бог","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c4-s12","source":"Но мы-то не боги.","translation":"But we are not gods.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы-то не боги","title":"Zero copula + contrastive «-то»","body":"The present-tense 'are' is unexpressed — Russian uses no copula in the present, so «мы… не боги» is simply 'we [are] not gods'. The clitic «-то» on «мы» drives the contrast home against the divine «он» of the previous line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боги","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мы","gloss":"for our part"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боги","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of the (elided) copula","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c4-s13","source":"Положим, я, например, глубоко могу страдать, но другой никогда ведь не может узнать, до какой степени я страдаю, потому что он другой, а не я, и, сверх того, редко человек согласится признать другого за страдальца (точно будто это чин).","translation":"Suppose that I, for instance, am capable of suffering deeply; yet another man can never know to what degree I suffer, because he is another and not I, and, what is more, a man rarely consents to acknowledge another as a sufferer (as though it were a rank to be conferred).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Положим","title":"«Положим» — first-person imperative as concession","body":"«Положим» is literally the first-person-plural imperative of «положить» ('let us suppose'), used as a concessive discourse marker: 'suppose, let us grant'. Russian often presses such 1pl. forms into the meaning of a logical 'let us say'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что он другой, а не я","title":"Contrastive «а не» — 'and not'","body":"«а не я» uses the contrastive «а» to oppose the two persons cleanly: he is 'another, and not I'. This «а … не …» frame is Russian's standard way of correcting or excluding — pinning the otherness of the second self that no sympathy can cross."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за страдальца","title":"«страдалец» — the sufferer as a figure","body":"«страдалец» is an expressive agent-noun, 'one who suffers' almost as a vocation or martyr-type, with a faintly elevated, even ironic colouring here. «признать за страдальца» ('to acknowledge as a sufferer') treats suffering as a status to be conferred — picked up at once by the gibe «точно будто это чин»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Положим","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, used parenthetically, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying могу","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying могу","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнать","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдаю","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of степени/узнать","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"introduces the reason for не может узнать","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of потому что","role":"introduces the clause of другой","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of другой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (elided copula)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with другой","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"preposition, part of сверх того","role":"parenthetical modifying согласится","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, part of сверх того","role":"parenthetical modifying согласится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласится","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will agree"},{"surface":"признать","lemma":"признать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласится","gloss":"to acknowledge"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдальца","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"страдальца","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признать","gloss":"a sufferer"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно будто","morphology":"adverb, part of точно будто","role":"introduces the parenthetical это чин","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"точно будто","morphology":"particle, part of точно будто","role":"introduces the parenthetical это чин","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чин","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чин","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"a rank"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c4-s14","source":"Почему не согласится, как ты думаешь?","translation":"Why will he not consent — what do you think?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему не согласится","title":"Perfective future for the general truth","body":"«согласится» is the perfective future ('will [not] consent'), but here it states a typical, almost gnomic refusal rather than a single future event — the perfective often generalizes about what one 'will' characteristically do. The negation «не» strips away the possibility entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will he agree"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies думаешь, idiom как ты думаешь = 'what do you think'","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of согласится","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c4-s15","source":"Потому, например, что от меня дурно пахнет, что у меня глупое лицо, потому что я раз когда-то отдавил ему ногу.","translation":"Because, for instance, I smell bad, because I have a stupid face, because I once trod on his foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от меня дурно пахнет","title":"Impersonal «пахнет» — the smell with no subject","body":"«пахнет» ('it smells') is used impersonally with no nominative subject; the source goes in «от» + genitive («от меня», 'from me'). Russian frames a bad smell as an event happening rather than a thing one possesses — degrading precisely because it is just a fact in the air."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня глупое лицо","title":"Possession with «у меня»","body":"Russian expresses 'I have' as «у меня [есть]» — literally 'by/at me there is' — with the possessor in «у» + genitive and the thing possessed in the nominative («глупое лицо»). It conceives having as something located near a person rather than owned by them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдавил ему ногу","title":"Dative of the affected person","body":"«ему» is a dative of the person disadvantaged — 'I trod on the foot to him', i.e. on his foot. Where English uses a possessive ('his foot'), Russian routinely marks the affected party with the dative, keeping the body part's own case for its grammatical role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (w3/w14); potomu...chto = because","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пахнет","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of потому (w1); introduces the clause от меня дурно пахнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пахнет","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"пахнет","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of this reason clause (от меня дурно пахнет)","gloss":"smells"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second reason clause у меня глупое лицо, coordinated with w3","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the у меня construction ('I have'); marks меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the у меня construction (I have)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject of implied есть (у меня глупое лицо)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (w14); potomu...chto = because","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of потому (w13); introduces the clause я раз... отдавил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдавил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, oblique complement of отдавил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то ('once, at some point'), split by the tagger; modifies отдавил","gloss":"at some","note":"когда-то is a single indefinite adverb; the tagger split it into two tokens (w17-w18)."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то, continued from w17","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"отдавил","lemma":"отдавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this reason clause","gloss":"trod on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдавил (possessor of the foot)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдавил","gloss":"foot"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c4-s16","source":"К тому же страдание и страдание: унизительное страдание, унижающее меня, голод например, еще допустит во мне мой благодетель, но чуть повыше страдание, за идею например, нет, он это в редких разве случаях допустит, потому что он, например, посмотрит на меня и вдруг увидит, что у меня вовсе не то лицо, какое, по его фантазии, должно бы быть у человека, страдающего за такую-то, например, идею.","translation":"Besides, there is suffering and suffering: a degrading suffering, one that humiliates me — hunger, say — my benefactor will still allow me; but a slightly loftier suffering, for an idea, say — no, that he will allow only in rare cases, because he will, for instance, look at me and suddenly see that my face is not at all the sort that, by his fancy, a man suffering for such-and-such an idea ought to have.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодетель","title":"«благодетель» — benefactor","body":"«благодетель» is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured compound, 'doer of good (благо + деять)', the high word for a patron or benefactor. Ivan's «мой благодетель» drips with irony — the lofty term mocking the condescension that picks and chooses whose suffering it will deign to honour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно бы быть у человека, страдающего за … идею","title":"Present active participle «страдающий»","body":"«страдающего» is a present active participle ('suffering, who suffers') in the genitive after «у», agreeing with «человека» — 'a man who suffers for an idea'. It condenses a whole relative clause into one declined word, the literary participle at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно бы быть","title":"Conditional softening with «бы»","body":"«должно бы быть» uses the irrealis particle «бы» with the modal «должно» to soften the obligation into 'ought (hypothetically) to be' — the face an idea-sufferer is imagined as supposed to have. «бы» turns flat necessity into the conditional realm of the benefactor's «фантазия»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за такую-то … идею","title":"«-то» as the vague placeholder","body":"«такую-то» ('such-and-such a') uses the indefinite clitic «-то» to mark a deliberately unspecified idea — a stand-in for whatever lofty cause one cares to name. It mimics the dismissive vagueness of someone waving away another's high-minded suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же ('besides'); marks тому","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted topic (exclamatory repetition: 'suffering and suffering')","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страдание (w4)","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"унизительное","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдание (w8)","gloss":"degrading"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the topic; semantic direct object of допустит","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"унижающее","lemma":"унижать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle modifying страдание (w8)","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of унижающее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"голод","lemma":"голод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to страдание, as an example","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies голод","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допустит","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"допустит","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of допустит (во мне = 'in me')","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of благодетель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"благодетель","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допустит","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повыше","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"повыше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies страдание (w22)","gloss":"loftier"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted topic, resumed by это (w28) as object of допустит (w33)","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идею","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страдание (suffering for an idea)","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допустит (w33)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes страдание (w22) as direct object of допустит (w33)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"редких","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случаях (в редких разве случаях = 'only in rare cases')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of допустит (w33)","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"допустит","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause; subject он (w27), object это (w28)","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (w35); introduces the reason clause modifying допустит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of потому (w34)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрит","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"посмотрит","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the reason clause, modifying допустит","gloss":"will look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрит","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of увидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the у меня construction; marks меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the у меня construction, within the object clause of увидит","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, subject of implied есть (у меня не то лицо)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to лицо; subject of должно","gloss":"the sort"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фантазии","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of фантазии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"фантазии","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должно (по его фантазии = 'by his fancy')","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying лицо, with бы быть","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно, copula linking to человека","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the у человека construction ('a man to have'); marks человека","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of должно/быть","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"страдающего","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participle modifying человека","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of такую-то ('such-and-such'); modifies идею","gloss":"such-and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"такой","morphology":"particle","role":"part of такую-то, continued from w62","gloss":"-such"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идею","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за (w61): за такую-то идею = 'for such-and-such an idea' — идею is the prepositional complement, not a direct object of the intransitive participle страдающего","gloss":"an idea"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c4-s17","source":"Вот он и лишает меня сейчас же своих благодеяний и даже вовсе не от злого сердца.","translation":"And so he at once withholds his benefactions from me — and not even out of an evil heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишает меня … своих благодеяний","title":"Genitive governed by «лишать»","body":"«лишать» ('to deprive') governs the genitive of the thing taken away: «своих благодеяний» ('of his benefactions'). The verb belongs to a set (лишать, бояться, желать) whose object is grammatically genitive — depriving is, logically, an absence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот он и лишает","title":"Resultative «вот … и»","body":"The frame «вот… и» ('and so, that is just why') draws a consequence with a colloquial flourish — 'and so he goes and withholds'. «вот» plus «и» on the verb gives the sentence the air of clinching a point already prepared."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишает, discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лишает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies лишает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лишает","lemma":"лишать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withholds"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of лишает","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишает","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of сейчас же ('at once')","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of благодеяний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"благодеяний","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of лишает (genitive object of лишать)","gloss":"benefactions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the от злого сердца phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злого","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лишает (не от злого сердца = 'not out of an evil heart')","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c4-s18","source":"Нищие, особенно благородные нищие, должны бы были наружу никогда не показываться, а просить милостыню чрез газеты.","translation":"Beggars, and especially well-born beggars, ought never to show themselves in the open, but should ask for alms through the newspapers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должны бы были … никогда не показываться","title":"Conditional obligation + negative reflexive","body":"«должны бы были… показываться» stacks «бы» onto the past «были» for a hypothetical 'ought to' — beggars 'ought (ideally) never to show themselves'. The reflexive «-ся» on «показываться» makes it intransitive ('show oneself'), and «никогда… не» is negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просить милостыню","title":"«милостыня» — alms","body":"«милостыня» ('alms') shares its root with «милость» (mercy) and «милостивый» — the same family as «Иоанн Милостивый» above. Giving alms is a central Orthodox act of mercy, which sharpens the cynicism of Ivan's proposal to route it «чрез газеты» (through the newspapers)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез газеты","title":"«чрез» — bookish form of «через»","body":"«чрез» is the non-pleophonic, Church-Slavonic-flavoured doublet of the everyday «через» ('through, by means of'). Its clipped, elevated form lends a faint archaism even to so modern an image as begging via the press."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нищие","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic, resumed by нищие (w4)","gloss":"beggars"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благородные","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"благородные","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies нищие (w4)","gloss":"well-born"},{"surface":"нищие","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"beggars"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должны","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должны, forming the modal construction должны бы были = 'ought' (no completed/perfect sense); matches the given translation 'ought never to show themselves', not 'ought to have'","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показываться","gloss":"in the open"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показываться","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показываться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показываться","lemma":"показываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"show themselves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показываться","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"милостыню","lemma":"милостыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газеты","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"газеты","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить (via чрез)","gloss":"the newspapers"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c4-s19","source":"Отвлеченно еще можно любить ближнего и даже иногда издали, но вблизи почти никогда.","translation":"In the abstract one can still love one's neighbor, and even at times from a distance, but up close almost never.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отвлеченно еще можно любить ближнего","title":"Animate accusative «ближнего»","body":"«ближнего» is the accusative of the animate masculine «ближний», borrowing the genitive ending -его because the noun is animate. This is how Russian keeps subject and object distinct under free word order — the loved 'neighbour' is marked as an object by its very form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отвлеченно","title":"«отвлечённо» — in the abstract","body":"«отвлечённо» ('abstractly, in the abstract') comes from «отвлечь» ('to draw away, distract'), so the abstract is literally the 'drawn-off' from concrete reality. Ivan's whole indictment turns on this gap between loving man «отвлечённо» versus «вблизи» (up close)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвлеченно","lemma":"отвлечённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"abstractly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ближнего","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"one's neighbor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иногда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies издали","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with любить (loving from a distance)","gloss":"from a distance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вблизи","lemma":"вблизи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"up close"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with можно (elliptical: love is almost never possible up close)","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c4-s20","source":"Если бы всё было как на сцене, в балете, где нищие, когда они появляются, приходят в шелковых лохмотьях и рваных кружевах и просят милостыню, грациозно танцуя, ну тогда еще можно любоваться ими.","translation":"If everything were as it is on the stage, in a ballet, where the beggars, when they appear, come on in silken rags and tattered lace and beg for alms while dancing gracefully — well, then one might still admire them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы всё было как на сцене","title":"Counterfactual «если бы»","body":"«если бы… было» is the unreal conditional: «если» plus the irrealis «бы» with a past-form verb, marking a hypothesis contrary to fact — 'if everything were…'. The matching apodosis 'then one might still admire' is itself softened by the same modal logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грациозно танцуя","title":"Imperfective gerund «танцуя»","body":"«танцуя» ('[while] dancing') is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие), an indeclinable verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with the main one — they beg 'while dancing gracefully'. It must share the subject of the main clause, here the beggars."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лохмотьях","title":"«лохмотья» — rags","body":"«лохмотья» ('rags, tatters') is a plurale tantum with an expressive, slightly contemptuous ring. The oxymoron «шелковых лохмотьях» ('silken rags') captures the prettified, theatrical poverty Ivan says is the only kind one can bear to look upon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (всё было...), modifying можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate is как на сцене","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison predicate (на сцене)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking балете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"балете","lemma":"балет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сцене, predicate complement of было","gloss":"a ballet"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause (нищие... приходят) modifying балете","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нищие","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приходят","gloss":"the beggars"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появляются","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of появляются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"появляются","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying приходят","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лохмотьях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шелковых","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies лохмотьях","gloss":"silken"},{"surface":"лохмотьях","lemma":"лохмотья","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходят","gloss":"rags"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рваных","lemma":"рваный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кружевах","gloss":"tattered"},{"surface":"кружевах","lemma":"кружево","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with лохмотьях","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходят","gloss":"beg for"},{"surface":"милостыню","lemma":"милостыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просят","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"грациозно","lemma":"грациозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies танцуя","gloss":"gracefully"},{"surface":"танцуя","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, adverbial participle (gerund), imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of просят (while dancing)","gloss":"dancing"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the apodosis (then one might still admire them)","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"любоваться","lemma":"любоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"admire"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of любоваться","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c4-s21","source":"Любоваться, но все-таки не любить.","translation":"Admire them — but still not love them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любоваться, но все-таки не любить","title":"Infinitives carrying the antithesis","body":"Two bare infinitives, «любоваться» and «любить», are set against each other to crystallize the distinction — to admire versus to love. The infinitive used absolutely lets Ivan reduce his point to its aphoristic core, the near-rhyme «любоваться/любить» sealing the contrast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любоваться","title":"«любоваться» — to gaze with pleasure","body":"«любоваться» ('to admire, feast one's eyes on') is a reflexive verb built on the same root «люб-» as «любить» ('to love'), but it means only aesthetic delight, governing the instrumental («любоваться ими»). The shared root makes the gulf between mere admiration and love all the more pointed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любоваться","lemma":"любоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate, elliptical continuation of можно from the previous sentence","gloss":"admire them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки ('still, nevertheless'); modifies любить","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, continued from w3","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любоваться","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c4-s22","source":"Но довольно об этом.","translation":"But enough of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно об этом","title":"«об этом» — topic in the prepositional","body":"«об этом» is «о» ('about') plus the prepositional «этом», the case that can only follow a preposition and here marks the topic — 'enough about this'. The terse «довольно + genitive idea» dismisses the subject with a single elliptical phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c4-s23","source":"Мне надо было лишь поставить тебя на мою точку.","translation":"I only needed to set you at my own point of view.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне надо было … поставить тебя","title":"Dative subject with «надо было»","body":"«Мне надо было» is the classic impersonal of necessity: the experiencer «мне» in the dative, the predicate the invariable «надо» with neuter «было», and no nominative subject — 'to me it was necessary'. Ivan states his motive as something that simply had to be done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо (I need)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поставить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"точку","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"point of view"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c4-s24","source":"Я хотел заговорить о страдании человечества вообще, но лучше уж остановимся на страданиях одних детей.","translation":"I meant to speak of the suffering of mankind in general, but we had better confine ourselves to the sufferings of children alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше уж остановимся","title":"1pl. perfective future as a soft proposal","body":"«остановимся» is the perfective future first-person-plural used hortatively — 'let us (rather) confine ourselves'. Russian often lets the bare 1pl. future stand for an invitation, here nudged by «лучше уж» ('better just')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хотел заговорить … но","title":"Inceptive prefix «за-» in «заговорить»","body":"«заговорить» pairs the prefix «за-» with «говорить» to mean 'to begin speaking, broach' — «за-» frequently marks the inception of an action. The perfective infinitive thus names not the talking but the setting-out to talk, which Ivan then redirects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдании","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страдании","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорить","gloss":"the suffering"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдании","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдании (mankind's suffering in general)","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановимся","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановимся","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"остановимся","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"confine ourselves"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданиях","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"страданиях","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановимся","gloss":"the sufferings"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies страданиях","gloss":"of children"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c4-s25","source":"Это уменьшит размеры моей аргументации раз в десять, но лучше уж про одних детей.","translation":"This will reduce the scope of my argument tenfold, but children alone are the better case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уменьшит размеры … раз в десять","title":"«раз в десять» — multiplicative phrase","body":"«раз в десять» ('tenfold, by ten times') uses «раз» ('a time') with «в» + accusative numeral to express a factor of change. The perfective future «уменьшит» states the single, decisive shrinking of the argument's scope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уменьшит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уменьшит","lemma":"уменьшить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will reduce"},{"surface":"размеры","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of уменьшит","gloss":"the scope"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of аргументации","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"аргументации","lemma":"аргументация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies размеры","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial, oblique complement of уменьшит (раз в десять = 'tenfold')","gloss":"-fold"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate, elliptical for 'better to speak of' (но лучше уж про одних детей)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of про, within the elliptical clause introduced by лучше","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c4-s26","source":"Тем не выгоднее для меня, разумеется.","translation":"So much the less to my advantage, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем не выгоднее для меня","title":"Comparative «выгоднее» with «тем»","body":"«выгоднее» is the predicative comparative of «выгодный» ('advantageous'), and «тем… не» twists the usual «тем… тем» ('the more… the more') correlative into 'so much the less to my advantage'. The bare invariable comparative is the normal Russian way to say 'more X'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative modifier of выгоднее ('so much the...')","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выгоднее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выгоднее","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of выгоднее","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical adverbial use)","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c4-s27","source":"Но, во-первых, деток можно любить даже и вблизи, даже и грязных, даже дурных лицом (мне, однако же, кажется, что детки никогда не бывают дурны лицом)","translation":"But in the first place, little children one can love even up close, even dirty ones, even ill-favored ones (though it seems to me that little children are never ill-favored).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деток","title":"«детки» — the tender diminutive of «дети»","body":"«детки» is the affectionate diminutive of «дети» ('children'), here in the genitive/accusative «деток». This soft, caressing form (and «деточки», «детишки» nearby) saturates Ivan's tirade — the very tenderness toward children that makes their torture his unanswerable case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дурных лицом","title":"Instrumental of respect «лицом»","body":"«дурных лицом» ('ill-favoured in face') uses the instrumental «лицом» to specify the respect in which they are bad — the instrumental of limitation, answering 'bad in what?'. Russian routinely names the dimension of a quality with this bare instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of во-первых ('in the first place'); modifies можно","gloss":"in the first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"во-первых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of во-первых, continued from w2","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить, fronted for topic","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вблизи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вблизи, reinforces даже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вблизи","lemma":"вблизи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить (даже и вблизи = 'even up close')","gloss":"up close"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грязных","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грязных, reinforces даже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"secondary predicate modifying деток (love them even when dirty)","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурных","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дурных","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"secondary predicate modifying деток, coordinated with грязных","gloss":"ill-favored"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дурных","gloss":"in face"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако же","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of однако же ('however, though'); parenthetical, modifies кажется","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"однако же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of однако же, continued from w17","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (мне кажется = 'it seems to me')","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"дурны","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with бывают","gloss":"ill-favored"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дурны","gloss":"in face"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c4-s28","source":"Во-вторых, о больших я и потому еще говорить не буду, что, кроме того, что они отвратительны и любви не заслуживают, у них есть и возмездие: они съели яблоко и познали добро и зло и стали «яко бози».","translation":"In the second place, I will not speak of grown-ups for the further reason that, besides being repulsive and undeserving of love, they have their requital: they ate the apple and came to know good and evil, and became \"as gods.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яко бози","title":"«яко бози» — Church Slavonic 'as gods'","body":"«яко бози» is pure Church Slavonic: «яко» = 'as, like', and «бози» the old nominative plural of «бог» (modern «боги»). The Slavonic form quotes the Genesis verse in its sacred, liturgical dress — Dostoevsky marks it with guillemets as scriptural citation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали «яко бози»","title":"Predicate after «стать»","body":"«стать» ('to become') normally takes a predicate in the instrumental, but here the frozen Slavonic citation «яко бози» keeps its archaic nominative plural — the quotation overriding the living grammar. In ordinary Russian one would expect «стали богами»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of во-вторых ('in the second place'); modifies говорить","gloss":"in the second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"во-вторых","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of во-вторых, continued from w1","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больших","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"grown-ups"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (w12); introduces the reason clause for не буду говорить","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду/говорить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of потому (w7); introduces the reason clause (..., у них есть и возмездие)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause (w15); кроме того что = 'besides the fact that'","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause они отвратительны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвратительны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"отвратительны","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"predicate complement of того (кроме того, что...)","gloss":"repulsive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links отвратительны and заслуживают","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заслуживают (genitive under negation)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заслуживают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заслуживают","lemma":"заслуживать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвратительны","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the у них есть construction ('they have'); marks них","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the у них есть construction","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the potomu-chto reason clause (у них есть возмездие = 'they have a requital')","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмездие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"возмездие","lemma":"возмездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a requital"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of съели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"съели","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"elaborates on возмездие","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"яблоко","lemma":"яблоко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of съели","gloss":"the apple"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"познали","lemma":"познать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with съели","gloss":"came to know"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of познали","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with добро","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with съели","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"conjunction (Church Slavonic)","role":"introduces the predicate of стали (яко бози = 'as gods')","gloss":"as","note":"Church Slavonic, quoting Genesis 3:5."},{"surface":"бози","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (archaic Church Slavonic form)","role":"predicate complement of яко","gloss":"gods","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic plural of бог ('god'); quotes Genesis 3:5."}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c4-s29","source":"Продолжают и теперь есть его.","translation":"And they go on eating it even now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Продолжают и теперь есть его","title":"«продолжать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«продолжать» ('to continue') demands an imperfective infinitive — «есть» ('to eat'), the durative half of the pair — because continuing is by nature an ongoing process. The dropped subject ('they', the adults) is recoverable from the verb ending and the prior sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Продолжают","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject 'they' elided)","gloss":"they go on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, imperfective","role":"complement of Продолжают","gloss":"eating","note":"Here 'есть' is the infinitive of 'to eat', not the copula 'to be'."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of есть","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c4-s30","source":"Но деточки ничего не съели и пока еще ни в чем не виновны.","translation":"But the little ones have eaten nothing and are as yet guilty of nothing whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не съели и … ни в чем не виновны","title":"Negative concord with «ни»","body":"«ничего… не съели» and «ни в чем не виновны» both show Russian's obligatory double negation: the «ни»-word and the «не» on the predicate stack to a single negative meaning. 'Have eaten nothing' and 'guilty of nothing' each pile two negatives where English allows only one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деточки","title":"«деточки» — the doubly tender diminutive","body":"«деточки» piles a second diminutive layer on «детки», an intensely caressing 'dear little ones'. Set beside the harsh «съели» and «виновны», the tenderness of the word makes the children's innocence almost unbearable — exactly Ivan's rhetorical aim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"деточки","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of съели","gloss":"the little ones"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of съели","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies съели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"съели","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have eaten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновны","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновны (пока еще = 'as yet')","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of ни в чем ('in nothing'); modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновны","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновны","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, plural (short form)","role":"coordinated with съели","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c4-s31","source":"Любишь ты деток, Алеша?","translation":"Do you love little children, Alyosha?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любишь ты деток, Алеша?","title":"Verb-first question, no «ли»","body":"Fronting the verb «любишь» before the pronoun «ты» turns the statement into a colloquial yes/no question carried by intonation alone — warmer and more intimate than the formal «любишь ли ты». Word order plus voice does the work of a question particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you love"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Любишь","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c4-s32","source":"Знаю, что любишь, и тебе будет понятно, для чего я про них одних хочу теперь говорить.","translation":"I know that you do, and so you will understand why it is of them alone that I want to speak now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе будет понятно","title":"Dative + short adjective predicate","body":"«тебе будет понятно» is impersonal: the experiencer «тебе» in the dative, the neuter short adjective «понятно» ('clear, comprehensible') as predicate, the future «будет» linking them — 'it will be clear to you'. The short form is the predicative one, the long «понятный» reserved for attribution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего я … хочу теперь говорить","title":"«для чего» — purpose interrogative","body":"«для чего» ('what for, to what end') is «для» + the genitive interrogative «чего», forming an embedded question of purpose. «для» always governs the genitive, and here the whole phrase opens the indirect clause 'why it is… that I want to speak'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"you love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Знаю and тебе будет понятно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer complement of понятно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to понятно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"second main predicate, coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для, purpose clause modifying говорить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of про, modifies говорить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies них","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c4-s33","source":"Если они на земле тоже ужасно страдают, то уж, конечно, за отцов своих, наказаны за отцов своих, съевших яблоко, — но ведь это рассуждение из другого мира, сердцу же человеческому здесь на земле непонятное.","translation":"If they too suffer terribly on earth, then it is of course for their fathers — punished for their fathers, who ate the apple — but that is reasoning from another world, incomprehensible to the human heart here on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наказаны за отцов своих, съевших яблоко","title":"Past active participle «съевших»","body":"«съевших» is a perfective past active participle ('who ate, having eaten'), genitive plural agreeing with «отцов» — 'the fathers who ate the apple'. The perfective stem gives the completed sense, and the participle compresses a whole «которые съели» clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наказаны","title":"Short-form passive participle","body":"«наказаны» is the short-form past passive participle of «наказать» ('to punish') — a predicative result, 'they are punished'. The short passive participle joining (an implied) «быть» is Russian's chief way of stating a passive result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцу же человеческому … непонятное","title":"Dative + the insisting particle «же»","body":"«сердцу… человеческому» is a dative of the experiencer ('to the human heart'), and «же» insists upon the contrast — reasoning that may hold in 'another world' is precisely incomprehensible here. «непонятное» agrees as an adjective with «рассуждение»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of страдают","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of страдают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдают","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдают","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдают","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"страдают","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by Если","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause, correlative to Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наказаны","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"fronted oblique complement of наказаны","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отцов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"наказаны","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наказаны","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отцов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"съевших","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying отцов","gloss":"who ate"},{"surface":"яблоко","lemma":"яблоко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of съевших","gloss":"apple"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of рассуждение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рассуждение","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of непонятное","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассуждение","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"experiencer complement of непонятное","gloss":"to the heart"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердцу","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"человеческому","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердцу","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятное","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of phrase здесь на земле, modifies непонятное","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"непонятное","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of рассуждение","gloss":"incomprehensible"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c4-s34","source":"Нельзя страдать неповинному за другого, да еще такому неповинному!","translation":"An innocent being cannot suffer for another, and such an innocent one at that!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя страдать неповинному за другого","title":"«нельзя» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Нельзя страдать… неповинному» is impersonal: «нельзя» ('one may/must not, it is impossible') with a bare infinitive and the affected party «неповинному» in the dative — 'an innocent one cannot/must not suffer'. The dative names whom the prohibition or impossibility falls on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неповинному","title":"«неповинный» — guiltless","body":"«неповинный» ('innocent, guiltless') is the bookish negated form of «повинный» (culpable, owing a fault), more solemn than the everyday «невиновный». Its weight suits the near-juridical force of Ivan's protest against undeserved suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"неповинному","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject (dative) of страдать","gloss":"an innocent one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдать","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такому","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of неповинному","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"неповинному","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неповинному (w3)","gloss":"an innocent one"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c4-s35","source":"Подивись на меня, Алеша, я тоже ужасно люблю деточек.","translation":"Marvel at me, Alyosha: I too love little children terribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подивись на меня","title":"Imperative «подивись» + reflexive","body":"«Подивись» is the singular imperative of the perfective reflexive «подивиться» ('to marvel, be astonished'), the «-сь» being the post-vowel form of the reflexive clitic. Ivan commands Alyosha's wonder at his own confessed tenderness for children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подивись","lemma":"подивиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подивись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"деточек","lemma":"деточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"little children"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c4-s36","source":"И заметь себе, жестокие люди, страстные, плотоядные, карамазовцы, иногда очень любят детей.","translation":"And mark this: cruel people, passionate, carnivorous — Karamazovs — sometimes love children very much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметь себе","title":"Imperative + reflexive «себе» (ethical dative)","body":"«заметь себе» pairs the imperative «заметь» ('note') with the dative reflexive «себе» as an ethical dative — 'note to yourself, mark well'. This «себе» adds emotional involvement rather than a literal indirect object, a colloquial intensifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"карамазовцы","title":"«карамазовцы» — the Karamazov type","body":"«карамазовцы» turns the family name into a common noun with the agent/adherent suffix -ец (pl. -цы): 'Karamazov-types, men of the Karamazov breed'. Ivan classes himself among the «жестокие, страстные, плотоядные» — making the family name a moral category."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заметь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"жестокие","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"страстные","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"плотоядные","lemma":"плотоядный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with страстные","gloss":"carnivorous"},{"surface":"карамазовцы","lemma":"карамазовец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"Karamazovs"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c4-s37","source":"Дети, пока дети, до семи лет например, страшно отстоят от людей: совсем будто другое существо и с другою природой.","translation":"Children, while they are children, up to the age of seven, say, stand frightfully apart from grown people: it is as though they were quite another creature, with another nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно отстоят от людей","title":"«отстоять от» + genitive","body":"«отстоят от людей» ('stand apart from people') uses «от» governing the genitive «людей» to mark the point of separation — the distance away from. «страшно» here is the intensifier 'frightfully, terribly' rather than 'fearfully'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с другою природой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«другою природой» shows the older, bookish feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), governed by «с» ('with'). The fuller «-ою» is a 19th-century literary flavour, common in Dostoevsky beside the everyday «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic, subject of отстоят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the пока-clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elided verb in пока-clause","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отстоят","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies до семи лет","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстоят","gloss":"frightfully"},{"surface":"отстоят","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand apart"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отстоят","gloss":"grown people"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause of существо","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of elliptical clause (they are)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природой","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"природой","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with существо","gloss":"nature"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c4-s38","source":"Я знал одного разбойника в остроге: ему случалось в свою карьеру, избивая целые семейства в домах, в которые забирался по ночам для грабежа, зарезать заодно несколько и детей.","translation":"I knew a certain bandit in prison: in the course of his career, when he was slaughtering whole families in the houses he broke into at night to rob, it happened that he would cut the throats of a few children along with the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"избивая целые семейства … зарезать заодно несколько и детей","title":"Imperfective gerund «избивая»","body":"«избивая» ('slaughtering, while massacring') is an imperfective present gerund setting the ongoing circumstance against which the perfective «зарезать» ('to cut the throats of') names the discrete deeds. The gerund must share the main subject — the bandit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько … детей","title":"Genitive plural after «несколько»","body":"After the quantifier «несколько» ('a few, several') the counted noun stands in the genitive plural: «детей». Like the higher numerals, indefinite quantity words govern the genitive plural of what they enumerate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies разбойника","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"разбойника","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"bandit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остроге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остроге","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer subject of случалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карьеру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"карьеру","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случалось","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"избивая","lemma":"избивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарезать","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of избивая","gloss":"families"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"домах","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of избивая","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of забирался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"забирался","lemma":"забираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on домах","gloss":"would break in"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ночам","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забирался","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грабежа","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грабежа","lemma":"грабёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забирался","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"зарезать","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of случалось","gloss":"to cut the throats of"},{"surface":"заодно","lemma":"заодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"along with the rest"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifier heading детей, direct object of зарезать","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of несколько","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c4-s39","source":"Но, сидя в остроге, он их до странности любил.","translation":"But, sitting in prison, he loved them to a strange degree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя в остроге, он их … любил","title":"Imperfective gerund «сидя» + imperfective «любил»","body":"«сидя» ('sitting, while in prison') is an imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance, and the imperfective past «любил» renders a durative, settled state — he 'loved them' all the while. Both forms keep the action in the realm of ongoing condition rather than event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остроге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остроге","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"strangeness"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c4-s40","source":"Из окна острога он только и делал, что смотрел на играющих на тюремном дворе детей.","translation":"From the prison window all he ever did was watch the children playing in the prison yard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и делал, что смотрел на играющих … детей","title":"Present active participle «играющих»","body":"«играющих» is a present active participle ('playing, who were playing'), accusative-animate-genitive plural agreeing with «детей» — the children at play he watched. The idiom «только и делал, что…» means 'all he ever did was…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"острога","lemma":"острог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делал","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"играющих","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying детей","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюремном","lemma":"тюремный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играющих","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of на, oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c4-s41","source":"Одного маленького мальчика он приучил приходить к нему под окно, и тот очень сдружился с ним..","translation":"He trained one little boy to come up under his window, and the boy grew very fond of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приучил приходить","title":"«приучить» + imperfective infinitive of habit","body":"«приучил приходить» ('trained [him] to come') takes the imperfective infinitive «приходить» because the training instils a repeated, habitual action — coming again and again. Verbs of habituation naturally select the imperfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдружился с ним","title":"Reflexive «сдружиться» + instrumental","body":"«сдружился» ('grew fond of, became friends') is a perfective reflexive of reciprocal/change-of-state sense, governing «с» + instrumental «ним» for the companion. The «-ся» turns 'befriend' into the mutual 'become close with'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies мальчика","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приучил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"приучил","lemma":"приучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trained"},{"surface":"приходить","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приучил","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходить","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдружился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдружился","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"сдружился","lemma":"сдружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приучил","gloss":"grew fond"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдружился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c4-s42","source":"Ты не знаешь, для чего я это всё говорю, Алеша?","translation":"You do not know why I am telling you all this, Alyosha?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего я это всё говорю","title":"Imperfective «говорю» — the ongoing telling","body":"«говорю» is the imperfective present, framing the telling as an action in progress — 'why I am saying all this'. The imperfective is the natural choice for the live, unfolding act of speech Ivan is in the midst of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для, modifies говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это, direct object of говорю","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"I am telling"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c4-s43","source":"У меня как-то голова болит, и мне грустно.","translation":"My head somehow aches, and I feel sad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня … голова болит, и мне грустно","title":"Two impersonal frames of bodily state","body":"«У меня голова болит» locates the ache with «у» + genitive possessor, while «мне грустно» is a pure dative-experiencer impersonal — 'to me [it is] sad'. Side by side they show Russian's habitual way of reporting inner states without making the self the grammatical subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of compound)","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"some-","note":"как-то (\"somehow\") is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of compound)","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with болит","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c4-s44","source":"— Ты говоришь с странным видом, — с беспокойством заметил Алеша, — точно ты в каком безумии.","translation":"\"You speak with a strange look,\" Alyosha remarked uneasily, \"as though you were in some kind of madness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с странным видом","title":"Instrumental of manner «с … видом»","body":"«с странным видом» ('with a strange look/air') is «с» + instrumental describing the manner of speaking — accompaniment shading into manner. The unelided «с странным» (rather than «со странным») is a small period feature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно ты в каком безумии","title":"Comparative «точно» — 'as though'","body":"«точно» here is not 'exactly' but the comparative conjunction 'as if, as though', introducing an unreal likeness — 'as though you were in some madness'. «в каком безумии» is the prepositional of location with the vague «какой» ('some kind of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говоришь","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (ты [есть] в безумии)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking безумии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of безумии","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"безумии","lemma":"безумие","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, oblique complement of elliptical быть","gloss":"madness"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c4-s45","source":"— Кстати, мне недавно рассказывал один болгарин в Москве, — продолжал Иван Федорович, как бы и не слушая брата, — как турки и черкесы там у них, в Болгарии, повсеместно злодействуют, опасаясь поголовного восстания славян, — то есть жгут, режут, насилуют женщин и детей, прибивают арестантам уши к забору гвоздями и оставляют так до утра, а поутру вешают — и проч., всего и вообразить невозможно.","translation":"\"By the way, a certain Bulgarian in Moscow was telling me not long ago,\" Ivan Fyodorovich went on, as though not even listening to his brother, \"how the Turks and Circassians over there in Bulgaria are committing atrocities everywhere, fearing a general uprising of the Slavs — that is, they burn, slaughter, rape women and children, nail prisoners' ears to fences with nails and leave them so till morning, and at dawn they hang them — and so on; the whole thing is beyond imagining.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и не слушая брата","title":"Gerund «не слушая» under «как бы»","body":"«не слушая» is a negated imperfective gerund ('not listening, while ignoring'), and «как бы» softens it to 'as though not even listening'. The combination of «как бы» with the gerund paints Ivan's distracted, self-absorbed manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаясь поголовного восстания","title":"Gerund «опасаясь» + genitive object","body":"«опасаясь» is an imperfective reflexive gerund ('fearing'), and like its parent verb «опасаться» it governs the genitive «восстания» — the feared thing. Verbs of fearing take the genitive of what is dreaded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies болгарин","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"болгарин","lemma":"болгарин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"Bulgarian"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болгарин","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, parallel to рассказывал","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies слушая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушая","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of злодействуют","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"турки","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of злодействуют","gloss":"Turks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черкесы","lemma":"черкес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with турки","gloss":"Circassians"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злодействуют","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of злодействуют","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Болгарии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Болгарии","lemma":"Болгария","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злодействуют, parallel to у них","gloss":"Bulgaria"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злодействуют","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"злодействуют","lemma":"злодействовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"commit atrocities"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on злодействуют","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"поголовного","lemma":"поголовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восстания","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"восстания","lemma":"восстание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of опасаясь","gloss":"uprising"},{"surface":"славян","lemma":"славянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies восстания","gloss":"of the Slavs"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"introduces the listed clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"жгут","lemma":"жечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the listed clause","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"режут","lemma":"резать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жгут","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"насилуют","lemma":"насиловать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жгут","gloss":"rape"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of насилуют","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with женщин","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"прибивают","lemma":"прибивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жгут","gloss":"nail"},{"surface":"арестантам","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"possessor dative, indirect object of прибивают","gloss":"prisoners'"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прибивают","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"забору","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибивают","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"гвоздями","lemma":"гвоздь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прибивают","gloss":"with nails"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оставляют","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жгут","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставляют","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляют","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вешают","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"вешают","lemma":"вешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жгут","gloss":"hang"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviated)","role":"parallel to вешают","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вообразить","gloss":"of it all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообразить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the final clause","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c4-s46","source":"В самом деле, выражаются иногда про «зверскую» жестокость человека, но это страшно несправедливо и обидно для зверей: зверь никогда не может быть так жесток, как человек, так артистически, так художественно жесток.","translation":"In truth, people sometimes speak of the \"beastly\" cruelty of man, but this is dreadfully unjust and insulting to the beasts: a beast can never be as cruel as a man, so artfully, so artistically cruel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидно для зверей","title":"Short adjective «обидно» + «для» + genitive","body":"«обидно» is a predicative short-form adjective/adverb ('insulting, offensive'), and «для зверей» ('to/for the beasts') is «для» + genitive naming the offended party. The short form is the regular predicate, the long «обидный» reserved for attribution."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"артистически … художественно","title":"Cruelty as art: «артистически / художественно»","body":"Ivan twins «артистически» ('artistically, with virtuosity') and «художественно» ('with artistry') to make human cruelty a fine art — a refrain that returns with the «артист» pulling the trigger below. The aestheticizing vocabulary is the cold core of his indictment."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, modifies выражаются","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"выражаются","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people say"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выражаются","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестокость","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"зверскую","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жестокость","gloss":"beastly"},{"surface":"жестокость","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of про, oblique complement of выражаются","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестокость","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of несправедливо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несправедливо","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of это, main verb of the clause","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with несправедливо","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зверей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зверей","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обидно","gloss":"the beasts"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жесток","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жесток","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"complement of может","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided жесток in comparison clause","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies артистически","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"артистически","lemma":"артистически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жесток","gloss":"artfully"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies художественно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"художественно","lemma":"художественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жесток","gloss":"artistically"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with жесток (w24)","gloss":"cruel"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c4-s47","source":"Тигр просто грызет, рвет и только это и умеет.","translation":"A tiger simply gnaws and tears, and that is all it knows how to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только это и умеет","title":"Restrictive «только … и»","body":"«только это и умеет» ('that is all it knows how to do') uses the frame «только… и» on the verb to mean 'do nothing but, only ever'. The «и» before «умеет» is the restrictive emphasizer, not the conjunction 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тигр","lemma":"тигр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of грызет","gloss":"a tiger"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грызет","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"грызет","lemma":"грызть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnaws"},{"surface":"рвет","lemma":"рвать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with грызет","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of умеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes умеет","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Emphatic и here reinforces только, not a separate 'and'."},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with грызет","gloss":"knows how to do"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c4-s48","source":"Ему и в голову не вошло бы прибивать людей за уши на ночь гвоздями, если б он даже и мог это сделать.","translation":"It would never enter its head to nail people up by the ears overnight with nails, even if it were able to do such a thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему и в голову не вошло бы … если б он … мог","title":"Counterfactual «бы … если б»","body":"«не вошло бы… если б… мог» is a full unreal conditional: irrealis «бы» in both clauses, past-form verbs, with «если б» the clipped «если бы». The idiom «в голову не вошло» ('it would never enter its head') sits inside the hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему и в голову не вошло бы","title":"Dative experiencer «ему»","body":"«Ему» (dative of «он», the tiger) is the experiencer in an impersonal idiom — nothing 'entered its head', with the affected creature in the dative and no nominative subject. The pattern frames thought as something that befalls one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of вошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вошло","gloss":"even","note":"Emphatic particle: 'it would not even occur to it.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошло","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вошло","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would enter"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of вошло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прибивать","lemma":"прибивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on вошло","gloss":"to nail"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прибивать","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уши","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибивать","gloss":"the ears"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибивать","gloss":"the night","note":"'на ночь' = overnight."},{"surface":"гвоздями","lemma":"гвоздь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrument of прибивать","gloss":"with nails"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мог","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Reinforces даже: 'even if it could.'"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause modifying вошло","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c4-s49","source":"Эти турки, между прочим, с сладострастием мучили и детей, начиная с вырезания их кинжалом из чрева матери, до бросания вверх грудных младенцев и подхватывания их на штык в глазах матерей.","translation":"These Turks, among other things, tortured children with a kind of voluptuous pleasure, from cutting them with a dagger out of the mother's womb, to flinging nursing infants into the air and catching them on a bayonet before the eyes of their mothers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начиная с вырезания … до бросания … и подхватывания","title":"Range «начиная с … до» + verbal nouns","body":"The frame «начиная с… до…» ('from… to…') governs the genitive throughout, and the objects are verbal nouns — «вырезания», «бросания», «подхватывания» (cutting, flinging, catching) — abstract -ние nouns built from verbs. Russian readily nominalizes whole acts this way, packing a catalogue of atrocity into noun phrases."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрева","title":"«чрево» — womb, in the high register","body":"«чрево» ('womb, belly') is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged word for the womb, far more solemn than «живот». Its biblical resonance ('the fruit of the womb') lends the horror of «вырезания… из чрева матери» a scriptural gravity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с сладострастием","title":"«сладострастие» — voluptuous lust","body":"«сладострастие» (literally 'sweet-passion', сладо- + страсть) means sensual lust, voluptuousness — a key Karamazov word for the carnal craving that here fuses with cruelty. «с сладострастием» ('with voluptuous pleasure') makes the torture an erotic gratification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of турки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"турки","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мучили","gloss":"Turks"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между прочим, modifies мучили","gloss":"other things","note":"'между прочим' = 'incidentally, among other things.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сладострастием","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучили","gloss":"voluptuous relish"},{"surface":"мучили","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tortured"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes детей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of мучили","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"начиная","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мучили","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вырезания","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вырезания","lemma":"вырезание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начиная","gloss":"the cutting out"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of вырезания","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кинжалом","lemma":"кинжал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of вырезания","gloss":"with a dagger"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чрева","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чрева","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырезания","gloss":"the womb"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чрева","gloss":"of the mother"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бросания","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"бросания","lemma":"бросание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вырезания (object of до)","gloss":"the tossing"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросания","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"грудных","lemma":"грудной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies младенцев","gloss":"nursing"},{"surface":"младенцев","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросания","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подхватывания","lemma":"подхватывание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бросания","gloss":"the catching"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of подхватывания","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking штык","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"штык","lemma":"штык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватывания","gloss":"a bayonet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подхватывания","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"матерей","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"of the mothers"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c4-s50","source":"На глазах-то матерей и составляло главную сладость.","translation":"It was the doing of it before the mothers' eyes that made the chief sweetness of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На глазах-то матерей и составляло главную сладость","title":"Fronted phrase + emphatic «-то … и»","body":"The phrase «на глазах… матерей» ('before the mothers' eyes') is fronted as topic and underscored by «-то», while «и составляло» marks it as the very thing that 'made the chief sweetness'. The «-то… и» frame spotlights the fronted element as the crux."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладость","title":"«сладость» — sweetness, here perverse","body":"«сладость» ('sweetness, delight') echoes «сладострастие» from the previous sentence, binding the imagery of sweetness to monstrous pleasure. The recurrence prepares the bitter aside about Turks loving «сладкое» (sweet things) that closes the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of составляло","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes глазах","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The clitic '-то' stresses 'right before the eyes.'"},{"surface":"матерей","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"of the mothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes составляло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"составляло","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"constituted"},{"surface":"главную","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сладость","gloss":"the chief"},{"surface":"сладость","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составляло","gloss":"sweetness"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c4-s51","source":"Но вот, однако, одна меня сильно заинтересовавшая картинка.","translation":"But here is one little scene that struck me especially.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одна меня сильно заинтересовавшая картинка","title":"Past active participle as pre-noun modifier","body":"«заинтересовавшая» is a perfective past active participle ('which strongly interested') placed before its noun «картинка» and governing the object «меня» — a 'one-which-strongly-interested-me little scene'. Heaping a full clause before the noun is a bookish, distinctly literary construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"картинка","title":"«картинка» — the diminutive of «картина»","body":"«картинка» is the diminutive of «картина» ('picture, scene'), here chillingly euphemistic — these atrocities are 'little pictures, scenes' in Ivan's collection. The diminutive's coziness clashes with the horror, the device he repeats with «штучка», «анекдотики», «фактики»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative, introduces картинка","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying картинка","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картинка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовавшая","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовавшая","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"заинтересовавшая","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying картинка","gloss":"that struck"},{"surface":"картинка","lemma":"картинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little scene"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c4-s52","source":"Представь: грудной младенчик на руках трепещущей матери, кругом вошедшие турки.","translation":"Picture it: a nursing infant in the arms of its trembling mother, the Turks crowding in around them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Представь","title":"Imperative «представь» — picture it","body":"«Представь» is the singular imperative of «представить» ('to imagine, picture'), the stage-direction with which Ivan thrusts the scene before Alyosha. Imperatives in -ь follow a soft consonant stem; the plural/polite would be «представьте»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кругом вошедшие турки","title":"Past active participle «вошедшие»","body":"«вошедшие» is a perfective past active participle ('having entered, who had come in') from «войти», qualifying «турки» — the Turks who have crowded in. The verbless nominal tableau (infant, mother, Turks) freezes the scene like a stage picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picture this"},{"surface":"грудной","lemma":"грудной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies младенчик","gloss":"nursing"},{"surface":"младенчик","lemma":"младенчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the description (object of Представь)","gloss":"an infant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies младенчик","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"трепещущей","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"of the mother"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies турки (via вошедшие)","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"вошедшие","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies турки","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"турки","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with младенчик (second element of the scene)","gloss":"the Turks"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c4-s53","source":"У них затеялась веселая штучка: они ласкают младенца, смеются, чтоб его рассмешить, им удается, младенец рассмеялся.","translation":"They have hit upon a merry little game: they fondle the baby, they laugh to make it laugh, and they succeed — the baby laughs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ласкают … смеются … удается … рассмеялся","title":"Vivid present + the perfective that lands","body":"The imperfective historic presents «ласкают, смеются» narrate the ongoing coaxing, then the perfective past «рассмеялся» ('burst out laughing') marks the single achieved result. Aspect choreographs the scene: process, then the completed laugh that seals the child's doom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб его рассмешить","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + perfective infinitive","body":"«чтоб его рассмешить» ('in order to make it laugh') is the clipped «чтобы» of purpose taking a perfective infinitive — they laugh with the aim of provoking the one completed result. With a same-subject purpose, «чтобы» takes the infinitive rather than the past form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"им удается","title":"Dative + impersonal «удаётся»","body":"«им удаётся» ('they succeed') is impersonal: the agents stand in the dative «им» and the verb «удаётся» ('it succeeds, comes off') has no nominative subject. Russian frames success as something that happens to one, not something one does."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of затеялась","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"затеялась","lemma":"затеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"веселая","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штучка","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"штучка","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затеялась","gloss":"little game"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ласкают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ласкают","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elaboration clause","gloss":"fondle"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ласкают","gloss":"the baby"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ласкают","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассмешить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмешить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рассмешить","lemma":"рассмешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смеются","gloss":"make him laugh"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of удается","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"удается","lemma":"удаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ласкают","gloss":"succeed"},{"surface":"младенец","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"the baby"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ласкают","gloss":"laughs"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c4-s54","source":"В эту минуту турок наводит на него пистолет в четырех вершках расстояния от его лица.","translation":"At that very moment a Turk levels a pistol at it, about seven inches (four vershoks) from its face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"четырех вершках","title":"Genitive singular after «четыре»","body":"After «четыре» the noun takes the genitive singular — «вершка» — though here the whole phrase appears in the prepositional after «в», re-declining «четырёх… вершках». Numbers 2–4 govern the genitive singular, a hallmark of Russian counting."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наводит","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"турок","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наводит","gloss":"a Turk"},{"surface":"наводит","lemma":"наводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"levels"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наводит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наводит","gloss":"a pistol"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вершках","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies вершках","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"вершках","lemma":"вершок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial complement of наводит (distance)","gloss":"vershoks","note":"A vershok is an old Russian unit, about 1.75 inches — 'four vershoks' is roughly seven inches."},{"surface":"расстояния","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вершках","gloss":"of distance"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расстояния","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c4-s55","source":"Мальчик радостно хохочет, тянется ручонками, чтоб схватить пистолет, и вдруг артист спускает курок прямо ему в лицо и раздробляет ему головку.","translation":"The little boy chortles with joy, reaches out with his little hands to grab the pistol, and suddenly the artist pulls the trigger straight into his face and shatters his little head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручонками … головку","title":"Diminutives of pathos: «ручонки», «головка»","body":"«ручонки» ('little hands', with the affectionate-pitying suffix -онк-) and «головку» ('little head') wrap the child in tenderness at the very instant of its destruction. Dostoevsky weaponizes the diminutive: the caressing forms make «раздробляет ему головку» ('shatters his little head') unbearable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"артист спускает курок … и раздробляет","title":"Historic present perfectivizing the climax","body":"«спускает» and «раздробляет» are imperfective presents used as vivid historic presents, yet they narrate single decisive acts — the trigger pulled, the head shattered. The bitter epithet «артист» ('the artist') recalls Ivan's earlier «художественно жесток»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хохочет","gloss":"the little boy"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хохочет","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"хохочет","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chortles"},{"surface":"тянется","lemma":"тянуться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хохочет","gloss":"reaches out"},{"surface":"ручонками","lemma":"ручонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of тянется","gloss":"with his little hands"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of схватить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"схватить","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тянется","gloss":"grab"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватить","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спускает","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"артист","lemma":"артист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спускает","gloss":"the artist"},{"surface":"спускает","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хохочет","gloss":"pulls"},{"surface":"курок","lemma":"курок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спускает","gloss":"the trigger"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в лицо","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спускает","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздробляет","lemma":"раздроблять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хохочет","gloss":"shatters"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying головку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"головку","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздробляет","gloss":"little head"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c4-s56","source":"Художественно, не правда ли?","translation":"Artistic, is it not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не правда ли?","title":"Tag question «не правда ли»","body":"«не правда ли?» ('is it not?, isn't that so?') is the fixed tag built on the interrogative particle «ли» — literally 'is it not true that…'. The «ли» seeking assent makes Ivan's grotesque «Художественно» ('artistic') solicit Alyosha's agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Художественно","lemma":"художественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"artistic"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the tag question","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"(question particle)"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c4-s57","source":"Кстати, турки, говорят, очень любят сладкое.","translation":"By the way, the Turks, they say, are very fond of sweet things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"турки, говорят, очень любят сладкое","title":"Parenthetical «говорят» — 'they say'","body":"«говорят» ('they say') is an impersonal third-person-plural with no expressed subject, used parenthetically for hearsay. The substantivized neuter adjective «сладкое» ('sweet [things]') closes the loop with «сладость» and «сладострастие» above — a savage non-sequitur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"турки","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the Turks"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying любят","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"сладкое","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"sweet things"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c4-s58","source":"— Брат, к чему это всё? — спросил Алеша","translation":"\"Brother, what is all this for?\" asked Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему это всё?","title":"«к чему» — to what end","body":"«к чему» is «к» + the dative interrogative «чему» ('to what'), an idiom meaning 'what for, to what purpose'. Alyosha's terse question presses Ivan on the aim of his catalogue of horrors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к, questions purpose of это всё","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c4-s59","source":"— Я думаю, что если дьявол не существует и, стало быть, создал его человек, то создал он его по своему образу и подобию.","translation":"\"I think that if the devil does not exist, and was therefore created by man, then man created him in his own image and likeness.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если дьявол не существует … то создал он его","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"Here «если… то» is a real (indicative) conditional, not the «если бы» counterfactual — Ivan reasons logically from a granted premise: 'if the devil does not exist… then man created him'. The perfective «создал» states the completed act of creation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по своему образу и подобию","title":"«по» + dative; reflexive «своему»","body":"«по… образу и подобию» ('in his own image and likeness') is «по» governing the dative, and «своему» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to the maker. The phrase quotes Genesis 1:26 — here inverted, man making the devil in man's image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of думаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of существует","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"дьявол","lemma":"дьявол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of parenthetical idiom стало быть, modifying создал","gloss":"therefore","note":"'стало быть' is a fixed phrase meaning 'consequently, that is to say.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"completes the idiom стало быть","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, coordinated with существует","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"man","note":"Word order is inverted (verb-subject); человек is the subject, not the object."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis) answering если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause, complement of думаю","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"образу","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создал","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобию","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with образу","gloss":"likeness"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c4-s60","source":"— В таком случае, равно как и бога.","translation":"\"In that case, no less than he created God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"равно как и бога","title":"Animate accusative «бога»","body":"«бога» is the animate accusative (= genitive in form) object of the elided «создал» — 'man created God [too]'. Even the deity declines as an animate masculine, taking the genitive-shaped accusative. «равно как и» means 'just as also'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom равно как и, modifies elided создал","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom равно как и","gloss":"as","note":"'равно как и' = 'just as, no less than.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided создал","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c4-s61","source":"— А ты удивительно как умеешь оборачивать словечки, как говорит Полоний в «Гамлете», — засмеялся Иван. — Ты поймал меня на слове, пусть, я рад.","translation":"\"You have an astonishing way of twisting words about, as Polonius says in 'Hamlet,'\" Ivan laughed. \"You have caught me on a word, so be it — I am glad.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечки","title":"«словечки» — little words, with a twist","body":"«словечки» is the diminutive plural of «слово» ('word'), here meaning clever turns of phrase, verbal niceties — 'to twist little words about'. The diminutive lends a slightly mocking, playful tone to Ivan's praise of Alyosha's quickness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты поймал меня на слове, пусть","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'so be it'","body":"«пусть» is the particle/imperative of concession or permission ('let it be, so be it'), used absolutely here to grant the point. It can introduce a third-person command (пусть придёт — let him come) or, as here, simply yield."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies как умеешь","gloss":"amazingly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"умеешь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"оборачивать","lemma":"оборачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеешь","gloss":"to twist"},{"surface":"словечки","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of оборачивать","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to умеешь","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Полоний","lemma":"Полоний","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Polonius"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Гамлете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Гамлете","lemma":"Гамлет","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"Hamlet"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поймал","gloss":"a word","note":"'поймать на слове' = 'catch someone at their word.'"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c4-s62","source":"Хорош же твой бог, коль его создал человек по образу своему и подобию.","translation":"A fine God you have, then, if man created him in his own image and likeness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хорош же твой бог","title":"Short adjective «хорош» + sarcastic «же»","body":"«Хорош» is the short predicative form of «хороший», and fronted with the particle «же» it turns ironic — 'a fine god indeed!'. The short adjective plus «же» is a stock pattern for sarcastic exclamation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль его создал человек","title":"Archaic conditional «коль»","body":"«коль» (or «коли») is an old, folk- and bookish-flavoured conditional conjunction equivalent to «если» ('if'). Its archaic ring suits the mock-solemn jab at the man-made god."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорош","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"fine","note":"Ironic: 'some fine god you've got.'"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Хорош","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бог","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Хорош","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of создал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"создал","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"образу","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of создал","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобию","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with образу","gloss":"likeness"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c4-s63","source":"Ты спросил сейчас, для чего я это всё: я, видишь ли, любитель и собиратель некоторых фактиков и, веришь ли, записываю и собираю из газет и рассказов, откуда попало, некоторого рода анекдотики, и у меня уже хорошая коллекция.","translation":"You just asked what all this is for: you see, I am a fancier and collector of certain little facts, and, believe me, I copy out and gather from newspapers and stories, wherever I come upon them, a certain sort of little anecdote, and I have a fine collection already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веришь ли … записываю и собираю","title":"Parenthetical «веришь ли» with «ли»","body":"«веришь ли» ('would you believe') is a parenthetical question using «ли», buttonholing the listener. The imperfective presents «записываю и собираю» ('I copy out and gather') name a standing habit — the ongoing practice of collection."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фактиков … анекдотики","title":"The collector's chilling diminutives","body":"«фактики» ('little facts'), «анекдотики» ('little anecdotes'), and «штучки» reduce monstrous atrocities to cozy specimens in a hobbyist's cabinet. The diminutives expose Ivan's dreadful detachment — he is a «любитель и собиратель», a fancier and collector."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откуда попало","title":"Idiom «откуда попало» — from wherever","body":"«откуда попало» ('from wherever it turns up, from any source') belongs to a family of indefinite idioms with «попало» (где попало, как попало) meaning 'haphazardly, any old where'. It marks the indiscriminate sweep of Ivan's gathering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of спросил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любитель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видишь","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"любитель","lemma":"любитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я (copula elided)","gloss":"a fancier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собиратель","lemma":"собиратель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любитель","gloss":"a collector"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of фактиков","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"фактиков","lemma":"фактик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies собиратель","gloss":"little facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"believe it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"записываю","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with собираю (subject я)","gloss":"copy out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собираю","lemma":"собирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with записываю","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"газет","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собираю","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказов","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with газет","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попало","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"попало","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"idiom modifying газет и рассказов","gloss":"happens","note":"'откуда попало' = 'from wherever, from any source at all.'"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рода","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдотики","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"анекдотики","lemma":"анекдотик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of собираю","gloss":"anecdotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"хорошая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies коллекция","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"коллекция","lemma":"коллекция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided есть","gloss":"collection"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c4-s64","source":"Турки, конечно, вошли в коллекцию, но это всё иностранцы.","translation":"The Turks, of course, have gone into the collection, but those are all foreigners.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Турки … вошли в коллекцию","title":"Motion «войти в» + accusative","body":"«вошли в коллекцию» ('have gone into the collection') uses the prefixed perfective motion verb «войти» with «в» + accusative for motion into. The directional «в-» prefix gives 'enter', and the accusative marks the destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Турки","lemma":"турок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"the Turks"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying вошли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коллекцию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"коллекцию","lemma":"коллекция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"the collection"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of иностранцы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies иностранцы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"иностранцы","lemma":"иностранец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"foreigners"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c4-s65","source":"У меня есть и родные штучки и даже получше турецких.","translation":"I have homegrown specimens too, and even better than the Turkish ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"получше турецких","title":"Comparative «получше» + genitive of comparison","body":"«получше» is the comparative «лучше» softened by the prefix «по-» ('a bit better, rather better'), and «турецких» is the genitive of comparison ('than the Turkish ones'). Russian can express 'than X' either with «чем» or, as here, with the bare genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"родные штучки","title":"«родные штучки» — homegrown specimens","body":"«родные» ('native, one's own, kindred') paired with the diminutive «штучки» ('little items, specimens') yields a grimly affectionate 'our own homegrown specimens'. «родной» carries warmth — the same word for 'dear, blood-kin' — making the cataloguing of Russian cruelty queasily intimate."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, existential (invariant)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родные","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"родные","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies штучки","gloss":"homegrown"},{"surface":"штучки","lemma":"штучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"specimens"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"получше","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate modifying elided штучки, compared to турецких","gloss":"a bit better"},{"surface":"турецких","lemma":"турецкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with получше","gloss":"than the Turkish ones"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c4-s66","source":"Знаешь, у нас больше битье, больше розга и плеть, и это национально: у нас прибитые гвоздями уши немыслимы, мы все-таки европейцы, но розги, но плеть — это нечто уже наше и не может быть у нас отнято.","translation":"You know, with us it is more a matter of beating, more the birch and the lash, and this is something national: with us, ears nailed up with nails are unthinkable — we are Europeans after all — but the birch, the lash, this is something already our own and cannot be taken from us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибитые гвоздями уши","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental","body":"«прибитые» is a past passive participle ('nailed up') modifying «уши», and «гвоздями» is the instrumental of means — ears 'nailed with nails'. The participle-plus-instrumental compresses 'ears that have been nailed up with nails' into a tight phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть у нас отнято","title":"Periphrastic passive «быть отнято»","body":"«не может быть… отнято» joins «быть» with the short neuter past passive participle «отнято» ('taken away') to form a passive — 'cannot be taken from us'. The short passive participle with «быть» is Russian's standard analytic passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"quantifier modifying битье","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"битье","lemma":"битье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"quantifier modifying розга","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"розга","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with битье","gloss":"the birch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плеть","lemma":"плеть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with розга","gloss":"the lash"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of национально","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"национально","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"national"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of немыслимы","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прибитые","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying уши","gloss":"nailed"},{"surface":"гвоздями","lemma":"гвоздь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прибитые","gloss":"with nails"},{"surface":"уши","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of немыслимы","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"немыслимы","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate of уши","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of европейцы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"европейцы","lemma":"европеец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"розги","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"resumed topic, coordinated with плеть","gloss":"the birch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"плеть","lemma":"плеть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"resumed topic, coordinated with розги","gloss":"the lash"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject pronoun, subject of нечто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наше","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate modifying нечто","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отнято","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнято","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"отнято","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of может быть","gloss":"taken away"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c4-s67","source":"За границей теперь как будто и не бьют совсем, нравы, что ли, очистились, али уж законы такие устроились, что человек человека как будто уж и не смеет посечь, но зато они вознаградили себя другим и тоже чисто национальным, как и у нас, и до того национальным, что у нас оно как будто и невозможно, хотя, впрочем, кажется, и у нас прививается, особенно со времени религиозного движения в нашем высшем обществе.","translation":"Abroad they now seem hardly to beat at all — manners have grown refined, or such laws have been arranged that a man hardly dares to flog another man — but they have made it up to themselves in another way, and again one purely national, as it is with us, and so national that with us it would seem impossible, although, however, it does seem to be taking root with us too, especially since the time of the religious movement in our higher society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нравы … очистились … законы … устроились","title":"Middle/passive «-ся» verbs","body":"«очистились» ('grew refined') and «устроились» ('got arranged') are reflexive «-ся» verbs in the middle/passive sense — the manners and laws change of themselves, no agent named. The «-ся» lets Russian state a development as self-occurring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk variant of «или»","body":"«али» is a colloquial, folk-speech variant of «или» ('or'). Its rustic colouring (как будто и не бьют… али уж законы…) tints Ivan's musing with a popular, almost peasant intonation amid otherwise educated speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границей, idiom 'за границей'","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"границей","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of за, idiom with за = abroad","gloss":"[the border]"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бьют","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies бьют","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying бьют","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бьют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бьют","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they beat"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бьют","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нравы","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of очистились","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase что ли","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase что ли","gloss":"[or something]"},{"surface":"очистились","lemma":"очиститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with бьют","gloss":"have grown refined"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links очистились and устроились as alternatives","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies устроились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"законы","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of устроились","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of законы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"устроились","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with очистились","gloss":"have been arranged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of смеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посечь","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies смеет","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying смеет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying смеет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"посечь","lemma":"посечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to flog"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вознаградили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вознаградили","lemma":"вознаградить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of new clause, coordinated with бьют","gloss":"have made it up to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вознаградили","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of вознаградили","gloss":"in another way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies национальным","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies национальным","gloss":"purely"},{"surface":"национальным","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другим","gloss":"national"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, part of phrase как и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас, part of phrase как и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of как и","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of correlative phrase до того... что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"до того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of correlative phrase до того... что","gloss":"[so]"},{"surface":"национальным","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parallel to национальным (w38), completes до того... что construction","gloss":"national"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, modifies невозможно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"[as if]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying невозможно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with прививается","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies прививается","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies прививается","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прививается","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прививается","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прививается","lemma":"прививаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"is taking root"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прививается","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"религиозного","lemma":"религиозный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движения","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обществе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"высшем","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движения","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c4-s68","source":"Есть у меня одна прелестная брошюрка, перевод с французского, о том, как в Женеве, очень недавно, всего лет пять тому, казнили одного злодея и убийцу, Ришара, двадцатитрехлетнего, кажется, малого, раскаявшегося и обратившегося к христианской вере пред самым эшафотом.","translation":"I have a charming little pamphlet, a translation from the French, about how in Geneva, very recently, only some five years ago, they executed a certain villain and murderer, Richard, a fellow of twenty-three, it seems, who repented and turned to the Christian faith just before the scaffold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскаявшегося и обратившегося к христианской вере","title":"Past active participles, reflexive","body":"«раскаявшегося» ('who repented') and «обратившегося» ('who turned/converted') are perfective reflexive past active participles, genitive-animate agreeing with «малого». «обратиться к» + dative ('turn to') governs «вере». Two completed conversions packed into participial modifiers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брошюрка","title":"«брошюрка» — the little pamphlet","body":"«брошюрка» is the diminutive of «брошюра» (a French loan, 'pamphlet'), 'a charming little pamphlet'. The dainty diminutive «прелестная брошюрка» drips with sarcasm given the gruesome guillotining it recounts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb, idiom 'есть у меня' = I have","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of брошюрка","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"прелестная","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брошюрка","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"брошюрка","lemma":"брошюрка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"pamphlet"},{"surface":"перевод","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to брошюрка","gloss":"a translation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking французского","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"французского","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перевод","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of о, resumed by как-clause","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complementing том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Женеве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Женеве","lemma":"Женева","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казнили","gloss":"Geneva"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казнили","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of temporal phrase лет пять тому, adjunct of казнили","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom лет пять тому = five years ago","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"казнили","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"they executed"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of злодея","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"злодея","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of казнили","gloss":"villain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийцу","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злодея","gloss":"murderer"},{"surface":"Ришара","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to злодея/убийцу","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"двадцатитрехлетнего","lemma":"двадцатитрёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive modifying Ришара","gloss":"twenty-three-year-old"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to Ришара","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"раскаявшегося","lemma":"раскаяться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies Ришара","gloss":"who repented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обратившегося","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскаявшегося, modifies Ришара","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"христианской","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вере","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратившегося","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафотом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying эшафотом","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"эшафотом","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"scaffold"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c4-s69","source":"Этот Ришар был чей-то незаконнорожденный, которого еще младенцем лет шести подарили родители каким-то горным швейцарским пастухам, и те его взрастили, чтоб употреблять в работу.","translation":"This Richard was somebody's illegitimate child, whom his parents, when he was still an infant of six, gave away to some mountain herdsmen in Switzerland, and they reared him so as to put him to work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … подарили родители … каким-то … пастухам","title":"Relative «который» taking its own case","body":"«которого» agrees with its antecedent «Ришар» in gender/number but takes the animate accusative its own clause demands — he 'whom the parents gave away'. The recipients «каким-то… пастухам» stand in the dative as the indirect object of «подарили»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб употреблять в работу","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«чтоб употреблять» ('so as to put him to work') is purpose «чтобы» with an imperfective infinitive marking ongoing, repeated use — to employ him habitually, not once. The aspect choice signals a permanent condition of exploitation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незаконнорожденный","title":"«незаконнорожденный» — born out of wedlock","body":"«незаконнорожденный» is a transparent compound ('illegitimately-born', не + закон + рожд-), the formal legal term for a child born out of wedlock — a heavy social stigma. Richard's status as nobody's lawful son frames the whole tale of his abandonment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ришар","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to незаконнорожденный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чей","lemma":"чей-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of чей-то, determiner of незаконнорожденный","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"чей-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite phrase чей-то","gloss":"[-]"},{"surface":"незаконнорожденный","lemma":"незаконнорождённый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"illegitimate child"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подарили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies младенцем","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"младенцем","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental predicate adjunct of подарили ('as an infant')","gloss":"as an infant"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies младенцем, part of лет шести","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"шести","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"подарили","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"gave away"},{"surface":"родители","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подарили","gloss":"his parents"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, plural","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of пастухам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite phrase каким-то","gloss":"[-]"},{"surface":"горным","lemma":"горный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пастухам","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"швейцарским","lemma":"швейцарский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пастухам","gloss":"Swiss"},{"surface":"пастухам","lemma":"пастух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of подарили","gloss":"herdsmen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взрастили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взрастили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взрастили","lemma":"взрастить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подарили","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of употреблять","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"употреблять","lemma":"употреблять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on взрастили","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking работу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"работу","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of употреблять","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c4-s70","source":"Рос он у них как дикий зверенок, не научили его пастухи ничему, напротив, семи лет уже посылали пасти стадо, в мокреть и в холод, почти без одежды и почти не кормя его.","translation":"He grew up among them like a little wild beast; the herdsmen taught him nothing — on the contrary, by seven they were already sending him out to graze the herd, in the wet and the cold, almost without clothing and almost without feeding him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семи лет уже посылали пасти стадо","title":"Genitive of age «семи лет»","body":"«семи лет» ('at seven years [of age]') is a genitive expression of age, with «семи» the genitive of «семь» governing the genitive plural «лет». The whole phrase floats as an adverbial — 'by the age of seven they were sending him…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти не кормя его","title":"Negated gerund «не кормя»","body":"«не кормя» is a negated imperfective gerund ('almost not feeding him'), an attendant circumstance running alongside the sending-out. The imperfective gerund fits the continuous neglect; «почти» softens it to 'hardly feeding'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в мокреть","title":"«мокреть» — wet weather (colloquial)","body":"«мокреть» (also «мокрядь») is a colloquial, expressive noun for damp, wet weather, from «мокрый» ('wet'). Paired with «в холод» ('in the cold'), it earthily evokes the raw exposure Richard suffered herding in all weathers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рос","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he grew up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Рос","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Рос","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking зверенок (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зверенок","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"зверенок","lemma":"зверёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison complement of Рос","gloss":"little beast"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies научили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"научили","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of научили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пастухи","lemma":"пастух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of научили","gloss":"the herdsmen"},{"surface":"ничему","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of научили","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to посылали","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посылали, age adjunct","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"посылали","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Рос","gloss":"they were sending"},{"surface":"пасти","lemma":"пасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of посылали","gloss":"to graze"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пасти","gloss":"the herd"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мокреть","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мокреть","lemma":"мокреть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique adjunct of посылали","gloss":"the wet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холод","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"холод","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мокреть","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без одежды","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежды","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"одежды","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique adjunct of посылали","gloss":"clothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кормя","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кормя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кормя","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посылали","gloss":"feeding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кормя","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c4-s71","source":"И уж конечно, так делая, никто из них не задумывался и не раскаивался, напротив, считал себя в полном праве, ибо Ришар подарен им был как вещь, и они даже не находили необходимым кормить его.","translation":"And of course, in doing so, none of them gave it a second thought or felt any remorse — on the contrary, each thought himself entirely within his rights, since Richard had been given to them like a chattel, and they did not even find it necessary to feed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так делая, никто … не задумывался","title":"Gerund «делая» + negative concord","body":"«так делая» is an imperfective gerund ('doing so, in acting thus'), and «никто… не задумывался» is negative concord — the «ни»-pronoun «никто» plus «не» on the verb. The reflexive «задумывался» ('gave it a thought') is a middle-voice -ся verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ришар подарен им был как вещь","title":"Short passive participle «подарен»","body":"«подарен… был» is the periphrastic passive: short past passive participle «подарен» ('given as a gift') plus «был»; «им» is the dative plural recipient ('to them' = the Swiss shepherds), not an instrumental agent (no agent is expressed) — 'was given to them like a chattel'. The cold legal passive reduces the boy to a thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic-literary conjunction 'for, because', far more solemn than «потому что». It recurs through this Geneva passage, lending the pious philanthropists' reasoning a scriptural, sermonizing cadence that Ivan mimics with relish."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies задумывался","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делая","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adjunct of задумывался","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of задумывался","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задумывался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задумывался","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave it a thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раскаивался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раскаивался","lemma":"раскаиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задумывался","gloss":"felt remorse"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to считал","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задумывался","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"his rights"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подарен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подарен","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"подарен","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"had been given"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подарен (recipient, not the passive agent)","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подарен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вещь (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of подарен","gloss":"a chattel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of находили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"находили","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задумывался","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of находили","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"кормить","lemma":"кормить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of находили","gloss":"to feed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кормить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c4-s72","source":"Сам Ришар свидетельствует, что в те годы он, как блудный сын в Евангелии, желал ужасно поесть хоть того месива, которое давали откармливаемым на продажу свиньям, но ему не давали даже и этого и били, когда он крал у свиней и так провел он всё детство свое и всю юность, до тех пор пока возрос и, укрепившись в силах, пошел сам воровать.","translation":"Richard himself testifies that in those years he, like the prodigal son in the Gospel, longed terribly to eat at least some of the swill that was given to the pigs being fattened for sale, but they would not give him even that, and beat him when he stole from the pigs; and so he passed his whole childhood and all his youth, until he had grown up and, gathering strength, set off to steal on his own account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до тех пор пока возрос и … пошел … воровать","title":"«до тех пор пока» + perfective sequence","body":"«до тех пор, пока… возрос… и пошел» ('until he grew up and set off') uses the correlative «до тех пор, пока» ('up to the time when') with perfective verbs marking the completed turning point. «пошел воровать» pairs a perfective motion verb with an imperfective infinitive of purpose ('set off to steal')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"укрепившись в силах","title":"Perfective past gerund «укрепившись»","body":"«укрепившись» is a perfective past gerund ('having gained strength'), naming a completed action prior to the main verb «пошел» — first he grew strong, then he set off. The -вши form is the bookish perfective gerund typical of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ришар","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствует","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"свидетельствует","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testifies"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of годы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of желал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking сын (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"блудный","lemma":"блудный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"prodigal"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison complement modifying он","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Евангелии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Евангелии","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поесть","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"поесть","lemma":"поесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месива","gloss":"some of the"},{"surface":"месива","lemma":"месиво","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поесть","gloss":"swill"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on месива","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"откармливаемым","lemma":"откармливать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying свиньям","gloss":"being fattened"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking продажу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"продажу","lemma":"продажа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откармливаемым","gloss":"sale"},{"surface":"свиньям","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"pigs"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давали (w21)","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies этого","gloss":"[even]"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"били","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давали","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"крал","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on били","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свиней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"свиней","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of крал","gloss":"the pigs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провел","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"провел","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крал, new main clause","gloss":"he spent"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детство","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"детство","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of провел","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детство","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of юность","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"юность","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детство","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до тех пор пока","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до тех пор пока = until","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"до тех пор пока","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of idiom до тех пор пока","gloss":"[until]"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"до тех пор пока","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of idiom до тех пор пока","gloss":"[until]"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of возрос","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"возрос","lemma":"возрасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"grew up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"укрепившись","lemma":"укрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adjunct of пошел","gloss":"having gathered strength"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of укрепившись","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провел","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пошел ('on his own account')","gloss":"on his own"},{"surface":"воровать","lemma":"воровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to steal"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c4-s73","source":"Дикарь стал добывать деньги поденною работой в Женеве, добытое пропивал жил как изверг и кончил тем, что убил какого-то старика и ограбил.","translation":"The savage began to earn money by day-labor in Geneva, drank away what he earned, lived like a fiend, and ended by killing some old man and robbing him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"добытое пропивал","title":"Substantivized participle «добытое»","body":"«добытое» is a past passive participle used as a noun ('that which was gained, the earnings'), neuter object of «пропивал». Russian freely turns participles into nouns; the imperfective «пропивал» ('kept drinking away') gives the habitual squandering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — monster, fiend","body":"«изверг» is a strong, archaic-flavoured word for a moral monster or fiend — literally one 'cast out' (из + верг-, the root of «извергнуть», to expel). It recurs as Richard's own self-description in his confession, the label the pious teach him to apply to himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дикарь","lemma":"дикарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the savage"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"добывать","lemma":"добывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to earn"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of добывать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"поденною","lemma":"подённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies работой","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"работой","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добывать","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Женеве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Женеве","lemma":"Женева","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Geneva"},{"surface":"добытое","lemma":"добытый","morphology":"participle (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пропивал","gloss":"what he earned"},{"surface":"пропивал","lemma":"пропивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"drank away"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with изверг","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparative complement of жил","gloss":"a fiend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старика","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle (suffixed)","role":"attaches to какого forming какой-то","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"какого-то is a single indefinite pronoun 'some'; -то is an unstressed suffix, not a separate word."},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c4-s74","source":"Его схватили, судили и присудили к смерти.","translation":"He was seized, tried, and sentenced to death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его схватили, судили и присудили к смерти","title":"Subjectless 3pl. as agentless passive","body":"The bare third-person-plural verbs «схватили, судили, присудили» have no expressed subject — 'they seized, tried, sentenced him', i.e. 'he was seized…'. This indefinite-personal construction is Russian's everyday equivalent of an agentless passive. «присудить к» + dative governs «к смерти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"судили","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватили","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"присудили","lemma":"присудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватили","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присудили","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c4-s75","source":"Там ведь не сентиментальничают.","translation":"They do not go in for sentimentality there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Там ведь не сентиментальничают","title":"Subjectless verb + «ведь»","body":"«не сентиментальничают» is an impersonal third-plural with no subject ('they don't go in for sentimentality there'), and «ведь» appeals to the listener's shared understanding — 'after all, you know'. The verb «сентиментальничать» (from the French loan) means to indulge in sentimentality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сентиментальничают","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сентиментальничают","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сентиментальничают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сентиментальничают","lemma":"сентиментальничать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get sentimental"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c4-s76","source":"И вот в тюрьме его немедленно окружают пасторы и члены разных Христовых братств, благотворительные дамы и проч.","translation":"And so in prison he was at once surrounded by pastors and members of various Christian brotherhoods, charitable ladies, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его … окружают пасторы и члены … братств","title":"Historic present + genitive plural «братств»","body":"«окружают» is a vivid historic present ('surround him'), reanimating the scene. «братств» is the zero-ending genitive plural of «братство» ('brotherhood'), governed by «членов» — 'members of various brotherhoods'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окружают","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окружают","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окружают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окружают","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"окружают","lemma":"окружать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surround"},{"surface":"пасторы","lemma":"пастор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of окружают","gloss":"pastors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"члены","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пасторы","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies братств","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"Христовых","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies братств","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"братств","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies члены","gloss":"brotherhoods"},{"surface":"благотворительные","lemma":"благотворительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with пасторы","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with пасторы","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c4-s77","source":"Научили они его в тюрьме читать и писать, стали толковать ему Евангелие, усовещевали, убеждали, напирали, пилили, давили, и вот он сам торжественно сознается наконец в своем преступлении.","translation":"In prison they taught him to read and write, began expounding the Gospel to him, exhorted him, importuned him, pressed him, sawed at him, bore down on him, and at last he himself solemnly confesses to his crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усовещевали, убеждали, напирали, пилили, давили","title":"Asyndetic imperfective string","body":"Five imperfective past verbs pile up without conjunctions — «усовещевали, убеждали, напирали, пилили, давили» — each a durative process of pressure. The unbroken series mimics the relentless, wearing-down assault on Richard, climaxing in the perfective «сознается»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пилили, давили","title":"«пилить» and «давить» — figurative pressure","body":"«пилить» literally 'to saw' and «давить» 'to press, crush' are used figuratively for nagging at and bearing down on someone — to 'saw at' and 'lean on' him until he breaks. The physical metaphors make the spiritual coercion feel like a grinding machine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Научили","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Научили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Научили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Научили","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Научили","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with читать","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"толковать","lemma":"толковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to expound"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of толковать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of толковать","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"усовещевали","lemma":"усовещевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"exhorted"},{"surface":"убеждали","lemma":"убеждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"importuned"},{"surface":"напирали","lemma":"напирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"пилили","lemma":"пилить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"sawed at","note":"пилить used figuratively means to nag at someone persistently."},{"surface":"давили","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"bore down on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознается","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознается","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"сознается","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Научили","gloss":"confesses"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознается","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступлении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознается","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c4-s78","source":"Он обратился, он написал сам суду, что он изверг и что наконец-таки он удостоился того, что и его озарил господь и послал ему благодать.","translation":"He was converted; he wrote to the court himself, saying that he was a fiend and that at last he had been found worthy that the Lord too should illumine him and send down grace upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удостоился того, что … озарил господь","title":"«удостоиться» + genitive correlative «того»","body":"«удостоился» ('was found worthy of') is a reflexive verb governing the genitive — here the correlative «того, что…» ('of that [namely] that…'). The «того, что» frame links a genitive object to a clause, a bookish nominalizing device."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодать","title":"«благодать» — divine grace","body":"«благодать» is the theological term for divine grace (благо + дать, 'good-giving'), the central word of the whole Richard episode, tolled over and over: 'grace has descended upon you'. Its Church register turns the grotesque scene into a parody of a conversion narrative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was converted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of написал","gloss":"to the court"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изверг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изверг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of написал","gloss":"a fiend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удостоился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удостоился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удостоился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удостоился","lemma":"удостоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изверг","gloss":"had been found worthy"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удостоился","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озарил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of озарил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"озарил","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"should illumine"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озарил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with озарил","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"upon him"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"grace"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c4-s79","source":"Всё взволновалось в Женеве, вся благотворительная и благочестивая Женева.","translation":"All Geneva was stirred up — all charitable and pious Geneva.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё взволновалось в Женеве","title":"Middle-voice «взволновалось»","body":"«взволновалось» is a perfective reflexive in the middle sense — 'everything became stirred up, agitated itself' — with the neuter «Всё» ('everyone, the whole place') as subject. The «-ся» renders the collective commotion as something that happened of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взволновалось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"взволновалось","lemma":"взволноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was stirred up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Женеве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Женеве","lemma":"Женева","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взволновалось","gloss":"Geneva"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Женева","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"благотворительная","lemma":"благотворительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Женева","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благочестивая","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благотворительная","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"Женева","lemma":"Женева","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"restates subject Всё in apposition","gloss":"Geneva"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c4-s80","source":"Всё, что было высшего и благовоспитанного, ринулось к нему в тюрьму; Ришара целуют, обнимают: «Ты брат наш, на тебя сошла благодать!»","translation":"Everyone of the highest and best-bred sort rushed to him in prison; they kiss Richard, they embrace him: \"You are our brother, grace has descended upon you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё, что было высшего и благовоспитанного, ринулось","title":"Correlative «всё, что» + partitive genitive","body":"«Всё, что было высшего и благовоспитанного» uses the relative «что» after the correlative «всё» ('all that was…'), with «высшего» and «благовоспитанного» in the partitive genitive — 'everything of the highest and best-bred sort'. The neuter «Всё» then governs the singular perfective «ринулось»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ришара целуют, обнимают","title":"Historic present + animate accusative","body":"«целуют, обнимают» are vivid historic presents bringing the embraces before our eyes, and «Ришара» is the animate accusative (genitive-shaped) object — they kiss and embrace 'Richard'. The shift into present tense quickens the grotesque tableau."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ринулось","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that was"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to высшего","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благовоспитанного","lemma":"благовоспитанный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with высшего","gloss":"best-bred"},{"surface":"ринулось","lemma":"ринуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ринулось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьму","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьму","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ринулось","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"Ришара","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целуют","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"целуют","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"обнимают","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуют","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of брат","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to обнимают","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with брат","gloss":"has descended"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c4-s81","source":"А сам Ришар только плачет в умилении: «Да, на меня сошла благодать! Прежде я всё детство и юность мою рад был корму свиней, а теперь сошла и на меня благодать, умираю во господе!»","translation":"And Richard himself only weeps in tenderness: \"Yes, grace has descended upon me! All my childhood and youth I was glad of the pigs' swill, and now grace has descended on me too, and I die in the Lord!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на меня сошла благодать … умираю во господе","title":"Verb-first «сошла» + archaic «во господе»","body":"Verb-first «сошла благодать» ('descended grace') foregrounds the event of descent, the refrain of the scene. «во господе» ('in the Lord') shows the Church-Slavonic preposition «во» and a solemn locative idiom for dying in faith."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в умилении","title":"«умиление» — tender spiritual emotion","body":"«умиление» is a key Orthodox word for a melting tenderness of heart, a contrite, tearful tenderness before the sacred — there is even an icon-type called «Умиление». Richard weeping «в умилении» casts his deluded ecstasy in the very language of pious feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ришар","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"умилении","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачет","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to сошла","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to плачет","gloss":"has descended"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"детство","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рад (accusative of duration)","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юность","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with детство","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of юность","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"корму","lemma":"корм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"the swill"},{"surface":"свиней","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies корму","gloss":"pigs'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рад","gloss":"has descended"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"умираю","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to рад","gloss":"I die"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"господе","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умираю","gloss":"the Lord"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c4-s82","source":"— «Да, да, Ришар, умри во господе, ты пролил кровь и должен умереть во господе. Пусть ты невиновен, что не знал совсем господа, когда завидовал корму свиней и когда тебя били за то, что ты крал у них корм (что ты делал очень нехорошо, ибо красть не позволено), — но ты пролил кровь и должен умереть».","translation":"\"Yes, yes, Richard, die in the Lord, you have spilled blood and must die in the Lord. Granted that you are not to blame for having known nothing at all of the Lord when you envied the pigs their swill and when you were beaten for stealing their feed (which you did very wrongly, for stealing is not permitted) — but you have spilled blood, and you must die.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть ты невиновен, что не знал … господа","title":"Concessive «пусть» — 'granted that'","body":"«Пусть ты невиновен» uses «пусть» concessively — 'granted that you are not to blame'. «невиновен» is a short predicative adjective, and «не знал… господа» shows the genitive of negation, the negated object «господа» in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"красть не позволено","title":"Short passive participle «позволено»","body":"«не позволено» is a short neuter past passive participle used impersonally — 'it is not permitted [to steal]'. The bare infinitive «красть» is the logical subject; the construction states a flat moral prohibition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умри во господе","title":"Imperative «умри» + Slavonic «во господе»","body":"«умри» is the singular imperative of perfective «умереть» ('die'), the chillingly cheerful command repeated through the scene. «во господе» again carries the Church-Slavonic «во» and the pious idiom 'in the Lord'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ришар","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"господе","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умри","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пролил","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have spilled"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пролил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пролил","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"господе","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умереть","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невиновен","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of невиновен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"невиновен","lemma":"невиновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not to blame"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of невиновен","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завидовал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"завидовал","lemma":"завидовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on знал","gloss":"envied"},{"surface":"корму","lemma":"корм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завидовал","gloss":"swill"},{"surface":"свиней","lemma":"свинья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies корму","gloss":"pigs'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of били","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of били","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"били","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завидовал","gloss":"were beaten"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of били","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"крал","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of крал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"корм","lemma":"корм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of крал","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on корм","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нехорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нехорошо","lemma":"нехорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволено","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"красть","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"to steal"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пролил","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"have spilled"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пролил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пролил","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"die"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c4-s83","source":"И вот наступает последний день.","translation":"And so the last day arrives.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наступает последний день","title":"Historic present «наступает»","body":"«наступает» ('arrives, sets in') is a historic present narrating the dawning of the last day as if before our eyes. «И вот» ('and now, and so') is the storyteller's hinge ushering in each new beat of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наступает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"наступает","lemma":"наступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступает","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c4-s84","source":"Расслабленный Ришар плачет и только и делает, что повторяет ежеминутно: «Это лучший из дней моих, я иду к господу!»","translation":"The enfeebled Richard weeps and does nothing but repeat, every minute: \"This is the best of my days, I am going to the Lord!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и делает, что повторяет","title":"Idiom «только и делает, что»","body":"«только и делает, что повторяет» ('does nothing but repeat') is the fixed frame «только и… что» governing an imperfective verb of unceasing activity. The imperfective «повторяет» suits the endless, ground-down repetition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Расслабленный","title":"«расслабленный» — enfeebled, with a Gospel echo","body":"«расслабленный» means 'weakened, enfeebled', but in Church language «расслабленный» is the very word for the biblical paralytic Christ healed (the man 'sick of the palsy'). The choice quietly tinges Richard's broken state with a Gospel resonance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расслабленный","lemma":"расслабленный","morphology":"participle, nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies Ришар","gloss":"enfeebled"},{"surface":"Ришар","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делает","gloss":"just","note":"«только и делает, что» is a set idiom meaning 'does nothing but'."},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачет","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторяет","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повторяет","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of делает","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"ежеминутно","lemma":"ежеминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяет","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лучший","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лучший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лучший","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to лучший","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"the Lord"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c4-s85","source":"— «Да, — кричат пасторы, судьи и благотворительные дамы, — это счастливейший день твой, ибо ты идешь к господу!»","translation":"\"Yes,\" cry the pastors, the judges, and the charitable ladies, \"this is the happiest day of your life, for you are going to the Lord!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастливейший день твой … ибо","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший» + «ибо»","body":"«счастливейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative in «-ейший» ('the happiest'), more elevated than periphrastic «самый счастливый». Joined to the archaic causal «ибо» ('for'), it gives the choristers of pastors and ladies a mock-liturgical solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to кричат","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"пасторы","lemma":"пастор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кричат","gloss":"pastors"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пасторы","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благотворительные","lemma":"благотворительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with пасторы","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of день (predicate nominal)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счастливейший","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"happiest"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идешь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause modifying день","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"the Lord"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c4-s86","source":"Всё это двигается к эшафоту вслед за позорною колесницей, в которой везут Ришара, в экипажах, пешком.","translation":"All of this moves toward the scaffold, following behind the shameful cart in which Richard is being conveyed — in carriages, on foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой везут Ришара","title":"Relative «в которой» — prepositional","body":"«в которой» is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «в», agreeing feminine with «колеснице» — the cart 'in which they convey Richard'. The relative takes whatever case its own role demands while echoing its antecedent's gender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позорною колесницей","title":"«позорная колесница» + archaic «-ою»","body":"«колесница» is an elevated, archaic word for a chariot or cart (cf. the everyday «телега»), and «позорною» ('shameful') carries the old instrumental ending «-ою». The lofty diction dresses the tumbril to the scaffold in mock-epic robes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of двигается","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"двигается","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moves"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафоту","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"эшафоту","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двигается","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двигается","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесницей","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"позорною","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колесницей","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"колесницей","lemma":"колесница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of везут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"везут","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on колесницей","gloss":"is conveyed"},{"surface":"Ришара","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везут","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking экипажах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"экипажах","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of везут","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"пешком","lemma":"пешком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двигается","gloss":"on foot"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c4-s87","source":"Вот достигли эшафота: «Умри, брат наш, — кричат Ришару, — умри во господе, ибо и на тебя сошла благодать!»","translation":"Now they have reached the scaffold: \"Die, our brother,\" they cry to Richard, \"die in the Lord, for upon you too grace has descended!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умри, брат наш … ибо и на тебя сошла благодать","title":"Imperative refrain + «ибо» + emphatic «и»","body":"The imperative «Умри» ('die') returns as the scene's grim refrain, with «ибо» ('for') giving the cause and the additive «и» before «на тебя» meaning 'upon you too'. The piling of archaic «ибо», imperative, and the «и… тоже» logic mimics a liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достигли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"достигли","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have reached"},{"surface":"эшафота","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достигли","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"Умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Умри","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to достигли","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"Ришару","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричат","gloss":"to Richard"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Умри","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"господе","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умри","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошла","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умри","gloss":"has descended"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c4-s88","source":"И вот покрытого поцелуями братьев брата Ришара втащили на эшафот, положили на гильотину и оттяпали-таки ему по-братски голову за то, что и на него сошла благодать.","translation":"And so, covered with his brothers' kisses, brother Richard was dragged up onto the scaffold, laid on the guillotine, and in brotherly fashion they did go and chop off his head, because upon him too grace had descended.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покрытого поцелуями братьев брата Ришара втащили","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental, fronted","body":"«покрытого поцелуями» is a past passive participle ('covered with kisses') with the instrumental of means «поцелуями», agreeing with the animate-accusative «брата Ришара». The heavy participial phrase fronted before the verb «втащили» piles the brotherly kisses onto the man as he is dragged up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оттяпали-таки … по-братски голову","title":"Colloquial «оттяпать» + emphatic «-таки»","body":"«оттяпали» is a crude, colloquial perfective ('chopped/lopped off'), jarring against the solemn «по-братски» ('in brotherly fashion'). The clitic «-таки» ('after all, did go and') marks the grimly inevitable upshot — they 'did go and chop off' his head."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of и вот, introduces the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"покрытого","lemma":"покрытый","morphology":"participle, past passive, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата (Ришара)","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"поцелуями","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of покрытого","gloss":"with kisses"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies поцелуями (whose kisses)","gloss":"brothers'"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of втащили","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ришара","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Richard","note":"Richard is the condemned criminal in the pious pamphlet Ivan is mocking."},{"surface":"втащили","lemma":"втащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dragged"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эшафот","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"эшафот","lemma":"эшафот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of втащили","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with втащили","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гильотину","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гильотину","lemma":"гильотина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"the guillotine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оттяпали","lemma":"оттяпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with втащили","gloss":"did chop off"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттяпали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оттяпали","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-братски","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of по-братски)","role":"part of по-братски, modifies оттяпали","gloss":"in","note":"по-братски ('in brotherly fashion') is split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"братски","lemma":"по-братски","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of по-братски)","role":"part of по-братски, modifies оттяпали","gloss":"brotherly fashion"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оттяпали","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттяпали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, agrees with благодать","gloss":"had descended"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c4-s89","source":"Нет, это характерно.","translation":"No, that is characteristic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это характерно","title":"Short adjective «характерно» as predicate","body":"«характерно» is a neuter short-form adjective serving as predicate ('that is characteristic, telling'), with «это» as a neutral 'that'. The zero copula leaves 'is' unexpressed — a terse, summary verdict on the whole tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"independent, expresses denial","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of характерно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"характерно","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is characteristic"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c4-s90","source":"Брошюрка эта переведена по-русски какими-то русскими лютеранствующими благотворителями высшего общества и разослана для просвещения народа русского при газетах и других изданиях даром.","translation":"This little pamphlet was translated into Russian by certain Russian Lutheranizing philanthropists of high society and distributed free of charge, for the enlightenment of the Russian people, along with newspapers and other publications.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брошюрка … переведена … и разослана","title":"Short passive participles «переведена», «разослана»","body":"«переведена» ('translated') and «разослана» ('distributed') are short feminine past passive participles agreeing with «брошюрка», forming a passive with an implied «была». The agents «благотворителями» appear in the instrumental — the standard agentive case of the passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лютеранствующими","title":"«лютеранствующие» — 'Lutheranizing'","body":"«лютеранствующие» is a present active participle coined from «лютеранствовать» ('to act/think like a Lutheran, lean Protestant'), used adjectivally — 'Lutheranizing philanthropists'. The faintly contemptuous coinage marks Dostoevsky's distaste for Russian aristocrats aping Western Protestant piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брошюрка","lemma":"брошюрка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive переведена","gloss":"This pamphlet"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Брошюрка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"переведена","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was translated"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of по-русски)","role":"part of по-русски, modifies переведена","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of по-русски)","role":"part of по-русски, modifies переведена","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"какими","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of благотворителями","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of какими-то, determiner of благотворителями","gloss":"or other","note":"какой-то ('some ... or other') is split into какими + то here."},{"surface":"русскими","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies благотворителями","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"лютеранствующими","lemma":"лютеранствующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies благотворителями","gloss":"Lutheranizing"},{"surface":"благотворителями","lemma":"благотворитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переведена","gloss":"philanthropists"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благотворителями","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разослана","lemma":"разослать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with переведена","gloss":"distributed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просвещения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разослана","gloss":"enlightenment"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies просвещения","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"русского","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking газетах","gloss":"along with"},{"surface":"газетах","lemma":"газета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разослана","gloss":"newspapers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies изданиях","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"изданиях","lemma":"издание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with газетах","gloss":"publications"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разослана","gloss":"for free"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c4-s91","source":"Штука с Ришаром хороша тем, что национальна.","translation":"The thing about Richard is good in that it is national.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хороша тем, что национальна","title":"Short adjectives + instrumental «тем»","body":"«хороша» and «национальна» are short feminine predicative adjectives agreeing with «штука», and «тем, что…» ('in that…') is an instrumental correlative giving the respect in which it is good. The short-adjective predicates lend a crisp, sententious ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хороша","gloss":"The thing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ришаром","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ришаром","lemma":"Ришар","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Штука","gloss":"Richard"},{"surface":"хороша","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хороша","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of национальна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"национальна","lemma":"национальный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"national"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c4-s92","source":"У нас хоть нелепо рубить голову брату потому только, что он стал нам брат и что на него сошла благодать, но, повторяю, у нас есть свое, почти что не хуже.","translation":"With us it would be absurd to chop off a brother's head merely because he has become our brother and grace has descended upon him; but, I repeat, we have something of our own, almost no worse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нелепо рубить голову брату … потому только, что","title":"Impersonal «нелепо» + dative + causal clause","body":"«нелепо рубить» ('it would be absurd to chop') is an impersonal short-adjective predicate with an infinitive, «брату» the dative of the disadvantaged party. «потому только, что…» ('merely because…') is the causal subordinator with the restrictive «только» wedged in."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нелепо","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нелепо","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is absurd"},{"surface":"рубить","lemma":"рубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нелепо","gloss":"to chop off"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рубить","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рубить","gloss":"of a brother"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"only because"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the reason clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стал","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"a brother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"has descended"},{"surface":"благодать","lemma":"благодать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause after но","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"something of our own"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почти что","gloss":"(no worse)","note":"почти что is a fixed idiom meaning 'almost.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate describing свое","gloss":"worse"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c4-s93","source":"У нас историческое, непосредственное и ближайшее наслаждение истязанием битья.","translation":"With us it is the historical, the direct, and most intimate enjoyment of the torture of beating.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наслаждение истязанием битья","title":"Stacked instrumental + genitive","body":"«наслаждение истязанием» pairs «наслаждение» ('enjoyment') with the instrumental «истязанием» ('in/by torture') — the thing one delights in — while «битья» is the genitive 'of beating' qualifying it. The chain 'enjoyment-of-torture-of-beating' nests the abstractions tightly."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of наслаждение","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"историческое","lemma":"исторический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наслаждение","gloss":"historical"},{"surface":"непосредственное","lemma":"непосредственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with историческое","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ближайшее","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with историческое","gloss":"most intimate"},{"surface":"наслаждение","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main noun of the sentence","gloss":"enjoyment"},{"surface":"истязанием","lemma":"истязание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies наслаждение","gloss":"of torment"},{"surface":"битья","lemma":"битьё","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies истязанием","gloss":"of beating"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c4-s94","source":"У Некрасова есть стихи о том, как мужик сечет лошадь кнутом по глазам, «по кротким глазам».","translation":"Nekrasov has some verses about how a peasant flogs a horse across the eyes with a knout, \"across its meek eyes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сечет лошадь кнутом по глазам","title":"Instrument «кнутом» + «по» distributive","body":"«кнутом» is the instrumental of means ('with a knout'), while «по глазам» ('across/over the eyes') is «по» + dative in its distributive-surface sense — blows landing repeatedly over the eyes. «по» governing the dative here conveys striking 'all over' a surface."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Некрасова","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Некрасова","lemma":"Некрасов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"Nekrasov","note":"Nekrasov: 19th-century Russian poet noted for verses on peasant suffering."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariant","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"стихи","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стихи","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сечет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сечет","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"сечет","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"flogs"},{"surface":"лошадь","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сечет","gloss":"a horse"},{"surface":"кнутом","lemma":"кнут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of сечет","gloss":"with a knout"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сечет","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"кротким","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сечет, in apposition to the first по глазам","gloss":"its eyes"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c4-s95","source":"Этого кто ж не видал, это русизм.","translation":"Who has not seen this — it is a thing thoroughly Russian.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж не видал","title":"Rhetorical «кто ж … не» (single negation)","body":"«кто ж не видал» ('who has not seen this') is a rhetorical question with the emphatic «же» (clipped «ж») and «не» negation — expecting the answer 'everyone'. «видал» is the colloquial iterative-flavoured variant of «видел»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"русизм","title":"«русизм» — a thing quintessentially Russian","body":"«русизм» normally means a Russian linguistic feature, but Ivan uses it loosely for a 'thoroughly Russian thing', a national trait. The coinage, like «это национально» elsewhere, drives his sardonic thesis that the casual beating of the helpless is a homegrown specialty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"has not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of русизм","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"русизм","lemma":"русизм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это, second clause","gloss":"a thing thoroughly Russian","note":"русизм: a coined term for a distinctively Russian trait."}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c4-s96","source":"Он описывает, как слабосильная лошаденка, на которую навалили слишком, завязла с возом и не может вытащить.","translation":"He describes how a feeble little nag, loaded too heavily, gets stuck with its cart and cannot pull it free.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которую навалили слишком","title":"Relative «на которую» + subjectless verb","body":"«на которую навалили слишком» is a relative clause — «на которую» (accusative after «на» for motion-onto) refers to «лошаденка» — with a subjectless 3pl. «навалили» ('they loaded too much on'). The impersonal verb leaves the overloaders unnamed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лошаденка","title":"«лошадёнка» — the pitiful little nag","body":"«лошадёнка» is «лошадь» ('horse') with the pejorative-pitying suffix -ёнк-, a 'sorry little nag' — conveying both smallness and a tender pity. The expressive suffix does the emotional work the English 'feeble little nag' must spell out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of описывает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"описывает","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"describes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завязла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"слабосильная","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лошаденка","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"лошаденка","lemma":"лошадёнка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of завязла","gloss":"little nag"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of навалили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"навалили","lemma":"навалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on лошаденка","gloss":"they piled"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies навалили","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"завязла","lemma":"завязнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of описывает","gloss":"gets stuck"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"возом","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завязла","gloss":"its cart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with завязла","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"вытащить","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"pull it free"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c4-s97","source":"Мужик бьет ее, бьет с остервенением, бьет, наконец, не понимая, что делает, в опьянении битья сечет больно, бесчисленно: «Хоть ты и не в силах, а вези, умри, да вези!»","translation":"The peasant beats it, beats it in a fury, beats it at last without understanding what he is doing, in the intoxication of beating he flogs it painfully, countlessly: \"You may have no strength, but pull, die, but pull!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бьет, бьет с остервенением, бьет, наконец, не понимая","title":"Iterative imperfective + gerund «не понимая»","body":"The thrice-hammered imperfective «бьет» ('beats') enacts the relentless beating by repetition, while «не понимая» is a negated imperfective gerund ('not understanding what he does'). The aspect and the drumbeat repetition fuse into the frenzy Ivan describes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в опьянении битья","title":"«опьянение битья» — drunk on the beating","body":"«опьянение» ('intoxication, drunkenness', from «пьяный») used figuratively for the frenzy of beating — literally 'in the drunkenness of beating'. The image of being drunk on violence prepares the «сладострастие» of the human floggers below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бьет","gloss":"The peasant"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бьет","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенением","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остервенением","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"a fury"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бьет","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бьет","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бьет","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая","gloss":"he is doing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опьянении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"опьянении","lemma":"опьянение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сечет","gloss":"the intoxication"},{"surface":"битья","lemma":"битьё","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies опьянении","gloss":"of beating"},{"surface":"сечет","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бьет","gloss":"he flogs"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сечет","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"бесчисленно","lemma":"бесчисленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with больно, modifies сечет","gloss":"countlessly"},{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"Though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (в силах)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"have no"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of ты (idiom быть в силах)","gloss":"strength","note":"в силах = 'able, capable' — an idiom, literally 'in strengths.'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вези","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to умри","gloss":"pull"},{"surface":"умри","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вези","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вези","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умри","gloss":"pull"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c4-s98","source":"Клячонка рвется, и вот он начинает сечь ее, беззащитную, по плачущим, по «кротким глазам».","translation":"The little jade strains, and now he begins to flog it, defenseless as it is, across its weeping, across its \"meek eyes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сечь ее, беззащитную, по … «кротким глазам»","title":"Appositive accusative + «по» of the surface struck","body":"«ее, беззащитную» is the animate accusative pronoun with an appositive adjective ('it, defenseless'), and «по… глазам» again uses «по» + dative for blows raining across a surface. The fronting of «беззащитную» drives home the helplessness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Клячонка","title":"«клячонка» — wretched old jade","body":"«кляча» is a worn-out, broken-down horse (a 'jade'), and «клячонка» adds the pitying-pejorative -онк- — a 'poor little broken nag'. The word piles contempt for the worthless beast onto tenderness for its suffering, the cruel paradox of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клячонка","lemma":"клячонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рвется","gloss":"The little jade"},{"surface":"рвется","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strains"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвется","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to flog"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сечь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"беззащитную","lemma":"беззащитный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ее","gloss":"defenseless as it is"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"плачущим","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"кротким","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сечь","gloss":"its eyes"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c4-s99","source":"Вне себя она рванула и вывезла и пошла, вся дрожа, не дыша, как-то боком, с какою-то припрыжкой, как-то неестественно и позорно — у Некрасова это ужасно.","translation":"Beside herself, she gave a heave and dragged it free and went on, all atremble, hardly breathing, somehow sideways, with a kind of little skipping gait, somehow unnaturally and shamefully — in Nekrasov it is terrible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рванула и вывезла и пошла, вся дрожа, не дыша","title":"Perfective chain + gerunds of manner","body":"The perfective sequence «рванула… вывезла… пошла» ('gave a heave, dragged it free, went on') drives the action forward in three completed jolts, while the gerunds «дрожа» ('trembling') and «не дыша» ('not breathing') paint the simultaneous manner. Perfective events against gerundial backdrop — narrative aspect at full stretch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с какою-то припрыжкой","title":"«припрыжка» + indefinite «какою-то»","body":"«припрыжка» ('a little skip/hop in the gait') is an expressive noun for an awkward jerky movement, and «какою-то» ('some kind of', with archaic «-ою» and the indefinite «-то») marks the indescribable strangeness. The repeated «как-то… какою-то… как-то» conveys Ivan groping for the unnatural pathos of it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"Beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of рванула","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рванула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"рванула","lemma":"рвануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a heave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вывезла","lemma":"вывезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рванула","gloss":"dragged it free"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рванула","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дрожа","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дрожа","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошла","gloss":"atremble"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дыша","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"дыша","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошла","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies боком","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies боком","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"боком","lemma":"бок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла","gloss":"sideways"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of припрыжкой","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of какою-то, determiner of припрыжкой","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"припрыжкой","lemma":"припрыжка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"skipping gait"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 1 of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies пошла","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part 2 of как-то)","role":"part of как-то, modifies пошла","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"неестественно","lemma":"неестественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошла, coordinated with боком","gloss":"unnaturally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позорно","lemma":"позорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with неестественно","gloss":"shamefully"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Некрасова","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Некрасова","lemma":"Некрасов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужасно","gloss":"Nekrasov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, final clause","gloss":"is terrible"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c4-s100","source":"Но ведь это всего только лошадь, лошадей и сам бог дал, чтоб их сечь.","translation":"But after all this is only a horse, and God himself gave us horses to be flogged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лошадей … бог дал, чтоб их сечь","title":"Fronted accusative + purpose «чтоб»","body":"«лошадей» is the animate-accusative object fronted as topic ('horses, God gave us… to flog'), and «чтоб их сечь» is purpose «чтобы» with an imperfective infinitive of habitual flogging. «ведь» again leans on shared assumption — 'after all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лошадь","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лошадь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лошадь","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"a horse"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сечь","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сечь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of дал","gloss":"to be flogged"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c4-s101","source":"Так татары нам растолковали и кнут на память подарили.","translation":"So the Tatars taught us, and left us the knout as a keepsake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам растолковали … подарили","title":"Dative «нам» + subjectless reading","body":"«нам» is the dative recipient ('to us') of both «растолковали» ('explained, taught') and «подарили» ('gave as a gift'). The Tatars are the subject, but the dative «нам» keeps Russians as the passive recipients of the lesson and the gift of the knout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растолковали","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"татары","lemma":"татарин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of растолковали","gloss":"the Tatars"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of растолковали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"растолковали","lemma":"растолковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кнут","lemma":"кнут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подарили","gloss":"the knout"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking память","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom на память, modifies подарили","gloss":"a keepsake","note":"на память = 'as a keepsake, memento.'"},{"surface":"подарили","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with растолковали","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c4-s102","source":"Но можно ведь сечь и людей.","translation":"But people can be flogged too, after all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ведь сечь и людей","title":"Impersonal «можно» + additive «и»","body":"«можно сечь» ('one can flog') is the subjectless modal with infinitive, and the additive «и» before «людей» means 'people too, even people'. «ведь» again appeals to the reader — 'after all, you can flog people too'. The animate accusative «людей» marks the new, human object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"сечь","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"flog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сечь","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c4-s103","source":"И вот интеллигентный образованный господин и его дама секут собственную дочку, младенца семи лет, розгами — об этом у меня подробно записано.","translation":"And here is a cultivated, educated gentleman and his lady flogging their own little daughter, an infant of seven, with birch rods — I have it written down in detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этом у меня подробно записано","title":"Impersonal short passive «записано»","body":"«записано» is a short neuter past passive participle used impersonally ('it is written down'), with the topic «об этом» in the prepositional and the possessor «у меня». The agentless passive lets Ivan present his dossier as a cold, filed fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"интеллигентный образованный господин","title":"«интеллигентный» — a class marker","body":"«интеллигентный» ('cultivated, of the educated class') and «образованный» ('educated') pointedly mark the father as a man of the intelligentsia — the cultured stratum that ought to know better. Ivan's whole indictment of «образованные» torturers turns on this respectability."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"интеллигентный","lemma":"интеллигентный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"образованный","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of секут","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дама","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with господин","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"секут","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flog"},{"surface":"собственную","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочку","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"дочку","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of секут","gloss":"little daughter"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочку","gloss":"an infant"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies младенца","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"розгами","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of секут","gloss":"with birch rods"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of записано","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of записано","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записано","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"записано","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"written down"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c4-s104","source":"Папенька рад, что прутья с сучками, «садче будет», говорит он, и вот начинает «сажать» родную дочь.","translation":"Papa is glad that the switches have knots on them, \"it will sting more,\" he says, and so he begins to \"plant\" his own daughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Папенька","title":"«папенька» — the genteel diminutive 'papa'","body":"«папенька» is an affectionate-genteel diminutive of «папа», the old well-bred household word for 'dear papa'. Set over the torture of the child, the tender, respectable word turns savagely ironic — the «папенька» who gleefully picks knotted switches."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"садче будет","title":"«садче» — dialect comparative 'will sting more'","body":"«садче» is a colloquial/dialect comparative (from «садкий», stinging, biting) — 'it will sting/bite more', the father's relish at the knotted switches. The crude regional comparative, quoted in his own mouth, recurs in «садче» below; «сажать» ('to plant') is his grotesque jargon for the flogging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Папенька","lemma":"папенька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прутья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прутья","lemma":"прут","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the что-clause (predicate: с сучками)","gloss":"the switches"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сучками","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"сучками","lemma":"сучок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies прутья","gloss":"knots on them"},{"surface":"садче","lemma":"садкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the quoted clause, complement of будет","gloss":"will sting more","note":"садче: dialectal comparative meaning 'will bite/sting more sharply.'"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, introduces the quote","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рад","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"сажать","lemma":"сажать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to plant"},{"surface":"родную","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сажать","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c4-s105","source":"Я знаю наверно, есть такие секущие, которые разгорячаются с каждым ударом до сладострастия, до буквального сладострастия, с каждым последующим ударом всё больше и больше, всё прогрессивнее.","translation":"I know for certain that there are floggers of this sort who grow more and more heated with every blow, to the point of voluptuousness, of literal voluptuousness — more and more with each successive blow, ever more progressively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые разгорячаются с каждым ударом","title":"Relative «которые» + reflexive «разгорячаются»","body":"«которые разгорячаются» is a relative clause modifying «секущие», and «разгорячаются» is a reflexive «-ся» verb of change of state ('grow heated, work themselves up'). «с каждым ударом» is the instrumental of accompaniment marking the rising intensity with each blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё больше … всё прогрессивнее","title":"«всё» + comparative — ever more","body":"«всё больше и больше», «всё прогрессивнее» use «всё» before a comparative to mean 'more and more, ever more progressively' — a steady intensification. The comparatives «больше» and «прогрессивнее» pile up the crescendo of the flogger's mounting pleasure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"секущие","title":"«секущие» — substantivized 'floggers'","body":"«секущие» is the present active participle of «сечь» ('to flog') used as a noun — 'those who flog, floggers as a type'. Substantivizing the participle lets Ivan name a whole human category defined by the act, the kind who flog to the point of «сладострастие»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the complement clause of знаю","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of секущие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"секущие","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"floggers"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разгорячаются","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"разгорячаются","lemma":"разгорячаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on секущие","gloss":"grow heated"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ударом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ударом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ударом","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорячаются","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сладострастия","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разгорячаются","gloss":"the point of voluptuousness"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сладострастия","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"буквального","lemma":"буквальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сладострастия","gloss":"literal"},{"surface":"сладострастия","lemma":"сладострастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорячаются","gloss":"voluptuousness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ударом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ударом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"последующим","lemma":"последующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ударом","gloss":"successive"},{"surface":"ударом","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорячаются","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"more and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разгорячаются","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прогрессивнее","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"прогрессивнее","lemma":"прогрессивный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше, modifies разгорячаются","gloss":"more progressively"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c4-s106","source":"Секут минуту, секут, наконец, пять минут, секут десять минут, дальше, больше, чаще, садче.","translation":"They flog for a minute, they flog at last for five minutes, they flog for ten minutes — further, harder, faster, stinging more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Секут минуту, секут … пять минут, секут десять минут","title":"Iterative imperfective + accusative of duration","body":"The repeated imperfective «секут» ('they flog') enacts the prolonged flogging, and «минуту», «пять минут», «десять минут» are accusatives of duration (how long) — the bare accusative measuring time without a preposition. The mounting figures track the lengthening torture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дальше, больше, чаще, садче","title":"A chain of bare comparatives","body":"«дальше, больше, чаще, садче» ('further, harder/more, faster, stinging more') is a clipped chain of predicative comparatives, each adding to the crescendo. The staccato comparatives — including the dialect «садче» — mimic the quickening rhythm of the blows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Секут","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they flog"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of Секут","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"секут","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Секут","gloss":"they flog"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second секут","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"duration complement of секут","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"секут","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Секут","gloss":"they flog"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"duration complement of секут","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with секут, escalating list","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with дальше","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"садче","lemma":"садкий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with чаще","gloss":"more stinging","note":"Dialectal comparative of садкий ('sharp, stinging'), used of the sting of blows."}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c4-s107","source":"Ребенок кричит, ребенок, наконец, не может кричать, задыхается «Папа, папа, папочка, папочка!»","translation":"The child screams, the child at last cannot scream, it gasps for breath: \"Papa, papa, dear papa, dear papa!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"папочка","title":"«папочка» — the child's cry","body":"«папочка» is the small child's tenderest diminutive of «папа» ('dear daddy'), wrenchingly addressed to the very father flogging her. The escalation «Папа, папа, папочка, папочка!» turns the diminutive ladder into the climax of the child's helpless appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ребенок кричит, ребенок … не может кричать, задыхается","title":"Historic present + repetition","body":"The imperfective presents «кричит… не может… задыхается» narrate the unbearable scene in the immediate present, and the doubled «ребенок» ('the child… the child') drives the rhythm. The imperfective holds us inside the ongoing agony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screams"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"scream"},{"surface":"задыхается","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричит","gloss":"gasps"},{"surface":"Папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, vocative use, masculine, singular","role":"quoted exclamation following задыхается","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, vocative use, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Папа","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, vocative use, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Папа","gloss":"dear papa"},{"surface":"папочка","lemma":"папочка","morphology":"noun, vocative use, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Папа","gloss":"dear papa"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c4-s108","source":"Дело каким-то чертовым неприличным случаем доходит до суда.","translation":"By some devilish, indecent chance the matter comes before the court.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело … доходит до суда","title":"«доходить до» + genitive","body":"«доходит до суда» ('comes [as far as] before the court') uses «до» + genitive «суда» to mark the limit reached. The historic present «доходит» keeps the narration vivid; «каким-то чертовым… случаем» is an instrumental of cause ('by some devilish chance')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доходит","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of indefinite каким-то, determiner of случаем","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"attaches to каким forming indefinite pronoun","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"чертовым","lemma":"чертов","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаем","gloss":"devilish"},{"surface":"неприличным","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаем","gloss":"indecent"},{"surface":"случаем","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходит","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"доходит","lemma":"доходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доходит","gloss":"the court"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c4-s109","source":"Нанимается адвокат.","translation":"A lawyer is hired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нанимается адвокат","title":"Passive «-ся» «нанимается»","body":"«Нанимается» is a reflexive verb used as an imperfective passive — 'a lawyer is hired', with no named agent. The terse one-line passive, verb-first, drops us straight into the courtroom machinery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нанимается","lemma":"наниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is hired"},{"surface":"адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Нанимается","gloss":"a lawyer"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c4-s110","source":"Русский народ давно уже назвал у нас адвоката — «аблакат — нанятая совесть».","translation":"The Russian people have long since dubbed the lawyer among us — \"a law-twister, a hired conscience.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аблакат — нанятая совесть","title":"«аблакат» — the peasant's mangling of 'lawyer'","body":"«аблакат» is a deliberately illiterate, folk-mouth distortion of «адвокат» ('lawyer'), the way the «русский народ» garbles a foreign word it distrusts. The folk epithet «нанятая совесть» ('a hired conscience' — a past passive participle «нанятая» + noun) condenses peasant scorn for the bought-and-paid advocate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже назвал","title":"Perfective «назвал» with «давно уже»","body":"«давно уже назвал» ('have long since dubbed') pairs the perfective past «назвал» with «давно уже» ('long ago already') — a single completed act of naming whose result still stands. «у нас адвоката… назвал» fronts the object with «у нас» ('among us')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвал","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies назвал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have dubbed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of назвал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"адвоката","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"the lawyer"},{"surface":"аблакат","lemma":"аблакат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совесть (copula omitted)","gloss":"a law-twister","note":"Folk mispronunciation of 'адвокат' used contemptuously."},{"surface":"нанятая","lemma":"нанятый","morphology":"adjective, participle, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"hired"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of аблакат","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c4-s111","source":"Адвокат кричит в защиту своего клиента.","translation":"The lawyer cries out in defense of his client.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричит в защиту своего клиента","title":"«в защиту» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«в защиту» ('in defense of') is «в» + accusative in a fixed phrase, and «своего клиента» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» pointing back to the lawyer — 'his own client'. The historic present «кричит» keeps the scene immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"the lawyer"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking защиту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"защиту","lemma":"защита","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричит","gloss":"defense"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of клиента","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"клиента","lemma":"клиент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защиту","gloss":"client"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c4-s112","source":"«Дело, дескать, такое простое, семейное и обыкновенное, отец посек дочку, и вот, к стыду наших дней, дошло до суда!»","translation":"\"The case,\" says he, \"is such a simple, domestic, and ordinary one — a father whipped his daughter, and now, to the shame of our times, it has come before the court!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело, дескать, такое простое","title":"Reportive particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» is a reportive particle flagging quoted or attributed speech with a tinge of skepticism — 'says he, so to speak, supposedly'. It lets Ivan ventriloquize the lawyer's plea while distancing himself from it with a sneer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к стыду наших дней, дошло до суда","title":"«к стыду» + dative; «дойти до» + genitive","body":"«к стыду наших дней» ('to the shame of our times') is «к» + dative in an exclamatory idiom of consequence, while «дошло до суда» repeats «до» + genitive ('came as far as the court'). The lawyer twists the very fact of prosecution into a scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of простое (copula omitted)","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, modifies Дело","gloss":"he says","note":"Colloquial particle marking reported/quoted speech, like 'so he claims'."},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простое","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"простое","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Дело","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"семейное","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простое","gloss":"domestic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обыкновенное","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простое","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посек","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"посек","lemma":"посечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a coordinate clause, joined to дошло by и","gloss":"whipped"},{"surface":"дочку","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посек","gloss":"his daughter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links посек and дошло","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стыду","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the shame"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies стыду","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посек","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the court"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c4-s113","source":"Убежденные присяжные удаляются и выносят оправдательный приговор.","translation":"The persuaded jurors withdraw and bring back a verdict of acquittal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убежденные присяжные","title":"Past passive participle «убежденные»","body":"«убежденные» is a past passive participle ('persuaded, talked round') used attributively before «присяжные» — the jurors who 'have been convinced' by the lawyer. The participle silently lays the verdict at the advocate's rhetorical door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убежденные","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, participle, nominative, plural","role":"modifies присяжные","gloss":"persuaded"},{"surface":"присяжные","lemma":"присяжный","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of удаляются","gloss":"the jurors"},{"surface":"удаляются","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выносят","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удаляются","gloss":"render"},{"surface":"оправдательный","lemma":"оправдательный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приговор","gloss":"acquittal"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выносят","gloss":"verdict"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c4-s114","source":"Публика ревет от счастья, что оправдали мучителя.","translation":"The public roars with happiness that the tormentor has been acquitted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревет от счастья, что оправдали мучителя","title":"«от счастья» (cause) + subjectless «оправдали»","body":"«от счастья» is «от» + genitive expressing cause ('out of/from happiness'), and «что оправдали мучителя» is a subjectless 3pl. clause — 'that they acquitted the tormentor'. The animate accusative «мучителя» marks the freed torturer as the object of the indefinite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Публика","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ревет","gloss":"the public"},{"surface":"ревет","lemma":"реветь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roars"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастья","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревет","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining счастья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оправдали","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying счастья","gloss":"acquitted"},{"surface":"мучителя","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдали","gloss":"the tormentor"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c4-s115","source":"Э-эх, меня не было там, я бы рявкнул предложение учредить стипендию в честь имени истязателя!","translation":"Ah, that I was not there — I would have bellowed out a proposal to establish a scholarship in honor of the torturer's name!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня не было там, я бы рявкнул","title":"Genitive of negated existence + counterfactual «бы»","body":"«меня не было там» shows the genitive of negation governing the absent subject ('I was not there' — «меня» genitive with «не было»), and the apodosis «я бы рявкнул» is the conditional with «бы» — 'I would have bellowed'. Together they form an unspoken 'if only I had been there'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рявкнул … стипендию … в честь истязателя","title":"«рявкнуть» and «истязатель» — the savage joke","body":"«рявкнуть» is a coarse, expressive perfective ('to bark out, roar out', semelfactive -ну-), and «истязатель» ('torturer, one who inflicts «истязание»') the heavy word for a tormentor. Ivan's grotesque proposal of a «стипендия» (scholarship) in the torturer's honour is bitter sarcasm at the acquittal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, coordinated with эх","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"logical subject of было (negated existential)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рявкнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of рявкнул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"рявкнул","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, conditional, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would bellow"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рявкнул","gloss":"a proposal"},{"surface":"учредить","lemma":"учредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies предложение","gloss":"to establish"},{"surface":"стипендию","lemma":"стипендия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of учредить","gloss":"a scholarship"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of учредить","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"истязателя","lemma":"истязатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имени","gloss":"of the torturer"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c4-s116","source":"Картинки прелестные.","translation":"Charming little scenes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Картинки прелестные","title":"«картинки прелестные» — the refrain returns","body":"«картинки» (diminutive of «картина») here means the little scenes of his collection, and «прелестные» ('charming, lovely') is savagely ironic over such horrors. The phrase echoes «прелестная брошюрка» and «картинка» above, the recurring mock-aesthetic label for atrocity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Картинки","lemma":"картинка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of прелестные","gloss":"little scenes"},{"surface":"прелестные","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of Картинки","gloss":"charming"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c4-s117","source":"Но о детках есть у меня и еще получше, у меня очень, очень много собрано о русских детках, Алеша.","translation":"But about little children I have still better ones; I have a great, great deal collected about Russian children, Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень, очень много собрано о русских детках","title":"Impersonal short passive «собрано»","body":"«собрано» is a short neuter past passive participle used impersonally ('there has been gathered, [I] have collected'), with «о русских детках» the prepositional topic. The agentless passive again files the suffering of children as Ivan's amassed archive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть у меня и еще получше","title":"Comparative «получше» + additive «еще»","body":"«еще получше» ('still better ones') stacks «еще» ('still, even more') onto the softened comparative «получше» — Ivan promising grimmer specimens yet. The bare comparative serves as a noun-phrase head ('better ones')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"детках","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (у меня есть = 'I have')","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"получше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with есть, describes the unstated 'ones'","gloss":"better ones"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрано","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собрано","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"собрано","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"collected"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies детках","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"детках","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of собрано","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative use, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c4-s118","source":"Девчоночку маленькую, пятилетнюю возненавидели отец и мать, «почтеннейшие и чиновные люди, образованные и воспитанные».","translation":"A little girl, only five years old, was hated by her father and mother, \"most honorable, official people, educated and well-bred.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Девчоночку маленькую, пятилетнюю возненавидели отец и мать","title":"Fronted accusative object","body":"The accusative object «девчоночку маленькую, пятилетнюю» is hurled to the very front, before its verb «возненавидели» and the subject «отец и мать». Free word order lets Ivan lead with the victim — the little girl — and reveal her haters last; the case endings keep object and subject distinct."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Девчоночку","title":"«девчоночка» — a doubled diminutive","body":"«девчоночка» heaps diminutive on diminutive (девочка → девчонка → девчоночка), an intensely tender 'tiny little girl'. The caressing form, set against «возненавидели» ('came to hate'), makes the parents' hatred all the more monstrous."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чиновные люди","title":"«чиновные» — people of rank","body":"«чиновные» ('holding official rank', from «чин») marks the parents as bureaucratically respectable, людей of the service nobility. The quoted boast «почтеннейшие и чиновные… образованные и воспитанные» exposes the gulf between their social standing and their cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девчоночку","lemma":"девчоночка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидели","gloss":"a little girl"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Девчоночку","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пятилетнюю","lemma":"пятилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with маленькую","gloss":"five-year-old"},{"surface":"возненавидели","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to hate"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возненавидели","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отец","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"почтеннейшие","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"most honorable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чиновные","lemma":"чиновный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with почтеннейшие","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"appositive to отец и мать","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"образованные","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воспитанные","lemma":"воспитанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with образованные, modifies люди","gloss":"well-bred"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c4-s119","source":"Видишь, я еще раз положительно утверждаю, что есть особенное свойство у многих в человечестве — это любовь к истязанию детей, но одних детей.","translation":"You see, I positively assert once again that there is a particular quality in many of mankind — this love of torturing children, but children alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть особенное свойство у многих … — это любовь к истязанию","title":"Existential «есть» + «у» possessor","body":"«есть… свойство у многих» is the existential 'there is a quality in many', with «у многих» ('in/among many') the «у» + genitive locus. The dash-introduced «это любовь к истязанию» renames the «свойство», with «к истязанию» the «к» + dative of the thing loved."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но одних детей","title":"«один» as 'only / alone'","body":"«одних детей» here is not 'one' but the emphatic «один» meaning 'only, alone' — the love of torturing 'children alone'. This use of «один» to mean 'just, exclusively' recurs as Ivan insists on confining his argument «про одних детей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical addressed to the listener","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of утверждаю ('еще раз' = once more)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждаю","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"утверждаю","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assert"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждаю","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свойство","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"свойство","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"many people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любовь (copula omitted)","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative restating свойство","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истязанию","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"истязанию","lemma":"истязание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"torturing"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies истязанию","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to детей (w19), emphasizing 'children alone'","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c4-s120","source":"Ко всем другим субъектам человеческого рода эти же самые истязатели относятся даже благосклонно и кротко, как образованные и гуманные европейские люди, но очень любят мучить детей, любят даже самих детей в этом смысле.","translation":"Toward all other specimens of the human race these very same torturers behave even benevolently and gently, as educated and humane European people, but they are very fond of tormenting children — they love even the children themselves in that sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ко всем другим субъектам … относятся … благосклонно и кротко","title":"«относиться к» + dative; reflexive verb","body":"«относятся к» ('treat, behave toward') is a reflexive «-ся» verb governing «к» + dative «ко всем… субъектам» — the dative naming those treated benevolently. The reflexive «относиться» means 'to relate to, regard', not a literal reflexive action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти же самые истязатели","title":"Emphatic «же самые» — 'these very same'","body":"«эти же самые» piles the demonstrative «эти» with the insisting particle «же» and the intensifier «самые» — 'these very same torturers'. The triple emphasis hammers the paradox: the gentle European humanitarians are precisely the child-tormentors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking субъектам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of субъектам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies субъектам","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"субъектам","lemma":"субъект","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of относятся","gloss":"specimens"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рода","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"рода","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies субъектам","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of истязатели","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies истязатели","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"истязатели","lemma":"истязатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of относятся","gloss":"torturers"},{"surface":"относятся","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"behave"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благосклонно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"благосклонно","lemma":"благосклонно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относятся","gloss":"benevolently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кротко","lemma":"кротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with благосклонно","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with люди","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"образованные","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гуманные","lemma":"гуманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with образованные","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"европейские","lemma":"европейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of the как-comparison with относятся","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with относятся","gloss":"are fond of"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любят","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with относятся","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самих","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of the second любят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the second любят","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c4-s121","source":"Тут именно незащищенность-то этих созданий и соблазняет мучителей, ангельская доверчивость дитяти, которому некуда деться и не к кому идти, — вот это-то и распаляет гадкую кровь истязателя.","translation":"It is precisely the defenselessness of these little creatures that tempts the tormentor — the angelic trust of a child who has nowhere to turn and no one to run to — that is exactly what inflames the foul blood of the brute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"незащищенность-то","title":"Topic-marking «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» hung on «незащищённость» (defenselessness) flags it as the known topic the sentence will pivot on — 'the defenselessness, that's the thing, is precisely what tempts…'. It returns on «вот это-то» at the close, framing the whole sentence as a deliberate harping on one idea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому некуда деться и не к кому идти","title":"«который» in the dative + negative infinitive idiom","body":"The relative «которому» agrees in gender with «дитяти» (child) but stands in the dative its own clause needs ('to whom there is nowhere to flee'). «Некуда деться», «не к кому идти» are the impersonal negative-pronoun + infinitive pattern, where the experiencer would go in the dative: there is no place / no person to turn to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитяти","title":"«дитя» — archaic declension","body":"«Дитя» (child) keeps an old neuter declension with an -ят- stem in the oblique cases (gen./dat. «дитяти»), a bookish, slightly elevated form beside the everyday «ребёнок». Dostoevsky reaches for it to lend the helpless child a near-liturgical tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истязателя","title":"«истязатель» — tormentor","body":"«Истязатель» is a heavy, formal word for one who inflicts «истязание» (torture, prolonged cruel torment), rooted in the same stem that will recur as «истязуемой» and «истязаниям». Ivan deliberately escalates from «мучитель» (tormentor) to this colder, more juridical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соблазняет, sets up the cleft construction","gloss":"it is here"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies незащищенность","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"незащищенность","lemma":"незащищённость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of соблазняет","gloss":"defenselessness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic suffix","role":"attaches to незащищенность","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of созданий","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"созданий","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies незащищенность","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle before соблазняет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"соблазняет","lemma":"соблазнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tempts"},{"surface":"мучителей","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of соблазняет","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"ангельская","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доверчивость","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"доверчивость","lemma":"доверчивость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with незащищенность, second subject of соблазняет","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"дитяти","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверчивость","gloss":"of a child"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative subject of некуда деться, refers to дитяти","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"некуда","lemma":"некуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying дитяти","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"деться","lemma":"деться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on некуда","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates кому","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative/relative, dative","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with деться","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распаляет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of распаляет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic suffix","role":"attaches to это","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies распаляет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"распаляет","lemma":"распалять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"inflames"},{"surface":"гадкую","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of распаляет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"истязателя","lemma":"истязатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"of the tormentor"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c4-s122","source":"Во всяком человеке, конечно, таится зверь, зверь гневливости, зверь сладострастной распаляемости от криков истязуемой жертвы, зверь без удержу, спущенного с цепи, зверь нажитых в разврате болезней, подагр, больных печенок и проч.","translation":"In every man, of course, a beast lies hidden — the beast of rage, the beast of lust fired by the screams of his tortured victim, the beast let off its chain to run wild, the beast diseased from a life of debauchery, the gout and the rotting liver and the rest of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таится зверь","title":"Subject after the verb","body":"«Таится зверь» — 'a beast lurks' — puts the verb first and the new information, «зверь», last, the natural topic-comment flow when introducing something for the first time. The reflexive «-ся» on «таиться» (to lurk, lie hidden) makes it an intransitive middle: the beast hides itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зверь гневливости, зверь сладострастной распаляемости","title":"Genitive of definition piled in apposition","body":"Each «зверь» is defined by a noun in the genitive — «зверь гневливости» (beast of rage), «зверь… распаляемости» (beast of arousal) — the 'of' genitive used like a Biblical formula. Dostoevsky hammers «зверь» four times in anaphora, the genitives stacking the catalogue of vices into one rhetorical crescendo."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладострастной распаляемости","title":"«сладострастие» and «распаляемость»","body":"«Сладострастие» is sensual lust, voluptuousness — a key Karamazov word for the carnal heat that runs in the family blood. «Распаляемость» (the quality of being inflamed) is a coined, abstract -ость noun that lets Ivan name not just the lust but the capacity to be set ablaze by a victim's screams."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и прочее» — 'and so forth'","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» (et cetera). After the litany of gout and rotting livers, the dismissive 'and the rest of it' lets Ivan wave away the whole diseased catalogue with a colloquial shrug — the bookish abbreviation clashing pointedly with the horror it trails off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies таится","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"таится","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies hidden"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таится","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to зверь (w6)","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"гневливости","lemma":"гневливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зверь (w7)","gloss":"of rage"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to зверь (w6)","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"сладострастной","lemma":"сладострастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies распаляемости","gloss":"lustful"},{"surface":"распаляемости","lemma":"распаляемость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зверь (w9)","gloss":"excitement"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"криков","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies распаляемости","gloss":"screams"},{"surface":"истязуемой","lemma":"истязуемый","morphology":"adjective, participle, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертвы","gloss":"tortured"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies криков","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to зверь (w6)","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удержу","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"удержу","lemma":"удерж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зверь (w16)","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"спущенного","lemma":"спущенный","morphology":"adjective, participle, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies зверь (w16)","gloss":"let off the chain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цепи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"цепи","lemma":"цепь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спущенного","gloss":"chain"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to зверь (w6)","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"нажитых","lemma":"нажитый","morphology":"adjective, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"modifies болезней","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разврате","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"разврате","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нажитых","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"болезней","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies зверь (w22)","gloss":"diseases"},{"surface":"подагр","lemma":"подагра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with болезней","gloss":"gout"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies печенок","gloss":"diseased"},{"surface":"печенок","lemma":"печёнка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with болезней","gloss":"livers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation (и проч. = 'et cetera')","role":"coordinated with болезней","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c4-s123","source":"Эту бедную пятилетнюю девочку эти образованные родители подвергали всевозможным истязаниям.","translation":"This poor little five-year-old girl was subjected by her educated parents to every kind of torture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эту бедную пятилетнюю девочку эти образованные родители подвергали","title":"Object fronted for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «эту бедную пятилетнюю девочку» (this poor five-year-old girl) is thrown to the very front, before the subject «родители», so the sentence opens on the victim and only then names her tormentors. English keeps a passive ('was subjected by…') to manage this; Russian's free word order does it directly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подвергали всевозможным истязаниям","title":"«подвергать» governs the dative","body":"«Подвергать» (to subject someone to something) takes its victim in the accusative but the ordeal in the dative: «истязаниям» (to tortures) is dative plural. The imperfective «подвергали» frames it as a sustained, repeated practice, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девочку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"пятилетнюю","lemma":"пятилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"five-year-old"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подвергали","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of родители","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"образованные","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies родители","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"родители","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подвергали","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"подвергали","lemma":"подвергать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"subjected"},{"surface":"всевозможным","lemma":"всевозможный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies истязаниям","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"истязаниям","lemma":"истязание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of подвергали","gloss":"torture"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c4-s124","source":"Они били, секли, пинали ее ногами, не зная сами за что, обратили всё тело ее в синяки; наконец дошли и до высшей утонченности: в холод, в мороз запирали ее на всю ночь в отхожее место, и за то, что она не просилась ночью (как будто пятилетний ребенок, спящий своим ангельским крепким сном, еще может в эти лета научиться проситься), — за это обмазывали ей всё лицо ее калом и заставляли ее есть этот кал, и это мать, мать заставляла!","translation":"They beat her, flogged her, kicked her without even knowing why themselves, turned her whole little body into one bruise; at last they reached the highest refinement of all: in the cold, in the freezing frost, they would lock her up the whole night long in the outhouse, and because she did not ask to be let out at night (as if a five-year-old child sleeping its sound, angelic sleep could learn at that age to ask) — for this they smeared her whole face with her own excrement and made her eat it, and it was the mother, the mother who made her!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"били, секли, пинали","title":"Imperfective verbs of habitual cruelty","body":"The chain «били, секли, пинали» (beat, flogged, kicked) is all imperfective past — not one event but the ongoing, repeated practice of it. The aspect itself is part of the horror: this was their routine, not a single outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не зная сами за что","title":"Gerund «не зная» — 'not knowing'","body":"«Не зная» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «знать», naming an attendant circumstance that shares the parents' subject: they did it 'while not even knowing why themselves'. The intensive (determinative) pronoun «сами» (themselves) — distinct from the reflexive «себя»/-ся — twists the knife."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запирали ее на всю ночь","title":"Iterative imperfective: 'they would lock her up'","body":"«Запирали» (imperfective past) renders the English 'they would lock her up' — a repeated, customary action, not a one-time event. Russian needs no auxiliary 'would'; the imperfective aspect alone carries the habitual sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто пятилетний ребенок… еще может… научиться проситься","title":"«как будто» + reflexive «проситься»","body":"«Как будто» ('as if') opens the bitter parenthetical irony. «Проситься» is «просить» with reflexive «-ся» in its special sense 'to ask leave for oneself' (here, to ask to be let out to relieve herself) — the very thing a sleeping five-year-old cannot do."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отхожее место","title":"«отхожее место» — the privy","body":"«Отхожее место» is the polite, period euphemism for an outdoor latrine or privy (literally a 'place one goes off to'). The decorous phrase set against the unspeakable cruelty heightens the obscenity rather than softening it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это мать, мать заставляла","title":"Zero copula + repetition for horror","body":"«Это мать» — 'it was the mother' — uses Russian's absent present-tense 'to be': the nominative «мать» simply stands beside «это» with no verb. The doubling «мать, мать заставляла» (the mother, the mother made her) is sheer emotive repetition, Ivan unable to get past the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of били","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"били","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"секли","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"flogged"},{"surface":"пинали","lemma":"пинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"kicked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пинали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrument of пинали","gloss":"with their feet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пинали","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за, complement of зная","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обратили","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тело","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обратили","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking синяки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"синяки","lemma":"синяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратили","gloss":"bruises"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошли","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes до высшей утонченности","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утонченности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies утонченности","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"утонченности","lemma":"утонченность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошли","gloss":"refinement"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холод","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"холод","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирали","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мороз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирали","gloss":"frost"},{"surface":"запирали","lemma":"запирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запирали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирали","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отхожее","lemma":"отхожий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"privy"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирали","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за; resumed by это before обмазывали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просилась","lemma":"проситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"asked (to be let out)","note":"проситься = to ask (to be let out/allowed somewhere)."},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просилась","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может, part of как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"пятилетний","lemma":"пятилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"five-year-old"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"спящий","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ребенок","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сном","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"ангельским","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"крепким","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"cognate complement of спящий","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-будто clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лета","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лета","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"научиться","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"проситься","lemma":"проситься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of научиться","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмазывали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обмазывали","lemma":"обмазывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"smeared"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of обмазывали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обмазывали","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of калом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"калом","lemma":"кал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of обмазывали","gloss":"excrement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заставляли","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обмазывали","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заставляли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставляли","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кал","lemma":"кал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of есть","gloss":"excrement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, copula with мать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заставляла, repeats for emphasis","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"заставляла","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c4-s125","source":"И эта мать могла спать, когда ночью слышались стоны бедного ребеночка, запертого в подлом месте!","translation":"And this mother could sleep through the night while the moans of her poor little child rose from that vile place!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышались стоны","title":"Reflexive «слышаться» — moans 'made themselves heard'","body":"«Слышались стоны» uses «слышаться» (-ся) as a middle/passive: the moans 'were heard / made themselves heard', with the subject «стоны» following the verb. The imperfective frames them as a continuous sound rising through the night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребеночка","title":"«ребёночек» — pitying diminutive","body":"«Ребёночек» is the tender diminutive of «ребёнок» (child) in the genitive («ребёночка»). Like «боженька» and «слёзки» elsewhere, the affectionate suffix makes the reader cradle the victim even as the horror mounts; English 'poor little child' only approximates it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в подлом месте","title":"«подлый» — vile, base","body":"«Подлый» means base, mean, contemptible — a strong moral word, not merely 'vile'. «Подлое место» (the vile place) becomes Ivan's recurring epithet for the privy, charging the physical spot with full ethical disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышались","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышались","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"слышались","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спать","gloss":"were heard"},{"surface":"стоны","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of слышались","gloss":"moans"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стоны","gloss":"child's"},{"surface":"запертого","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying ребеночка","gloss":"locked up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подлом","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запертого","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c4-s126","source":"Понимаешь ли ты это, когда маленькое существо, еще не умеющее даже осмыслить, что с ней делается, бьет себя в подлом месте, в темноте и в холоде, крошечным своим кулачком в надорванную грудку и плачет своими кровавыми, незлобивыми, кроткими слезками к «боженьке», чтобы тот защитил его, — понимаешь ли ты эту ахинею, друг мой и брат мой, послушник ты мой божий и смиренный, понимаешь ли ты, для чего эта ахинея так нужна и создана!","translation":"Do you understand it — when a tiny being, who cannot yet even grasp what is being done to her, beats her own breast with her little fist there in that vile place, in the dark and the cold, and weeps her bloody, meek, unresentful little tears to \"dear God\" to protect her — do you understand that nonsense, my friend and my brother, my godly and humble little novice, do you understand why this nonsense is so necessary and was created!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимаешь ли ты это","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Понимаешь ли ты это» fronts the focused verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form an emphatic yes/no question — more pressing and literary than a bare 'do you understand?'. Ivan frames the whole tirade with this «ли», bracketing it again with «понимаешь ли ты эту ахинею»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не умеющее даже осмыслить","title":"Present active participle «умеющее»","body":"«Умеющее» is the present active participle of «уметь» (to be able), agreeing with neuter «существо» (being): 'a being not yet even able to grasp'. The participle compresses a relative clause ('who is not yet able…') into one modifier — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's dense literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кулачком… в надорванную грудку","title":"Heaped diminutives: «кулачок», «грудка», «слёзки»","body":"Within one sentence Dostoevsky stacks «кулачком» (little fist), «грудку» (little breast), «слёзками» (little tears) onto «боженьке» (dear God) — a cascade of affectionate suffixes that no English can match. «Надорванную» (strained, ruptured) suggests a breast already half-broken from sobbing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боженьке","title":"«боженька» — God in a child's voice","body":"Боженька is the affectionate diminutive of Бог (God), the form a small child would use, like 'dear, kind God.' Dostoevsky piles up such diminutives here (кулачком 'little fist,' грудку 'little breast,' слезками 'little tears') to make the child's helplessness almost unbearable; English cannot match the density of these tender suffixes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ахинея","title":"«ахинея» — gibberish, nonsense","body":"«Ахинея» is colloquial for utter nonsense, drivel, rubbish. Ivan flings it at the whole scheme of created suffering — 'do you understand this gibberish… why this gibberish is so necessary' — the deliberately low word sharpening his blasphemous outrage at a cosmic design he calls senseless."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"послушник ты мой божий и смиренный","title":"«послушник» — novice monk","body":"A «послушник» is a novice in an Orthodox monastery — one in 'obedience' («послушание») under an elder, not yet tonsured a monk. Ivan teasingly addresses Alyosha as «послушник ты мой божий и смиренный» (my godly and humble little novice), the word order «послушник ты мой» throwing affectionate, ironic warmth onto the address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Понимаешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Понимаешь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause elaborating это","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бьет","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеющее","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеющее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеющее","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying существо","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмыслить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"осмыслить","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеющее","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of осмыслить","gloss":"is being done"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подлом","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with месте","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холоде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"холоде","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with месте","gloss":"the cold"},{"surface":"крошечным","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кулачком","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кулачком","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"кулачком","lemma":"кулачок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of бьет","gloss":"little fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудку","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"надорванную","lemma":"надорванный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грудку","gloss":"torn"},{"surface":"грудку","lemma":"грудка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бьет","gloss":"weeps"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезками","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кровавыми","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезками","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"незлобивыми","lemma":"незлобивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with кровавыми","gloss":"unresentful"},{"surface":"кроткими","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with кровавыми","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"слезками","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrument of плачет","gloss":"little tears"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боженьке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"боженьке","lemma":"боженька","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачет","gloss":"dear God"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of защитил","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of защитил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"защитил","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on плачет","gloss":"would protect"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of защитил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, repeats Понимаешь","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ахинею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ахинею","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"nonsense","note":"ахинея = nonsense, gibberish (colloquial)."},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing ты","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друг, vocative","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with друг","gloss":"novice"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphasizes послушник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of послушник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies послушник","gloss":"godly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренный","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with божий","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, repeats Понимаешь","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужна","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ахинея","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ахинея","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужна","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужна","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нужна","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the для-чего clause, object of понимаешь","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"создана","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нужна","gloss":"created"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c4-s127","source":"Без нее, говорят, и пробыть бы не мог человек на земле, ибо не познал бы добра и зла.","translation":"Without it, they say, man could not even have lasted on earth, for he would not have come to know good and evil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и пробыть бы не мог","title":"Conditional «бы» — 'could not have lasted'","body":"«Пробыть бы не мог» is the irrealis: past-tense «мог» plus the particle «бы» give a hypothetical 'could not have remained'. The «бы» here floats forward, leaning between «пробыть» and «не мог» — its typical mobility, attaching near the stressed words rather than rigidly to the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо не познал бы добра и зла","title":"Genitive of negation + archaic «ибо»","body":"Under the negated «не познал бы», the objects «добра и зла» (good and evil) stand in the genitive rather than the accusative — the genitive of negation. «Ибо» ('for, because') is a markedly bookish, Scriptural conjunction that colours the whole sentence with Biblical solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыть/мог","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (they say)","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes пробыть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пробыть","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have lasted"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle for мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыть","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of познал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies познал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"познал","lemma":"познать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"would have known"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle for познал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of познал","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with добра","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c4-s128","source":"Для чего познавать это чертово добро и зло, когда это столького стоит?","translation":"Why come to know that devilish good and evil, when it costs so much?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столького стоит","title":"«стоить» + genitive of price","body":"«Стоить» (to be worth, to cost) governs the genitive of what is paid: «столького» (gen. of «столькое», so much) — 'when it costs so much'. This genitive-of-cost returns as the leitmotif of the whole passage: nothing is worth the price of a child's tears."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чертово добро и зло","title":"«чёртов» — 'devilish', a curse-adjective","body":"«Чёртов» literally means 'the devil's' but functions as a coarse intensifier, 'damned, devilish'. Hurled at «добро и зло» (good and evil) it is near-blasphemous: Ivan curses the very knowledge of good and evil that cost humanity paradise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of познавать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"познавать","lemma":"познавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of добро","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чертово","lemma":"чёртов","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies добро","gloss":"devilish"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of познавать","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with добро","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"столького","lemma":"столький","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive of price, complement of стоит","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on познавать","gloss":"costs"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c4-s129","source":"Да ведь весь мир познания не стоит тогда этих слезок ребеночка к «боженьке».","translation":"Why, the whole world of knowledge is not worth, in that case, those little tears of that child to \"dear God\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь весь мир познания не стоит","title":"Opening particles «да ведь»","body":"«Да ведь» stacks two particles to open the line: «да» here is an emphatic 'why, but' and «ведь» appeals to what Alyosha surely already feels ('after all, you know'). Together they give the spoken, button-holing urgency of Ivan's argument — the texture English can only render with stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стоит… этих слезок","title":"Genitive after negated «стоить»","body":"Negated «не стоит» (is not worth) takes its object in the genitive: «этих слёзок ребёночка» (these little tears of the little child). The two pitying diminutives «слёзки» and «ребёночек» fall inside the cold logic of cost, fusing tenderness and accounting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence (emphatic)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"познания","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"of knowledge"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слезок","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"слезок","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of стоит","gloss":"little tears"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слезок","gloss":"of that child"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боженьке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"боженьке","lemma":"боженька","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночка","gloss":"dear God"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c4-s130","source":"Я не говорю про страдания больших, те яблоко съели, и черт с ними, и пусть бы их всех черт взял, но эти, эти!","translation":"I am not speaking of the sufferings of grown people — they ate the apple, and to the devil with them, let the devil take the lot of them, but these, these!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть бы их всех черт взял","title":"«пусть бы» — softened imprecation","body":"«Пусть» forms a third-person 'let…' wish; with «бы» added («пусть бы… взял») it becomes a hypothetical, half-wished curse, 'let the devil take the lot of them'. The optative «пусть бы» + past-tense verb is the irrealis used for cursing and wishing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но эти, эти!","title":"Bare demonstrative, twice","body":"«Эти, эти!» — 'these, these!' — is the demonstrative «этот» (plural) standing alone for the children, the noun left unspoken because too painful. The repetition and the dash before it leave the sentence broken off in feeling, a rhetorical aposiopesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am speaking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"grown-ups'"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of съели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"яблоко","lemma":"яблоко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of съели","gloss":"apple"},{"surface":"съели","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"independent clause","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of idiom черт с ними","gloss":"the devil","note":"черт с ними = idiom, \"to hell with them / never mind them\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of черт (idiom)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял (optative)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle for взял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies их","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"take","note":"пусть бы черт взял = idiom, \"let the devil take (them)\"."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"exclamatory, refers to the children","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"repeats эти for emphasis","gloss":"these"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c4-s131","source":"Мучаю я тебя, Алешка, ты как будто бы не в себе.","translation":"I am tormenting you, Alyoshka, you look as though you are beside yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алёшка» — the rough familiar","body":"«Алёшка» is the -ка form of Alyosha (itself from Алексей). The -ка suffix is rough and intimate, between affection and a slap on the back — warmer than formal address but coarser than the gentle «Алёша». Ivan toggles between «Алёша» and «Алёшка» as his tone shifts from tender to provocatively familiar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто бы не в себе","title":"Idiom «не в себе»; «как будто бы»","body":"«Не в себе» (literally 'not in oneself') is the fixed idiom for 'beside oneself, not right'. «Как будто бы» softens it to 'as though', the «бы» lending a tentative, hypothetical shading to Ivan's observation that Alyosha looks shaken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мучаю","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am tormenting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Мучаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Мучаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в себе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"predicate complement (idiom: not oneself)","gloss":"yourself","note":"не в себе = idiom, \"beside oneself / not oneself\"."}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c4-s132","source":"Я перестану, если хочешь.","translation":"I will stop, if you like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перестану","title":"Perfective future «перестану»","body":"«Перестану» (I'll stop) is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which yields simple future meaning — a single, completed cessation. There is no auxiliary; the future sits in the ending, against the imperfective's compound future with «буду»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перестану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перестану","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stop"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on перестану","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c4-s133","source":"— Ничего, я тоже хочу мучиться, — пробормотал Алеша.","translation":"\"Never mind, I want to suffer too,\" Alyosha muttered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочу мучиться","title":"Reflexive «мучиться» — to suffer","body":"«Мучить» means to torment (someone); add «-ся» and «мучиться» turns it inward — to torment oneself, to suffer. Alyosha's quiet «я тоже хочу мучиться» (I want to suffer too) takes the same root that names the tormentors and turns it back on himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробормотал","title":"«пробормотать» — to mutter","body":"«Пробормотал» is the perfective 'muttered, mumbled out', the prefix «про-» marking the act as carried through. Dostoevsky's dialogue tags are precise: Alyosha mutters, while Ivan a moment later «завопил» (shrieked) — the verbs scoring the emotional register of each speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничего","morphology":"adverb (interjection)","role":"parallel clause to хочу","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"мучиться","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (narrator's tag)","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c4-s134","source":"— Одну, только одну еще картинку, и то из любопытства, очень уж характерная, и главное, только что прочел в одном из сборников наших древностей, в «Архиве», в «Старине», что ли, надо справиться, забыл даже, где и прочел.","translation":"\"One more, just one more little picture, and only out of curiosity, it is very characteristic, and the main thing is, I have only just read it in one of our collections of antiquities, in the 'Archive,' or the 'Antiquity,' I will have to check, I have even forgotten where it was I read it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что прочел","title":"Perfective «прочёл» — just finished reading","body":"«Прочёл» (read through) is the perfective of «читать», a single completed act, paired with «только что» (just now) for the freshly-finished reading. «Прочёл» is the older masculine past beside the modern «прочитал», both heard in the period."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сборников наших древностей… в «Архиве», в «Старине»","title":"Historical journals: «Русский архив», «Русская старина»","body":"Ivan gropes for the source among Russia's antiquarian periodicals — «Русский архив» (Russian Archive) and «Русская старина» (Russian Antiquity) were real journals publishing memoirs and documents of the serf era. The vague 'or the Antiquity, what's it called' lends his anecdote a documentary, half-remembered authenticity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли","title":"Tentative particle «что ли»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial tag of uncertainty, '…or something, was it?'. Tacked onto «в «Старине», что ли», it captures Ivan thinking aloud, unsure of the exact title — the loose, self-correcting rhythm of real speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition, repeated for emphasis with одну (w3)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies картинку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies картинку","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"картинку","lemma":"картинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the utterance","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom и то (only, merely)","gloss":"only","note":"и то = idiom meaning \"and only\", minimizing what follows."},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the и то idiom","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies характерная","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"характерная","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies картинку","gloss":"characteristic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что","gloss":"now","note":"только что = idiom meaning \"just now\"."},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, referred to by главное","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сборников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сборников","lemma":"сборник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"collections"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of древностей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"древностей","lemma":"древность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сборников","gloss":"antiquities"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Архиве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Архиве","lemma":"Архив","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"the Archive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Старине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Старине","lemma":"Старина","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Архиве","gloss":"the Antiquity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom что ли","gloss":"or something"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom что ли","gloss":"or something","note":"что ли = colloquial idiom expressing uncertainty, \"or something\"."},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"new clause, parenthetical","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"check"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"new parenthetical clause","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, modifies прочел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes прочел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"I read it"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c4-s135","source":"Это было в самое мрачное время крепостного права, еще в начале столетия, и да здравствует освободитель народа!","translation":"It happened in the very darkest days of serfdom, back at the beginning of the century, and long live the Liberator of the People!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да здравствует освободитель народа","title":"«да здравствует» — fossilized subjunctive","body":"«Да здравствует!» ('long live!') is a frozen optative: the particle «да» plus the third-person present of the bookish verb «здравствовать» (to be in health). It survives only in such solemn acclamations — a fixed Church-Slavonic-flavoured formula Ivan flings out with bitter irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крепостного права","title":"«крепостное право» — serfdom","body":"«Крепостное право» is the legal institution of serfdom, from «крепость» in the old sense of being bound (крепить, to fasten) to the land and its owner. The genitive «крепостного права» follows «время» (the time of serfdom); the whole anecdote is set 'in the very darkest days' of this system."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies мрачное (superlative)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"мрачное","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"darkest"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of serfdom"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"further oblique complement of было, parallel to время","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"столетия","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of the century"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links было-clause and здравствует-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"optative particle with здравствует","gloss":"long","note":"'да' + present tense forms an optative wish, here 'да здравствует' = 'long live'."},{"surface":"здравствует","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with было","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"освободитель","lemma":"освободитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здравствует","gloss":"the Liberator"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies освободитель","gloss":"of the People"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c4-s136","source":"Был тогда в начале столетия один генерал, генерал со связями большими и богатейший помещик, но из таких (правда, и тогда уже, кажется, очень немногих), которые, удаляясь на покой со службы, чуть-чуть не бывали уверены, что выслужили себе право на жизнь и смерть своих подданных.","translation":"There was at that time, at the start of the century, a certain general, a general with great connections and a very rich landowner, but one of the sort (rare even then, it seems) who, on retiring from the service into private life, were all but convinced that they had earned themselves the right of life and death over their bondsmen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"богатейший помещик","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Богатейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «богатый» (rich) in «-ейший»: 'a very rich / the richest landowner'. This suffixed superlative is more literary than the everyday «самый богатый» and suits the elevated narrative voice of the anecdote."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удаляясь на покой со службы","title":"Gerund «удаляясь» — 'on retiring'","body":"«Удаляясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «удаляться» (to withdraw), naming the circumstance under which they grew convinced: 'while withdrawing into retirement from the service'. The reflexive «-ся» makes it intransitive, and «на покой» is the set phrase 'into retirement / repose'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помещик… своих подданных","title":"«помещик» and «подданные»","body":"A «помещик» is a landed gentleman holding an estate worked by serfs. «Подданные» normally means 'subjects' of a sovereign — by applying it to the general's serfs, Dostoevsky exposes the pretension of a landowner who fancies himself a petty monarch with 'the right of life and death' over his people."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со связями большими","title":"«связи» — connections","body":"«Связи» (literally 'ties, links') in the plural means social and political connections — pull, influence at court. «Генерал со связями большими» is a man protected by his web of patrons, which is precisely why, as we learn, almost nothing is done to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"столетия","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of the century"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies генерал","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to генерал (w7)","gloss":"a general"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking связями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"связями","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies генерал (w8)","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"большими","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies связями","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богатейший","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies помещик","gloss":"very rich"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with генерал (w8)","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking немногих, predicate of генерал","gloss":"one of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies немногих","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical remark within the phrase","gloss":"true enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тогда and уже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немногих","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немногих","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies немногих","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немногих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"немногих","lemma":"немногий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of из, describing генерал","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"удаляясь","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бывали","gloss":"retiring"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покой","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"покой","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удаляясь","gloss":"retirement"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"службы","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удаляясь, parallel to покой","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывали (part of чуть-чуть не)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывали (part of чуть-чуть не)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывали (part of чуть-чуть не)","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of которые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective (short form), plural","role":"predicate complement of бывали","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выслужили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выслужили","lemma":"выслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверены","gloss":"had earned"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of выслужили","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслужили","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подданных","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"подданных","lemma":"подданный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies жизнь и смерть","gloss":"bondsmen"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c4-s137","source":"Такие тогда бывали.","translation":"Such men did exist in those days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Такие тогда бывали.","title":"Iterative «бывали» — 'such men used to be'","body":"«Бывали» is the iterative/habitual of «быть» (to be) — not the simple «были» (were) but 'used to be, would occasionally be found'. The terse three-word sentence, verb-final, lets the past stand as a grim, matter-of-fact generalization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"such men"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывали","gloss":"in those days"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did exist"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c4-s138","source":"Ну вот живет генерал в своем поместье в две тысячи душ, чванится, третирует мелких соседей как приживальщиков и шутов своих.","translation":"Well, so the general lives on his estate of two thousand souls, puffed up with himself, treating his minor neighbors as his hangers-on and his clowns.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну вот живет генерал","title":"Historic present narration","body":"Ivan switches into the historic present — «живёт» (lives), «чванится» (struts) — telling a past event in vivid present tense to put it before our eyes, as a storyteller does. «Ну вот» ('well, so') is the spoken connective that launches the anecdote."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приживальщиков и шутов","title":"«приживальщик» — a hanger-on","body":"A «приживальщик» is a poor dependant who lives off a rich household, a parasite tolerated for amusement — and «шут» is a buffoon, a clown. The general treats his impoverished gentry neighbours as exactly that, a humiliation typical of the period's domestic tyrants."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поместье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поместье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поместье","lemma":"поместье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душ, modifies поместье","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head noun, quantified by две","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"чванится","lemma":"чваниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живет","gloss":"puffs himself up"},{"surface":"третирует","lemma":"третировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живет","gloss":"treats"},{"surface":"мелких","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies соседей","gloss":"minor"},{"surface":"соседей","lemma":"сосед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of третирует","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking приживальщиков","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"приживальщиков","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of третирует","gloss":"hangers-on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шутов","lemma":"шут","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with приживальщиков","gloss":"clowns"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of шутов","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c4-s139","source":"Псарня с сотнями собак и чуть не сотня псарей, все в мундирах, все на конях.","translation":"He keeps kennels of hundreds of hounds and nearly a hundred dog-handlers, all in uniform, all on horseback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Псарня с сотнями собак… все в мундирах, все на конях.","title":"Verbless tableau","body":"The whole sentence has no verb — Russian's zero copula lets the kennels, the hundred handlers 'all in uniform, all on horseback' simply stand there as a still picture. The repeated «все… все…» drums the grotesque military scale of one man's hunting establishment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Псарня… псарей","title":"«псарня», «псарь» — kennel and dog-handler","body":"From «пёс» (hound, dog) come «псарня» (the kennels) and «псарь» (the man who keeps and handles the hounds). The dog-world vocabulary, lavishly staffed and uniformed, sets up the obscene inversion to come: hounds prized above a serf child's life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Псарня","lemma":"псарня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (existential subject)","gloss":"kennel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотнями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сотнями","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Псарня","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"собак","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сотнями","gloss":"of hounds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не (part of чуть не)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сотня (part of чуть не)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сотня","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Псарня","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"псарей","lemma":"псарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сотня","gloss":"dog-handlers"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied verb, parallel apposition","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мундирах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мундирах","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Псарня","gloss":"uniform"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied verb, parallel apposition","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"конях","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Псарня","gloss":"horseback"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c4-s140","source":"И вот дворовый мальчик, маленький мальчик, всего восьми лет, пустил как-то, играя, камнем и зашиб ногу любимой генеральской гончей.","translation":"And one day a serf boy, a little boy, all of eight years old, happened to throw a stone while he was playing and hurt the paw of the general's favorite hound.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустил как-то, играя, камнем","title":"Gerund «играя» framing a perfective act","body":"«Играя» is the imperfective gerund of «играть» (to play), setting the simultaneous background — 'while playing' — against the single perfective event «пустил… камнем» (let fly a stone). The instrumental «камнем» is the means thrown with. «Как-то» softens it to 'somehow, by chance'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дворовый мальчик","title":"«дворовый» — a house serf","body":"«Дворовые» were serfs attached to the manor household («двор», the yard/court) rather than to field labour — domestic serfs at the lord's beck and call. The «дворовый мальчик» is thus a child of the general's own household, which makes the coming atrocity all the more domestic and total."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гончей","title":"«гончая» — a scent-hound","body":"A «гончая» is a hunting hound bred to chase game by scent (from «гнать», to drive/chase) — distinct from the «борзые» (sighthound borzois) loosed at the end. The boy injures the general's favourite «гончая»; the punishment is delivered by the «борзые»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the anecdote","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"дворовый","lemma":"дворовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (w6)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик (w4)","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восьми","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"восьми","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мальчик (apposition of age)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил (part of как-то)","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix completing как-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"играя","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустил","gloss":"while playing"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашиб","lemma":"зашибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустил","gloss":"hurt"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зашиб","gloss":"the paw"},{"surface":"любимой","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гончей","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"генеральской","lemma":"генеральский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гончей","gloss":"the general's"},{"surface":"гончей","lemma":"гончая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашиб","gloss":"hound"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c4-s141","source":"«Почему собака моя любимая охромела?»","translation":"\"Why has my favorite dog gone lame?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему собака моя любимая охромела?","title":"Perfective «охромел» — 'went lame'","body":"«Охромела» is the perfective of «хрометь» (to be lame) with the inceptive prefix «о-»: it marks the single change of state, 'has gone / become lame'. The possessive «моя любимая» (my favourite) is split around the noun for petulant emphasis on whose dog it is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охромела","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of охромела","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собака","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любимая","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"охромела","lemma":"охрометь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone lame"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c4-s142","source":"Докладывают ему, что вот, дескать, этот самый мальчик камнем в нее пустил и ногу ей зашиб.","translation":"They report to him that this very boy threw a stone at her and hurt her paw.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Докладывают ему","title":"Subjectless 'they report'","body":"«Докладывают ему» has no stated subject — the third-person plural alone means 'they / people report to him', the generic agent left unnamed. The dative «ему» is the one reported to. Russian uses this impersonal plural constantly where English needs a vague 'they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот, дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«Дескать» flags reported speech the speaker holds at arm's length — 'so they say, supposedly'. With «вот» it mimics a servant's deferential, hedging report: 'it's like this, you see, this very boy…'. Such reportative particles are hard to render but vital to the voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Докладывают","lemma":"докладывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they report"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Докладывают","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse filler within reported speech","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported/quoted speech","gloss":"so to speak","note":"'дескать' is a reportative filler particle, roughly 'so they say', marking that what follows is someone else's words being relayed."},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies этот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"камнем","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Докладывают, coordinated with зашиб","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зашиб","gloss":"the paw"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"possessive dative with ногу, indirect object of зашиб","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"зашиб","lemma":"зашибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустил","gloss":"hurt"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c4-s143","source":"«А, это ты, — оглядел его генерал, — взять его!»","translation":"\"Ah, so it was you,\" the general looked him over, \"take him!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взять его!","title":"Infinitive as command","body":"«Взять его!» — a bare perfective infinitive used as a curt, absolute order, 'seize him!'. This impersonal infinitive-command is harsher and more peremptory than a true imperative; it suits the general barking orders he expects obeyed without a subject named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглядел его генерал","title":"Perfective «оглядел» + inverted subject","body":"«Оглядел» (looked over, sized up) is perfective — a single completed appraising glance — with the subject «генерал» placed after the verb and object, the narrator's voice intruding mid-quotation. «А, это ты» ('Ah, so it's you') is the cold recognition before the order."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the quote","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's parenthetical main verb","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядел","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"separate imperative clause (quoted command)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c4-s144","source":"Взяли его, взяли у матери, всю ночь просидел в кутузке, наутро чем свет выезжает генерал во всем параде на охоту, сел на коня, кругом него приживальщики, собаки, псари, ловчие, все на конях.","translation":"They took him, took him from his mother, and he sat all night in the lockup; the next morning at first light the general rides out in full array to the hunt, mounts his horse, and around him are his hangers-on, dogs, dog-handlers, huntsmen, all on horseback.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взяли его, взяли у матери","title":"«взять у» + genitive — taken from","body":"«Взяли у матери» — 'took from the mother' — uses «у» + genitive («матери») for the person something is taken from. The doubled «взяли… взяли» (took… took) and the unstated plural subject give the brutal, faceless efficiency of the seizure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выезжает генерал во всем параде… сел на коня","title":"Present and past aspect interwoven","body":"The narration toggles between historic present «выезжает» (rides out) and perfective past «сел» (mounted), and back — the present for the unfolding spectacle, the perfective for each completed move. This braiding of tenses keeps the scene cinematic and immediate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в кутузке","title":"«кутузка» — the lockup","body":"«Кутузка» is colloquial for a jail, a lockup, a clink — low, almost jocular in register. Applied to where an eight-year-old is held overnight, the offhand word underscores how casually the estate's machinery treats imprisoning a child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чем свет… во всем параде… ловчие","title":"«чем свет», «во всём параде», «ловчий»","body":"«Чем свет» is the idiom 'at first light, at the crack of dawn'. «Во всём параде» means in full ceremonial array. A «ловчий» was the master huntsman in charge of a noble hunt. The whole apparatus of an aristocratic hunt is mustered to kill one child."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Взяли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взяли","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"просидел","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взяли","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутузке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кутузке","lemma":"кутузка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидел","gloss":"the lockup"},{"surface":"наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выезжает","gloss":"the next morning"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom чем свет, modifies выезжает","gloss":"at","note":"'чем свет' is a fixed idiom meaning 'at first light / at the crack of dawn'."},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom чем свет, modifies выезжает","gloss":"first light"},{"surface":"выезжает","lemma":"выезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Взяли","gloss":"rides out"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выезжает","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking параде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of параде","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"параде","lemma":"парад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выезжает","gloss":"array"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охоту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"охоту","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выезжает","gloss":"the hunt"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взяли","gloss":"mounts"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коня","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"his horse"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"приживальщики","lemma":"приживальщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of implied predicate 'кругом него'","gloss":"hangers-on"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with приживальщики","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"псари","lemma":"псарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with приживальщики","gloss":"dog-handlers"},{"surface":"ловчие","lemma":"ловчий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with приживальщики","gloss":"huntsmen"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied predicate 'на конях'","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"конях","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with приживальщики","gloss":"horseback"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c4-s145","source":"Вокруг собрана дворня для назидания, а впереди всех мать виновного мальчика.","translation":"The household serfs are gathered round for their edification, and at the front of them all stands the mother of the guilty boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вокруг собрана дворня для назидания","title":"Short passive participle «собрана»","body":"«Собрана» is the short-form past passive participle of «собрать» (to gather), agreeing with feminine «дворня»: 'the household serfs [are] gathered'. The short passive states a result, the implied «есть/была» being dropped — a compact, formal construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дворня… для назидания","title":"«дворня» and «назидание»","body":"«Дворня» is the collective body of household serfs (again from «двор»), and «назидание» is edification, moral instruction — a churchly, didactic word. The serfs are assembled 'for edification', as if at a sermon, so that the killing becomes a deliberate lesson in the lord's power."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вокруг","lemma":"вокруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собрана","gloss":"round about"},{"surface":"собрана","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are gathered"},{"surface":"дворня","lemma":"дворня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive собрана","gloss":"the household serfs"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking назидания","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"назидания","lemma":"назидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрана","gloss":"edification"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"at the front"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of впереди","gloss":"of them all"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied predicate 'впереди всех'","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"виновного","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"of the boy"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c4-s146","source":"Выводят мальчика из кутузки.","translation":"They lead the boy out of the lockup.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выводят мальчика из кутузки.","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выводить»","body":"«Выводят» is the imperfective of «вывести», a prefixed verb of motion: «вы-» (out) + «-водить» (to lead), 'they lead [him] out'. The prefix supplies the direction (out of the lockup) and converts the motion verb into an ordinary aspect pair. The genitive «из кутузки» follows «из» (out of)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выводят","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they lead out"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Выводят","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутузки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кутузки","lemma":"кутузка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выводят","gloss":"the lockup"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c4-s147","source":"Мрачный, холодный, туманный осенний день, знатный для охоты.","translation":"A gloomy, cold, foggy autumn day, a fine one for hunting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мрачный, холодный, туманный осенний день, знатный для охоты.","title":"Verbless scene-setting","body":"Another copula-free nominative tableau: a string of adjectives agreeing with «день» (day), then «знатный для охоты» (a splendid one for hunting). The bare nominatives freeze the gloomy autumn morning into a single held image before the violence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знатный для охоты","title":"«знатный» — capital, first-rate","body":"Besides its sense 'noble, high-born', «знатный» colloquially means splendid, capital, first-rate. «Знатный для охоты день» is 'a fine day for the hunt' — the huntsman's appreciative eye on the weather, ghastly in context, since the quarry is a boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мрачный","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"холодный","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мрачный","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"туманный","lemma":"туманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мрачный","gloss":"foggy"},{"surface":"осенний","lemma":"осенний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"знатный","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"a fine one"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking охоты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"охоты","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знатный","gloss":"hunting"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c4-s148","source":"Мальчика генерал велит раздеть, ребеночка раздевают всего донага, он дрожит, обезумел от страха, не смеет пикнуть…","translation":"The general orders the boy to be stripped, the child is stripped stark naked, he is trembling, out of his mind with terror, he dare not make a sound…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велит раздеть… раздевают всего донага","title":"«велит» + infinitive; aspect pairing","body":"«Велит раздеть» — 'orders [him] to be stripped' — uses «велеть» plus a perfective infinitive for the command. Then imperfective «раздевают» (they are stripping) shows the act in process. «Донага» is the adverb 'stark naked'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обезумел от страха","title":"Inceptive «обезумел» + «от» + genitive of cause","body":"«Обезумел» is the perfective 'went out of his mind' (from «безумный», mad), the prefix marking the sudden onset of the state. «От страха» (from terror) uses «от» + genitive for the cause — Russian's regular way of saying what an emotion springs from."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не смеет пикнуть","title":"«пикнуть» — to make the faintest sound","body":"«Пикнуть» is the semelfactive (single-burst) perfective 'to peep, to let out a squeak' — «не смеет пикнуть» is 'dares not make the faintest sound'. The tiny, almost comic verb against the child's terror is wrenching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздеть","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"раздеть","lemma":"раздеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"to be stripped"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздевают","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"раздевают","lemma":"раздевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to велит","gloss":"is stripped"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies донага","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"донага","lemma":"донага","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздевают","gloss":"stark naked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дрожит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дрожит","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to велит","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"обезумел","lemma":"обезуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to велит","gloss":"out of his mind"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обезумел","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to велит","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"пикнуть","lemma":"пикнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"make a sound"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c4-s149","source":"«Гони его!» — командует генерал.","translation":"\"Drive him on!\" commands the general.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гони его!","title":"Imperative «гони»","body":"«Гони!» is the imperative of «гнать» (to drive, chase), formed by adding stressed «-и» to the stem — 'drive him on!'. «Гнать» is also a verb of motion (to drive game), so the command turns the boy into hunted quarry with a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гони","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quoted command)","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Гони","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"командует","lemma":"командовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"narrator's parenthetical main verb","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of командует","gloss":"the general"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c4-s150","source":"«Беги, беги!» — кричат ему псари, мальчик бежит…","translation":"\"Run, run!\" the dog-handlers shout at him, and the boy runs…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Беги, беги!","title":"Imperative «беги» + present «бежит»","body":"«Беги!» is the imperative of «бежать» (to run), and «мальчик бежит» (the boy runs) is its present — both from the unidirectional motion verb, 'run [this one way], now'. The shout and the answering present tense pitch us into the chase as it happens."}],"words":[{"surface":"Беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Беги","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"narrator's main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричат","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"псари","lemma":"псарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кричат","gloss":"the dog-handlers"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежит","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"бежит","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"runs"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c4-s151","source":"«Ату его!» — вопит генерал и бросает на него всю стаю борзых собак.","translation":"\"Sic him!\" the general yells, and looses the whole pack of borzoi hounds on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ату его!","title":"«Ату!» — the hunting halloo","body":"«Ату!» is the traditional cry of the Russian hunt loosing the hounds on the quarry — 'sic him! at him!'. Hurled at a child, the houndsman's halloo completes the monstrous transformation of the boy into game to be run down."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стаю борзых собак","title":"«борзые» — borzoi sighthounds","body":"«Борзые» are the Russian sighthounds (borzois), bred to course and pull down game by speed and sight — the very dogs loosed «всю стаю» (the whole pack) on the boy. The word entered English as 'borzoi'; «затравить борзыми» (to hunt down with borzois) is the period's coursing term."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ату","lemma":"ату","morphology":"interjection","role":"quoted hunting cry","gloss":"sic him","note":"'Ату!' is a traditional Russian hunting cry urging the dogs on, roughly 'sic him!' or 'after him!'"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the cry Ату","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вопит","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"narrator's main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"yells"},{"surface":"генерал","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопит","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросает","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вопит","gloss":"looses"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стаю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"стаю","lemma":"стая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бросает","gloss":"pack"},{"surface":"борзых","lemma":"борзой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies собак","gloss":"borzoi"},{"surface":"собак","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies стаю","gloss":"hounds"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c4-s152","source":"Затравил в глазах матери, и псы растерзали ребенка в клочки!..","translation":"He hunted him down before his mother's eyes, and the dogs tore the child to shreds!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Затравил… и псы растерзали ребенка в клочки","title":"Two perfectives that close the deed","body":"«Затравил» (hunted [him] down to the death, «за-» marking completion) and «растерзали» (tore to pieces) are both perfective — the single, finished, irreversible events that end the anecdote. «В глазах матери» (before the mother's eyes) is held to the front for maximum horror."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растерзали… в клочки","title":"«растерзать в клочки» — to tear to shreds","body":"«Растерзать» is to rend, tear apart (the «раз-» prefix scattering the pieces), and «в клочки» is 'to shreds, to tatters'. The savage, total verb — which Ivan will echo again and again as «растерзавшим псами сына» — becomes the unforgettable image he refuses to let go."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затравил","lemma":"затравить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hunted down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Затравил","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"of his mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"псы","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of растерзали","gloss":"the dogs"},{"surface":"растерзали","lemma":"растерзать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Затравил","gloss":"tore apart"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of растерзали","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клочки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"клочки","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of растерзали","gloss":"shreds"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c4-s153","source":"Генерала, кажется, в опеку взяли.","translation":"The general, it seems, was put under wardship.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Генерала, кажется, в опеку взяли.","title":"Fronted animate accusative","body":"«Генерала» is accusative (animate masculine, borrowing the genitive ending) thrown to the front of its own sentence: 'the general, it seems, they put under wardship'. «Кажется» ('it seems') and the unstated plural subject keep the punishment vague and bureaucratic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Генерала","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies взяли","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking опеку","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"опеку","lemma":"опека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"wardship"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was put"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c4-s154","source":"Ну… что же его?","translation":"Well… what is to be done with him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же его?","title":"Particle «же» in an elliptical question","body":"«Ну… что же его?» — 'well… what [is to be done] with him?'. The particle «же» presses the question, lending exasperated insistence ('well, what then?'), while the verb is left out entirely, the sense carried by intonation alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the implied verb (done to him)","gloss":"with him"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c4-s155","source":"Расстрелять?","translation":"Shoot him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Расстрелять?","title":"Infinitive as deliberative question","body":"A lone perfective infinitive «расстрелять?» ('shoot him?') stands as a whole question — the deliberative infinitive, weighing whether the deed should be done. The prefix «рас-» specifies execution by firing squad, not mere shooting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расстрелять","lemma":"расстрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical question","gloss":"shoot him"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c4-s156","source":"Для удовлетворения нравственного чувства расстрелять?","translation":"Shoot him for the satisfaction of our moral feeling?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для удовлетворения нравственного чувства","title":"«для» + genitive of purpose","body":"«Для удовлетворения нравственного чувства» — 'for the satisfaction of [our] moral feeling' — chains «для» (for the sake of) governing the genitive «удовлетворения», which in turn governs the genitive «нравственного чувства». Such genitive stacking gives the line its dry, almost legalistic irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовлетворения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"удовлетворения","lemma":"удовлетворение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстрелять","gloss":"the satisfaction"},{"surface":"нравственного","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовлетворения","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"расстрелять","lemma":"расстрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shoot him"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c4-s157","source":"Говори, Алешка!","translation":"Speak, Alyoshka!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори, Алешка!","title":"Imperfective imperative «говори»","body":"«Говори!» is the imperfective imperative of «говорить» — 'speak! out with it!'. The imperfective command urges the engaging in the activity itself (get talking), more insistent and impatient than a perfective 'say it once'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (Alyosha is being addressed by Говори)","gloss":"Alyoshka"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c4-s158","source":"— Расстрелять! — тихо проговорил Алеша, с бледною, перекосившеюся какою-то улыбкой подняв взор на брата.","translation":"\"Shoot him!\" Alyosha said softly, raising his eyes to his brother with a pale, somehow twisted smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с бледною, перекосившеюся… улыбкой подняв взор","title":"Gerund «подняв» + past active participle «перекосившеюся»","body":"«Подняв» is the perfective past gerund of «поднять» ('having raised', the prior act). «Перекосившеюся» is the past active participle of «перекоситься» (to become twisted/contorted) with the reflexive «-ся», declined in the old instrumental «-ою» ending to agree with «улыбкой» (smile). Two non-finite forms pack the whole gesture into one clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бледною, перекосившеюся","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою/-еюся»","body":"The endings «бледною», «перекосившеюся» are the older, bookish instrumental feminine «-ою/-ею» where modern Russian prefers «-ой/-ей». Dostoevsky's prose keeps these fuller forms, which lend a 19th-century literary cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расстрелять","lemma":"расстрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote","gloss":"shoot him"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бледною","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"перекосившеюся","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix completing какою-то","gloss":"sort of","note":"'какою-то' (instrumental of какой-то) is an indefinite determiner, 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняв","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on проговорил (raising his eyes as he spoke)","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"взор","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняв (на брата = direction of the raised gaze)","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c4-s159","source":"— Браво! — завопил Иван в каком-то восторге, — уж коли ты сказал, значит… Ай да схимник!","translation":"\"Bravo!\" Ivan cried in a kind of rapture, \"if even you say so, then… What a monk you are!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж коли ты сказал, значит…","title":"Folk conjunction «коли»; particle «уж»","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, folksy 'if / since' for standard «если» — 'if even you have said so, then it means…'. The particle «уж» adds emphatic finality ('once you've actually said it'). The trailing «значит…» ('it means…') leaves the conclusion for Alyosha to draw."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ай да схимник!","title":"«ай да…!»; «схимник»","body":"«Ай да схимник!» — 'what a monk you are!' — the exclamatory «ай да…» expresses admiring astonishment. A «схимник» is a monk who has taken the «схима», the strictest, most ascetic monastic vows: Ivan mockingly crowns the gentle Alyosha a holy ascetic for blurting 'Shoot him!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Bravo!"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite phrase каком-то, determiner of восторге","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing каком-то","gloss":"-ish","note":"каком-то = 'some kind of', an indefinite pronoun split by the hyphen."},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"say so"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the exclamatory phrase ай да","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the exclamatory phrase ай да","gloss":"a","note":"'Ай да схимник!' is a fixed admiring exclamation, ~'what a monk!'"},{"surface":"схимник","lemma":"схимник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"monk!"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c4-s160","source":"Так вот какой у тебя бесенок в сердечке сидит, Алешка Карамазов!","translation":"So that is the sort of little demon sitting there in your heart, Alyoshka Karamazov!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесенок в сердечке","title":"Diminutives «бесёнок» and «сердечко»","body":"«Бесёнок» is the diminutive of «бес» (demon, imp) — a 'little demon', and «сердечко» the diminutive of «сердце» (heart). Ivan teases that 'so that's the little demon sitting in your little heart' — the affectionate suffixes turning the accusation playful, even fond."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бесенок","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бесенок","lemma":"бесёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"little demon"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердечке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердечке","lemma":"сердечко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алешка","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c4-s161","source":"— Я сказал нелепость, но…","translation":"\"I said an absurd thing, but…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сказал нелепость, но…","title":"Perfective «сказал» + the unfinished «но»","body":"«Сказал» (perfective, said-and-done) names the single completed admission, and the sentence breaks off on «но…» ('but…'). That dangling «но» is the very hinge Ivan will pounce on in the next line — Alyosha's qualification that there is more to say."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелепость","title":"«нелепость» — an absurdity","body":"«Нелепость» is an absurdity, a senseless or preposterous thing (from «нелепый», absurd, incongruous). Alyosha confesses his outburst was a «нелепость», a word Ivan immediately seizes and exalts into a cornerstone of his worldview — 'absurdities are all too necessary on earth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"an absurd thing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"trailing contrastive conjunction, depends on сказал","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c4-s162","source":"— То-то и есть, что но… — кричал Иван. — Знай, послушник, что нелепости слишком нужны на земле.","translation":"\"That is just the point — that 'but'…\" Ivan shouted. \"Know this, novice, that absurdities are all too necessary on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То-то и есть, что но…","title":"Emphatic idiom «то-то и есть»","body":"«То-то и есть» is a fixed exclamation, 'that's just it! that's exactly the point!', built on the demonstrative «то» with the emphatic clitic «-то». Ivan crows over Alyosha's hanging 'but': 'that's just the point — that «но»…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знай, послушник","title":"Imperative «знай» + vocative address","body":"«Знай!» is the imperfective imperative of «знать», a solemn 'know this!'. «Послушник» (novice) is used in direct address, set off as the addressee — Ivan adopting a near-prophetic tone toward his monkish brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the emphatic idiom то-то, subject of есть","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"reduplicated intensifier completing то-то","gloss":"'s just it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of но","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction, used here as a substantivized noun","role":"clausal complement of есть","gloss":"'but'","note":"The word 'but' is quoted as a thing in itself: 'that “but”…'"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"послушник","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"novice"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нужны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нелепости","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"absurdities"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"clausal complement of Знай","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нужны","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c4-s163","source":"На нелепостях мир стоит, и без них, может быть, в нем совсем ничего бы и не произошло.","translation":"The world stands on absurdities, and without them perhaps nothing at all would ever have happened in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без них… ничего бы и не произошло","title":"Conditional «бы» + negative concord","body":"«Ничего бы… не произошло» is the irrealis ('nothing would have happened') with «бы» on the past-form verb, and it shows negative concord: «ничего» (nothing) and «не» both negate, two negatives for one meaning. «Без них» (without them) supplies the unreal condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На нелепостях мир стоит","title":"«мир стоит на…» — the world rests on","body":"«Мир стоит на нелепостях» — 'the world stands on absurdities' — echoes the proverbial 'на чём свет стоит'. The prepositional «на нелепостях» (on absurdities) gives the foundation, Ivan inverting pious commonplace into a creed of the absurd."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нелепостях","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"нелепостях","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"absurdities"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical может быть, modifies произошло","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks произошло as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"have happened"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c4-s164","source":"Мы знаем, что знаем!","translation":"We know what we know!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы знаем, что знаем!","title":"«что» as relative object","body":"«Мы знаем, что знаем» — 'we know what we know'. Here «что» is not the conjunction 'that' but the relative pronoun 'what / that which', object of the second «знаем». The terse tautology, verb repeated, is a defiant boast that needs no further content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаем","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаем","gloss":"we know"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c4-s165","source":"— Что ты знаешь?","translation":"\"What do you know?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты знаешь?","title":"Interrogative «что» as object","body":"«Что ты знаешь?» — 'what do you know?'. The interrogative «что» is the accusative object of «знаешь» (its form is the same as the nominative). Russian needs no auxiliary and no inversion: the question word fronts and the intonation does the rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c4-s166","source":"— Я ничего не понимаю, — продолжал Иван как бы в бреду, — я и не хочу теперь ничего понимать.","translation":"\"I understand nothing,\" Ivan went on as though in a delirium, \"and I do not want to understand anything now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ничего не понимаю… я и не хочу… ничего понимать","title":"Stacked negative concord","body":"Both clauses run negative concord: «ничего не понимаю» (I understand nothing — «ничего» + «не») and «не хочу ничего понимать» (I don't want to understand anything). The negated object «ничего» (gen./acc.) and the verbal «не» reinforce each other, the Russian norm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы в бреду","title":"«как бы»; «в бреду»","body":"«В бреду» is 'in delirium, raving' (prepositional of «бред», feverish raving). «Как бы» ('as if, as though') hedges it — Ivan speaks 'as though in a delirium', the narrator marking the feverish pitch his argument has reached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to понимаю","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase как бы, modifies бреду","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to understand"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c4-s167","source":"Я хочу оставаться при факте.","translation":"I want to stay with the fact.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставаться при факте","title":"«при» + prepositional — to stand by","body":"«Оставаться при факте» — 'to remain with / stand by the fact'. The preposition «при» governs the prepositional «факте» here in the sense of keeping to, abiding by something. The imperfective «оставаться» frames it as an ongoing stance, not a single decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факте","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"факте","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"the fact"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c4-s168","source":"Я давно решил не понимать.","translation":"I made up my mind long ago not to understand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я давно решил не понимать.","title":"Perfective «решил» + negated infinitive","body":"«Решил» (decided) is perfective — a single resolution taken «давно» (long ago). It governs the infinitive «не понимать» (not to understand), the negation falling on the infinitive: he resolved, deliberately, on not-understanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to understand"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b5-c4-s169","source":"Если я захочу что-нибудь понимать, то тотчас же изменю факту, а я решил оставаться при факте…","translation":"If I wanted to understand anything, I would at once be false to the fact, and I have resolved to stay with the fact…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я захочу что-нибудь понимать, то тотчас же изменю","title":"Real conditional «если… то» + perfective futures","body":"«Если… то» frames an open (real) condition, with perfective futures in both halves: «захочу» (if I come to want), «изменю» (I will at once betray). Perfective future expresses single completed acts — the moment he wants understanding, in that instant he betrays the fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь… изменю факту","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь»; «изменить» + dative","body":"«Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'anything at all' (the «-нибудь» series). «Изменить» in the sense 'to be unfaithful, to betray' governs the dative — «изменю факту» (I'll be false to the fact) — the dative naming the thing betrayed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочу","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изменю","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-нибудь, direct object of понимать","gloss":"any-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"completes что-нибудь, direct object of понимать","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"изменю","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be false to"},{"surface":"факту","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменю","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменю","gloss":"have resolved"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факте","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"факте","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"the fact"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b5-c4-s170","source":"— Для чего ты меня испытуешь? — с надрывом горестно воскликнул Алеша, — скажешь ли мне наконец?","translation":"\"Why are you putting me to the test?\" Alyosha cried out, grieving, his voice breaking. \"Will you tell me at last?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего ты меня испытуешь?","title":"Church-Slavonic verb form «испытуешь»","body":"«Испытуешь» (you test / try me) is the elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured conjugation of «испытывать»; the everyday form would be «испытываешь». Alyosha, in anguish, slips into the higher register — the verb of God 'trying' a soul (cf. «испытание», a trial)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажешь ли мне наконец?","title":"Future + «ли» as urgent question","body":"«Скажешь ли мне наконец?» fronts the perfective future «скажешь» (will you tell) with «ли» — 'will you tell me at last?'. The «ли» makes it a pressing, literary yes/no plea rather than a flatly intoned one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с надрывом","title":"«надрыв» — a Dostoevskian keyword","body":"«Надрыв» (from «надорвать», to rupture, strain to breaking) is one of Dostoevsky's signature words for an anguished, self-lacerating emotional rupture — a whole chapter of this book is titled «Надрыв». «С надрывом… воскликнул» means Alyosha cried out with that wrenching, torn intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase для чего, oblique complement of испытуешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испытуешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of испытуешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"испытуешь","lemma":"испытовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"putting to the test","note":"Surface испытуешь conjugates as испыту-ю/-ешь/-ет — the -овать pattern (like рисовать→рисую), not the -ывать pattern (испытывать→испытываешь, which would give испытываешь, not испытуешь). испытовать is the archaic/Dahl-attested variant of испытывать ('to test/try/tempt') that this Biblical-register line (echoing 'не искушай Господа Бога твоего') is drawing on."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надрывом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надрывом","lemma":"надрыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"a breaking voice"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following quoted question","gloss":"will you tell"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks скажешь as a yes/no question","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"at last"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b5-c4-s171","source":"— Конечно, скажу, к тому и вел, чтобы сказать.","translation":"\"Of course I will tell you; that is what I have been leading up to, in order to tell you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому и вел, чтобы сказать","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы сказать» is a purpose clause — «чтобы» plus the infinitive 'in order to tell'. Because the subject is the same as the main clause, the infinitive (not a past-form verb) follows «чтобы». «К тому и вёл» means 'that is just what I was leading up to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to скажу","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will tell you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies вел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"leading up"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вел","gloss":"to tell you"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b5-c4-s172","source":"Ты мне дорог, я тебя упустить не хочу и не уступлю твоему Зосиме.","translation":"You are dear to me, I do not want to let you slip away and I will not give you up to your Zosima.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты мне дорог","title":"Short adjective «дорог» + dative experiencer","body":"«Дорог» is the short (predicative) form of «дорогой» (dear), agreeing in masculine singular with «ты». With the dative «мне» it means 'you are dear to me' — the dative naming the one to whom he is dear, a tender impersonal-style construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не уступлю твоему Зосиме","title":"«уступить» + dative; perfective future","body":"«Уступить» (to yield, give up someone/something to another) governs the dative: «твоему Зосиме» (to your Zosima). «Не уступлю» is the perfective future — 'I will not give [you] up'. Zosima is Alyosha's beloved elder («старец») at the monastery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дорог","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дорог","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"дорог","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"are dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упустить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"упустить","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to let slip away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дорог","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уступлю","gloss":"will not"},{"surface":"уступлю","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дорог","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Зосиме","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Зосиме","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступлю","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b5-c4-s173","source":"Иван помолчал с минуту, лицо его стало вдруг очень грустно.","translation":"Ivan was silent for a minute, and his face suddenly grew very sad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо его стало вдруг очень грустно","title":"«стать» + predicate; word order","body":"«Стало… грустно» uses «стать» (to become) with a neuter predicative 'sad', agreeing with «лицо» (face): 'his face became very sad'. The possessive «его» (his) follows its noun — bookish word order — and «вдруг» (suddenly) is wedged in for abruptness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помолчал","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b5-c4-s174","source":"— Слушай меня: я взял одних деток для того, чтобы вышло очевиднее.","translation":"\"Listen to me: I took only children so that it would come out more plainly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слушай меня","title":"Imperative «слушай» + accusative","body":"«Слушай меня» is the imperfective imperative of «слушать» (to listen) with the accusative «меня» — 'listen to me'. Russian «слушать» takes a direct object where English needs 'to'. The imperfective command opens a sustained appeal for attention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вышло очевиднее","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis; comparative «очевиднее»","body":"Here «чтобы вышло» takes the past-form «вышло» (not an infinitive) because the result has a different implied subject than 'I' — 'so that it would come out…'. «Очевиднее» is the comparative of «очевидный» (evident), the invariable predicative -ее form, 'more plainly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одних деток","title":"«детки» — diminutive of 'children'; «одних» as 'only'","body":"«Детки» is the tender diminutive plural of «дети» (children), 'the little ones'. «Одних» here is not 'some' but 'only, just' (одни… 'only') — 'I took only the children'. The pitying suffix recurs throughout as Ivan narrows his case to the suffering of the young."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen to"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Слушай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деток","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял, anticipates чтобы-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"it would come out"},{"surface":"очевиднее","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"more plainly"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b5-c4-s175","source":"Об остальных слезах человеческих, которыми пропитана вся земля от коры до центра, я уж ни слова не говорю, я тему мою нарочно сузил.","translation":"Of all the other human tears with which the whole earth is soaked from its crust to its center I will not say a word now; I have narrowed my theme on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которыми пропитана вся земля","title":"Short passive «пропитана» + instrumental of means","body":"«Пропитана» is the short past passive participle of «пропитать» (to soak through), agreeing with «земля» (earth): 'the whole earth is soaked'. The relative «которыми» (instrumental plural, referring to «слезах») gives the means — soaked with which tears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тему мою нарочно сузил","title":"Perfective «сузил»; possessive after noun","body":"«Сузил» (narrowed) is the perfective of «сужать/сузить» — a single deliberate act, 'I have narrowed'. «Тему мою» places the possessive after the noun, the slightly bookish order, and «нарочно» (on purpose) underlines the deliberateness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies слезах","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"человеческих","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слезах","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пропитана","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"пропитана","lemma":"пропитать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on слезах","gloss":"is soaked"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земля","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive пропитана","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"коры","lemma":"кора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"crust"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking центра","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"центра","lemma":"центр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"center"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сузил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тему","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сузил","gloss":"theme"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тему","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сузил","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"сузил","lemma":"сузить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"narrowed"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b5-c4-s176","source":"Я клоп и признаю со всем принижением, что ничего не могу понять, для чего всё так устроено.","translation":"I am a bug, and I confess with all humility that I cannot make out at all why everything is arranged as it is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со всем принижением, что ничего не могу понять","title":"«признавать, что» — subordinate «что»; negative concord","body":"«Признаю… что ничего не могу понять» — 'I confess that I can understand nothing' — uses «что» as the reporting conjunction opening the dependent clause, and again negative concord («ничего… не»). «Со всем принижением» means 'with all self-abasement / humility'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я клоп","title":"«клоп» — a bug","body":"«Клоп» is a bedbug — a contemptibly tiny, crushable insect. «Я клоп» ('I am a bug') is Ivan's mock-humble self-abasement before the cosmic order he cannot fathom, a deliberately demeaning image set against his towering metaphysical pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of клоп","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"клоп","lemma":"клоп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of Я","gloss":"am a bug"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"признаю","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with клоп","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking принижением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of принижением","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"принижением","lemma":"принижение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of признаю","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of могу","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of признаю","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase для чего, oblique complement of устроено","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive устроено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроено","gloss":"as it is"},{"surface":"устроено","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"is arranged"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b5-c4-s177","source":"Люди сами, значит, виноваты: им дан был рай, они захотели свободы и похитили огонь с небеси, сами зная, что станут несчастны, значит, нечего их жалеть.","translation":"So it is people themselves who are to blame: paradise was given to them, they wanted freedom and stole fire from heaven, knowing themselves that they would become unhappy — so there is no need to pity them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им дан был рай","title":"Short passive «дан» + dative recipient","body":"«Им дан был рай» — 'paradise was given to them' — is the periphrastic passive: short past passive participle «дан» (given) plus «был», with the recipient in the dative «им» (to them) and «рай» (paradise) as the subject. A compact, formal way of stating the gift and the Fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами зная, что станут несчастны","title":"Gerund «зная» + perfective future + short adjective","body":"«Сами зная» is the imperfective gerund 'knowing themselves' (attendant circumstance), governing the reported clause «что станут несчастны». «Станут» is perfective future of «стать» (will become) and «несчастны» the short-form predicative adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"People"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Люди","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of Люди","gloss":"are to blame"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дан","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"дан","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to виноваты","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive дан","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of захотели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"захотели","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дан","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захотели","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"похитили","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дан","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похитили","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небеси","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"небеси","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular, archaic form","role":"oblique complement of похитили","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дан","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"would become"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative (impersonal)","role":"main predicate, introduces жалеть","gloss":"no need"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жалеть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"жалеть","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нечего","gloss":"to pity"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b5-c4-s178","source":"О, по моему, по жалкому, земному эвклидовскому уму моему, я знаю лишь то, что страдание есть, что виновных нет, что всё одно из другого выходит прямо и просто, что всё течет и уравновешивается, — но ведь это лишь эвклидовская дичь, ведь я знаю же это, ведь жить по ней я не могу же согласиться!","translation":"Oh, by my mind — my pitiful, earthbound, Euclidian mind — I know only this: that suffering exists, that there are none who are guilty, that one thing follows from another directly and simply, that everything flows and finds its level — but all that is mere Euclidian nonsense, for I do know it, and yet I cannot consent to live by it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё течет и уравновешивается","title":"Reflexive «уравновешиваться»; the historic present of a maxim","body":"«Всё течёт» echoes Heraclitus ('everything flows'), and «уравновешивается» (from «уравновешиваться», -ся) means 'balances itself out, finds equilibrium' — a middle/intransitive reflexive. The present tense states it as a timeless law of the Euclidian world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь я знаю же это, ведь жить по ней я не могу же","title":"Particles «ведь» and «же» doubled","body":"Ivan studs these clauses with «ведь» ('after all, you know') and «же» (insistent emphasis), even doubling them — «ведь я знаю же это» — for spoken pressure: 'for I do know it, you see'. The particles carry the urgency English must render with stress and italics."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эвклидовская дичь","title":"«дичь» — nonsense (and 'game')","body":"«Дичь» means both 'wild game (birds/beasts) for hunting' and, colloquially, 'rubbish, nonsense, gibberish'. «Эвклидовская дичь» is 'Euclidian nonsense' — though after the hunting anecdote the secondary sense, the hunted quarry, lingers grimly behind the word."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection opening the speech","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моему (first of two parallel phrases)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular, used absolutely","role":"oblique phrase of manner modifying знаю, parallel to по уму моему","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уму (second parallel phrase)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"жалкому","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уму","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"земному","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жалкому, modifies уму","gloss":"earthbound"},{"surface":"эвклидовскому","lemma":"эвклидовский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уму","gloss":"Euclidean","note":"Ivan's shorthand for logic bound by earthly, three-dimensional reason — as opposed to a higher, non-Euclidean understanding."},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique phrase of manner modifying знаю, parallel to по моему","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уму","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of знаю)","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виновных","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the guilty"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of знаю)","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to всё, describing the manner of выходит","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of знаю)","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прямо","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of течет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of течет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"течет","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of знаю)","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уравновешивается","lemma":"уравновешиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with течет","gloss":"finds its level"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle over это... дичь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate дичь, copula omitted)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эвклидовская","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"эвклидовская","lemma":"эвклидовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дичь","gloss":"Euclidean"},{"surface":"дичь","lemma":"дичь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the parallel clause я знаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel main clause to это... дичь","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the final clause жить... согласиться","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"fronted complement of согласиться (жить по ней = \"to live by it\", the thing consented to)","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"согласиться","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"consent"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b5-c4-s179","source":"Что мне в том, что виновных нет и что я это знаю, — мне надо возмездие, иначе ведь я истреблю себя.","translation":"What is it to me that there are none who are guilty and that I know it — I must have retribution, or else I will destroy myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что мне в том, что виновных нет","title":"Dative «мне» + genitive of negated subject","body":"«Что мне в том» is an idiomatic dative-experiencer construction, 'what is it to me'. Inside, «виновных нет» ('there are none guilty') puts the negated existential subject in the genitive «виновных» — the obligatory genitive with «нет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне надо возмездие, иначе… истреблю себя","title":"Dative + «надо»; reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«Мне надо возмездие» is the dative-subject necessity pattern, 'I must have retribution'. «Истреблю себя» (I'll destroy myself) pairs the perfective future with the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the subject for any person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question (\"what is it to me\")","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer complement of Что","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в, anticipating the что-clauses","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виновных","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"the guilty"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate clause explaining том","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate clause explaining том, coordinated with нет","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer subject of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"возмездие","lemma":"возмездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"retribution"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истреблю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of истреблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"истреблю","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истреблю","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b5-c4-s180","source":"И возмездие не в бесконечности где-нибудь и когда-нибудь, а здесь, уже на земле, и чтоб я его сам увидал.","translation":"And retribution not somewhere off in infinity and at some time or other, but here, here on earth, and so that I myself see it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я его сам увидал","title":"«чтоб» + past-form for purpose","body":"«Чтоб я… увидал» is the purpose/desired-outcome clause with «чтоб» (contracted «чтобы») + the past-form verb «увидал», required because Ivan wills it rather than merely reporting it. «Увидал» is the older variant of «увидел» (perfective, caught sight of)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-нибудь и когда-нибудь","title":"Indefinites «где-нибудь», «когда-нибудь»","body":"The «-нибудь» series marks the wholly non-specific: «где-нибудь» (somewhere or other), «когда-нибудь» (sometime or other). Ivan rejects retribution at some vague any-time, any-place and demands it «здесь, уже на земле» (here, here on earth)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"возмездие","lemma":"возмездие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (copula omitted)","gloss":"retribution"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в бесконечности","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесконечности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесконечности","lemma":"бесконечность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"negated predicate complement of возмездие","gloss":"infinity"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of где-нибудь)","role":"appositive to бесконечности, specifying location","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"где-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of где-нибудь)","role":"completes где-нибудь","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-нибудь)","role":"coordinated with где-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-нибудь)","role":"completes когда-нибудь","gloss":"-time"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"contrasted predicate complement of возмездие","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на земле","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to здесь","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b5-c4-s181","source":"Я веровал, я хочу сам и видеть, а если к тому часу буду уже мертв, то пусть воскресят меня, ибо если всё без меня произойдет, то будет слишком обидно.","translation":"I have believed, I want to see it myself, and if I am already dead by that hour, then let them raise me from the dead, for if everything happens without me it will be too great an injury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть воскресят меня, ибо…","title":"«пусть» + subjectless plural; archaic «ибо»","body":"«Пусть воскресят меня» — 'let them raise me from the dead' — uses «пусть» plus a subjectless third-person plural (an unnamed 'they', i.e. let it be done). «Ибо» ('for, because') is the bookish, Scriptural causal conjunction sustaining the elevated register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если всё без меня произойдет, то будет слишком обидно","title":"Real conditional + impersonal «будет обидно»","body":"«Если… произойдёт, то будет… обидно» is a real future condition (perfective future «произойдёт» / «будет»). «Будет обидно» is impersonal — 'it will be too hurtful/galling', no nominative subject, the predicative «обидно» standing alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have believed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веровал","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links хочу to видеть","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мертв","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мертв","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мертв","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мертв","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мертв","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воскресят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"воскресят","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"they raise [me]"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of воскресят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обидно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обидно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"an injury"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b5-c4-s182","source":"Не для того же я страдал, чтобы собой, злодействами и страданиями моими унавозить кому-то будущую гармонию.","translation":"It was not for this that I suffered — so that I, my crimes and my sufferings, should serve as manure for someone else's future harmony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не для того же я страдал, чтобы… унавозить","title":"«не для того… чтобы» + particle «же»","body":"«Не для того… чтобы…» is the 'not for the purpose of… (namely) that…' frame, with the purpose clause «чтобы… унавозить» taking the infinitive (same subject). The emphatic «же» drives it: 'it was NOT for this that I suffered'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"унавозить… будущую гармонию","title":"«унавозить» — to manure","body":"«Унавозить» means literally to manure, to fertilize with dung («навоз»). Ivan's brutal verb reduces his own sufferings to dung spread to fatten 'someone's future harmony' — a deliberately degrading image that recurs at «унавозили собою» below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates для того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes того","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of страдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"страдал","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of унавозить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"means-complement of унавозить, coordinated list","gloss":"with myself"},{"surface":"злодействами","lemma":"злодеяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with собой","gloss":"with [my] crimes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страданиями","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with собой","gloss":"with [my] sufferings"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies страданиями","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"унавозить","lemma":"унавозить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"to manure","note":"A coined, deliberately crude image — Ivan casts himself as fertilizer for a harmony he'll never see."},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative (part of кому-то)","role":"indirect object of унавозить","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle (part of кому-то)","role":"completes кому-то","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"будущую","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонию","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of унавозить","gloss":"harmony"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b5-c4-s183","source":"Я хочу видеть своими глазами, как лань ляжет подле льва и как зарезанный встанет и обнимется с убившим его.","translation":"I want to see with my own eyes the doe lie down beside the lion, and the one who was butchered rise up and embrace the one who killed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как лань ляжет подле льва","title":"Perfective futures «ляжет», «встанет», «обнимется»","body":"The clauses run on perfective futures — «ляжет» (will lie down), «встанет» (will rise), «обнимется» (will embrace) — each a single completed act of the promised end-time. «Обнимется» is reflexive/reciprocal «-ся»: embraces (with someone)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарезанный встанет","title":"«зарезанный» — substantivized participle","body":"«Зарезанный» is the past passive participle of «зарезать» (to slaughter, knife to death) used as a noun — 'the one who was butchered'. It pairs with «убившим его» (the one who killed him, past active participle in the instrumental after «обнимется с»): victim and murderer embracing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"means-complement of видеть","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ляжет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"лань","lemma":"лань","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ляжет","gloss":"the doe"},{"surface":"ляжет","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the как-clause (object of видеть)","gloss":"will lie down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking льва","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"льва","lemma":"лев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of подле","gloss":"the lion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встанет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"зарезанный","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"past passive participle used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"subject of встанет","gloss":"the one who was slaughtered"},{"surface":"встанет","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ляжет","gloss":"will rise up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнимется","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встанет","gloss":"will embrace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убившим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"убившим","lemma":"убить","morphology":"past active participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"object of с","gloss":"the one who killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убившим","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b5-c4-s184","source":"Я хочу быть тут, когда все вдруг узнают, для чего всё так было.","translation":"I want to be there when everyone suddenly learns what it was all for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда все вдруг узнают, для чего всё так было","title":"Perfective «узнают» + embedded indirect question","body":"«Узнают» is perfective future, 'will [suddenly] learn / find out'. It governs the indirect question «для чего всё так было» ('what it was all for / why it was all thus') — an embedded interrogative with «для чего», no question mark, folded into the statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу, copula linking to тут","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of узнают","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, modifying быть тут","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для (idiom \"для чего\" = what for)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the для чего-clause (object of узнают)","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b5-c4-s185","source":"На этом желании зиждутся все религии на земле, а я верую.","translation":"On this longing all the religions of the earth are founded, and I do believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На этом желании зиждутся все религии","title":"Archaic verb «зиждется»; subject after verb","body":"«Зиждутся» is the bookish, near-archaic verb «зиждиться» (to be founded, rest upon), reflexive «-ся», governing «на» + prepositional «на этом желании» (on this longing). The subject «все религии» follows the verb, and the lofty verb lends the claim a solemn, almost liturgical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of желании","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"желании","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зиждутся","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"зиждутся","lemma":"зиждиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are founded"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of религии","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"религии","lemma":"религия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of зиждутся","gloss":"religions"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies религии","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зиждутся","gloss":"do believe"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b5-c4-s186","source":"Но вот, однако же, детки, и что я с ними стану тогда делать?","translation":"But then there are the children, and what am I to do with them then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я с ними стану тогда делать?","title":"«стать» + infinitive as future","body":"«Что я… стану… делать?» uses «стать» plus the imperfective infinitive «делать» to form a kind of future, 'what am I to do / will I do with them?'. «С ними» (with them, instrumental after «с») points back to «детки», the children."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но вот, однако же, детки","title":"Particle cluster «но вот, однако же»","body":"The line piles up connectives and particles — «но» (but), «вот» (here, look), «однако» (however), «же» (emphatic) — to mark the sharp pivot back to the children after the soaring vision. The accumulation mimics Ivan checking himself, returning to his real sticking-point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentational particle introducing детки","gloss":"then there are"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of вот","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of вот","gloss":"the children","note":"Diminutive of дети/ребёнок — a tender, affectionate word for \"little ones,\" used deliberately here."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать (fronted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am to"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b5-c4-s187","source":"Это вопрос, который я не могу решить.","translation":"That is a question I cannot resolve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос, который я не могу решить","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«Который я не могу решить» — the relative «который» refers to «вопрос» (question) and stands as the accusative object of «решить» (to resolve): 'a question which I cannot resolve'. Inanimate masculine, so its accusative matches the nominative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (copula omitted, linking to вопрос)","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of это","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of решить (relative clause on вопрос)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on вопрос","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"resolve"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b5-c4-s188","source":"В сотый раз повторяю — вопросов множество, но я взял одних деток, потому что тут неотразимо ясно то, что мне надо сказать.","translation":"For the hundredth time I repeat — the questions are countless, but I have taken only children, because here what I have to say is irresistibly clear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что тут неотразимо ясно то, что мне надо сказать","title":"Correlative «то, что»; dative «мне надо»","body":"«То, что мне надо сказать» uses the correlative «то» ('that thing') picked up by relative «что» ('which / what') — 'that which I need to say'. «Мне надо сказать» is the dative-subject necessity construction. «Потому что» opens the causal clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В сотый раз","title":"«в сотый раз» — ordinal idiom","body":"«В сотый раз» ('for the hundredth time') uses the ordinal «сотый» (hundredth) in the time idiom «в… раз». Hyperbolic, it conveys Ivan's exasperated insistence that he has said this over and over."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom \"в сотый раз\")","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сотый","lemma":"сотый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"hundredth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (idiom) of повторяю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive of quantity, complement of множество","gloss":"of questions"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elided clause \"there is\"","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повторяю","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деток","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause of ясно","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"completes потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the potomu-chto clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо (relative to то)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate clause modifying то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b5-c4-s189","source":"Слушай: если все должны страдать, чтобы страданием купить вечную гармонию, то при чем тут дети, скажи мне, пожалуйста?","translation":"Listen: if everyone must suffer in order to buy eternal harmony with their suffering, then what have the children to do with it — tell me, please?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если все должны страдать, чтобы… купить вечную гармонию","title":"Condition + purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"A conditional «если все должны страдать» feeds a purpose clause «чтобы… купить» ('in order to buy'), infinitive after «чтобы» since the subject continues. «Купить гармонию» literally 'to buy harmony' sets up the recurring commercial metaphor of price and payment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то при чем тут дети… пожалуйста?","title":"Idiom «при чём тут» — 'what has X to do with it'","body":"«При чём тут дети?» is the fixed idiom 'what have the children to do with it?', built on «при» + the interrogative «чём» (prepositional of «что»). «Скажи мне, пожалуйста» softens the challenge into a near-pleading 'tell me, please'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должны","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of купить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"means-complement of купить","gloss":"with [their] suffering"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying страдать","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"вечную","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонию","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of купить","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем (idiom \"при чём тут\")","gloss":"to do with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of при","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the idiom при чём тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject (topic) of the idiom при чём тут","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel main clause to Слушай","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажи","gloss":"please"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b5-c4-s190","source":"Совсем непонятно, для чего должны были страдать и они, и зачем им покупать страданиями гармонию?","translation":"It is utterly incomprehensible why they too should have had to suffer, and why they should have to buy harmony with their suffering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем непонятно, для чего должны были страдать","title":"Impersonal predicative «непонятно»","body":"«Совсем непонятно…» is impersonal — 'it is utterly incomprehensible…', the neuter predicative standing without a nominative subject. It governs the indirect question «для чего должны были страдать» (why they had to suffer)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем им покупать страданиями гармонию?","title":"Dative «им» + infinitive; instrumental of means","body":"«Зачем им покупать… гармонию?» is the dative + infinitive of obligation/point ('why should they buy…'), with «страданиями» (instrumental, by means of sufferings). The instrumental names the currency they are made to pay with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятно","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"непонятно","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"incomprehensible"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для (idiom \"для чего\" = why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the subject clause of непонятно","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"страдать","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покупать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer subject of покупать","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"покупать","lemma":"покупать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with должны (second subject clause of непонятно)","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"страданиями","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"means-complement of покупать","gloss":"with [their] suffering"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покупать","gloss":"harmony"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b5-c4-s191","source":"Для чего они-то тоже попали в материал и унавозили собою для кого-то будущую гармонию?","translation":"Why should they too end up as material, as manure for someone else's future harmony?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для чего они-то тоже попали в материал","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «они»","body":"«Они-то» attaches the emphasizing clitic «-то» to «они» (they) — 'they, for their part / they of all people'. It singles the children out indignantly: why should THEY too have ended up as raw 'material'. This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"унавозили собою… будущую гармонию","title":"Reflexive «собою» (instrumental)","body":"«Собою» is the instrumental of the reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'with themselves, by their own substance'. «Унавозили собою… гармонию» means they manured someone's future harmony with their own selves: the degrading dung-metaphore returns, now with the children as the fertilizer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего (idiom \"для чего\" = why)","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of Для","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of попали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"они-то","morphology":"particle (part of они-то)","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"попали","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"end up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking материал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"материал","lemma":"материал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попали","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унавозили","lemma":"унавозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with попали","gloss":"serve as manure"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"means-complement of унавозили","gloss":"with themselves"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (part of кого-то)","role":"object of для","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle (part of кого-то)","role":"completes кого-то","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"будущую","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонию","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of унавозили","gloss":"harmony"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b5-c4-s192","source":"Солидарность в грехе между людьми я понимаю, понимаю солидарность и в возмездии, но не с детками же солидарность в грехе, и если правда в самом деле в том, что и они солидарны с отцами их во всех злодействах отцов, то уж, конечно, правда эта не от мира сего и мне непонятна.","translation":"I can understand solidarity in sin among men, I can understand solidarity in retribution too, but children cannot share in solidarity of sin, and if it is true, really true, that they too are bound up with their fathers in all their fathers' crimes, then that truth, of course, is not of this world and is beyond my understanding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не с детками же солидарность в грехе","title":"Negation + particle «же»; verbless","body":"«Не с детками же солидарность в грехе» — 'but surely not solidarity-in-sin WITH the children'. The clause has no verb, «не» negating the phrase and «же» voicing incredulous protest. «С детками» (with the little ones) is instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда эта не от мира сего","title":"Archaic «сего» — Church-Slavonic 'this'","body":"«Не от мира сего» ('not of this world') is a fixed Gospel phrase (John 18:36) preserving the archaic genitive «сего» of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'). Ivan brands the doctrine of children's complicity a truth belonging to another order, beyond his earthbound mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"солидарность… с отцами","title":"«солидарность» and the sin of the fathers","body":"«Солидарность» (solidarity, shared liability) was a then-current sociological term; Ivan applies it to the theological doctrine that children are bound up «с отцами» (with their fathers, instrumental after «с») in the fathers' guilt — the inherited sin he refuses to accept for the innocent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Солидарность","lemma":"солидарность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic/direct object of понимаю","gloss":"Solidarity"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Солидарность","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies грехе","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with понимаю (w7)","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"солидарность","lemma":"солидарность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю (w8)","gloss":"solidarity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before в возмездии (=too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возмездии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возмездии","lemma":"возмездие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимаю (w8)","gloss":"retribution"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the clause (солидарность does not apply)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детками","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"excluded from солидарность (w18)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies детками","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"солидарность","lemma":"солидарность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (не с детками же солидарность)","gloss":"solidarity"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies солидарность (w18)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of predicate в том (w28)","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, adverbial modifier of правда (=indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of правда (правда в том = the truth is this)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies они (=even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of солидарны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"солидарны","lemma":"солидарный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"are bound up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцами","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of солидарны","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодействах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of злодействах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"злодействах","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of солидарны","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies злодействах","gloss":"of the fathers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative 'then' introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда (w43)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of непонятна","gloss":"that truth"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate phrase от мира сего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мира","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of правда","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of непонятна","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"непонятна","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"second predicate of правда, coordinated with мира","gloss":"incomprehensible"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b5-c4-s193","source":"Иной шутник скажет, пожалуй, что всё равно дитя вырастет и успеет нагрешить, но вот же он не вырос, его восьмилетнего затравили собаками.","translation":"Some joker may say, perhaps, that the child would have grown up anyway and had time enough to sin, but there he is — he did not grow up, at eight years old they had him torn to pieces by the dogs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но вот же он не вырос, его… затравили собаками","title":"Particle «вот же»; instrumental of means","body":"«Но вот же он не вырос» — 'but there, you see, he did NOT grow up' — the «вот же» triumphantly clinches the point against the hypothetical scoffer. «Затравили собаками» repeats the hunting verb with «собаками» (instrumental, by means of the dogs)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Иной шутник","title":"«иной»; «шутник»","body":"«Иной» here means 'some, a certain (other)' rather than simply 'other'. «Шутник» is a joker, a wag — Ivan's contemptuous name for the cynic who would shrug that the child 'would have sinned anyway'. The dismissive label pre-empts and scorns the objection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шутник","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"шутник","lemma":"шутник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"joker"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying скажет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всё равно, modifies вырастет","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всё равно (=anyway)","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырастет","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"вырастет","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что (object clause of скажет)","gloss":"would grow up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"успеет","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырастет","gloss":"would have time"},{"surface":"нагрешить","lemma":"нагрешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеет","gloss":"to sin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, introduces он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle intensifying вот","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырос","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates вырос","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вырос","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"did grow up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of затравили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"восьмилетнего","lemma":"восьмилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive modifier of его (at eight years old)","gloss":"at eight years old"},{"surface":"затравили","lemma":"затравить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with вырос","gloss":"they set upon"},{"surface":"собаками","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental agent of затравили","gloss":"with dogs"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b5-c4-s194","source":"О Алеша, я не богохульствую!","translation":"Oh, Alyosha, I am not blaspheming!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не богохульствую","title":"«богохульствовать» — to blaspheme","body":"«Богохульствовать» (to blaspheme) is a compound of «бог» (God) + «хулить» (to revile) — literally 'to revile God'. Ivan's protest «я не богохульствую!» ('I am not blaspheming!') is itself anxious, since his whole rebellion skirts the edge of blasphemy."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative particle before Алеша","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of богохульствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates богохульствую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"богохульствую","lemma":"богохульствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blaspheming"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b5-c4-s195","source":"Понимаю же я, каково должно быть сотрясение вселенной, когда всё на небе и под землею сольется в один хвалебный глас и всё живое и жившее воскликнет: «Прав ты, господи, ибо открылись пути твои!»","translation":"I do understand what a shaking of the universe it must be when everything in heaven and beneath the earth merges into one hymn of praise and all that is living and has ever lived cries out: 'You are just, O Lord, for Your ways are revealed!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда всё… сольется в один хвалебный глас","title":"Perfective future «сольётся»; Slavonic «глас»","body":"«Сольётся» (will merge, fuse together, perfective future of «слиться», -ся) and «воскликнет» (will cry out) project the apocalyptic moment. «Глас» is the Church-Slavonic doublet of «голос» (voice) — the non-pleophonic form lending the 'hymn of praise' its sacred ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прав ты, господи, ибо открылись пути твои","title":"Short adjective «прав»; «ибо»; reflexive «открылись»","body":"«Прав ты» uses the short predicative «прав» (right, just) — 'You are just'. «Открылись» (have been revealed/opened up, reflexive past) takes «пути твои» (Your ways) as its subject after the verb. «Ибо» ('for') and the address «господи» pitch the cry in liturgical Slavonic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies Понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"exclamative predicate, modifies сотрясение (via должно быть)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the object clause of Понимаю","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сотрясение","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of должно быть","gloss":"the shaking"},{"surface":"вселенной","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясение","gloss":"of the universe"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сольется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сольется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"locates всё (in heaven)","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землею","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with небе","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"сольется","lemma":"слиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"will merge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глас","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies глас","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"хвалебный","lemma":"хвалебный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глас","gloss":"praising"},{"surface":"глас","lemma":"глас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сольется","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of живое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"живое","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of воскликнет, coordinated with жившее","gloss":"that lives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жившее","lemma":"живший","morphology":"participle, past, active, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живое, subject of воскликнет","gloss":"that has lived"},{"surface":"воскликнет","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сольется","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (quoted exclamation)","gloss":"Just/Right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"are You"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открылись","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"открылись","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"have been revealed"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of открылись","gloss":"ways"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"Your"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b5-c4-s196","source":"Уж когда мать обнимется с мучителем, растерзавшим псами сына ее, и все трое возгласят со слезами: «Прав ты, господи», то уж, конечно, настанет венец познания и всё объяснится.","translation":"When the mother embraces the tormentor who had her son torn apart by his dogs, and all three cry out through their tears, 'You are just, O Lord,' then, of course, the crown of knowledge will have come and everything will be explained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж когда мать обнимется с мучителем, растерзавшим псами сына","title":"Past active participle «растерзавшим»","body":"«Растерзавшим» is the past active participle of «растерзать» (to tear apart), declined in the instrumental to agree with «мучителем» (after «с»): 'the tormentor who had torn her son apart with his dogs'. «Псами» is instrumental of means. The participle compresses the whole atrocity into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"венец познания","title":"«венец» — crown, consummation","body":"«Венец» is a crown or wreath, and figuratively the crowning, the consummation (also the bridal crown in the Orthodox wedding rite). «Венец познания» — 'the crown of knowledge' — names the final, completing revelation when 'everything will be explained'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обнимется","gloss":"When at last"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнимется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обнимется","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"обнимется","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on настанет","gloss":"embraces"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучителем","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнимется","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"растерзавшим","lemma":"растерзать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying мучителем","gloss":"who tore apart"},{"surface":"псами","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of растерзавшим","gloss":"with dogs"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of растерзавшим","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сына (her son)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of возгласят","gloss":"three of them"},{"surface":"возгласят","lemma":"возгласить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнимется","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возгласят","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (quoted exclamation)","gloss":"Just/Right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"are You"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative 'then' introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настанет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"настанет","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"венец","lemma":"венец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настанет","gloss":"the crown"},{"surface":"познания","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies венец","gloss":"of knowledge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of объяснится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"объяснится","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with настанет","gloss":"will be explained"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b5-c4-s197","source":"Но вот тут-то и запятая, этого-то я и не могу принять.","translation":"But there is the catch — that is the very thing I cannot accept.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот тут-то и запятая, этого-то я и не могу принять","title":"Double emphatic «-то… и»","body":"Twice Ivan welds the clitic «-то» to a fronted word and answers it with «и»: «вот тут-то и…» ('this is the very spot where…'), «этого-то я и не могу принять» ('this is the very thing I cannot accept'). The «-то… и» frame pins the precise sticking-point. «Этого» is genitive after negated «не могу принять»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тут-то и запятая","title":"«запятая» — 'the comma' (the catch)","body":"Literally «запятая» is a comma; idiomatically «вот тут и запятая» means 'there's the rub, there's the catch / sticking-point'. Ivan picks the homely punctuation metaphor for the exact place where his assent breaks off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, introduces тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative predicate (here's where the catch is)","gloss":"right here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тут (тут-то)","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before запятая (=exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"запятая","lemma":"запятая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (there's the catch)","gloss":"the catch"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять, fronted topic","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этого (этого-то)","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies могу (=indeed)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могу","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"accept"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b5-c4-s198","source":"И пока я на земле, я спешу взять свои меры.","translation":"And while I am on earth, I make haste to take my own measures.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока я на земле, я спешу взять свои меры","title":"«пока» clause; reflexive possessive «свои»","body":"«Пока я на земле» ('while I am on earth') is a temporal clause with «пока» (while). «Свои меры» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'my own measures', referring back to the subject «я». «Спешу взять» (I hasten to take) governs the perfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the пока-clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying спешу (while on earth)","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спешу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hasten"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешу","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of меры","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"measures"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b5-c4-s199","source":"Видишь ли, Алеша, ведь, может быть, и действительно так случится, что когда я сам доживу до того момента али воскресну, чтоб увидать его, то и сам я, пожалуй, воскликну со всеми, смотря на мать, обнявшуюся с мучителем ее дитяти: «Прав ты, господи!», но я не хочу тогда восклицать.","translation":"You see, Alyosha, it may very well actually come to pass that when I myself live to that moment, or am raised from the dead to see it, I myself will perhaps cry out with all the rest, looking at the mother embracing the tormentor of her child, 'You are just, O Lord!' — but I do not want to cry it out then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, и действительно так случится, что… то и сам я… воскликну","title":"Long conditional period + perfective futures","body":"A sprawling sentence built on «когда… то…»: «когда я… доживу… или воскресну» (when I live to it or am raised — perfective futures) leads to «то и сам я… воскликну» (then I myself will perhaps cry out). The intensifier «сам я» ('I myself') stresses personal presence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того момента али воскресну","title":"Folk variant «али» for «или»","body":"«Али» is a colloquial, folk-poetic variant of «или» ('or'). Slipped into Ivan's high metaphysical speech, the rustic «али» gives a sudden plain, almost ballad-like cadence — 'when I live to that moment or am raised from the dead'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мать, обнявшуюся с мучителем","title":"Past active participle «обнявшуюся»","body":"«Обнявшуюся» is the past active participle of «обняться» (to embrace one another, reflexive «-ся»), in the accusative feminine agreeing with «мать»: 'the mother [who has] embraced the tormentor'. «С мучителем ее дитяти» — instrumental after «с», with the archaic genitive «дитяти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (rhetorical 'you see')","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom видишь ли","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of idiom может быть, modifies случится","gloss":"it may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate (subject clause with что follows)","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of случится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доживу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доживу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"доживу","lemma":"дожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"live to see"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момента","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момента","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"момента","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доживу","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction linking доживу and воскресну (=or)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"воскресну","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with доживу (alternative action)","gloss":"am raised"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"увидать","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying доживу/воскресну","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative 'then' introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic, modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскликну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb, modifies воскликну","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"воскликну","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of случится","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of воскликну","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликну","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мать","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"обнявшуюся","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мать","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучителем","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнявшуюся","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дитяти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дитяти","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучителем","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"прав","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты (quoted exclamation)","gloss":"Just/Right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"are You"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хочу","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to cry it out"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b5-c4-s200","source":"Пока еще время, спешу оградить себя, а потому от высшей гармонии совершенно отказываюсь.","translation":"While there is still time, I make haste to guard myself, and so I renounce the higher harmony altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от высшей гармонии совершенно отказываюсь","title":"Reflexive «отказываться» + «от» + genitive","body":"«Отказываться» (-ся) means 'to renounce, refuse', and it governs «от» + genitive: «от высшей гармонии» (from the higher harmony). The object of renunciation, fronted for weight, comes before the verb 'I utterly renounce'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"While"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (there is still time)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hasten"},{"surface":"оградить","lemma":"оградить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешу","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of оградить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказываюсь","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гармонии","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гармонии","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказываюсь","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказываюсь","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"отказываюсь","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with спешу","gloss":"I renounce"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b5-c4-s201","source":"Не стоит она слезинки хотя бы одного только того замученного ребенка, который бил себя кулачонком в грудь и молился в зловонной конуре своей неискупленными слезками своими к «боженьке»!","translation":"It is not worth one single little tear of even that one tortured child who beat its breast with its little fist and prayed in its stinking kennel with its unredeemed little tears to \"dear God\"!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стоит она слезинки хотя бы одного только того замученного ребенка","title":"Negated «стоить» + genitive of price","body":"«Не стоит… слезинки» — the negated «стоить» (to be worth) takes the genitive «слезинки» (one little tear). «Хотя бы одного только того… ребёнка» heaps qualifiers ('of even that one single tortured child'), all genitive, building the famous claim that harmony is not worth one child's tear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который бил себя кулачонком в грудь","title":"Relative «который» + reflexive «себя»; diminutive instrumental","body":"«Который бил себя кулачонком в грудь» — the relative «который» (nom., the child) subject of «бил» (imperfective, kept beating). «Себя» (reflexive pronoun) is the object — beat himself. «Кулачонком» is the diminutive of «кулак» (fist) in the instrumental: with his little fist."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слезинки… кулачонком… слезками… в конуре","title":"Cascading diminutives + «конура»","body":"Dostoevsky again floods the sentence with diminutives — «слезинка» (a single little tear), «кулачонок» (a wretched little fist, the -онок suffix pitying), «слёзки» (little tears). «Конура» is a dog-kennel: the privy is reduced to the kennel where a child, like a beast, prayed «к боженьке»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стоит","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слезинки","lemma":"слезинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of negated стоит","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хотя бы (=at least)","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"quantifies ребенка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"замученного","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"tortured"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive attributive of слезинки (whose tear)","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ребенка","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кулачонком","lemma":"кулачонок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of бил","gloss":"with his little fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бил","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конуре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зловонной","lemma":"зловонный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конуре","gloss":"stinking"},{"surface":"конуре","lemma":"конура","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"kennel"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of конуре","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"неискупленными","lemma":"неискупленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезками","gloss":"unredeemed"},{"surface":"слезками","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"little tears"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезками","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боженьке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"боженьке","lemma":"боженька","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"dear God"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b5-c4-s202","source":"Не стоит потому, что слезки его остались неискупленными.","translation":"Not worth it, because its little tears remained unredeemed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стоит потому, что слезки его остались неискупленными","title":"«остаться» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Остались неискупленными» — 'remained unredeemed' — uses «остаться» (to remain) with the instrumental predicate «неискупленными», the case Russian assigns to a predicate noun/adjective after such linking verbs. «Потому что» opens the causal clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неискупленными","title":"«искупить» — to redeem, atone","body":"«Искупить» is the theological verb 'to redeem, expiate, atone for' (cf. «искупление», redemption). «Неискупленные слёзки» — 'unredeemed little tears' — fuses the doctrine of redemption with the child's weeping, the very point on which Ivan's faith founders."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стоит","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worth it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conjunction phrase потому что (=because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause (потому что)","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"слезки","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"the little tears"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слезки","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"неискупленными","lemma":"неискупленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"unredeemed"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b5-c4-s203","source":"Они должны быть искуплены, иначе не может быть и гармонии.","translation":"They must be redeemed, or there can be no harmony either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они должны быть искуплены, иначе не может быть и гармонии","title":"Periphrastic passive + genitive after «не может быть»","body":"«Должны быть искуплены» is the future/modal passive — «быть» + short past passive participle «искуплены» (redeemed). In «не может быть и гармонии», the negated existential pushes the subject «гармонии» into the genitive: 'there cannot even be harmony'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of искуплены","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"искуплены","lemma":"искупить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"redeemed"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates может","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula, complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies гармонии (=even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of negated быть (there can be no harmony)","gloss":"harmony"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b5-c4-s204","source":"Но чем, чем ты искупишь их?","translation":"But with what, with what will you redeem them?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем, чем ты искупишь их?","title":"Instrumental interrogative «чем»; perfective future","body":"«Чем?» is the instrumental of «что» — 'with what (means)?'. Doubled for insistence and paired with the perfective future «искупишь» (will you redeem), it presses Alyosha: by what currency could the unredeemed tears possibly be paid for?"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of искупишь (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of искупишь","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искупишь","gloss":"will you"},{"surface":"искупишь","lemma":"искупить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"redeem"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of искупишь","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b5-c4-s205","source":"Разве это возможно?","translation":"Is it even possible?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве это возможно?","title":"Particle «разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» introduces a question expecting (and inviting) a negative answer, charged with disbelief — 'is it even possible? surely not?'. Like «неужели», it is a modal-question particle that English renders only through tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"Is it really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b5-c4-s206","source":"Неужто тем, что они будут отомщены?","translation":"Surely not by their being avenged?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто тем, что они будут отомщены?","title":"Particle «неужто»; instrumental «тем, что…»","body":"«Неужто» is the colloquial/older variant of «неужели», an incredulous 'surely not? really?'. «Тем, что они будут отомщены» is an instrumental correlative — 'by [the fact] that they will be avenged' — with the compound passive «будут отомщены» (future passive)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"Surely not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement (ellipsis of искупишь: by the fact that...)","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отомщены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive отомщены","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отомщены","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"отомщены","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"avenged"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b5-c4-s207","source":"Но зачем мне их отмщение, зачем мне ад для мучителей, что тут ад может поправить, когда те уже замучены?","translation":"But what do I want with their being avenged, what do I want with a hell for the tormentors — what can a hell put right here, when those children have already been tortured to death?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем мне их отмщение, зачем мне ад для мучителей","title":"Dative «мне» in verbless 'what good is X to me'","body":"«Зачем мне их отмщение» — verbless, dative «мне» — 'what do I want with their vengeance / what good to me is…'. The pattern repeats with «зачем мне ад» (what do I want with a hell). The dative of the (un)interested party drives the rhetorical rejection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда те уже замучены","title":"Demonstrative «те»; short passive «замучены»","body":"«Те» (those, the far demonstrative) substantivizes — 'those [children]', the victims. «Уже замучены» is the short past passive participle of «замучить» (to torture to death): 'have already been tortured to death'. The «уже» (already) makes the hell after the fact futile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмщение","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer with отмщение","gloss":"do I want"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of отмщение","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"отмщение","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (existential, with мне)","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ад","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer with ад","gloss":"do I want"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, parallel to отмщение","gloss":"a hell"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мучителей","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ад","gloss":"the tormentors"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поправить, fronted","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может поправить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a hell"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"поправить","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"put right"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замучены","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive замучены","gloss":"those [children]"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замучены","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"замучены","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the когда-clause","gloss":"have been tortured to death"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b5-c4-s208","source":"И какая же гармония, если ад: я простить хочу и обнять хочу, я не хочу, чтобы страдали больше.","translation":"And what kind of harmony is it, if there is a hell: I want to forgive and I want to embrace, I do not want anyone to suffer any longer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не хочу, чтобы страдали больше","title":"«хотеть, чтобы» + past-form (different subject)","body":"«Не хочу, чтобы страдали» — when 'want' has a different subject from the wished action, Russian uses «чтобы» + the past-form verb «страдали», not an infinitive: 'I do not want [others] to suffer'. This is the desire/will use of «чтобы» that triggers the irrealis past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гармония","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes какая","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"гармония","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ад","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"existential subject of the если-clause","gloss":"there is a hell"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простить хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу (w12)","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу (w9)","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу (w15)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страдали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страдали","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страдали","gloss":"any longer"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b5-c4-s209","source":"И если страдания детей пошли на пополнение той суммы страданий, которая необходима была для покупки истины, то я утверждаю заранее, что вся истина не стоит такой цены.","translation":"And if the sufferings of children went to make up the sum of suffering that was needed to purchase the truth, then I declare beforehand that the whole truth is not worth such a price.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та сумма страданий, которая необходима была для покупки истины","title":"Relative «которая» + short adjective «необходима»","body":"«Которая необходима была» — the relative «которая» (fem., agreeing with «сумма») heads the clause, with the short predicative adjective «необходима» (necessary) + «была». «Для покупки истины» is «для» + genitive: 'for the purchase of the truth', the commercial metaphor again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если страдания… пошли на пополнение… то я утверждаю","title":"Conditional «если… то»","body":"«Если… пошли… то я утверждаю» is a real conditional: perfective past «пошли на пополнение» ('went toward making up') in the if-clause, present «утверждаю» (I declare) in the main. «Заранее» (beforehand) underscores Ivan declaring his verdict in advance."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошли","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"the sufferings"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"of children"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пополнение","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"пополнение","lemma":"пополнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"making up"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суммы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пополнение","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"страданий","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies суммы","gloss":"of suffering"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of необходима, referring to суммы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"необходима","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying суммы","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to необходима","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покупки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"покупки","lemma":"покупка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходима","gloss":"the purchase"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покупки","gloss":"of the truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утверждаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утверждаю","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждаю","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истина","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"истина","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждаю","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цены","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"цены","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"a price"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b5-c4-s210","source":"Не хочу я, наконец, чтобы мать обнималась с мучителем, растерзавшим ее сына псами!","translation":"I do not want, in the end, the mother to embrace the tormentor who had her son torn apart by his dogs!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы мать обнималась с мучителем, растерзавшим ее сына псами","title":"«не хочу, чтобы» + past «обнималась»; participle «растерзавшим»","body":"«Не хочу… чтобы… обнималась» again uses «чтобы» + past-form for a different subject ('I don't want the mother to embrace'). «Растерзавшим» is the past active participle (instrumental, agreeing with «мучителем») — 'who tore her son apart' — with «псами» instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнималась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обнималась","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"обнималась","lemma":"обниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучителем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучителем","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнималась","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"растерзавшим","lemma":"растерзать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying мучителем","gloss":"who tore apart"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of растерзавшим","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"псами","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental agent of растерзавшим","gloss":"with his dogs"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b5-c4-s211","source":"Не смеет она прощать ему!","translation":"She has no right to forgive him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смеет она прощать ему!","title":"«сметь» + infinitive; «прощать» + dative","body":"«Не смеет… прощать» — «сметь» (to dare) governs the imperfective infinitive 'she dare not forgive'. «Прощать» takes the person forgiven in the dative: «ему» (him). The verb-first order «не смеет она» throws the indignant denial to the front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прощать","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прощать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b5-c4-s212","source":"Если хочет, пусть простит за себя, пусть простит мучителю материнское безмерное страдание свое; но страдания своего растерзанного ребенка она не имеет права простить, не смеет простить мучителя, хотя бы сам ребенок простил их ему!","translation":"If she wishes, let her forgive on her own behalf, let her forgive the tormentor her own boundless maternal suffering; but she has no right to forgive the suffering of her own torn child, she dare not forgive the tormentor, even if the child itself were to forgive him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть простит за себя… пусть простит мучителю","title":"«пусть» + perfective future; «прощать/простить» two patterns","body":"«Пусть простит» is the 3rd-person optative ('let her forgive') with perfective future «простит». Note the two complements: «простить мучителю… страдание» — dative of the person forgiven («мучителю»), accusative of the thing forgiven («страдание»). «За себя» (on her own behalf) uses reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она не имеет права простить… хотя бы сам ребенок простил их ему","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Хотя бы сам ребёнок простил» is a concessive irrealis — «хотя бы» + the past-form «простил» — 'even if the child himself were to forgive them him'. The «бы» makes it hypothetical; «сам ребёнок» intensifies ('the child himself'). «Не имеет права» = 'has no right'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"she wishes"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let her forgive"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on behalf of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of простит","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит (w8)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простит (w4)","gloss":"let her forgive"},{"surface":"мучителю","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of простит","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"материнское","lemma":"материнский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"maternal"},{"surface":"безмерное","lemma":"безмерный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простит","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of простить (w23), fronted","gloss":"the suffering"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребенка","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"растерзанного","lemma":"растерзать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"torn apart"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"of the child"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of имеет права","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеет","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"мучителя","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простить (w26)","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (part of хотя бы)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the хотя бы-clause","gloss":"were to forgive"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of простил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of простил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b5-c4-s213","source":"А если так, если они не смеют простить, где же гармония?","translation":"And if that is so, if they dare not forgive, then where is the harmony?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если так, если они не смеют простить, где же гармония?","title":"Contrastive «а»; particle «же»","body":"«А если так» opens with the mild contrastive «а», pivoting to the consequence ('and if that is so'). «Где же гармония?» fires the rhetorical question with «же» for indignant emphasis — 'where then IS the harmony?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеют","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеют","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеют","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative predicate of the main clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes где","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"гармония","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the harmony"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b5-c4-s214","source":"Есть ли во всем мире существо, которое могло бы и имело право простить?","translation":"Is there in all the world a being who could and had the right to forgive?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть ли во всем мире существо, которое могло бы и имело право простить?","title":"Existential «есть ли»; relative «которое» + conditional «бы»","body":"«Есть ли… существо» — existential 'is there a being' with question particle «ли». The relative «которое» (neuter, agreeing with «существо») heads a clause mixing «могло бы» (conditional 'could') and «имело право» (had the right). The «бы» on «могло» casts the capacity as hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, existential, invariant","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Есть, marks the question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on существо","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имело","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могло","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имело","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of право","gloss":"to forgive"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b5-c4-s215","source":"Не хочу гармонии, из-за любви к человечеству не хочу.","translation":"I do not want harmony; out of love for mankind I do not want it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не хочу гармонии, из-за любви к человечеству не хочу.","title":"Genitive of negation + «из-за» of cause","body":"«Не хочу гармонии» — negated «хотеть» takes its object in the genitive, «гармонии». «Из-за любви к человечеству» uses «из-за» + genitive for the cause ('out of / because of love'), with «к человечеству» (dative after «к», love toward mankind). The repeated «не хочу» frames the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound из-за)","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочу (w10)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечеству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу (w10)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хочу (w2)","gloss":"want it"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b5-c4-s216","source":"Я хочу оставаться лучше со страданиями неотомщенными.","translation":"I would rather remain with my sufferings unavenged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хочу оставаться лучше со страданиями неотомщенными","title":"Comparative «лучше»; instrumental «со страданиями»","body":"«Лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better, rather'). «Оставаться со страданиями неотомщёнными» — «оставаться с» + instrumental, 'to remain with my unavenged sufferings'. «Неотомщёнными» (past passive participle, un-avenged) agrees in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would rather"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу оставаться","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданиями","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"sufferings"},{"surface":"неотомщенными","lemma":"неотомщённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies страданиями","gloss":"unavenged"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b5-c4-s217","source":"Лучше уж я останусь при неотомщенном страдании моем и неутоленном негодовании моем, хотя бы я был и неправ.","translation":"Better that I keep to my unavenged suffering and my unappeased indignation, even if I am in the wrong.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лучше уж я останусь при неотомщенном страдании моем","title":"«остаться при» + prepositional; particle «уж»","body":"«Останусь при… страдании» — «остаться» (perfective future) + «при» + prepositional 'I will stay with / keep to my suffering'. «Уж» reinforces the resolve ('I'd just rather'). The possessives «моём… моём» trail after their nouns in the bookish order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы я был и неправ","title":"Concessive «хотя бы… был» + short adjective «неправ»","body":"«Хотя бы я был и неправ» is concessive irrealis — 'even if I were in the wrong'. «Неправ» is the short predicative form of «неправый» (wrong, mistaken), used precisely because it is a predicate. The «бы» (here inside «хотя бы») makes the concession hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Лучше","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will keep to"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдании","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неотомщенном","lemma":"неотомщённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдании","gloss":"unavenged"},{"surface":"страдании","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of останусь","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдании","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links страдании and негодовании","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неутоленном","lemma":"неутолённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодовании","gloss":"unappeased"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of останусь, coordinated with страдании","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of негодовании","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (part of хотя бы)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary, part of хотя бы","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неправ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неправ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправ","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неправ","lemma":"неправый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the хотя бы-clause","gloss":"wrong"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b5-c4-s218","source":"Да и слишком дорого оценили гармонию, не по карману нашему вовсе столько платить за вход.","translation":"Besides, they have priced harmony far too high; it is altogether beyond our means to pay so much for admission.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком дорого оценили гармонию","title":"Subjectless plural «оценили»","body":"«Оценили» (valued, priced) is a subjectless 3rd-plural — 'they (whoever set the terms) have priced [it] too dear'. «Слишком дорого» (too dearly) is the adverbial price. Ivan's commercial metaphor sharpens into outright accusation against the makers of the bargain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не по карману… платить за вход","title":"«не по карману» — beyond one's means","body":"«Не по карману» is the idiom 'beyond one's pocket / means' (literally 'not according to the pocket'). «Платить за вход» (to pay for admission / entry) begins the famous closing metaphor of the entrance-ticket Ivan will return — harmony as a show one cannot afford."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction (part 1 of да и)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"conjunction (part 2 of да и)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорого","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оценили","gloss":"expensively"},{"surface":"оценили","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (indefinite subject 'they')","gloss":"have priced"},{"surface":"гармонию","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оценили","gloss":"harmony"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the idiom не по карману","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карману (idiom не по карману, 'unaffordable')","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"карману","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom не по карману, second predicate of the sentence","gloss":"our means"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of карману","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies не по карману","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies платить","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"платить","lemma":"платить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject of не по карману","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вход","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of платить","gloss":"admission"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b5-c4-s219","source":"А потому свой билет на вход спешу возвратить обратно.","translation":"And so I hasten to give back my ticket of admission.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой билет на вход спешу возвратить обратно","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»; fronted object","body":"«Свой билет» uses the reflexive possessive — 'my own ticket', tied to the subject «я». The object is fronted before «спешу возвратить» (I hasten to return) for emphasis. «Возвратить… обратно» is mildly pleonastic ('return back'), colloquially natural."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of билет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"билет","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"ticket"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вход","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вход","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies билет","gloss":"admission"},{"surface":"спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hasten"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешу","gloss":"to give back"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратить","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b5-c4-s220","source":"И если только я честный человек, то обязан возвратить его как можно заранее.","translation":"And if I am at all an honest man, I am bound to return it as soon as I can.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только я честный человек, то обязан возвратить","title":"Conditional «если только… то»; «обязан» + infinitive","body":"«Если только я честный человек» ('if I am at all an honest man') is the condition; «то обязан возвратить» the consequence. «Обязан» is the short adjective 'bound, obliged', governing the perfective infinitive «возвратить». «Как можно заранее» = 'as early/soon as possible'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom если только ('if at all')","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обязан","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence (implied subject 'I')","gloss":"am bound"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обязан","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно (+adv), modifies заранее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратить","gloss":"as early as possible"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b5-c4-s221","source":"Это и делаю.","translation":"And that is what I am doing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это и делаю.","title":"Emphatic «и» + dropped subject","body":"«Это и делаю» — 'and that is exactly what I am doing'. The particle «и» here means 'precisely, just', emphasizing «это», and the subject «я» is dropped since the verb ending «делаю» already marks first person. Terse and conclusive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes делаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am doing"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b5-c4-s222","source":"Не бога я не принимаю, Алеша, я только билет ему почтительнейше возвращаю.","translation":"It is not that I do not accept God, Alyosha; I am only most respectfully returning Him the ticket.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бога я не принимаю","title":"Two negations, scoping carefully","body":"«Не бога я не принимаю» is not double negation but careful scoping: the first «не» negates the noun phrase «бога» ('it is not God that I refuse'), while «не принимаю' is the verb's own negation. The fronted «не бога» corrects a possible misreading — it is the ticket, not God, he returns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я только билет ему почтительнейше возвращаю","title":"Superlative adverb «почтительнейше»; dative «ему»","body":"«Почтительнейше» is the bookish superlative adverb of «почтительный» (respectful) — 'most respectfully', the «-ейше» suffix lending mock-ceremonious courtesy. «Ему» (dative) is the one to whom he returns the ticket — God. The exaggerated politeness is the final, icy flourish of the rebellion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бога, fronted for emphasis","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю, fronted","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возвращаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies билет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"билет","lemma":"билет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвращаю","gloss":"the ticket"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвращаю","gloss":"to Him"},{"surface":"почтительнейше","lemma":"почтительнейше","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies возвращаю","gloss":"most respectfully"},{"surface":"возвращаю","lemma":"возвращать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"am returning"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b5-c4-s223","source":"— Это бунт, — тихо и потупившись проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"That is rebellion,\" Alyosha said quietly, lowering his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо и потупившись проговорил Алеша","title":"Gerund «потупившись» — 'lowering his eyes'","body":"«Потупившись» is the perfective past gerund of «потупиться» (to cast one's eyes down, reflexive «-ся»), an attendant act sharing Alyosha's subject: 'having lowered his eyes'. Coupled with «тихо» (softly), it paints his quiet, downcast verdict on Ivan's whole speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Это бунт","title":"«бунт» — revolt, rebellion","body":"«Бунт» is revolt, mutiny, rebellion — historically the word for a peasant uprising (the «бунт» of Pugachev). Alyosha's single quiet word names the whole chapter («Бунт») and frames Ivan's refusal not as philosophy but as insurrection against God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бунт","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бунт","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal","gloss":"rebellion"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потупившись","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with тихо, modifies проговорил","gloss":"lowering his eyes"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b5-c4-s224","source":"— Бунт? Я бы не хотел от тебя такого слова, — проникновенно сказал Иван. — Можно ли жить бунтом, а я хочу жить.","translation":"\"Rebellion? I would not have wished such a word from you,\" Ivan said with feeling. \"Can one live by rebellion, and I want to live.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы не хотел от тебя такого слова","title":"Conditional «бы» — softened wish","body":"«Я бы не хотел» — past-form «хотел» + «бы» — is the polite/softened conditional, 'I would not have wished'. «Такого слова» is genitive (negated «не хотел» + genitive object), and «от тебя» (from you) uses «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можно ли жить бунтом","title":"Impersonal «можно» + «ли»; instrumental «бунтом»","body":"«Можно ли жить бунтом?» — impersonal «можно» (is it possible / may one) with the question particle «ли». «Жить бунтом» uses the instrumental «бунтом» in the sense 'to live BY rebellion', the instrumental of the means/mode by which one lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бунт","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"Rebellion"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"with feeling"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Можно, marks the question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Можно","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"бунтом","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"by rebellion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Можно","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b5-c4-s225","source":"Скажи мне сам прямо, я зову тебя — отвечай: представь, что это ты сам возводишь здание судьбы человеческой с целью в финале осчастливить людей, дать им наконец мир и покой, но для этого необходимо и неминуемо предстояло бы замучить всего лишь одно только крохотное созданьице, вот того самого ребеночка, бившего себя кулачонком в грудь, и на неотомщенных слезках его основать это здание, согласился ли бы ты быть архитектором на этих условиях, скажи и не лги!","translation":"Tell me yourself, straight out — I summon you, answer me: imagine that you yourself are building the edifice of human destiny with the aim of making people happy in the end, of giving them at last peace and rest, but that to do it you had to torture to death just one tiny little creature — that very same child who beat its breast with its little fist — and to raise that edifice on its unavenged tears, would you agree to be the architect on those terms? Tell me, and do not lie!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представь, что это ты сам возводишь здание судьбы человеческой","title":"Imperative «представь»; intensifier «ты сам»","body":"«Представь» is the perfective imperative of «представить» ('imagine!'). «Ты сам» ('you yourself') uses the intensifier «сам» to put Alyosha personally in the dilemma. «Возводишь здание» — historic present, 'you are raising the edifice', the building metaphor that frames the final test."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"необходимо и неминуемо предстояло бы замучить… согласился ли бы ты быть архитектором","title":"Conditional «бы» (twice) + «ли»","body":"The hypothetical runs on «бы»: «предстояло бы замучить» ('you would have to torture'), then the question «согласился ли бы ты быть архитектором» ('would you agree to be the architect', with both «ли» and «бы»). «Быть архитектором» takes the instrumental predicate «архитектором» after «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одно только крохотное созданьице… кулачонком","title":"Diminutives «созданьице», «кулачонок»","body":"«Созданьице» is the tender diminutive of «создание» (creature, created being) — 'a tiny little creature'. With «крохотное» (minute) and the recurring «кулачонком» (with its little fist), Ivan reduces the price of the whole edifice to one diminutive child, making the cost feel monstrous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажи и не лги!","title":"Imperatives «скажи» / «не лги»","body":"Two imperatives clinch the challenge: perfective «скажи» (say it!) and imperfective negated «не лги» (don't lie!). Russian regularly pairs a positive perfective command with a negated imperfective one — the imperfective being the norm under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative clause, parallel to отвечай","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes implied subject of Скажи","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Скажи","gloss":"straight out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зову","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зову","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зову","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажи","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечай","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возводишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with возводишь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возводишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"возводишь","lemma":"возводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представь","gloss":"are building"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возводишь","gloss":"the edifice"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies здание","gloss":"of destiny"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбы","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возводишь","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking финале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"финале","lemma":"финал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осчастливить","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"осчастливить","lemma":"осчастливить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of целью","gloss":"making happy"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of осчастливить","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with осчастливить","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покой","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мир","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстояло, coordinated with неминуемо","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неминуемо","lemma":"неминуемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстояло, coordinated with необходимо","gloss":"inevitably"},{"surface":"предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main predicate, introduced by но","gloss":"was in store"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of предстояло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"замучить","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предстояло","gloss":"to torture to death"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего лишь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies созданьице","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крохотное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"крохотное","lemma":"крохотный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies созданьице","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"созданьице","lemma":"созданьице","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замучить","gloss":"little creature"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот тот","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребеночка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребеночка","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to созданьице","gloss":"little child"},{"surface":"бившего","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ребеночка","gloss":"who beat"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of бившего","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"кулачонком","lemma":"кулачонок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бившего","gloss":"with its little fist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бившего","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"неотомщенных","lemma":"неотомщённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies слезках","gloss":"unavenged"},{"surface":"слезках","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of основать","gloss":"the tears"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слезках","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"основать","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with замучить","gloss":"to found"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of основать","gloss":"edifice"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представь","gloss":"would you agree"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to архитектором","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"архитектором","lemma":"архитектор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"architect"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условиях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of условиях","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"условиях","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of согласился","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажи","gloss":"tell (me)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лги","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"лги","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажи","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b5-c4-s226","source":"— Нет, не согласился бы, — тихо проговорил Алеша","translation":"\"No, I would not agree,\" Alyosha said softly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, не согласился бы","title":"Conditional «бы» echoing the question","body":"Alyosha answers in the same irrealis Ivan used: «не согласился бы» ('I would not agree') — past-form «согласился» + «бы». The subject «я» is dropped, the verb's gender ending («-ил») doing the work. Quiet, but the rebellion's terms are met head-on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to согласился","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would agree"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b5-c4-s227","source":"— И можешь ли ты допустить идею, что люди, для которых ты строишь, согласились бы сами принять свое счастие на неоправданной крови маленького замученного, а приняв, остаться навеки счастливыми?","translation":"\"And can you admit the idea that the people for whom you are building it would themselves agree to accept their happiness on the unjustified blood of a little tortured child, and having accepted it, to remain happy forever?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можешь ли ты допустить идею, что люди… согласились бы","title":"«ли» question + conditional «бы» in the subordinate","body":"«Можешь ли ты допустить» fronts «можешь» with «ли». The embedded clause «что люди… согласились бы… принять» carries its own «бы» — the people 'would agree to accept' — a hypothetical within the question. «Идею, что…» uses «что» to unpack the idea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для которых ты строишь… а приняв, остаться навеки счастливыми","title":"Relative «которых»; gerund «приняв»; instrumental predicate","body":"«Для которых ты строишь» — relative «которых» (gen. after «для»). «Приняв» is the perfective past gerund 'having accepted', and «остаться… счастливыми» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «остаться» (to remain) — 'to remain forever happy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of согласились","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of строишь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of строишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"строишь","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on люди","gloss":"are building"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of clause modifying идею","gloss":"would agree"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of согласились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes subject of согласились","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласились","gloss":"to accept"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастие","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"счастие","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"неоправданной","lemma":"неоправданный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"unjustified"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замученного","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"замученного","lemma":"замученный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"tortured (child)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остаться","gloss":"having accepted"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остаться","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of остаться","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b5-c4-s228","source":"— Нет, не могу допустить.","translation":"\"No, I cannot admit it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, не могу допустить.","title":"Negation + dropped object","body":"«Не могу допустить» — 'I cannot admit [it]', with «не» negating the modal and the object «это» dropped as understood from Ivan's question. The subject «я» is again unstated, the verb ending carrying it. Alyosha's terse second refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to могу","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cannot"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"admit"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b5-c4-s229","source":"Брат, — проговорил вдруг с засверкавшими глазами Алеша, — ты сказал сейчас есть ли во всем мире существо, которое могло бы и имело право простить?","translation":"Brother,\" Alyosha said suddenly, his eyes flashing, \"you said just now: is there in all the world a being who could and had the right to forgive?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с засверкавшими глазами Алеша","title":"Past active participle «засверкавшими»","body":"«Засверкавшими» is the past active participle of «засверкать» (to begin to flash/sparkle — the prefix «за-» marking onset), in the instrumental plural agreeing with «глазами» (eyes): 'with eyes that had begun to flash'. The participle compresses the sudden kindling of Alyosha's gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сказал сейчас: есть ли… существо, которое могло бы и имело право простить?","title":"Quoted question folded into speech","body":"Alyosha quotes Ivan's earlier line back to him (segment 214), keeping its «есть ли… которое могло бы…» intact. The repetition pivots the whole debate: Ivan's unanswerable question about a being who could forgive becomes Alyosha's opening for Christ."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"засверкавшими","lemma":"засверкавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of сказал","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on существо","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имело","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могло","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имело","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to forgive"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b5-c4-s230","source":"Но существо это есть, и оно может всё простить, всех и вся и за всё, потому что само отдало неповинную кровь свою за всех и за всё.","translation":"But that being exists, and He can forgive everything, everyone and for everything, because He Himself gave His innocent blood for all and for everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно может всё простить, всех и вся и за всё","title":"Archaic «вся»; «прощать» constructions","body":"«Всех и вся» is a fixed archaic phrase 'each and all, everyone and everything' — «вся» here is an old form, not the feminine «вся». «Может… простить… за всё» shows «простить за» + accusative ('forgive for everything'). The piling of «всё / всех / вся / за всё» universalizes Christ's forgiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что само отдало неповинную кровь свою","title":"Intensifier «само»; reflexive «свою»","body":"«Само отдало» — the intensifier «само» (neuter, agreeing with «существо») stresses 'He Himself gave'. «Кровь свою» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — His own blood. «Неповинную» (guiltless, innocent) modifies the blood: the sinless one's voluntary self-sacrifice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the being"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with всё, object of простить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, archaic plural","role":"coordinated with всех, object of простить","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of простить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of отдало","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отдало","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отдало","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"неповинную","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдало","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдало","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b5-c4-s231","source":"Ты забыл о нем, а на нем-то и созиждается здание, и это ему воскликнут: «Прав ты, господи, ибо открылись пути твои».","translation":"You have forgotten Him, and it is on Him that the edifice is founded, and it is to Him that they will cry out: 'You are just, O Lord, for Your ways are revealed.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на нем-то и созиждается здание","title":"Emphatic «-то… и»; archaic «созиждается»","body":"«На нём-то и созиждается» welds the clitic «-то» to «нём» and answers with «и» — 'it is on Him that…'. «Созиждается» is the bookish, near-archaic reflexive verb «созидаться/зиждиться» (to be founded, built up), echoing the «зиждутся» of segment 185 and lending Alyosha's reply a scriptural gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ему воскликнут: «Прав ты, господи, ибо открылись пути твои»","title":"Dative «ему»; the cry returned","body":"«Ему воскликнут» — dative «ему» (to Him), subjectless plural «воскликнут» (they will cry out). Alyosha takes Ivan's universal acclamation «Прав ты, господи» and redirects it: it is to Christ, the forgotten cornerstone, that the cry of God's vindicated justice will rise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созиждается","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to нем","gloss":"(it is)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies созиждается","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"созиждается","lemma":"созидаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"is founded"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of созиждается","gloss":"the edifice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic topic marker before воскликнут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнут","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"воскликнут","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"will exclaim"},{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открылись","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"открылись","lemma":"открыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"have been revealed"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of открылись","gloss":"the ways"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b5-c4-s232","source":"— А, это «единый безгрешный» и его кровь!","translation":"\"Ah, the 'one sinless one' and His blood!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единый безгрешный","title":"«единый безгрешный» — the One Sinless","body":"«Единый безгрешный» ('the one sinless one') is liturgical: «единый» is the bookish/Slavonic 'one, sole' (beside everyday «один»), and «безгрешный» is 'sinless'. It is a title of Christ from Orthodox prayer ('You alone are sinless'). Ivan flings it back half-mockingly, recognizing the move Alyosha has made."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of безгрешный","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безгрешный","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"безгрешный","lemma":"безгрешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sinless one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with безгрешный","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b5-c4-s233","source":"Нет, не забыл о нем и удивлялся, напротив, всё время, как ты его долго не выводишь, ибо обыкновенно в спорах все ваши его выставляют прежде всего.","translation":"No, I had not forgotten Him; on the contrary, I was wondering the whole time how you held off bringing Him in so long, since usually in these debates your people put Him forward first of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивлялся… как ты его долго не выводишь","title":"Imperfective «удивлялся»; embedded «как… не выводишь»","body":"«Удивлялся» (imperfective past, 'kept wondering / was surprised') governs the embedded clause «как ты его долго не выводишь» — 'how you were so long not bringing Him in'. «Выводить» (to lead out, bring forward) is imperfective, the negation marking the withholding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все ваши его выставляют прежде всего","title":"«ваши» as a substantivized group","body":"«Все ваши» — 'all your people / your side' — uses the possessive «ваши» substantivized to mean Alyosha's camp (believers). «Выставляют… прежде всего» (put forward first of all) is imperfective present for the habitual rhetorical move. «Его» (Him) is fronted as the known topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to забыл","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"was wondering"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивлялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of выводишь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выводишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выводишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выводишь","gloss":"for so long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выводишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выводишь","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying время","gloss":"hold off bringing"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выставляют","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставляют","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спорах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спорах","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выставляют","gloss":"debates"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ваши","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выставляют","gloss":"your people"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выставляют","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выставляют","lemma":"выставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"put forward"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставляют","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b5-c4-s234","source":"Знаешь, Алеша, ты не смейся, я когда-то сочинил поэму, с год назад.","translation":"You know, Alyosha — do not laugh — once, about a year ago, I composed a poem.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не смейся… я когда-то сочинил поэму","title":"Negated imperfective imperative «не смейся»; «когда-то»","body":"«Не смейся» is the negated imperfective imperative of «смеяться» (a -ся verb existing only reflexively) — 'don't laugh'. Under negation Russian uses the imperfective. «Когда-то» (the «-то» series) means 'once, at some [specific past] time', and «сочинил» is perfective 'composed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поэму","title":"«поэма» — a narrative poem","body":"A «поэма» is not a short lyric but a long narrative or epic poem (e.g. Gogol called Dead Souls a «поэма»). Ivan's calling his prose tale a «поэма» is significant: the 'Grand Inquisitor' to come is his composed, quasi-epic 'poem', here announced."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смейся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel imperative clause","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase когда-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of narrative clause","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"поэму","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"a poem"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочинил","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b5-c4-s235","source":"Если можешь потерять со мной еще минут десять, то я б ее тебе рассказал?","translation":"If you can spare me another ten minutes, I would tell it to you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если можешь потерять… то я б ее тебе рассказал?","title":"Conditional «б»; clustered dative/accusative clitics","body":"«Я б… рассказал» uses the reduced form of «бы» («б») after a vowel for the conditional 'I would tell'. The pronoun string «её тебе» packs accusative «её» (it, the poem) and dative «тебе» (to you) before the verb — the natural Russian clitic order, object-then-recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказал","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"потерять","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of потерять","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of потерять","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of рассказал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would tell"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b5-c4-s236","source":"— Ты написал поэму?","translation":"\"You wrote a poem?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты написал поэму?","title":"Perfective «написал» — a finished work","body":"«Написал» is the perfective of «писать» (to write), viewing the composing as a single completed whole — 'you wrote (and finished) a poem?'. Alyosha's surprised question sets up Ivan's correction in the next line, that he didn't 'write' it at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"поэму","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"a poem"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b5-c4-s237","source":"— О нет, не написал, — засмеялся Иван, и никогда в жизни я не сочинил даже двух стихов.","translation":"\"Oh no, I did not write it,\" Ivan laughed, \"and never in my life have I composed so much as two lines of verse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда в жизни я не сочинил даже двух стихов","title":"Negative concord «никогда… не»; genitive after negation","body":"«Никогда… не сочинил» is negative concord — «никогда» (never) plus the obligatory «не». «Даже двух стихов» is genitive under negation ('not even two lines'), and «двух» (two) itself governs the count. «Стих» here means a line of verse, not a whole 'verse/stanza'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negation particle, parallel to написал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочинил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочинил","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочинил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies стихов","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"lines of verse"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b5-c4-s238","source":"Но я поэму эту выдумал и запомнил.","translation":"But I dreamed up this poem and kept it in my memory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я поэму эту выдумал и запомнил","title":"Two perfectives; object fronted","body":"«Выдумал» (made up, invented) and «запомнил» (committed to memory, retained) are both perfective — two completed acts. The object «поэму эту» (with the demonstrative «эту» after the noun, bookish order) is fronted before the verbs for emphasis on the poem."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выдумал","title":"«выдумать» — to make up, invent","body":"«Выдумать» is to invent, dream up, make up in one's head (the «вы-» prefix 'out', the idea drawn out of the mind). Against «написать» (to write down), Ivan insists his poem was never set on paper — only «выдумал и запомнил», invented and held in memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поэму","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал","gloss":"this poem"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поэму","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдумал","gloss":"kept in memory"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b5-c4-s239","source":"С жаром выдумал.","translation":"I dreamed it up with passion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С жаром выдумал.","title":"Instrumental of manner «с жаром»","body":"«С жаром» — «с» + instrumental «жаром» (from «жар», heat, ardour) — is the manner phrase 'with passion, ardently, fervently'. The clipped two-word sentence, verb «выдумал» repeated from the line before, underscores how feverishly Ivan composed it."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдумал","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed up"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b5-c4-s240","source":"Ты будешь первый мой читатель, то есть слушатель.","translation":"You will be my first reader — that is, my first listener.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты будешь первый мой читатель","title":"Compound future «будешь»; nominative predicate","body":"«Ты будешь… читатель» is the compound (imperfective) future of «быть» — «будешь» + the predicate noun. Unusually, the predicate «первый мой читатель» stands in the nominative rather than the instrumental, which is acceptable for a lasting, defining role ('you will be my first reader')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть слушатель","title":"Self-correction «то есть»","body":"«То есть» ('that is, i.e.') introduces Ivan's self-correction: «читатель» → «слушатель» (reader → listener). Since the poem was never written, Alyosha can only hear it; the little correction quietly reminds us this is an oral 'poem', performed not read."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читатель","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to читатель","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies читатель","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of читатель","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"читатель","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"слушатель","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with читатель","gloss":"listener"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b5-c4-s241","source":"Зачем в самом деле автору терять хоть единого слушателя, — усмехнулся Иван. — Рассказывать или нет?","translation":"Why, after all, should an author lose even a single listener? — Ivan smirked. — Shall I tell it, or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем… автору терять","title":"Dative subject with an infinitive","body":"The rhetorical question has no nominative subject: «автору» (to the author) stands in the dative as the experiencer, governing the bare infinitive «терять» (to lose). This impersonal dative-plus-infinitive frame — «зачем автору терять» — reads as 'what reason has the author to lose…', a construction far commoner in Russian than its stiff English equivalent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — 'really, after all'","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, literally 'in the thing itself', meaning 'indeed, really, as a matter of fact'. Here it carries Ivan's wry, half-mocking concession to Alyosha's interest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть единого слушателя","title":"«хоть» + accusative of an animate noun","body":"«хоть» here means 'even (so much as)', intensifying «единого слушателя» — 'even a single listener'. «слушателя» is animate masculine, so its accusative borrows the genitive ending -я (soft-stem allomorph: «слушателя»), as does the agreeing adjective «единого»; the archaic «единый» ('single, sole') is a touch more bookish than ordinary «один»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся","title":"Perfective past with reflexive -ся","body":"«усмехнулся» (smirked, gave a wry smile) is a perfective verb in the masculine past — the -ну- stem marks a single, momentary act, and the -ся makes it intransitive, an action turned upon the doer. Dostoevsky punctuates dialogue with such instantaneous perfectives to snap a gesture into place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывать или нет?","title":"Imperfective infinitive as a deliberative question","body":"A bare infinitive standing alone poses the question of whether to act: 'To tell it, or not?' The imperfective «рассказывать» frames the telling as a process to be undertaken, rather than the perfective «рассказать» which would weigh getting it told to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies терять","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom «в самом деле», marks деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom «в самом деле», modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, forms idiom «в самом деле»","gloss":"fact","note":"«В самом деле» is a fixed phrase meaning \"indeed, really\"."},{"surface":"автору","lemma":"автор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of the infinitive терять","gloss":"an author"},{"surface":"терять","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слушателя","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"слушателя","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of терять","gloss":"listener"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parenthetical to the question","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"shall I tell it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Рассказывать","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b5-c4-s242","source":"— Я очень слушаю, — произнес Алеша.","translation":"— I am listening closely, — said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я очень слушаю","title":"Imperfective present of ongoing attention","body":"«слушаю» is the first-conjugation present of imperfective «слушать» — an action in progress, 'I am listening'. The adverb «очень» ('very, very much') intensifies the engagement, so the phrase reads 'I'm listening very closely'; the explicit «я» adds a touch of earnest emphasis Russian could otherwise drop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес","title":"«произнёс» — perfective verbum dicendi","body":"«произнёс» (uttered, said) is the perfective past of «произносить/произнести», a slightly more formal and deliberate 'said' than «сказал». Dostoevsky's narration favours such marked speech-verbs to colour how a line is delivered — here Alyosha's quiet, measured reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушаю","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am listening"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parenthetical","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b5-c4-s243","source":"— Поэма моя называется «Великий инквизитор», вещь нелепая, но мне хочется ее тебе сообщить.","translation":"— My poem is called \"The Grand Inquisitor\", an absurd thing, but I should like to lay it before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поэма","title":"«поэма» — a long narrative poem","body":"«поэма» is not just 'a poem' but specifically a long narrative or epic poem (as against the short lyric «стихотворение»). Ivan applies the grand term half-ironically to his prose tale; the genre-word frames 'The Grand Inquisitor' as an ambitious imaginative composition, not a casual anecdote."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"называется","title":"Reflexive -ся as a passive/middle 'is called'","body":"«называется» ('is called, is titled') is the imperfective present of «называться», where the clitic -ся turns the transitive 'to call' into an intransitive middle. This is the standard, idiomatic way to give a title or name: «поэма называется…» — 'the poem is called…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне хочется","title":"«мне хочется» — dative experiencer of impersonal желание","body":"The impersonal «хочется» (it is wished, one feels like) takes its experiencer in the dative — «мне» — with no nominative subject: literally 'to me there is a wanting'. Softer and more involuntary than «я хочу», it casts the desire as a feeling welling up in Ivan rather than a flat decision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"её тебе сообщить","title":"Clustered object pronouns before the infinitive","body":"«сообщить» (to impart, communicate — perfective) governs two pronouns stacked before it: accusative «её» (it, the poem) as direct object and dative «тебе» (to you) as recipient. Russian freely fronts such light pronouns ahead of their verb, and the perfective frames the telling as a single completed act of conveying."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелепая","title":"«нелепый» — absurd, preposterous","body":"«нелепый» means absurd, senseless, preposterous — stronger and more dismissive than mere 'silly'. Ivan's self-deprecating «вещь нелепая» ('an absurd thing') is a feint: it disarms Alyosha even as Ivan prepares to deliver the gravest argument of the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of называется","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Поэма","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"Великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизитор","gloss":"Grand"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называется","gloss":"Inquisitor"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Поэма","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"нелепая","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хочется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"tell"}]}]}