{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c5","title":{"source":"V. Великий инквизитор","translated":"The Grand Inquisitor"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c5","lines":414},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c5-s1","source":"— Ведь вот и тут без предисловия невозможно, то есть без литературного предисловия, тьфу! — засмеялся Иван, — а какой уж я сочинитель!","translation":"\"You see, even here it can't be done without a preface — a literary preface, I mean, ugh!\" — Ivan laughed — \"and what sort of author am I!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"Ivan opens with «ведь» — a modal particle that appeals to shared understanding, roughly 'you see' or 'after all'. It is not translated by a word so much as by a tone, and Dostoevsky's dialogue runs on these little intimacy-markers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без предисловия невозможно","title":"Genitive after «без»","body":"The preposition «без» (without) always governs the genitive, so «предисловие» appears as «без предисловия». This is the same genitive-of-absence logic that underlies «нет времени»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тьфу!","title":"«тьфу!» — a spit of disgust","body":"An onomatopoeic interjection imitating spitting, used to express irritation or self-disgust ('ugh!', 'phooey!'). Ivan flings it at his own pretension to a 'literary preface'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой уж я сочинитель","title":"Dismissive «уж» and rhetorical «какой»","body":"«какой ... я сочинитель!» is a self-deprecating exclamation — 'what kind of author am I!', i.e. none at all. The particle «уж» adds an emphatic, resigned coloring ('really, now'), heightening the mock-modesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно, coordinated with вот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предисловия","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"предисловия","lemma":"предисловие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без, oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"a preface"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom «то есть» (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom «то есть»","gloss":"is","note":"«То есть» together means \"that is, i.e.\""},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предисловия (second)","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"литературного","lemma":"литературный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предисловия","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"предисловия","lemma":"предисловие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to предисловия (w6), restating it","gloss":"a preface"},{"surface":"тьфу","lemma":"тьфу","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, parenthetical","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag, parenthetical","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сочинитель","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сочинитель","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сочинитель","lemma":"сочинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamation","gloss":"a writer"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c5-s2","source":"Видишь, действие у меня происходит в шестнадцатом столетии, а тогда, — тебе, впрочем, это должно быть известно еще из классов, — тогда как раз было в обычае сводить в поэтических произведениях на землю горние силы.","translation":"Look, my action takes place in the sixteenth century, and back then — though you ought to know this already from your schooldays — back then it was precisely the custom in poetic works to bring the powers on high down to earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"действие у меня происходит","title":"Possessive «у меня» for 'in my [work]'","body":"«у меня» (literally 'by/at me') is Russian's normal way of expressing 'mine' in the sense of authorship or possession — 'the action in my [poem] takes place'. The «у + genitive» construction is the backbone of Russian possession, replacing a verb 'to have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в шестнадцатом столетии","title":"Prepositional of time with «в»","body":"«в шестнадцатом столетии» (in the sixteenth century) uses «в» + prepositional for a span of time, with the ordinal «шестнадцатом» agreeing with «столетии» in the prepositional case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе ... это должно быть известно","title":"Dative experiencer with «должно быть известно»","body":"There is no nominative subject of 'knowing': the person who ought to know stands in the dative («тебе»), and «известно» is an impersonal short-form predicate. This dative-experiencer framing — 'to you this ought to be known' — is everywhere in the novel's interior speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горние силы","title":"«горние силы» — the powers on high","body":"«горний» is a Church-Slavonic adjective meaning 'of the heights, celestial' (from «гора», mountain), opposed to «дольний» (earthly). «горние силы» are the heavenly powers, and the bookish word already lifts the register toward the sacred."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сводить ... на землю","title":"Imperfective infinitive of habit «сводить»","body":"«сводить ... на землю» (to bring down to earth) is the imperfective infinitive after «было в обычае» (it was the custom) — habitual, repeated practice, which is exactly the work the imperfective does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressing the listener","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"the action"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessive complement (‘my action’)","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столетии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шестнадцатом","lemma":"шестнадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетии","gloss":"sixteenth"},{"surface":"столетии","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно, resumed by тогда w20","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of должно быть известно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of известно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"modal predicate governing быть известно","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking должно to известно","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of должно быть","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из классов","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"классов","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"school days"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes as adverb of time, modifies было","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom «как раз», modifies было","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, fixed idiomatic form, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom «как раз», modifies было","gloss":"exactly","note":"«Как раз» together is a fixed idiom meaning \"precisely, exactly\"."},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb: ‘it was the custom’","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обычае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обычае","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (‘was the custom’)","gloss":"the custom"},{"surface":"сводить","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject complement of было в обычае","gloss":"to bring down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking произведениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поэтических","lemma":"поэтический","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies произведениях","gloss":"poetic"},{"surface":"произведениях","lemma":"произведение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сводить","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сводить (goal)","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"горние","lemma":"горний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сводить","gloss":"powers"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c5-s3","source":"Я уж про Данта не говорю.","translation":"I won't even mention Dante.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про Данта не говорю","title":"«про» + accusative; «не говорю»","body":"«про» (about, concerning) governs the accusative — «про Данта», with the animate accusative of 'Dante' borrowing the genitive ending «-а». The present «не говорю» is imperfective: 'I'm not even speaking of...'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Данта","title":"«Данта» — Dante, 19th-c. declension","body":"Dostoevsky declines 'Dante' as a normal masculine noun in «-а»: «Данта» (accusative/genitive). Modern Russian usually leaves «Данте» undeclined; the inflected form is a period feature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Данта","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Данта","lemma":"данта","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"Dante"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mention"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c5-s4","source":"Во Франции судейские клерки, а тоже и по монастырям монахи давали целые представления, в которых выводили на сцену Мадонну, ангелов, святых, Христа и самого бога.","translation":"In France the court clerks, and the monks in the monasteries too, would put on whole performances in which they brought onto the stage the Madonna, the angels, the saints, Christ, and God Himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давали ... выводили на сцену","title":"Imperfective past of repeated staging","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past — «давали» (used to put on) and «выводили на сцену» (brought onto the stage) — describing a customary, repeated practice rather than single events. The imperfective is the natural tense for 'they would do this'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которых выводили на сцену","title":"Relative «в которых»","body":"«в которых» introduces a relative clause modifying «представления»: 'in which they brought onto the stage...'. «который» agrees with its antecedent in number (plural) but takes the prepositional case demanded by «в» inside its own clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самого бога","title":"Intensifier «сам» + animate accusative","body":"«самого бога» (God Himself) shows «сам» ('-self, the very') agreeing with «бог» and both in the animate accusative, borrowing the genitive ending. «сам» here climaxes the list — even God in person was brought onstage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Франции","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Франции","lemma":"франция","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давали","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"судейские","lemma":"судейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies клерки","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"клерки","lemma":"клерк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of давали, coordinated with монахи","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастырям","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырям","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастырям","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies монахи (locative: ‘in the monasteries’)","gloss":"the monasteries"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of давали, coordinated with клерки","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies представления","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"performances"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выводили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"выводили","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on представления","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцену","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сцену","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выводили","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"Мадонну","lemma":"мадонна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выводили","gloss":"the Madonna"},{"surface":"ангелов","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Мадонну","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with Мадонну","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мадонну","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"Himself"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Мадонну","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c5-s5","source":"Тогда всё это было очень простодушно.","translation":"In those days all of this was done very artlessly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушно","title":"«простодушно» — artlessly, in simplicity of heart","body":"A transparent compound of «простой» (simple) + «душа» (soul): 'simple-souled, guileless'. The adverb «простодушно» conveys not naivety as a fault but an innocent, unselfconscious piety — the tone Ivan grants those old plays."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это было ... простодушно","title":"Neuter «всё это» as a summarizing subject","body":"«всё это» ('all this') is a neuter collective subject gathering everything just described; the past «было» and the predicate adverb «простодушно» are correspondingly neuter/invariable — a tidy impersonal summing-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушно","gloss":"in those days"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of простодушно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to простодушно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"простодушно","lemma":"простодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"artless"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c5-s6","source":"В «Notre Dame de Paris» у Виктора Гюго в честь рождения французского дофина, в Париже, при Людовике XI, в зале ратуши дается назидательное и даровое представление народу под названием: «Le bon jugement de la très sainte et gracieuse Vierge Marie», где и является она сама лично и произносит свой bon jugement.","translation":"In Victor Hugo's \"Notre Dame de Paris\", to honor the birth of the French Dauphin, in Paris, under Louis XI, a free and edifying performance is given to the people in the town hall, under the title \"Le bon jugement de la très sainte et gracieuse Vierge Marie\", in which she herself appears in person and pronounces her bon jugement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дается ... представление","title":"Reflexive passive «дается»","body":"«дается» (is given) is the imperfective reflexive-passive in «-ся»: the performance 'gives itself' / 'is given', with «представление» as the grammatical subject. Russian prefers this «-ся» passive to a participial one for an ongoing or generic action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"назидательное и даровое","title":"«назидательное», «даровое» — edifying and free of charge","body":"«назидательный» means 'edifying, instructive' (from «назидать», to edify); «даровой» means 'given gratis, free' (from «дар», gift). The paired bookish adjectives mark the performance as both a moral lesson and a public gift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она сама лично","title":"Emphatic «сама лично»","body":"«она сама лично» piles up emphasis — 'she herself, in person'. «сама» is the nominative feminine intensifier agreeing with «она», doubled by the adverb «лично» to stress that the Virgin appears bodily on stage."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Notre","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Notre","lemma":"notre","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"part of the title, object of дается","gloss":"Our"},{"surface":"Dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Notre","gloss":"Lady"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Notre","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Paris","lemma":"paris","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Notre","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Виктора (authorship: ‘by Victor Hugo’)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Виктора","lemma":"виктор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у, identifies the author","gloss":"Victor"},{"surface":"Гюго","lemma":"гюго","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Виктора","gloss":"Hugo"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дается (purpose: ‘in honor of’)","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"the birth"},{"surface":"французского","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дофина","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"дофина","lemma":"дофин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рождения","gloss":"Dauphin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Париже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Париже","lemma":"париж","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дается (location)","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Людовике","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"Людовике","lemma":"людовик","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дается (time)","gloss":"Louis"},{"surface":"XI","lemma":"xi","morphology":"numeral, ordinal","role":"modifies Людовике","gloss":"the Eleventh"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дается","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"ратуши","lemma":"ратуша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зале","gloss":"of the town hall"},{"surface":"дается","lemma":"даваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is given"},{"surface":"назидательное","lemma":"назидательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies представление","gloss":"an edifying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даровое","lemma":"даровой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with назидательное","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"представление","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дается","gloss":"performance"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дается","gloss":"to the people"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking названием","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"названием","lemma":"название","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дается","gloss":"the title"},{"surface":"Le","lemma":"le","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"in apposition to названием, opens the title","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"bon","lemma":"bon","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"jugement","lemma":"jugement","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"la","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"très","lemma":"très","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"sainte","lemma":"sainte","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"et","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gracieuse","lemma":"gracieuse","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"gracious"},{"surface":"Vierge","lemma":"vierge","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"Virgin"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"marie","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on Le","gloss":"Mary"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying представление","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies является","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying представление","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносит","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произносит","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произносит","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with является","gloss":"pronounces"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of bon","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"bon","lemma":"bon","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"direct object of произносит","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"jugement","lemma":"jugement","morphology":"word (French title)","role":"depends on bon","gloss":"judgment"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c5-s7","source":"У нас в Москве, в допетровскую старину, такие же почти драматические представления, из Ветхого завета особенно, тоже совершались по временам; но, кроме драматических представлений, по всему миру ходило тогда много повестей и «стихов», в которых действовали по надобности святые, ангелы и вся сила небесная.","translation":"Among us in Moscow, in the old days before Peter, almost the same sort of dramatic performances — especially out of the Old Testament — were likewise put on from time to time; but besides the dramatic performances, the whole world was then awash in tales and \"verses\" in which the saints, the angels, and all the host of heaven acted as the occasion required.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по всему миру ходило ... много повестей","title":"Quantifier «много» + genitive plural","body":"«много повестей» (many tales) puts the counted noun in the genitive plural after the quantity word «много». The verb «ходило» is impersonal-neuter singular, the usual agreement with «много + genitive»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вся сила небесная","title":"«сила небесная» — the host of heaven","body":"«сила небесная» is a fixed liturgical phrase for the heavenly host — the angelic powers. «вся» ('all the') gathers the angels and saints into one collective body, in the elevated diction of Scripture and the Liturgy."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of совершались","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"допетровскую","lemma":"допетровский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старину","gloss":"before Peter"},{"surface":"старину","lemma":"старина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совершались (time)","gloss":"the olden days"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of представления","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies драматические","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"драматические","lemma":"драматический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies представления","gloss":"dramatic"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of совершались","gloss":"performances"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ветхого","lemma":"ветхий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies завета","gloss":"the Old"},{"surface":"завета","lemma":"завет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершались","gloss":"Testament"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершались","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершались","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"совершались","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were put on"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking временам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"временам","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of совершались","gloss":"time to time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking представлений","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"драматических","lemma":"драматический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies представлений","gloss":"dramatic"},{"surface":"представлений","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходило","gloss":"performances"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миру","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходило","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"ходило","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with совершались","gloss":"circulated"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of ходило","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"повестей","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"tales"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with повестей","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of действовали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"действовали","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on стихов","gloss":"took part"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надобности","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of действовали","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of действовали","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"ангелы","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святые","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сила","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with святые, subject of действовали","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"небесная","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"heavenly"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c5-s8","source":"У нас по монастырям занимались тоже переводами, списыванием и даже сочинением таких поэм, да еще когда — в татарщину.","translation":"In our monasteries they busied themselves too with translating, copying, and even composing such poems — and when, at that! — back in the Tatar yoke.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"занимались ... переводами, списыванием и ... сочинением","title":"Instrumental after «заниматься»","body":"«заниматься» (to occupy oneself with) governs the instrumental, so the three activities appear as «переводами, списыванием ... сочинением». The verb itself is reflexive in «-ся», a middle-voice 'busy oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поэм","title":"«поэма» vs «поэмка»","body":"«поэма» is a long narrative poem, not a short lyric («стихотворение»). The genitive plural here is «поэм». Ivan calls his own piece a «поэмка» (next segments) with the diminutive — half affection, half disclaimer of grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимались","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырям","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастырям","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимались","gloss":"the monasteries"},{"surface":"занимались","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"busied themselves"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переводами","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"переводами","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимались","gloss":"translating"},{"surface":"списыванием","lemma":"списывание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with переводами","gloss":"copying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочинением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сочинением","lemma":"сочинение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with переводами","gloss":"composing"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of поэм","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"поэм","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сочинением","gloss":"poems"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical dependent of татарщину","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking татарщину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"татарщину","lemma":"татарщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of когда","gloss":"the Tatar times"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c5-s9","source":"Есть, например, одна монастырская поэмка (конечно, с греческого): «Хождение богородицы по мукам», с картинами и со смелостью не ниже дантовских.","translation":"There is, for instance, one little monastic poem (from the Greek, of course): \"The Virgin's Wandering Through the Torments\", with imagery and a boldness no lower than Dante's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поэмка","title":"Diminutive «поэмка»","body":"«поэмка» is «поэма» plus the diminutive «-ка»: 'a little poem'. The suffix is self-deprecating and tender at once, the register in which Ivan keeps calling his own legend a modest 'little poem'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ниже дантовских","title":"Comparative «не ниже» + genitive of comparison","body":"«ниже» is the (irregular, consonant-mutating з→ж) comparative of «низкий» (low), not suppletive; «не ниже дантовских» means 'no lower than Dante's', the standard of comparison «дантовских» standing in the genitive. The double-negative litotes ('no lower than') is a quietly bold boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of Есть","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies поэмка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"монастырская","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поэмка","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"поэмка","lemma":"поэмка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"little poem"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of греческого","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking греческого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"греческого","lemma":"греческий","morphology":"adjective used as noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поэмка (parenthetical: translated from Greek)","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"Хождение","lemma":"хождение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to поэмка","gloss":"The Wandering"},{"surface":"богородицы","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Хождение","gloss":"of the Virgin"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мукам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"мукам","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Хождение","gloss":"the Torments"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картинами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"картинами","lemma":"картина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies поэмка","gloss":"imagery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смелостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"смелостью","lemma":"смелость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with картинами","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ниже","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies смелостью","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"дантовских","lemma":"дантовский","morphology":"adjective used as noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"than Dante's"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c5-s10","source":"Богоматерь посещает ад, и руководит ее «по мукам» архангел Михаил.","translation":"The Mother of God visits hell, and the archangel Michael guides her \"through the torments.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Богоматерь","title":"«Богоматерь» — Mother of God","body":"A compound of «Бог» + «матерь» (the archaic, liturgical form of «мать»), 'God-bearer / Mother of God', equivalent to Greek Theotokos. Russian has a cluster of such titles — «Богородица», «Царица небесная» — all of which Dostoevsky deploys here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руководит ее ... архангел Михаил","title":"Word order: object before verb","body":"The line reads «руководит ее ... архангел Михаил» — verb, then object «ее», then subject last. Cases keep roles clear, so the subject «архангел Михаил» can sit in the comment (new-information) position at the end for narrative weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Богоматерь","lemma":"богоматерь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посещает","gloss":"The Mother of God"},{"surface":"посещает","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещает","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руководит","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посещает","gloss":"guides"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of руководит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мукам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"мукам","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of руководит","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"архангел","lemma":"архангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of руководит","gloss":"the archangel"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to архангел","gloss":"Michael"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c5-s11","source":"Она видит грешников и мучения их.","translation":"She sees the sinners and their torments.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видит грешников и мучения их","title":"Animate vs inanimate accusative side by side","body":"«грешников» (animate) takes the genitive-shaped accusative, while «мучения» (inanimate neuter) keeps the nominative-shaped accusative — the two patterns sit in one breath. «их» is the frozen genitive possessive 'their'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"грешников","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"sinners"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучения","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with грешников","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мучения","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c5-s12","source":"Там есть, между прочим, один презанимательный разряд грешников в горящем озере: которые из них погружаются в это озеро так, что уж и выплыть более не могут, то «тех уже забывает бог» — выражение чрезвычайной глубины и силы.","translation":"There, among other things, is one most curious class of sinners in a burning lake: those of them who sink into that lake so deep that they can never float up again — well, \"those God has already forgotten\" — an expression of extraordinary depth and force.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"презанимательный","title":"Intensive prefix «пре-»","body":"«пре-» on «занимательный» (entertaining, curious) is an intensifying prefix meaning 'most, exceedingly' — «презанимательный» = 'most curious'. It is a bookish, slightly archaic way of forming superlatives common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые из них погружаются ... так, что","title":"Relative «которые» + result clause «так, что»","body":"«которые из них» ('those of them who') is the relative pronoun in the nominative plural, subject of «погружаются»; «так, что» then opens a result clause ('so that...'). The reflexive «погружаются» is a middle-voice 'sink down'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж и выплыть более не могут","title":"Perfective infinitive of impossibility «выплыть»","body":"«выплыть» is the perfective of «выплывать» (to float up and out) — the perfective is chosen because the point is the unattainable completed result: they can never manage to surface. «более не могут» = 'can no longer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тех уже забывает бог","title":"Fronted accusative object «тех»","body":"The most famous phrase of the poem — «тех уже забывает бог» — fronts the object «тех» ('those ones') for emphasis, leaving the subject «бог» at the end. The animate plural «тех» is genitive-shaped accusative. The verb «забывает» is imperfective, a chilling general truth: God simply forgets them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между прочим (\"among other things\")","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies разряд","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"презанимательный","lemma":"презанимательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разряд","gloss":"most curious"},{"surface":"разряд","lemma":"разряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"грешников","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разряд","gloss":"of sinners"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горящем","lemma":"горящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies озере","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"озере","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разряд","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погружаются","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of которые (\"which of them\")","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"погружаются","lemma":"погружаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying разряд","gloss":"sink"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озеро","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of озеро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"озеро","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погружаются","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погружаются","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выплыть, emphasizing finality","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выплыть, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выплыть","lemma":"выплыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"float up"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не могут","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of забывает","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"забывает","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"forgets"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забывает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the quoted phrase","gloss":"an expression"},{"surface":"чрезвычайной","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"of depth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with глубины","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c5-s13","source":"И вот, пораженная и плачущая богоматерь падает пред престолом божиим и просит всем во аде помилования, всем, которых она видела там, без различия.","translation":"And so the Mother of God, stricken and weeping, falls before the throne of God and begs mercy for all in hell, for all those she had seen there, without distinction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пораженная и плачущая богоматерь","title":"Participles as attributes: «пораженная», «плачущая»","body":"Two participles modify «богоматерь»: «пораженная» is a past passive participle ('stricken'), «плачущая» a present active participle ('weeping'). Both decline as adjectives and agree with her in feminine nominative — a compact, painterly stacking of qualities."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"падает пред престолом божиим","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«пред» is the elevated/archaic form of «перед» (before, in front of), governing the instrumental: «пред престолом божиим». «божиим» is the old long-form instrumental of the possessive adjective «божий» (of God)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просит ... помилования","title":"Genitive object after «просить»","body":"«просить» (to beg, ask for) takes its abstract object in the genitive: «просит помилования» (begs mercy). This genitive of the thing requested is the regular government of «просить» when the object is abstract or indefinite."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во аде","title":"«во аде» — Slavonic locative of «ад»","body":"The phrase «всем во аде» ('to all in hell') uses the Church-Slavonic prepositional «во аде» rather than modern «в аду». The solemn form fits the liturgical, apocryphal subject matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies падает, part of и вот (\"and so\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пораженная","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies богоматерь","gloss":"stricken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачущая","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пораженная","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"богоматерь","lemma":"богоматерь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of падает","gloss":"the Mother of God"},{"surface":"падает","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking престолом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"престолом","lemma":"престол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падает","gloss":"the throne"},{"surface":"божиим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies престолом","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with падает","gloss":"begs"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of просит","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies всем","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"помилования","lemma":"помилование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просит","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"appositive to всем (w13)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видела","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видела","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking различия","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"различия","lemma":"различие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всем, adverbial (\"without distinction\")","gloss":"distinction"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c5-s14","source":"Разговор ее с богом колоссально интересен.","translation":"Her conversation with God is colossally interesting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разговор ее с богом","title":"«с богом» — «с» + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«разговор ... с богом» (conversation with God) uses «с» + instrumental for accompaniment/company. «ее» is the frozen possessive 'her [conversation]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"колоссально интересен","title":"Short-form predicate adjective «интересен»","body":"«интересен» is the short (predicative) form of «интересный», agreeing with masculine «разговор» but appearing only as a predicate. The short form gives an assertive, definitive ring — Ivan is pronouncing a verdict on the dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of интересен","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Разговор","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Разговор","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"колоссально","lemma":"колоссально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересен","gloss":"colossally"},{"surface":"интересен","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (copula omitted)","gloss":"interesting"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c5-s15","source":"Она умоляет, она не отходит, и когда бог указывает ей на прогвожденные руки и ноги ее сына и спрашивает: как я прощу его мучителей, — то она велит всем святым, всем мученикам, всем ангелам и архангелам пасть вместе с нею и молить о помиловании всех без разбора.","translation":"She implores Him, she will not leave off, and when God points her to the nail-pierced hands and feet of her Son and asks: how am I to forgive His tormentors? — then she bids all the saints, all the martyrs, all the angels and archangels to fall down with her and pray for the pardon of all, without exception.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она умоляет, она не отходит","title":"Imperfective present for vivid narration","body":"Dostoevsky narrates the legend in the vivid present, all imperfective: «умоляет» (implores), «не отходит» (will not leave off). The imperfective renders her insistence as ongoing, unrelenting process — she keeps imploring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прогвожденные руки и ноги","title":"Past passive participle «прогвожденные»","body":"«прогвожденные» ('nailed through') is a past passive participle from the perfective «прогвоздить», used attributively and agreeing with «руки и ноги». It compresses 'the hands and feet that had been pierced with nails' into one image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я прощу его мучителей","title":"Perfective future «прощу»","body":"«прощу» is the perfective future of «простить» — a conjugated present-form that, because the verb is perfective, means 'I shall forgive [once and for all]'. God's question is about a single, definitive act of pardon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велит ... пасть ... и молить","title":"Dative + infinitive after «велеть»","body":"«велеть» (to bid, command) takes the person commanded in the dative — «велит всем святым, всем мученикам...» — plus an infinitive of what they are to do («пасть ... и молить»). The piled-up datives build the great litany of all heaven falling with her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умоляет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"умоляет","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"implores"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отходит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходит","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умоляет","gloss":"leaves off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указывает","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указывает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"указывает","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on велит","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывает","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прогвожденные","lemma":"прогвождённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"nail-pierced"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of указывает","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with руки","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки и ноги","gloss":"of her son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with указывает","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прощу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прощу","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"direct question complement of спрашивает","gloss":"shall I forgive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мучителей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мучителей","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прощу","gloss":"tormentors"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the clause of велит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умоляет","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of святым","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святым","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"the saints"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of мученикам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мученикам","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святым","gloss":"the martyrs"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of ангелам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ангелам","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святым","gloss":"the angels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"архангелам","lemma":"архангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with святым","gloss":"the archangels"},{"surface":"пасть","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пасть","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пасть","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помиловании","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"помиловании","lemma":"помилование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies помиловании","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбора","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"разбора","lemma":"разбор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помиловании","gloss":"exception"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c5-s16","source":"Кончается тем, что она вымаливает у бога остановку мук на всякий год от великой пятницы до троицына дня, а грешники из ада тут же благодарят господа и вопиют к нему: «Прав ты, господи, что так судил».","translation":"It ends with her winning from God a yearly halt to the torments, from Good Friday until Trinity Day, and the sinners in hell thank the Lord then and there and cry out to Him: \"Thou art just, O Lord, that Thou hast so judged.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончается тем, что","title":"Reflexive «кончается» + correlative «тем, что»","body":"«кончается тем, что...» ('it ends with [the fact] that...') uses the middle-voice reflexive «кончаться» plus the instrumental correlative «тем» pointing forward to a «что»-clause. A very common Russian way to say 'it ends up that...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вымаливает у бога остановку мук","title":"Perfectivizing «вы-» and «у» + genitive","body":"«вымаливает» ('wins by pleading, prays something out of someone') carries the prefix «вы-» of extraction; she extracts the concession «у бога» — «у» + genitive marks the source. The object «остановку мук» couples accusative + genitive ('a halt of the torments')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Прав ты, господи, что так судил»","title":"Short adjective «прав» + «что»-clause of grounds","body":"«прав ты» uses the short predicative form of «правый» ('Thou art just/right'); «что так судил» supplies the grounds ('in that Thou hast so judged'). The sinners ratify their own damnation — a stroke of theological vertigo Ivan savors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончается","lemma":"кончаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it ends"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончается","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вымаливает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вымаливает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вымаливает","lemma":"вымаливать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"wins by pleading"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вымаливает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"остановку","lemma":"остановка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вымаливает","gloss":"a halt"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies остановку","gloss":"of torments"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies остановку (\"every year\")","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пятницы","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"пятницы","lemma":"пятница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies остановку","gloss":"Friday"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"троицына","lemma":"троицын","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"Trinity's"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, parallel to пятницы","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грешники","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of благодарят","gloss":"the sinners"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ада","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грешники","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарят, part of idiom тут же","gloss":"then and there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут, intensifier","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"благодарят","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вымаливает","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благодарят","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вопиют","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благодарят","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопиют","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the quoted clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Прав","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Прав","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of судил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause explaining Прав","gloss":"hast judged"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c5-s17","source":"Ну вот и моя поэмка была бы в том же роде, если б явилась в то время.","translation":"Well, my little poem would have been in the very same vein, had it appeared in those days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была бы ... если б явилась","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«была бы ... если б явилась» is a full irrealis conditional: past-tense forms plus the particle «бы» (here clipped to «б» after a vowel). 'Would have been ... if it had appeared.' This is Russia's single subjunctive, built entirely from past + «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том же роде","title":"Demonstrative «тот же» — 'the same'","body":"«тот же ... род» means 'the very same vein/kind'; «тот» + the particle «же» fuses into 'the same', declined here in the prepositional after «в». A neat idiom for 'in the same manner'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была, part of вот и (\"so too\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поэмка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поэмка","lemma":"поэмка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была бы","gloss":"little poem"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, with бы forms conditional \"would have been\"","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks была as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том, intensifier (\"the same\")","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"vein"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явилась","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks явилась as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on роде","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c5-s18","source":"У меня на сцене является он; правда, он ничего и не говорит в поэме, а только появляется и проходит.","translation":"He comes on stage in mine; true, He says nothing at all in the poem, but only appears and passes by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"является он","title":"Subject-final word order for the climactic «он»","body":"«на сцене является он» holds the subject «он» (He — Christ) to the very end, the comment position, so the whole sentence leans toward the revelation of who comes on stage. «является» is the reflexive 'appears'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего и не говорит","title":"Genitive(-like) «ничего» + negative concord","body":"«ничего ... не говорит» pairs the negative pronoun «ничего» (in its genitive-shaped object form) with the obligatory «не» on the verb — Russian's required negative concord. The added «и» ('not even anything') intensifies: He says nothing at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"появляется и проходит","title":"Imperfective pair of pure appearance","body":"«появляется и проходит» (appears and passes by) are imperfective presents describing Christ's whole, silent role: He simply shows Himself and moves through. The choice of imperfective keeps the action as gentle, durative motion, not pointed events."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of является (\"in mine\")","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сцене","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сцене","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of является","gloss":"stage"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of является","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит, emphatic with не (\"not at all\")","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to является","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поэме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поэме","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"the poem"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies появляется","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"появляется","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with появляется","gloss":"passes by"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c5-s19","source":"Пятнадцать веков уже минуло тому, как он дал обетование прийти во царствии своем, пятнадцать веков, как пророк его написал: «Се гряду скоро».","translation":"Fifteen centuries have already gone by since He gave the promise to come in His kingdom, fifteen centuries since His prophet wrote: \"Behold, I come quickly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пятнадцать веков уже минуло","title":"Numeral «пятнадцать» + genitive plural «веков»","body":"After 'five' and above the counted noun goes genitive plural: «пятнадцать веков» (fifteen centuries). The verb «минуло» (has elapsed) is neuter singular — the default agreement with a large numeral phrase treated as a single quantity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обетование","title":"«обетование» — solemn promise/covenant","body":"«обетование» (the promise, the covenant) is a Church-Slavonic-flavored noun in «-ие», loftier than the everyday «обещание». It is the biblical 'promise' — here, Christ's promise to come again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во царствии своем","title":"Slavonic «во царствии» + reflexive «своем»","body":"«во царствии своем» ('in His kingdom') shows the Slavonic locative «царствии» (modern «царстве») and the reflexive possessive «своем», pointing back to Christ as subject of the promise. The «во» (for «в») is the elevated variant before the cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of минуло","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"минуло","lemma":"минуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have passed"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative of the как-clause (idiom \"тому... как\")","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал, correlate of тому","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"обетование","lemma":"обетование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"the promise"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"царствии","lemma":"царствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"the kingdom"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"repeated in apposition, parallel to пятнадцать (w1)","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with минуло","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of написал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"пророк","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"the prophet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пророк","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on минуло","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"Се","lemma":"се","morphology":"particle, archaic","role":"discourse marker introducing гряду","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"гряду","lemma":"грясти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective, archaic","role":"quoted clause, complement of написал","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гряду","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c5-s20","source":"«О дне же сем и часе не знает даже и сын, токмо лишь отец мой небесный», как изрек он и сам еще на земле.","translation":"\"But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not even the Son, but only my Father in heaven\" — as He Himself declared while still on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"токмо лишь","title":"«токмо» — archaic 'only'","body":"«токмо» is an archaic/Slavonic word for 'only', here doubled with the synonymous «лишь» for liturgical weight. Modern Russian would say simply «только». «сем» (this) is the old demonstrative «сей» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"О дне же сем и часе","title":"Topicalizing «же» after the fronted phrase","body":"The phrase «О дне ... сем и часе» is fronted as the topic ('as for that day and hour'), and the particle «же» leans on it to mark the shift of focus. «изрек» ('declared, uttered') in the next clause is an archaic perfective of solemn speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дне","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дне, intensifier","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"часе","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дне","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын, emphatic with даже (\"not even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the Son"},{"surface":"токмо","lemma":"токмо","morphology":"particle, archaic","role":"modifies отец, correlative with лишь (\"only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided знает, parallel to сын","gloss":"the Father"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"небесный","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изрек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам, emphatic (\"himself too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c5-s21","source":"Но человечество ждет его с прежнею верой и с прежним умилением.","translation":"But mankind awaits Him with its former faith and its former tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждет его","title":"«ждать» + genitive/accusative object","body":"«ждать» (to await) historically governs the genitive, though with definite persons the accusative appears — here «ждет его» ('awaits Him'), the form serving both. The imperfective «ждет» frames mankind's waiting as a continuous state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с прежнею верой и с прежним умилением","title":"Instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«с прежнею верой ... с прежним умилением» (with its former faith and tenderness) is «с» + instrumental of accompanying manner. Note the archaic feminine instrumental ending «-ею» in «прежнею» — a 19th-century literary variant of «-ей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«умиление» — tender, contrite emotion","body":"«умиление» is a key Dostoevskian/Orthodox word: a melting tenderness of heart, contrite and grateful at once, with no neat English equivalent. It is the proper emotional posture before the holy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ждет","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежнею","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умилением","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"tenderness"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c5-s22","source":"О, с большею даже верой, ибо пятнадцать веков уже минуло с тех пор, как прекратились залоги с небес человеку: Верь тому, что сердце скажет, Нет залогов от небес.","translation":"Oh, with even greater faith, for fifteen centuries have already gone by since the pledges from heaven to man ceased: Believe what the heart shall tell thee, There are no pledges from the heavens.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic conjunction 'for, because', pervasive in Scripture and 19th-century rhetoric. Dostoevsky uses it to lend the Inquisitor's and narrator's speech a sermon-like cadence; plain modern prose would use «потому что» or «так как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с большею даже верой","title":"Attributive comparative «с большею ... верой»","body":"«с большею ... верой» = 'with even greater faith'. «большею» is the archaic instrumental of «большая» used as an attributive comparative ('greater'). The interposed «даже» ('even') intensifies the climb in fervor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет залогов","title":"Genitive of negated existence «нет залогов»","body":"«нет залогов» ('there are no pledges') is the textbook genitive of negation: with «нет» the absent thing stands in the genitive plural. Compare «нет времени», «его не было дома»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большею","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, comparative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided ждет, modified by большею","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of минуло","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of минуло","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"минуло","lemma":"минуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have passed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of минуло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прекратились","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"прекратились","lemma":"прекратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"залоги","lemma":"залог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прекратились","gloss":"the pledges"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небес","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"небес","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies залоги","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залоги (\"to man\")","gloss":"to man"},{"surface":"Верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative clause, parallel to Нет (w25)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Верь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"coordinated with Верь, predicate of залогов","gloss":"there are no"},{"surface":"залогов","lemma":"залог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"pledges"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небес","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"небес","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies залогов","gloss":"the heavens"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c5-s23","source":"И только одна лишь вера в сказанное сердцем!","translation":"And only the one sole faith in what the heart has spoken!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только одна лишь вера","title":"Triple emphasis «только ... одна лишь»","body":"«только одна лишь вера» heaps three exclusivity markers — «только», «одна», «лишь» — onto 'faith': 'only the one sole faith'. The redundancy is rhetorical, hammering the point that nothing but the heart's faith remains."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сказанное сердцем","title":"Substantivized past passive participle «сказанное»","body":"«сказанное» is the neuter past passive participle of «сказать» used as a noun: 'that which has been said'. The agent stands in the instrumental — «сердцем» ('by the heart') — the regular way Russian names the doer of a passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies вера","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сказанное","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сказанное","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"object of preposition в, modifies вера","gloss":"what was spoken"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сказанное (agent)","gloss":"by the heart"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c5-s24","source":"Правда, было тогда и много чудес.","translation":"True, there were many miracles then as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ... много чудес","title":"«много чудес» + neuter «было»","body":"«много чудес» (many miracles) is the quantifier «много» governing the genitive plural «чудес»; the existential verb is the neuter singular «было». Word order fronts «правда» ('true') then the verb — an existential 'there were'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential, subject чудес","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies чудес","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"miracles"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c5-s25","source":"Были святые, производившие чудесные исцеления; к иным праведникам, по жизнеописаниям их, сходила сама царица небесная.","translation":"There were saints who worked miraculous healings; to certain righteous ones, by the accounts of their lives, the Queen of Heaven herself came down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"святые, производившие чудесные исцеления","title":"Past active participle «производившие»","body":"«производившие» ('who performed/were performing') is an imperfective past active participle, declining as an adjective and agreeing with «святые». It packs a «которые производили» relative clause into a single modifier — the bookish participial style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к иным праведникам ... сходила","title":"«к» + dative of goal with a motion verb","body":"«к иным праведникам ... сходила» ('would come down to certain righteous ones') uses «к» + dative for the goal of motion. «сходила» is the imperfective past of «сходить» (to descend), an iterative: she came down repeatedly, in many saints' lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential, subject святые","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"святые","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"saints"},{"surface":"производившие","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying святые","gloss":"who worked"},{"surface":"чудесные","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies исцеления","gloss":"miraculous"},{"surface":"исцеления","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of производившие","gloss":"healings"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведникам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies праведникам","gloss":"certain other"},{"surface":"праведникам","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходила","gloss":"the righteous"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнеописаниям","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"жизнеописаниям","lemma":"жизнеописание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходила","gloss":"the accounts of their lives"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies жизнеописаниям","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сходила","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сходила","gloss":"the Queen"},{"surface":"небесная","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"of Heaven"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c5-s26","source":"Но дьявол не дремлет, и в человечестве началось уже сомнение в правдивости этих чудес.","translation":"But the devil does not sleep, and among mankind there had already begun a doubt as to the truth of these miracles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дьявол не дремлет","title":"«дьявол не дремлет» — the devil never sleeps","body":"A proverbial phrase, 'the devil does not slumber' — evil is always at work. «дремать» means to doze; the imperfective negative paints a permanent vigilance. The line marks the narrative turn toward doubt and heresy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"началось ... сомнение","title":"Reflexive ingressive «началось»","body":"«началось ... сомнение» ('a doubt began') uses the middle-voice reflexive «начаться» (to begin, intransitive), as opposed to transitive «начать». «в правдивости этих чудес» supplies the prepositional object of the doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дьявол","lemma":"дьявол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дремлет","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дремлет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дремлет","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sleeps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечестве","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"человечестве","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of началось","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with дремлет","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сомнение","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"a doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правдивости","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"правдивости","lemma":"правдивость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сомнение","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чудес","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies правдивости","gloss":"miracles"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c5-s27","source":"Как раз явилась тогда на севере, в Германии, страшная новая ересь.","translation":"It was just then that a terrible new heresy arose in the north, in Germany.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как раз явилась тогда","title":"Reflexive perfective «явилась» + «как раз»","body":"«явилась» is the perfective reflexive of «являться/явиться» (to appear), a single completed emergence. «как раз ... тогда» ('precisely then') pins the heresy to the very moment of rising doubt — Ivan loves this 'just then' timing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (part of the idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (part of the idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"exactly","note":"«как раз» is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly/just\"."},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking севере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"севере","lemma":"север","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилась","gloss":"the north"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Германии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Германии","lemma":"Германия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with севере","gloss":"Germany"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ересь","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ересь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"ересь","lemma":"ересь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"heresy"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c5-s28","source":"Огромная звезда, «подобная светильнику» (то есть церкви) «пала на источники вод, и стали они горьки».","translation":"An enormous star, \"like a lamp\" (that is, the Church), \"fell upon the springs of the waters, and they became bitter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали они горьки","title":"«стать» + short adjective «горьки»","body":"«стали они горьки» ('they became bitter') links «стать» (to become) with the short predicative adjective «горьки». The short form marks the new resultant state. «пала» is the archaic/Slavonic perfective past of «пасть» (to fall)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Огромная","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies звезда","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"звезда","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пала","gloss":"a star"},{"surface":"подобная","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies звезда","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"светильнику","lemma":"светильник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подобная","gloss":"a lamp"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction (part of the idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (part of the idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"церкви","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with светильнику","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"пала","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking источники","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"источники","lemma":"источник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пала","gloss":"the springs"},{"surface":"вод","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies источники","gloss":"of waters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пала","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"горьки","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"bitter"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c5-s29","source":"Эти ереси стали богохульно отрицать чудеса.","translation":"These heresies began blasphemously to deny the miracles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали богохульно отрицать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (ingressive)","body":"«стали ... отрицать» ('began to deny') uses «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive to mark the onset of a continuing action. The imperfective «отрицать» is right: the denying is an ongoing program, not a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богохульно","title":"«богохульно» — blasphemously","body":"Adverb from «богохульство» (blasphemy), a compound of «Бог» + «хулить» (to revile). The narrator's word, branding the heretics' denial of miracles as not merely error but sacrilege."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of ереси","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ереси","lemma":"ересь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"heresies"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"богохульно","lemma":"богохульно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрицать","gloss":"blasphemously"},{"surface":"отрицать","lemma":"отрицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to deny"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отрицать","gloss":"the miracles"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c5-s30","source":"Но тем пламеннее верят оставшиеся верными.","translation":"But all the more ardently do those who have stayed faithful believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем пламеннее верят","title":"Correlative «тем + comparative»","body":"«тем пламеннее верят» ('all the more ardently do they believe') uses the instrumental «тем» with a bare comparative «пламеннее» — the 'the more... ' construction, here with the first half ('the more the heresies deny') left implied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшиеся верными","title":"Past active participle as noun «оставшиеся»","body":"«оставшиеся» ('those who remained') is a perfective past active participle (from reflexive «остаться») used substantively, the subject of «верят». Its complement «верными» is the instrumental — 'remained faithful', «остаться» + instrumental of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пламеннее","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"пламеннее","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies верят","gloss":"more ardently"},{"surface":"верят","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"оставшиеся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of верят","gloss":"those who remained"},{"surface":"верными","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of оставшиеся","gloss":"faithful"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c5-s31","source":"Слезы человечества восходят к нему по-прежнему, ждут его, любят его, надеются на него, жаждут пострадать и умереть за него, как и прежде.","translation":"The tears of mankind rise up to Him as before, they await Him, they love Him, they hope in Him, they thirst to suffer and to die for Him, just as in former times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждут его, любят его, надеются на него, жаждут пострадать","title":"Asyndetic imperfective chain","body":"A drumbeat of imperfective presents without conjunctions — «ждут ... любят ... надеются ... жаждут» — each governing differently: «надеяться на» + accusative (hope in), «жаждать» + infinitive (thirst to). The piling-up enacts mankind's unflagging longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пострадать и умереть за него","title":"Perfective infinitives of the single sacrifice","body":"«пострадать и умереть» (to suffer and to die) are perfective infinitives — the completed, once-for-all act of martyrdom — governed by «за него» ('for Him', «за» + accusative). The aspect frames martyrdom as a whole, finished gift of self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of восходят","gloss":"the tears"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Слезы","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"восходят","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходят","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"part of the phrase прежнему","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"modifies восходят","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восходят","gloss":"they await"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждут","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восходят","gloss":"they love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"надеются","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восходят","gloss":"they hope"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеются","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"жаждут","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восходят","gloss":"they thirst"},{"surface":"пострадать","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждут","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пострадать","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умереть","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the phrase и прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восходят","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c5-s32","source":"И вот столько веков молило человечество с верой и пламенем: «Бо господи явися нам», столько веков взывало к нему, что он, в неизмеримом сострадании своем, возжелал снизойти к молящим.","translation":"And so, for so many centuries mankind prayed with faith and fervor: \"O Lord our God, appear unto us,\" for so many centuries it cried out to Him that He, in His immeasurable compassion, conceived the desire to descend to those who prayed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возжелал снизойти","title":"«возжелал», «снизойти» — Slavonic elevation","body":"«возжелал» ('conceived a desire', a lofty perfective of «возжелать») and «снизойти» ('to condescend, deign to come down') are both high, archaic-religious verbs. Dostoevsky uses «возжелал» as a leitmotif for Christ's choice to descend."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"снизойти к молящим","title":"«к» + dative; substantivized participle «молящим»","body":"«снизойти к молящим» ('descend to those praying') uses «к» + dative of goal, with «молящим» — a present active participle of «молить» (to pray) used as a noun, in the dative plural ('to the ones praying')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle (part of the idiom и вот)","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adverbial modifying молило","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"молило","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of молило","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молило","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пламенем","lemma":"пламя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with верой","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"Бо","lemma":"бо","morphology":"conjunction (Church Slavonic, causal)","role":"introduces the quoted prayer","gloss":"for","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic conjunction (\"for/because\") opening a quoted liturgical line."},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address within the quoted prayer","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"явися","lemma":"явитися","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the quoted prayer","gloss":"appear","note":"Church Slavonic imperative form of \"явиться\" (to appear)."},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of явися","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adverbial modifying взывало","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"взывало","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молило","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взывало","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of возжелал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возжелал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сострадании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неизмеримом","lemma":"неизмеримый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадании","gloss":"immeasurable"},{"surface":"сострадании","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возжелал","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сострадании","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"conceived the desire"},{"surface":"снизойти","lemma":"снизойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелал","gloss":"to descend"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молящим","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"молящим","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of снизойти","gloss":"those who pray"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c5-s33","source":"Снисходил, посещал он и до этого иных праведников, мучеников и святых отшельников еще на земле, как и записано в их «житиях».","translation":"He had come down before this, too, and visited certain of the righteous, the martyrs, and the holy hermits while they were still on earth, as is recorded in their \"Lives.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Снисходил, посещал он ... и до этого","title":"Imperfective past of prior repeated visits","body":"«снисходил, посещал» (imperfective past) describe repeated, habitual prior descents — He had come down and visited 'before this' more than once. The imperfective is exactly right for an established pattern of past visitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ... записано в их «житиях»","title":"Short passive participle «записано»","body":"«как ... записано» ('as is recorded') is the impersonal short past passive participle — neuter, no subject, stating a result that stands in the texts. The agent is left unnamed; the books simply record it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Снисходил","lemma":"снисходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He had come down"},{"surface":"посещал","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Снисходил","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посещал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the preposition до","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies праведников","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"праведников","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of посещал","gloss":"the righteous"},{"surface":"мучеников","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with праведников","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отшельников","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"отшельников","lemma":"отшельник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with праведников","gloss":"hermits"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Снисходил","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of записано","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies записано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"записано","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Снисходил","gloss":"is recorded"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking житиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of житиях","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"житиях","lemma":"житие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of записано","gloss":"Lives","note":"«Житие» = a saint's hagiography."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c5-s34","source":"У нас Тютчев, глубоко веровавший в правду слов своих, возвестил, что Удрученный ношей крестной Всю тебя, земля родная, В рабском виде царь небесный Исходил благословляя.","translation":"Among us Tyutchev, who believed deeply in the truth of his own words, proclaimed that, Bowed beneath the burden of the Cross, The King of Heaven, in the guise of a slave, Walked the whole of thee, native land, And blessed thee as He passed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глубоко веровавший в правду слов своих","title":"Past active participle phrase «веровавший»","body":"«веровавший в правду слов своих» ('who deeply believed in the truth of his own words') is an imperfective past active participle heading a whole modifier on Tyutchev. «веровать в» takes the accusative; «слов своих» is the reflexive possessive genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исходил благословляя","title":"Gerund «благословляя»","body":"«благословляя» ('blessing') is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие), an indeclinable verb-adverb expressing simultaneous action: He walked the land 'while blessing' it. «Исходил» is the perfective 'traversed the whole of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвестил","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Тютчев","lemma":"Тютчев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвестил","gloss":"Tyutchev"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровавший","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"веровавший","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Тютчев","gloss":"who believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровавший","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"of the words"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted poem, clause of Исходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Удрученный","lemma":"удручить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies царь","gloss":"weighed down","note":"Quotation from Tyutchev's poem \"Эти бедные селенья…\"."},{"surface":"ношей","lemma":"ноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Удрученный","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"крестной","lemma":"крестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ношей","gloss":"of the cross"},{"surface":"Всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Исходил","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to тебя","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"родная","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земля","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рабском","lemma":"рабский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"slave's"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Исходил","gloss":"guise"},{"surface":"царь","lemma":"царь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Исходил","gloss":"the king"},{"surface":"небесный","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царь","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"Исходил","lemma":"исходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"walked through"},{"surface":"благословляя","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Исходил","gloss":"blessing"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c5-s35","source":"Что непременно и было так, это я тебе скажу.","translation":"And that it was inevitably so — this I'll tell you for certain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что непременно и было так, это я тебе скажу","title":"Fronted «что»-clause resumed by «это»","body":"The whole subordinate clause «Что ... было так» is fronted as topic, then resumed by the pronoun «это» before the main verb «скажу» — a left-dislocation for emphasis: 'That it was so — that I'll tell you.' «скажу» is perfective future ('I'll tell, once')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause было так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c5-s36","source":"И вот он возжелал появиться хоть на мгновенье к народу, — к мучающемуся, страдающему, смрадно-грешному, но младенчески любящему его народу.","translation":"And so He conceived the desire to appear, if only for a moment, to the people — to the suffering, anguished, foully sinful, yet childishly loving people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к мучающемуся, страдающему, смрадно-грешному, но младенчески любящему его народу","title":"A chain of present active participles","body":"Four modifiers crowd onto «народу», three of them present active participles — «мучающемуся» (tormented, reflexive), «страдающему» (suffering), «любящему» (loving) — all in the dative agreeing with «народу» after «к». The stacking is the hallmark of bookish literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смрадно-грешному","title":"«смрадно-грешный» — foully sinful","body":"A Dostoevskian coinage joining «смрадный» (stinking, reeking) to «грешный» (sinful): the people's sin is given a physical stench. The compound condenses the novel's vision of degradation entangled with childlike love."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle (part of the idiom и вот)","role":"modifies возжелал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возжелал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conceived the desire"},{"surface":"появиться","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелал","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мгновенье","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновенье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновенье","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of появиться","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появиться","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучающемуся","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мучающемуся","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies народу","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"страдающему","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучающемуся","gloss":"anguished"},{"surface":"смрадно","lemma":"смрадно-грешный","morphology":"adverb (part of compound смрадно-грешному)","role":"coordinated with мучающемуся","gloss":"foully"},{"surface":"грешному","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мучающемуся","gloss":"sinful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"младенчески","lemma":"младенчески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любящему","gloss":"childishly"},{"surface":"любящему","lemma":"любящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мучающемуся","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любящему","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to народу","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c5-s37","source":"Действие у меня в Испании, в Севилье, в самое страшное время инквизиции, когда во славу божию в стране ежедневно горели костры и В великолепных автодафе Сжигали злых еретиков.","translation":"My action is set in Spain, in Seville, in the most terrible time of the Inquisition, when fires blazed daily throughout the land to the glory of God, and In magnificent autos-da-fé The wicked heretics were burned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Действие у меня в Испании","title":"Zero-copula present «Действие у меня в Испании»","body":"There is no verb 'to be' in the present: 'My action [is] in Spain'. Russian simply omits the copula, juxtaposing subject and locative phrase. «у меня» again means 'mine / in my [poem]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда ... ежедневно горели костры","title":"Imperfective past of habitual burning","body":"«ежедневно горели костры» ('fires burned daily') is imperfective past for a repeated, customary event — every day the pyres blazed. «во славу божию» ('to the glory of God') uses the Slavonic «во» and the old feminine accusative «славу»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the action"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies Действие","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Испании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Испании","lemma":"Испания","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Действие","gloss":"Spain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Севилье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Севилье","lemma":"Севилья","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Испании","gloss":"Seville"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страшное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Испании","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"инквизиции","lemma":"инквизиция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"of the Inquisition"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of горели","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking славу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"славу","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горели","gloss":"the glory"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славу","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стране","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стране","lemma":"страна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горели","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горели","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"горели","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"blazed"},{"surface":"костры","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of горели","gloss":"fires"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking автодафе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великолепных","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies автодафе","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"автодафе","lemma":"аутодафе","morphology":"noun, indeclinable, plural","role":"oblique complement of Сжигали","gloss":"autos-da-fé"},{"surface":"Сжигали","lemma":"сжигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горели","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"злых","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies еретиков","gloss":"the wicked"},{"surface":"еретиков","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Сжигали","gloss":"heretics"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c5-s38","source":"О, это, конечно, было не то сошествие, в котором явится он, по обещанию своему, в конце времен во всей славе небесной и которое будет внезапно, «как молния, блистающая от востока до запада».","translation":"Oh, this was, of course, not that coming in which He will appear, by His own promise, at the end of time in all the glory of heaven, and which will be sudden, \"as the lightning that flashes from the east even unto the west.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то сошествие, в котором явится он ... и которое будет","title":"Two relative clauses, two cases of «который»","body":"«сошествие» is modified by two relatives: «в котором» (prepositional, 'in which He will appear') and «которое» (nominative, 'which will be sudden'). «который» keeps its antecedent's gender/number but takes whatever case its own clause needs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явится он ... в конце времен","title":"Perfective future «явится»","body":"«явится» is the perfective future of «явиться» — the single, definitive Second Coming. The genitive «конце времен» ('the end of times') uses the genitive plural «времён», from the irregular noun «время»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying было","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to сошествие","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сошествие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сошествие","lemma":"сошествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on сошествие","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явится","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обещанию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"обещанию","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"His promise"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обещанию","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking славе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of славе","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"славе","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"небесной","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славе","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking которое to внезапно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective (predicate use), short form","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with молния","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"молния","lemma":"молния","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison introduced by как","gloss":"lightning"},{"surface":"блистающая","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies молния","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking востока","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"востока","lemma":"восток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блистающая","gloss":"the east"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking запада","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"запада","lemma":"запад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блистающая","gloss":"the west"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c5-s39","source":"Нет, он возжелал хоть на мгновенье посетить детей своих и именно там, где как раз затрещали костры еретиков.","translation":"No, He conceived the desire to visit His children, if only for a moment, and precisely there, where the heretics' fires had just begun to crackle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посетить детей своих","title":"Reflexive possessive «своих»","body":"«детей своих» ('His [own] children') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the clause subject (Christ). Using «его» instead would mean someone else's children — «свой» keeps the children His own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где как раз затрещали костры еретиков","title":"Ingressive perfective «затрещали»","body":"«затрещали» carries the inceptive prefix «за-»: 'began to crackle'. The perfective marks the sudden onset — the heretics' pyres had just started to crackle precisely where Christ chose to come down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возжелал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conceived the desire"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мгновенье","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновенье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновенье","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетить","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"посетить","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возжелал","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of посетить","gloss":"His children"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of посетить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затрещали","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (part of the idiom как раз)","role":"modifies затрещали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (part of the idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"затрещали","lemma":"затрещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on там","gloss":"had begun to crackle"},{"surface":"костры","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of затрещали","gloss":"the fires"},{"surface":"еретиков","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies костры","gloss":"of the heretics"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c5-s40","source":"По безмерному милосердию своему он проходит еще раз между людей в том самом образе человеческом, в котором ходил три года между людьми пятнадцать веков назад.","translation":"In His boundless mercy He passes once more among men in that very human form in which He had walked among men for three years, fifteen centuries before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в том самом образе ... в котором ходил","title":"«тот самый» + relative «в котором»","body":"«в том самом образе человеческом, в котором ходил» — 'in that very human form in which He had walked'. «тот самый» ('that very, the selfsame') sets up the relative «в котором» (prepositional). «ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb, imperfective, for general going-about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходит ... между людей","title":"Archaic «между» + genitive","body":"«между людей» ('among people') uses «между» with the genitive — an older government; modern Russian normally takes the instrumental («между людьми»). The genitive here is a 19th-century literary form."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милосердию","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"безмерному","lemma":"безмерный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies милосердию","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"милосердию","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of милосердию","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образе","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"образе","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"человеческом","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образе","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on образе","gloss":"He had walked"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"time adverbial modifying ходил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adverbial modifying ходил","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c5-s41","source":"Он снисходит на «стогны жаркие» южного города, как раз в котором всего лишь накануне в «великолепном автодафе», в присутствии короля, двора, рыцарей, кардиналов и прелестнейших придворных дам, при многочисленном населении всей Севильи, была сожжена кардиналом великим инквизитором разом чуть не целая сотня еретиков ad majorem gloriam Dei.","translation":"He descends upon the \"scorching plazas\" of the southern city, in which only the day before, in a \"magnificent auto-da-fé,\" in the presence of the king, the court, the knights, the cardinals, and the most charming ladies of the court, before the vast population of all Seville, nearly a whole hundred heretics had been burned all at once by the cardinal Grand Inquisitor ad majorem gloriam Dei.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«стогны жаркие»","title":"«стогны» — Slavonic 'streets, plazas'","body":"«стогны» is an archaic Slavonic plural for the wide streets or squares of a city, marked off by Dostoevsky in quotation marks as a poetic borrowing. The lofty word lends the 'scorching plazas' of Seville a scriptural grandeur."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была сожжена ... сотня еретиков","title":"Periphrastic passive «была сожжена»","body":"«была сожжена» is the past passive: «быть» + short past passive participle (feminine, agreeing with «сотня»). The agent stands in the instrumental — «кардиналом великим инквизитором» ('by the cardinal Grand Inquisitor') — the regular passive agent marking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть не целая сотня еретиков","title":"«сотня» + genitive plural «еретиков»","body":"«сотня» (a hundred, a unit of a hundred) governs the genitive plural «еретиков», like other collective quantities. «чуть не целая» ('nearly a whole') hedges the count — almost a full hundred at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снисходит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"снисходит","lemma":"снисходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"descends"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стогны","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"стогны","lemma":"стогна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition на, oblique complement of снисходит","gloss":"squares","note":"стогны is an archaic word for city squares/streets."},{"surface":"жаркие","lemma":"жаркий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies стогны","gloss":"scorching"},{"surface":"южного","lemma":"южный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies города","gloss":"southern"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стогны","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз (\"precisely\"), modifies the clause with города","gloss":"precisely","note":"как раз is a fixed idiom meaning 'precisely, as it happened'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies города","gloss":"as it happened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожжена","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего лишь (\"only\"), modifies лишь","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего лишь, modifies накануне","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожжена","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking автодафе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великолепном","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies автодафе","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"автодафе","lemma":"автодафе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожжена, coordinated with присутствии","gloss":"auto-da-fé"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присутствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"присутствии","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожжена, coordinated with автодафе","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"короля","lemma":"король","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies присутствии","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with короля","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"рыцарей","lemma":"рыцарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with короля","gloss":"knights"},{"surface":"кардиналов","lemma":"кардинал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with короля","gloss":"cardinals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прелестнейших","lemma":"прелестнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"most charming"},{"surface":"придворных","lemma":"придворный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with короля","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking населении","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"многочисленном","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies населении","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"населении","lemma":"население","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожжена","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Севильи","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"Севильи","lemma":"Севилья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies населении","gloss":"Seville"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сожжена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сожжена","lemma":"сжечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by котором","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"кардиналом","lemma":"кардинал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of сожжена","gloss":"cardinal"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизитором","gloss":"Grand"},{"surface":"инквизитором","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of сожжена, in apposition to кардиналом","gloss":"Inquisitor"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожжена","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть не (\"almost\"), modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не, modifies целая","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотня","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сотня","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive сожжена","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"еретиков","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сотня","gloss":"heretics"},{"surface":"ad","lemma":"ad","morphology":"Latin preposition","role":"introduces the Latin phrase modifying сожжена","gloss":"to","note":"\"ad majorem gloriam Dei\" is a Latin motto meaning 'to the greater glory of God'."},{"surface":"majorem","lemma":"major","morphology":"Latin adjective, accusative","role":"modifies gloriam","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"gloriam","lemma":"gloria","morphology":"Latin noun, accusative","role":"object of ad","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Dei","lemma":"deus","morphology":"Latin noun, genitive","role":"modifies gloriam","gloss":"of God"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c5-s42","source":"Он появился тихо, незаметно, и вот все — странно это — узнают его.","translation":"He appeared quietly, unnoticed, and yet everyone — strange, this — recognizes Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"появился ... узнают его","title":"Aspect shift: perfective entry, imperfective recognition","body":"«появился» (perfective past — He appeared, a single event) gives way to «узнают» (imperfective present — they recognize Him, vividly ongoing). The shift from completed arrival to unfolding recognition is doing real narrative work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"странно это","title":"Parenthetical impersonal «странно это»","body":"«странно это» ('strange, this') is an impersonal, copula-less aside — the neuter predicate adverb «странно» with the demonstrative «это». Dostoevsky drops it in mid-sentence as a flicker of the narrator's own wonder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"незаметно","lemma":"незаметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"unnoticed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause это странно","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with появился","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнают","gloss":"Him"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c5-s43","source":"Это могло бы быть одним из лучших мест поэмы, то есть почему именно узнают его.","translation":"This could have been one of the best passages of the poem — namely, just why it is that they recognize Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это могло бы быть одним из лучших мест","title":"Conditional «могло бы быть» + instrumental complement","body":"«могло бы быть» is the irrealis ('could have been'), past «могло» + «бы». Its complement «одним из лучших мест» stands in the instrumental, as predicate nouns after «быть» regularly do, especially in the conditional/non-present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему именно узнают его","title":"Embedded indirect question «почему ... узнают»","body":"«то есть почему именно узнают его» ('namely, just why they recognize Him') is an embedded indirect question with «почему». «именно» ('precisely, exactly') sharpens the focus onto the question itself, which Ivan leaves tantalizingly unwritten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одним","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мест","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"passages"},{"surface":"поэмы","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мест","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"namely\"), introduces the clause of узнают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнают","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"узнают","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to могло","gloss":"recognize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнают","gloss":"Him"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c5-s44","source":"Народ непобедимою силой стремится к нему, окружает его, нарастает кругом него, следует за ним.","translation":"The people are drawn to Him with an invincible force, they crowd around Him, they swell up around Him, they follow after Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стремится к нему, окружает его, нарастает кругом него, следует за ним","title":"Four verbs, four governments","body":"A surge of imperfective presents around the crowd's movement, each with its own rection: «стремится к» + dative (strive toward), «окружает» + accusative (surround), «нарастает кругом» + genitive (swell around), «следует за» + instrumental (follow after). A compact tour of preposition government."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"непобедимою силой","title":"Instrumental of manner «непобедимою силой»","body":"«непобедимою силой» ('with an invincible force') is a bare instrumental of manner/means, no preposition needed. The ending «-ою» on «непобедимою» is the archaic literary variant of «-ой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стремится","gloss":"The people"},{"surface":"непобедимою","lemma":"непобедимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"invincible"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремится","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is drawn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремится","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"окружает","lemma":"окружать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремится","gloss":"surrounds"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окружает","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"нарастает","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремится","gloss":"swells"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кругом","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремится","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следует","gloss":"Him"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c5-s45","source":"Он молча проходит среди их с тихою улыбкой бесконечного сострадания.","translation":"He passes silently among them with a quiet smile of infinite compassion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча проходит среди их","title":"Gerund «молча»; archaic «среди их»","body":"«молча» ('silently, in silence') is a fossilized gerund (деепричастие) of «молчать», now read as an adverb. «среди их» ('among them') uses «среди» + genitive, with the older pronoun form «их» (modern «них» after a preposition)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тихою улыбкой бесконечного сострадания","title":"Instrumental of attendant manner","body":"«с тихою улыбкой» ('with a quiet smile') is «с» + instrumental describing accompanying manner; «бесконечного сострадания» ('of infinite compassion') is a genitive of quality attached to the smile. Note the archaic «-ою» in «тихою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходит","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking их","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тихою","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"бесконечного","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадания","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"сострадания","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"compassion"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c5-s46","source":"Солнце любви горит в его сердце, лучи Света, Просвещения и Силы текут из очей его и, изливаясь на людей, сотрясают их сердца ответною любовью.","translation":"The sun of love burns in His heart, rays of Light, Enlightenment, and Power stream from His eyes and, pouring out over the people, shake their hearts with answering love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из очей его","title":"«очи» — poetic eyes","body":"«очи» (sing. «око») is the elevated, Slavonic-poetic word for 'eyes', against the everyday «глаза». The genitive «из очей» ('from His eyes') keeps the whole image — rays streaming from Christ's eyes — in a sacred, iconographic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изливаясь на людей, сотрясают","title":"Gerund «изливаясь»","body":"«изливаясь на людей» ('pouring out over the people') is an imperfective present gerund describing the rays' simultaneous action while they «сотрясают ... сердца» (shake the hearts). The gerund must share the main clause's subject — here the rays."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответною любовью","title":"Instrumental of means «ответною любовью»","body":"«сотрясают ... ответною любовью» ('shake them with answering love') — the love is the instrument, in the bare instrumental, again with the archaic «-ою» ending. «ответный» = 'in response, answering'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"The sun"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Солнце","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"лучи","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of текут","gloss":"rays"},{"surface":"Света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лучи","gloss":"of Light"},{"surface":"Просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Света","gloss":"Enlightenment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Света","gloss":"Power"},{"surface":"текут","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горит","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"очей","lemma":"око","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of текут","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies очей","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изливаясь","lemma":"изливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сотрясают","gloss":"pouring out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of изливаясь","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"сотрясают","lemma":"сотрясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горит","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сотрясают","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"ответною","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясают","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c5-s47","source":"Он простирает к ним руки, благословляет их, и от прикосновения к нему, даже лишь к одеждам его, исходит целящая сила.","translation":"He stretches out His hands to them, blesses them, and from the touch of Him, even merely of His garments, there issues a healing power.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от прикосновения к нему, даже лишь к одеждам его, исходит целящая сила","title":"«от» + genitive of source; subject-final order","body":"«от прикосновения ... исходит ... сила» ('from the touch issues a power') uses «от» + genitive for the source, holding the subject «целящая сила» to the end. «целящая» is a present active participle ('healing'). The Gospel echo is the woman touching Christ's hem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к одеждам его","title":"«к» + dative «к одеждам»","body":"«прикосновения ... к одеждам его» ('the touch of His garments') — «прикосновение к» governs the dative «одеждам». The frozen possessive «его» trails after."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простирает","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"простирает","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretches out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of простирает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирает","gloss":"His hands"},{"surface":"благословляет","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простирает","gloss":"blesses"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благословляет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прикосновения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прикосновения","lemma":"прикосновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исходит","gloss":"the touch"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прикосновения","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одеждам","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одеждам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"одеждам","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with нему, modifies прикосновения","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies одеждам","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"исходит","lemma":"исходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простирает","gloss":"issues"},{"surface":"целящая","lemma":"целящий","morphology":"adjective, participle, active, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исходит","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c5-s48","source":"Вот из толпы восклицает старик, слепой с детских лет: «Господи, исцели меня, да и я тебя узрю», и вот как бы чешуя сходит с глаз его, и слепой его видит.","translation":"Here from the crowd an old man cries out, blind from childhood: \"Lord, heal me, that I too may behold Thee,\" and lo, as though scales fall from his eyes, and the blind man sees Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"исцели меня, да и я тебя узрю","title":"Imperative «исцели» + purposive «да»","body":"«исцели» is the imperative ('heal'); «да и я ... узрю» uses «да» in its old hortatory/purposive sense ('that I too may...') with the perfective future «узрю». «да» here is not 'and' but the Slavonic 'let / so that'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чешуя сходит с глаз","title":"«чешуя» — scales (from the eyes)","body":"«чешуя» is 'scales' (of a fish, or figuratively). «как бы чешуя сходит с глаз» — 'as though scales fall from his eyes' — is a direct biblical allusion (Acts 9:18), the image of sudden restored sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восклицает","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"толпы","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицает","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"слепой","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слепой","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address within the quotation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"исцели","lemma":"исцелить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"heal"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of исцели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of узрю","gloss":"so that","note":"да here is archaic for 'so that', not the usual 'yes'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (meaning \"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of узрю","gloss":"Thee"},{"surface":"узрю","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the да-clause","gloss":"may behold","note":"узрю is future tense ('I shall behold'), not past."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сходит","gloss":"lo"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (\"as though\"), modifies сходит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чешуя","lemma":"чешуя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сходит","gloss":"scales"},{"surface":"сходит","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the и вот clause","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходит","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слепой","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"the blind man"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сходит","gloss":"sees"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c5-s49","source":"Народ плачет и целует землю, по которой идет он.","translation":"The people weep and kiss the earth on which He walks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"землю, по которой идет он","title":"Relative «по которой» + unidirectional «идет»","body":"«землю, по которой идет он» ('the earth on which He walks') — «по» + dative for motion over a surface, with relative «которой» (feminine dative) agreeing with «земле». «идет» is the unidirectional motion verb (one continuous walking)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"The people"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целует","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачет","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целует","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on землю","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"He"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c5-s50","source":"Дети бросают пред ним цветы, поют и вопиют ему: «Осанна!»","translation":"Children throw flowers before Him, they sing and cry out to Him: \"Hosanna!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросают пред ним цветы ... поют и вопиют ему","title":"Archaic «пред»; dative addressee","body":"«пред ним» ('before Him') is the elevated «пред» + instrumental. «вопиют ему» ('cry out to Him') puts the addressee in the dative; «вопиять» is an archaic, biblical verb for loud crying-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бросают","gloss":"The children"},{"surface":"бросают","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросают","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"цветы","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросают","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"поют","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросают","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вопиют","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросают","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вопиют","gloss":"to Him"},{"surface":"Осанна","lemma":"осанна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted exclamation following вопиют","gloss":"Hosanna"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c5-s51","source":"«Это он, это сам он, — повторяют все, — это должен быть он, это никто как он».","translation":"\"It is He, it is He Himself,\" they all repeat, \"it must be He, it can be none but He.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это сам он ... это никто как он","title":"Emphatic «сам он»; idiom «никто как он»","body":"«сам он» ('He Himself') stacks the intensifier «сам» on the pronoun. «никто как он» ('none but He') is a fixed turn of phrase — literally 'nobody [other] than He'. The repeated «это» ('it is') drives the crowd's mounting certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это должен быть он","title":"Modal «должен быть» — 'it must be'","body":"«должен быть он» here is epistemic — 'it must be He', expressing strong inference rather than obligation. The short adjective «должен» plus infinitive «быть» carries the modal force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (predicate он)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause (predicate он)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это, coordinated with он","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"повторяют","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повторяют","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate должен быть он)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modal predicate of это","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to он","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate никто как он)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of это, coordinated with он","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of он (meaning \"but\")","gloss":"but","note":"как here means 'but/other than', not 'how/as'."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying никто","gloss":"He"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c5-s52","source":"Он останавливается на паперти Севильского собора в ту самую минуту, когда во храм вносят с плачем детский открытый белый гробик: в нем семилетняя девочка, единственная дочь одного знатного гражданина.","translation":"He stops on the steps of the Seville cathedral at the very moment when, amid weeping, an open white child's coffin is being carried into the church: in it lies a seven-year-old girl, the only daughter of a certain prominent citizen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту самую минуту, когда ... вносят ... гробик","title":"«тот самый» + temporal «когда»; impersonal «вносят»","body":"«в ту самую минуту, когда...» ('at the very moment when') pins the timing precisely. «вносят» is a 3rd-person-plural impersonal ('they carry in' = is being carried in), Russian's common agentless 'they' for an action whose doers don't matter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гробик","title":"Diminutive «гробик»","body":"«гробик» is «гроб» (coffin) plus the diminutive «-ик»: 'little coffin'. The suffix here is purely pathetic, not literal — it is a child's coffin, and the diminutive carries the tenderness and grief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"семилетняя девочка, единственная дочь одного знатного гражданина","title":"Genitive of possession «дочь ... гражданина»","body":"«дочь ... гражданина» ('daughter of a citizen') is a possessive genitive. «одного знатного гражданина» — «один» here is the indefinite article 'a certain', not the numeral. «знатный» = of high birth, distinguished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливается","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"останавливается","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stops"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паперти","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"паперти","lemma":"паперть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливается","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"Севильского","lemma":"севильский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собора","gloss":"Seville"},{"surface":"собора","lemma":"собор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паперти","gloss":"cathedral"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливается","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вносят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храм","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"храм","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вносят","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"вносят","lemma":"вносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останавливается","gloss":"carry in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плачем","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"плачем","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вносят","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"детский","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"child's"},{"surface":"открытый","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гробик","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вносят","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical clause, referring to гробик","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"семилетняя","lemma":"семилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочка","gloss":"seven-year-old"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (в нём [лежит])","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"единственная","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девочка","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гражданина","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"знатного","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гражданина","gloss":"prominent"},{"surface":"гражданина","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"citizen"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c5-s53","source":"Мертвый ребенок лежит весь в цветах.","translation":"The dead child lies all covered in flowers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежит весь в цветах","title":"«весь» + prepositional «в цветах»","body":"«весь в цветах» ('all [covered] in flowers') uses «весь» ('all of him/it') as an emphatic quantifier with the locative «в цветах». The short, present-tense «лежит» keeps the scene before us in vivid stasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мертвый","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"The dead"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цветах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"цветах","lemma":"цвет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"flowers"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c5-s54","source":"«Он воскресит твое дитя», — кричат из толпы плачущей матери.","translation":"\"He will raise your child,\" they shout from the crowd to the weeping mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он воскресит твое дитя","title":"Perfective future «воскресит»","body":"«воскресит» is the perfective future of «воскресить» (to raise from the dead) — a single, decisive future act: 'He will raise your child'. The crowd voices a confident, completed expectation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кричат ... плачущей матери","title":"Dative addressee + participle «плачущей»","body":"«кричат ... плачущей матери» ('shout to the weeping mother') puts the addressee in the dative. «плачущей» is a present active participle ('weeping') agreeing with «матери» in the dative feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскресит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"воскресит","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will raise"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дитя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воскресит","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"толпы","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричат","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"плачущей","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричат","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c5-s55","source":"Вышедший навстречу гроба соборный патер смотрит в недоумении и хмурит брови.","translation":"The cathedral priest who has come out to meet the coffin looks on in bewilderment and knits his brows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вышедший навстречу гроба соборный патер","title":"Past active participle «вышедший»","body":"«вышедший навстречу гроба» ('who has come out to meet the coffin') is a perfective past active participle from «выйти», agreeing with «патер». «навстречу» governs the dative/genitive of what one goes to meet. The participle front-loads the priest's whole prior action into his title."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрит в недоумении и хмурит брови","title":"Imperfective presents of reaction","body":"«смотрит ... хмурит брови» (looks ... knits his brows) are imperfective presents, painting the priest's bewildered reaction as an ongoing, witnessed state. «в недоумении» ('in bewilderment') is «в» + prepositional of inner condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вышедший","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies патер","gloss":"having come out"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вышедший","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of навстречу","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"соборный","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies патер","gloss":"cathedral"},{"surface":"патер","lemma":"патер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хмурит","lemma":"хмурить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"knits"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of хмурит","gloss":"his brows"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c5-s56","source":"Но вот раздается вопль матери умершего ребенка.","translation":"But now the wail of the dead child's mother rings out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздается вопль матери умершего ребенка","title":"Reflexive «раздается»; «умершего» participle","body":"«раздается» (rings out, resounds) is the middle-voice reflexive «раздаваться». «умершего ребенка» ('of the dead/who-had-died child') is a perfective past active participle in the genitive, modifying the genitive «ребенка» that depends on «матери»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"раздается","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rings out"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздается","gloss":"the wail"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"умершего","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c5-s57","source":"Она повергается к ногам его: «Если это ты, то воскреси дитя мое!» — восклицает она, простирая к нему руки.","translation":"She throws herself down at His feet: \"If it is Thou, then raise up my child!\" — she cries, stretching her hands out to Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повергается к ногам его","title":"Reflexive «повергается» + «к» + dative","body":"«повергается к ногам его» ('throws herself down at His feet') is the reflexive «повергаться» (cast oneself down) with «к» + dative «ногам» of the goal. The reflexive here is true reflexive — she casts her own self down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если это ты, то воскреси дитя мое","title":"Real conditional «если ... то» + imperative","body":"«Если это ты, то воскреси...» is a real (non-irrealis) conditional — present «если» clause, then imperative «воскреси» ('raise!'). No «бы» because the condition is presented as possibly true: 'If it is Thou, then raise...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простирая к нему руки","title":"Gerund «простирая»","body":"«простирая к нему руки» ('stretching her hands out to Him') is an imperfective present gerund expressing the simultaneous gesture as she cries. It shares the subject of «восклицает» — she does both at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of повергается","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"повергается","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергается","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies ногам","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (это ты)","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of это, within the если-clause","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воскреси","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воскреси","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"raise up"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воскреси","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дитя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"восклицает","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, coordinated with повергается","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"простирая","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицает","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирая","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирая","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c5-s58","source":"Процессия останавливается, гробик опускают на паперть к ногам его.","translation":"The procession halts, the little coffin is lowered onto the steps at His feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Процессия останавливается, гробик опускают","title":"Reflexive vs impersonal-active pair","body":"«останавливается» is intransitive reflexive ('the procession halts itself'), while «гробик опускают» is impersonal 3rd-plural ('they lower the coffin'). Russian contrasts the «-ся» middle with the agentless 'they' to keep focus off any named doer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Процессия","lemma":"процессия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останавливается","gloss":"The procession"},{"surface":"останавливается","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"halts"},{"surface":"гробик","lemma":"гробик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of опускают","gloss":"the little coffin"},{"surface":"опускают","lemma":"опускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливается","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паперть","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"паперть","lemma":"паперть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опускают","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with паперть, oblique complement of опускают","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies ногам","gloss":"His"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c5-s59","source":"Он глядит с состраданием, и уста его тихо и еще раз произносят: «Талифа куми» — «и восста девица».","translation":"He looks on with compassion, and His lips quietly, and once again, pronounce: \"Talitha cumi\" — \"and the maiden arose.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«и восста девица»","title":"«восста» — Slavonic aorist 'arose'","body":"«и восста девица» ('and the maiden arose') quotes the Slavonic Gospel. «восста» is an old aorist (simple past) of «восстать» (to rise up), a tense lost in modern Russian; «девица» is the archaic word for a young maiden. The line is pure liturgical Scripture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уста его тихо ... произносят","title":"«уста» — poetic plural for 'lips/mouth'","body":"«уста» (a plurale tantum) is the elevated, Slavonic word for 'lips, mouth', taking plural agreement «произносят». Modern speech would say «губы»; «уста» keeps Christ's quiet utterance in a sacred register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состраданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"состраданием","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"subject of произносят","gloss":"lips","note":"уста ('lips/mouth') exists only in the plural; it is not feminine singular."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносят","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of произносят ('еще раз' = 'once again')","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"произносят","lemma":"произносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause, subject уста","gloss":"pronounce"},{"surface":"Талифа","lemma":"Талифа","morphology":"foreign phrase (Aramaic), indeclinable","role":"direct object of произносят (quoted phrase)","gloss":"Talitha","note":"Aramaic quotation from Mark 5:41, 'Talitha cumi' ('Little girl, arise')."},{"surface":"куми","lemma":"куми","morphology":"foreign phrase (Aramaic), indeclinable","role":"second word of the quoted phrase Талифа куми","gloss":"cumi"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восста","lemma":"востать","morphology":"verb, past (archaic aorist), indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, subject девица","gloss":"arose","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic aorist form of востать ('to arise'), not a noun."},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восста","gloss":"the maiden"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c5-s60","source":"Девочка подымается в гробе, садится и смотрит, улыбаясь, удивленными раскрытыми глазками кругом.","translation":"The little girl rises up in the coffin, sits, and looks about, smiling, with wide, astonished open eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подымается ... садится и смотрит, улыбаясь","title":"Reflexive presents + gerund «улыбаясь»","body":"«подымается ... садится» are middle-voice reflexives ('rises up, sits down'). «улыбаясь» ('smiling') is an imperfective present gerund layering a simultaneous attendant action over «смотрит» (looks about). Three live, present-tense verbs hold the resurrection in the eye."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазками","title":"Diminutive «глазки»","body":"«глазками» is the diminutive of «глаза» (eyes): 'little eyes', here tender and childlike — the wide, astonished little eyes of the revived girl. The instrumental «глазками» is the means of her looking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подымается","gloss":"the little girl"},{"surface":"подымается","lemma":"подыматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гробе","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымается","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"садится","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымается","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымается","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрит","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"удивленными","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"раскрытыми","lemma":"раскрытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"wide-open"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c5-s61","source":"В руках ее букет белых роз, с которым она лежала в гробу.","translation":"In her hands is the bouquet of white roses with which she had lain in the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В руках ее букет белых роз","title":"Zero-copula existential + genitive of contents","body":"«В руках ее букет...» ('In her hands [is] the bouquet') omits the copula in the present. «букет белых роз» chains genitives ('a bouquet of white roses'). Fronting the locative «в руках ее» sets the scene before naming the thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которым она лежала в гробу","title":"Relative «с которым» + locative «в гробу»","body":"«с которым она лежала» ('with which she had lain') — «с» + instrumental relative «которым». «в гробу» uses the special stressed locative «-у́» of «гроб» (compare «в саду», «в лесу») after «в» for location."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"locative predicate complement (implied 'is')","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"букет","lemma":"букет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (implied 'is')","gloss":"bouquet"},{"surface":"белых","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies роз","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"роз","lemma":"роза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies букет","gloss":"of roses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying букет","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c5-s62","source":"В народе смятение, крики, рыдания, и вот, в эту самую минуту, вдруг проходит мимо собора по площади сам кардинал великий инквизитор.","translation":"In the crowd there is turmoil, shouts, sobbing, and at this very moment, suddenly, the cardinal Grand Inquisitor himself passes by the cathedral across the square.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В народе смятение, крики, рыдания","title":"Verbless nominal scene-painting","body":"«В народе смятение, крики, рыдания» — no verb at all, just a locative phrase and a list of nominatives. Russian readily paints a scene by naming things in the nominative under an implied 'there is', a quick cinematic stroke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг проходит мимо собора ... сам кардинал","title":"Subject-final order with «сам»","body":"The clause withholds its subject — «сам кардинал великий инквизитор» — to the very end, after «вдруг проходит мимо собора по площади», so the Inquisitor's entrance lands as the climactic new information. «сам» ('himself') heightens the arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мимо собора","title":"«мимо» + genitive","body":"«мимо собора» ('past the cathedral') uses «мимо» + genitive — the preposition of passing-by always governs the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative complement of смятение clause (implied 'there is')","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"смятение","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied 'there is')","gloss":"turmoil"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with смятение","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"рыдания","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with смятение","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the next clause","gloss":"lo"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"собора","lemma":"собор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"the cathedral"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходит","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кардинал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"кардинал","lemma":"кардинал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходит","gloss":"the cardinal"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизитор","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to кардинал","gloss":"inquisitor"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c5-s63","source":"Это девяностолетний почти старик, высокий и прямой, с иссохшим лицом, со впалыми глазами, но из которых еще светится, как огненная искорка, блеск.","translation":"He is an old man, nearly ninety, tall and erect, with a withered face and sunken eyes, out of which there still gleams a glint, like a fiery spark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иссохшим ... впалыми","title":"«иссохший», «впалый» — withered, sunken","body":"«иссохший» (from «иссохнуть», to dry up utterly) and «впалый» (sunken, hollow) paint the Inquisitor's ascetic gauntness. «иссохшим лицом ... впалыми глазами» — both in the instrumental of description after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из которых еще светится ... блеск","title":"Relative «из которых» loosely attached","body":"«из которых еще светится ... блеск» ('out of which there still gleams a glint') is a relative clause loosely picking up «глазами», with «который» in the genitive after «из». The slightly irregular linkage ('eyes, out of which...') is characteristic of Dostoevsky's rushed, speech-like syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искорка","title":"Diminutive «искорка»","body":"«искорка» is the diminutive of «искра» (spark): 'a little spark'. «как огненная искорка» ('like a fiery little spark') uses the diminutive to make the surviving gleam in his eyes feel small but intense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девяностолетний","lemma":"девяностолетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"ninety-year-old"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девяностолетний","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямой","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"erect"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иссохшим","lemma":"иссохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"withered"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique phrase describing старик","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"впалыми","lemma":"впалый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"sunken"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique phrase describing старик","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of светится","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светится","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"светится","lemma":"светиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on глазами","gloss":"gleams"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with искорка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"огненная","lemma":"огненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies искорка","gloss":"fiery"},{"surface":"искорка","lemma":"искорка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"comparison complement of блеск","gloss":"a spark"},{"surface":"блеск","lemma":"блеск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of светится","gloss":"a glint"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c5-s64","source":"О, он не в великолепных кардинальских одеждах своих, в каких красовался вчера пред народом, когда сжигали врагов римской веры, — нет, в эту минуту он лишь в старой, грубой монашеской своей рясе.","translation":"Oh, he is not in his magnificent cardinal's robes, in which he had paraded before the people the day before, when the enemies of the Roman faith were being burned — no, at this moment he is only in his old, coarse monk's cassock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в каких красовался вчера","title":"Relative «в каких» (= в которых)","body":"«в каких красовался вчера» ('in which he had paraded yesterday') uses «какой» as a relative pronoun, a colloquial/bookish substitute for «который». «красоваться» is the reflexive 'to show oneself off, cut a fine figure'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда сжигали врагов римской веры","title":"Imperfective impersonal «сжигали»","body":"«когда сжигали врагов...» ('when they were burning the enemies') is a 3rd-plural impersonal in the imperfective past — the burning as drawn-out, ongoing process, with no named agent. «врагов» is animate accusative (genitive-shaped)."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence-initial exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied 'is')","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates 'в одеждах'","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одеждах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великолепных","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies одеждах","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"кардинальских","lemma":"кардинальский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies одеждах","gloss":"cardinal's"},{"surface":"одеждах","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate location complement","gloss":"robes"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of одеждах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каких","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of красовался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"красовался","lemma":"красоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on одеждах","gloss":"had paraded"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красовался","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of красовался","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сжигали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сжигали","lemma":"сжигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on красовался","gloss":"were burning"},{"surface":"врагов","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сжигали","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"римской","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies врагов","gloss":"of the faith"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"standalone discourse particle ('no')","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial of the clause","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (implied 'is')","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies 'в рясе'","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рясе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"старой","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рясе","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"грубой","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старой","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"монашеской","lemma":"монашеский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рясе","gloss":"monk's"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рясе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рясе","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate location complement","gloss":"cassock"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c5-s65","source":"За ним в известном расстоянии следуют мрачные помощники и рабы его и «священная» стража.","translation":"At a certain distance behind him follow his grim assistants and slaves and his \"holy\" guard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За ним ... следуют ... помощники и рабы его","title":"«следовать за» + instrumental; subject-final","body":"«За ним ... следуют...» ('behind him follow...') uses «за» + instrumental «ним» for 'after/behind'. The fronted prepositional phrase and the subject «помощники и рабы его» at the end keep the eye moving from the Inquisitor to his retinue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«священная» стража","title":"Sneer-quotes on «священная»","body":"Dostoevsky sets «священная» ('holy') in quotation marks — irony at the 'holy' guard of the Inquisition, soldiers serving terror in the name of sanctity. The scare-quotes are the narrator's editorial sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следуют","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстоянии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"известном","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расстоянии","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"расстоянии","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следуют","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"следуют","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"мрачные","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies помощники","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"помощники","lemma":"помощник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of следуют","gloss":"assistants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рабы","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with помощники","gloss":"slaves"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of помощники и рабы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"священная","lemma":"священный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стража","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"стража","lemma":"стража","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with помощники","gloss":"guard"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c5-s66","source":"Он останавливается пред толпой и наблюдает издали.","translation":"He halts before the crowd and watches from afar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"останавливается ... и наблюдает издали","title":"Reflexive «останавливается» + imperfective «наблюдает»","body":"«останавливается» is the middle-voice reflexive (he halts himself); «наблюдает издали» (watches from afar) is imperfective, the steady, ongoing gaze of the watcher. «издали» is a fixed adverb 'from a distance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"останавливается","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"halts"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"толпой","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливается","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наблюдает","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливается","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдает","gloss":"from afar"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c5-s67","source":"Он всё видел, он видел, как поставили гроб у ног его, видел, как воскресла девица, и лицо его омрачилось.","translation":"He saw it all, he saw them set the coffin down at His feet, saw the maiden rise again, and his face darkened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он всё видел, он видел, как поставили ... видел, как воскресла","title":"Anaphoric «видел» + «как»-clauses","body":"The triple «видел ... видел ... видел» (imperfective past) hammers home that he saw everything. Each governs a «как»-clause of perfective events — «поставили» (they set down), «воскресла» (she rose, reflexive perfective) — the seen deeds as completed wholes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо его омрачилось","title":"Reflexive inchoative «омрачилось»","body":"«лицо его омрачилось» ('his face darkened') uses the perfective reflexive «омрачиться» — a change-of-state middle, the face growing dark of itself. The reflexive «-ся» is doing intransitive, not literally reflexive, work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поставили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поставили","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"they set"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставили","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ног","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поставили","gloss":"the feet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ног","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воскресла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воскресла","lemma":"воскреснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"rose again"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскресла","gloss":"the maiden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of омрачилось","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"омрачилось","lemma":"омрачиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"darkened"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c5-s68","source":"Он хмурит седые густые брови свои, и взгляд его сверкает зловещим огнем.","translation":"He knits his thick gray brows, and his gaze flashes with an ominous fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хмурит седые густые брови свои","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои» on body parts","body":"«брови свои» ('his [own] brows') marks the brows as the subject's own with «свой». Russian often makes possession of body parts explicit with «свой»; the adjectives «седые густые» ('gray, thick') pile up before the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляд его сверкает зловещим огнем","title":"Instrumental of means «зловещим огнем»","body":"«сверкает зловещим огнем» ('flashes with an ominous fire') — the fire is the instrument of the flashing, in the bare instrumental. A vivid imperfective present keeps the menace alive before us."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хмурит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хмурит","lemma":"хмурить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knits"},{"surface":"седые","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies брови","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"густые","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with седые, modifies брови","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of хмурит","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of брови","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сверкает","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сверкает","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хмурит","gloss":"flashes"},{"surface":"зловещим","lemma":"зловещий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огнем","gloss":"ominous"},{"surface":"огнем","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкает","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c5-s69","source":"Он простирает перст свой и велит стражам взять его.","translation":"He stretches out his finger and bids the guards take Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перст","title":"«перст» — archaic 'finger'","body":"«перст» is the elevated, biblical word for 'finger' (modern «палец»), as in 'the finger of God'. «простирает перст свой» ('stretches out his finger') gives the Inquisitor's gesture of command a scriptural, fateful weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велит стражам взять его","title":"«велеть» + dative + perfective infinitive","body":"«велит стражам взять его» ('bids the guards take Him') — «велеть» governs the person commanded in the dative («стражам») plus an infinitive. The perfective «взять» frames the seizure as a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простирает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простирает","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretches out"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простирает","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of перст","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простирает","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"стражам","lemma":"страж","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of велит","gloss":"the guards"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c5-s70","source":"И вот, такова его сила и до того уже приучен, покорен и трепетно послушен ему народ, что толпа немедленно раздвигается пред стражами, и те, среди гробового молчания, вдруг наступившего, налагают на него руки и уводят его.","translation":"And lo, such is his power and so thoroughly trained, submissive, and tremblingly obedient to him are the people, that the crowd at once parts before the guards, and they, amid a sepulchral silence that has suddenly fallen, lay hands on Him and lead Him away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такова его сила ... что толпа ... раздвигается","title":"Short «такова» + result clause","body":"«такова его сила ... что...» ('such is his power ... that...') uses the short predicative form «такова» (feminine, agreeing with «сила») heading a «что»-result clause. The short, fronted «такова» is emphatic and bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того уже приучен, покорен и трепетно послушен ему народ","title":"Short adjectives «приучен, покорен, послушен»","body":"A run of short-form predicative adjectives/participles — «приучен» (trained, short passive participle), «покорен», «послушен» (submissive, obedient) — all agreeing with «народ» and governing the dative «ему» ('to him'). The short forms give a terse, absolute verdict on the people's conditioning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчания, вдруг наступившего","title":"Postposed participle «наступившего»","body":"«молчания, вдруг наступившего» ('a silence that had suddenly fallen') is a perfective past active participle placed after its noun, set off by a comma — a literary, almost appositive participial style. It modifies «молчания» in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"lo"},{"surface":"такова","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, subject сила","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сила","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of такова","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with что-clause, complement of до ('до того...что' = 'to such a degree that')","gloss":"such a degree","note":"'до того ... что' is a correlative construction meaning 'to such an extent that'."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приучен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"приучен","lemma":"приучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with такова","gloss":"trained"},{"surface":"покорен","lemma":"покорный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with приучен","gloss":"submissive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трепетно","lemma":"трепетно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послушен","gloss":"tremblingly"},{"surface":"послушен","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with приучен","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of послушен","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приучен, покорен, послушен","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause of раздвигается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздвигается","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздвигается","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"раздвигается","lemma":"раздвигаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стражами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"стражами","lemma":"страж","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздвигается","gloss":"the guards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of налагают and уводят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчания","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"гробового","lemma":"гробовой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчания","gloss":"sepulchral"},{"surface":"молчания","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"circumstantial oblique complement of налагают","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступившего","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"наступившего","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies молчания","gloss":"that had fallen"},{"surface":"налагают","lemma":"налагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, subject те","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of налагают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of налагают","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уводят","lemma":"уводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with налагают","gloss":"lead away"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уводят","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c5-s71","source":"Толпа моментально, вся как один человек, склоняется головами до земли пред старцем инквизитором, тот молча благословляет народ и проходит мимо.","translation":"The crowd, instantly, all as one man, bows their heads to the ground before the aged Inquisitor; he silently blesses the people and passes on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"склоняется головами до земли пред старцем","title":"Instrumental «головами»; «до» + genitive; «пред» + instrumental","body":"«склоняется головами до земли» ('bows their heads to the ground') — «головами» is instrumental of the body part doing the bowing, «до земли» is «до» + genitive of the endpoint, «пред старцем» is the archaic «пред» + instrumental. Three case patterns in one breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старцем","title":"«старец» — elder, not just 'old man'","body":"«старец» is loaded in this novel: not merely an old man but the Orthodox spiritual elder (as Zosima is). Dostoevsky's irony is biting — the title of holy 'elder' here attaches to the Inquisitor, the anti-Zosima."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот молча благословляет ... и проходит","title":"Anaphoric «тот» as subject pronoun","body":"«тот молча благословляет» ('he silently blesses') uses the demonstrative «тот» as a tracking pronoun for the Inquisitor, distinguishing him from the crowd just mentioned. «тот»/«этот» often work this way to keep two referents apart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of склоняется","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"моментально","lemma":"моментально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склоняется","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Толпа","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with человек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison complement modifying Толпа","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"склоняется","lemma":"склоняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"головами","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of склоняется","gloss":"their heads"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склоняется","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склоняется","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"инквизитором","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старцем","gloss":"inquisitor"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благословляет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благословляет","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"благословляет","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"blesses"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословляет","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благословляет","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходит","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c5-s72","source":"Стража приводит пленника в тесную и мрачную сводчатую тюрьму в древнем здании святого судилища и запирает в нее.","translation":"The guard leads the prisoner into a cramped and gloomy vaulted dungeon in the ancient building of the holy tribunal and locks Him in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приводит пленника ... и запирает в нее","title":"Imperfective presents of leading and locking","body":"«приводит ... и запирает» (leads ... and locks) are imperfective presents continuing the vivid narration. «в нее» ('into it') refers back to the dungeon «тюрьму», with «в» + accusative for motion into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стража","lemma":"стража","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приводит","gloss":"the guard"},{"surface":"приводит","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leads"},{"surface":"пленника","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приводит","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тесную","lemma":"тесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тюрьму","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мрачную","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тесную","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"сводчатую","lemma":"сводчатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тюрьму","gloss":"vaulted"},{"surface":"тюрьму","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приводит","gloss":"dungeon"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"древнем","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies здании","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"здании","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"descriptive locative phrase modifying тюрьму","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies судилища","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"судилища","lemma":"судилище","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies здании","gloss":"tribunal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запирает","lemma":"запирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приводит","gloss":"locks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирает (referring to тюрьму)","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c5-s73","source":"Проходит день, настает темная, горячая и «бездыханная» севильская ночь.","translation":"The day passes; the dark, hot, and \"breathless\" Seville night comes on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проходит день, настает ... ночь","title":"Imperfective presents of time passing","body":"«Проходит день, настает ... ночь» ('the day passes, the night comes on') are imperfective presents, and the subjects «день» / «ночь» fall at the clause's start and end respectively. The plain rhythm marks a scene transition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«бездыханная»","title":"«бездыханный» — breathless","body":"«бездыханный» (from «без» + «дыхание», breath) means 'breathless, without a breath' — of the still, airless night. The quotation marks flag it as a borrowed poetic epithet, like the Pushkin-tinged Seville atmosphere Ivan is conjuring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проходит","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Проходит","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"настает","lemma":"наставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Проходит","gloss":"comes on"},{"surface":"темная","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"горячая","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with темная","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бездыханная","lemma":"бездыханный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with темная","gloss":"breathless"},{"surface":"севильская","lemma":"севильский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"Seville"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of настает","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c5-s74","source":"Воздух «лавром и лимоном пахнет».","translation":"The air \"smells of laurel and lemon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лавром и лимоном пахнет","title":"«пахнуть» + instrumental of the smell","body":"«пахнуть» (to smell of something) governs the instrumental of the scent: «лавром и лимоном пахнет» ('smells of laurel and lemon'). There is no preposition — the smelled thing simply stands in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пахнет","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"лавром","lemma":"лавр","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пахнет","gloss":"of laurel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лимоном","lemma":"лимон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лавром","gloss":"of lemon"},{"surface":"пахнет","lemma":"пахнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smells"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c5-s75","source":"Среди глубокого мрака вдруг отворяется железная дверь тюрьмы, и сам старик великий инквизитор со светильником в руке медленно входит в тюрьму.","translation":"Amid the deep gloom the iron door of the prison suddenly opens, and the old man, the Grand Inquisitor himself, with a lamp in his hand, slowly enters the prison.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг отворяется железная дверь ... и ... входит","title":"Reflexive «отворяется» + motion «входит»","body":"«отворяется» (opens, middle-voice reflexive — the door opens of itself) and «входит» (enters, prefixed perfective-pair member used here in vivid imperfective present) carry the action. «вдруг» ('suddenly') punctuates the Inquisitor's entrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со светильником в руке","title":"«с» + instrumental «со светильником»","body":"«со светильником в руке» ('with a lamp in his hand') — «с» (here «со» before the consonant cluster) + instrumental of accompaniment. «светильник» is a lamp/lampstand, a faintly biblical word recalling the earlier 'star like a lamp'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрака","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"глубокого","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мрака","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"мрака","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворяется","gloss":"gloom"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворяется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отворяется","lemma":"отворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"железная","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворяется","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"тюрьмы","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"of the prison"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инквизитор","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"inquisitor"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светильником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"светильником","lemma":"светильник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive oblique phrase modifying старик","gloss":"lamp"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies светильником","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отворяется","gloss":"enters"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тюрьму","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"the prison"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c5-s76","source":"Он один, дверь за ним тотчас же запирается.","translation":"He is alone; the door at once locks behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он один, дверь за ним тотчас же запирается","title":"Zero-copula «он один» + reflexive «запирается»","body":"«Он один» ('He is alone') is a copula-less present nominal. «дверь ... запирается» ('the door locks') is the middle-voice reflexive — the door locks itself / is locked behind him, agent suppressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of запирается","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирается","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запирается","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"запирается","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"locks"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c5-s77","source":"Он останавливается при входе и долго, минуту или две, всматривается в лицо его.","translation":"He halts at the entrance and for a long while, a minute or two, peers into His face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всматривается в лицо его","title":"Reflexive «всматривается» + «в» + accusative","body":"«всматривается в лицо его» ('peers into His face') is the reflexive «всматриваться» (to peer intently), governing «в» + accusative of what one stares into. The «вс-...-ся» frame intensifies the looking — he searches the face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго, минуту или две","title":"Durative «долго» + accusative of duration","body":"«долго ... минуту или две» ('a long while, a minute or two') marks duration. «минуту» is the bare accusative of time-extent (how long), with the numeral «две» governing the implied genitive singular «минуты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливается","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"останавливается","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"halts"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"входе","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливается","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всматривается","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with долго","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"coordinated with минуту","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"всматривается","lemma":"всматриваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливается","gloss":"peers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of всматривается","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"His"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c5-s78","source":"Наконец тихо подходит, ставит светильник на стол и говорит ему: «Это ты? ты? — Но, не получая ответа, быстро прибавляет: — Не отвечай, молчи.","translation":"At last he approaches quietly, sets the lamp on the table, and says to Him: \"Is it Thou? Thou?\" — But, getting no answer, he quickly adds: \"Do not answer, be silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не получая ответа","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation «ответа»","body":"«не получая ответа» ('getting no answer') is an imperfective present gerund in the negative, and its object shifts to the genitive «ответа» under negation — the genitive of negation. 'Receiving no answer' as he speaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не отвечай, молчи","title":"Imperfective imperatives «Не отвечай, молчи»","body":"Both commands are imperfective imperatives — «не отвечай» (don't answer) and «молчи» (be silent / keep silent). With negated commands and with calls to a continuing state, Russian prefers the imperfective; here it asks for sustained silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты? ты?","title":"The «ты» of address to Christ","body":"The Inquisitor addresses the silent Christ with the intimate/archaic «ты» throughout — rendered in our English with the old 'Thou'. In context this «ты» is at once the familiar of prayer and the contemptuous familiarity of a captor toward a prisoner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходит","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходит","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"подходит","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approaches"},{"surface":"ставит","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходит","gloss":"sets"},{"surface":"светильник","lemma":"светильник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ставит","gloss":"the lamp"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставит","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to Him"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получая","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавляет","gloss":"getting"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получая","gloss":"an answer","note":"Genitive object under negation (не получая ответа)."},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавляет","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"прибавляет","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adds"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечай","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечай","gloss":"be silent"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c5-s79","source":"Да и что бы ты мог сказать?","translation":"And what indeed couldst Thou say?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы ты мог сказать?","title":"Conditional «мог бы сказать»","body":"«что бы ты мог сказать?» ('what couldst Thou say?') is the irrealis: past «мог» + «бы» + perfective infinitive «сказать». A rhetorical conditional — the Inquisitor asks what Christ could possibly say, expecting nothing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и что","title":"Discourse-opening «да и»","body":"«Да и...» opens the line as a discourse connector — 'And besides, what...'. Here «да» is not 'yes' but a sentence-linking particle, very common at the head of Dostoevsky's spoken-style clauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldst"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c5-s80","source":"Я слишком знаю, что ты скажешь.","translation":"I know all too well what Thou wouldst say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты скажешь","title":"Perfective future «скажешь» in indirect speech","body":"«что ты скажешь» ('what Thou wouldst say') is the perfective future «скажешь» inside an indirect clause. Russian keeps the future tense where English shifts to a conditional 'would say'; the perfective points to a single utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"all too well"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"wilt say"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c5-s81","source":"Да ты и права не имеешь ничего прибавлять к тому, что уже сказано тобой прежде.","translation":"And Thou hast no right to add anything to what Thou hast already said before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ... права не имеешь ничего прибавлять","title":"Genitive of negation «права не имеешь»","body":"«права не имеешь» ('Thou hast no right') shifts the object «право» to the genitive «права» under negation. The negated «иметь» regularly takes a genitive object. Note also the negative concord with «ничего»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому, что уже сказано тобой прежде","title":"Correlative «к тому, что» + short passive «сказано»","body":"«к тому, что уже сказано тобой» ('to what has already been said by Thee') — «к» + dative correlative «тому» pointing to a «что»-clause, whose verb is the short past passive participle «сказано» with the agent in the instrumental «тобой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имеешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies имеешь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеешь","gloss":"the right","note":"Genitive object under negation (права не имеешь)."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of прибавлять","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"прибавлять","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of права","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлять","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказано","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause modifying тому","gloss":"been said"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent complement of сказано","gloss":"by Thee"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c5-s82","source":"Зачем же ты пришел нам мешать?","translation":"Why, then, hast Thou come to hinder us?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же ты пришел нам мешать?","title":"Indignant «же»; «мешать» + dative","body":"The leitmotif question. «же» after «зачем» lends indignant insistence ('why on earth...'). «мешать» (to hinder) governs the dative «нам» ('us'). «пришел ... мешать» pairs the perfective motion verb «прийти» with a purpose infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел ... мешать","title":"Prefixed perfective «пришел»","body":"«пришел» is the perfective of «приходить/прийти» — a prefixed verb of motion ('arrived, came'). The prefix «при-» supplies the direction (arrival) and makes it the perfective member of the pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of мешать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to hinder"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c5-s83","source":"Ибо ты пришел нам мешать и сам это знаешь.","translation":"For Thou hast come to hinder us, and Thou knowest it Thyself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"Sermonic «ибо»","body":"«ибо» ('for') again opens the clause in high, scriptural register — the Inquisitor speaks like a preacher delivering a verdict. The bookish conjunction sets a tone of unanswerable pronouncement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам это знаешь","title":"Intensifier «сам» + fronted object «это»","body":"«сам это знаешь» ('Thou knowest it Thyself') uses «сам» to throw the knowledge back on Christ. The object «это» sits before the verb, the unstressed given topic, while «сам» carries the rhetorical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of мешать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to hinder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of ты","gloss":"Thyself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"knowest"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c5-s84","source":"Но знаешь ли, что будет завтра?","translation":"But dost Thou know what will happen tomorrow?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаешь ли, что будет завтра?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«знаешь ли...?» ('dost Thou know...?') uses the enclitic «ли» to form a formal yes/no question, fronting the focused verb «знаешь» before «ли». More literary and pointed than a bare rising intonation — typical of the Inquisitor's measured rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что будет завтра","title":"Compound future «будет» as 'will happen'","body":"«что будет завтра» ('what will happen tomorrow') uses «будет» — here the future of «быть» standing alone as 'will be / will happen'. The embedded question hinges on tomorrow's event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dost know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the yes/no question with знаешь","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c5-s85","source":"Я не знаю, кто ты, и знать не хочу: ты ли это или только подобие его, но завтра же я осужу и сожгу тебя на костре, как злейшего из еретиков, и тот самый народ, который сегодня целовал твои ноги, завтра же по одному моему мановению бросится подгребать к твоему костру угли, знаешь ты это?","translation":"I do not know who Thou art, and I do not wish to know: whether it is Thou or only His semblance — but tomorrow I shall condemn Thee and burn Thee at the stake as the vilest of heretics, and the very people who today kissed Thy feet will tomorrow, at a single wave of my hand, rush to rake up the coals to Thy pyre — knowest Thou that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты ли это или только подобие его","title":"Disjunctive «ли ... или»","body":"«ты ли это или только подобие его» ('whether it is Thou or only His semblance') uses «ли ... или» for an embedded 'whether ... or'. «ли» follows the focused «ты», setting up the alternative the Inquisitor refuses to settle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осужу и сожгу тебя ... завтра же","title":"Perfective futures «осужу, сожгу»","body":"«осужу и сожгу» ('I shall condemn and burn') are perfective futures — single decisive future acts. «завтра же» ('tomorrow, no later') uses «же» to insist on the very next day; the perfective and the particle together make the threat absolute."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот самый народ, который ... целовал ... бросится","title":"Relative «который» across two tenses","body":"«тот самый народ, который сегодня целовал... завтра... бросится» — «который» (nominative, subject of both verbs) ties an imperfective past «целовал» (was kissing, today) to a perfective future «бросится» (will rush, tomorrow). The aspect/tense swing carries the whole horror."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по одному моему мановению","title":"«мановение» — a (lordly) wave of the hand","body":"«мановение» is a lofty, archaic word for a wave or beckoning gesture, especially a commanding one. «по одному моему мановению» ('at a single wave of my hand') conveys the Inquisitor's absolute, effortless mastery over the crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate кто)","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of это","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the alternative question with ты","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подобие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"подобие","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with это","gloss":"a semblance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies подобие","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осужу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осужу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"осужу","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shall condemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сожгу","lemma":"сжечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осужу","gloss":"shall burn"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сожгу","gloss":"Thee"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"костре","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожгу","gloss":"the stake"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicate complement of тебя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"злейшего","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, masculine, singular (animate)","role":"predicate complement of тебя","gloss":"the most wicked"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking еретиков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"еретиков","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of злейшего","gloss":"heretics"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросится","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of целовал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целовал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on народ","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"Thy"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросится","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мановению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мановению","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мановению","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мановению","lemma":"мановение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросится","gloss":"wave (of the hand)"},{"surface":"бросится","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject народ)","gloss":"will rush"},{"surface":"подгребать","lemma":"подгребать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросится","gloss":"to rake"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of костру","gloss":"Thy"},{"surface":"костру","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подгребать","gloss":"pyre"},{"surface":"угли","lemma":"уголь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подгребать","gloss":"the coals"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this question","gloss":"dost know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c5-s86","source":"Да, ты, может быть, это знаешь», — прибавил он в проникновенном раздумье, ни на мгновение не отрываясь взглядом от своего пленника.","translation":"Yes, perhaps Thou knowest it,\" he added in penetrating thought, never for an instant tearing his gaze from his prisoner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на мгновение не отрываясь взглядом","title":"Negated gerund + «ни ... не» concord","body":"«ни на мгновение не отрываясь взглядом» ('never for an instant tearing his gaze away') stacks the intensifier «ни» ('not even') with the obligatory «не» on the reflexive gerund «отрываясь». «взглядом» is instrumental ('with his gaze'). A dense bit of negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от своего пленника","title":"«от» + genitive; reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«от своего пленника» ('from his [own] prisoner') — «от» + genitive of the thing one tears away from, with «свой» marking the prisoner as the Inquisitor's own. «прибавил» is the perfective past 'he added'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"idiom with быть (может быть = perhaps), modifies знаешь","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom for 'perhaps'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knowest"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздумье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"проникновенном","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздумье","gloss":"penetrating"},{"surface":"раздумье","lemma":"раздумье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with не (ни...не = not even)","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отрываясь","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрываясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрываясь","lemma":"отрываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"tearing away"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрываясь","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пленника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пленника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пленника","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрываясь","gloss":"prisoner"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c5-s87","source":"— Я не совсем понимаю, Иван, что это такое? — улыбнулся всё время молча слушавший Алеша, — прямо ли безбрежная фантазия или какая-нибудь ошибка старика, какое-нибудь невозможное qui pro quo?","translation":"\"I don't quite understand, Ivan, what is this?\" — smiled Alyosha, who had been listening all this time in silence — \"is it simply some boundless fantasy, or some error of the old man's, some impossible qui pro quo?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"qui pro quo","title":"qui pro quo - a mix-up","body":"Dostoevsky keeps the Latin phrase qui pro quo ('one thing for another') untranslated in the Russian text; it means a misunderstanding or mistaken identity — and that is exactly what we keep it as here. Alyosha uses it to ask whether the old man has simply confused the prisoner with someone else. The closely related English idiom 'quid pro quo' has drifted to mean 'a fair exchange,' which is why we keep Dostoevsky's original «qui pro quo.»"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё время молча слушавший Алеша","title":"Past active participle phrase «слушавший»","body":"«всё время молча слушавший Алеша» ('Alyosha, who had been listening silently all this while') front-loads a whole participial clause onto the name — «слушавший» an imperfective past active participle, «молча» the gerund-adverb 'silently'. A compact bit of bookish characterization mid-dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прямо ли безбрежная фантазия или какая-нибудь ошибка","title":"«ли ... или» + indefinite «какая-нибудь»","body":"«прямо ли ... фантазия или какая-нибудь ошибка» offers alternatives with «ли ... или». «какая-нибудь» ('some ... or other') is the non-specific indefinite in «-нибудь» — any old error, not a particular one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative/accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это; introduces the object clause of понимаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что...такое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"sort of thing"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"слушавший","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the alternative question","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"безбрежная","lemma":"безбрежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the question (elided subject это)","gloss":"a fantasy"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ошибка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner какая-нибудь with какая","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ошибка","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with фантазия","gloss":"a mistake"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ошибка","gloss":"of the old man"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of qui","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner какое-нибудь with какое","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"невозможное","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies qui","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"coordinated with фантазия","gloss":"mix-up","note":"\"Qui pro quo\" (Latin, lit. \"who for whom\") is a borrowed phrase for a mix-up or case of mistaken identity."},{"surface":"pro","lemma":"pro","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"quo","lemma":"quo","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c5-s88","source":"— Прими хоть последнее, — рассмеялся Иван, — если уж тебя так разбаловал современный реализм и ты не можешь вынести ничего фантастического — хочешь qui pro quo, то пусть так и будет.","translation":"\"Take it as the last of these, at least,\" — Ivan laughed — \"if modern realism has so spoiled you that you can't bear anything fantastic — if you want a qui pro quo, then let it be just that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж тебя так разбаловал ... реализм","title":"Object-first order «тебя ... разбаловал реализм»","body":"«тебя так разбаловал современный реализм» ('modern realism has so spoiled you') fronts the object «тебя», holding the subject «реализм» to the end. Cases keep it clear; the order foregrounds Alyosha as the one affected. «разбаловал» is perfective ('has spoiled')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то пусть так и будет","title":"Hortative «пусть» + future «будет»","body":"«пусть так и будет» ('then let it be just so') uses «пусть» + future «будет» for a 3rd-person let-construction — the way Russian expresses 'let it be'. «и» here is emphatic ('just so')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прими","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies последнее","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Прими","gloss":"this last (option)"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разбаловал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разбаловал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of разбаловал","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбаловал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разбаловал","lemma":"разбаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"has spoiled"},{"surface":"современный","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies реализм","gloss":"modern"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разбаловал","gloss":"realism"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разбаловал","gloss":"canst"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of вынести","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"фантастического","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"fantastic"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a second elliptical conditional clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"a mix-up"},{"surface":"pro","lemma":"pro","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"quo","lemma":"quo","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative)","role":"resumes the conditional, introduces будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c5-s89","source":"Оно правда, — рассмеялся он опять, — старику девяносто лет, и он давно мог сойти с ума на своей идее.","translation":"It's true,\" — he laughed again — \"the old man is ninety years old, and he might long since have gone out of his mind over his idea.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старику девяносто лет","title":"Dative of age «старику девяносто лет»","body":"Age is expressed impersonally: the person in the dative («старику»), the number, and «лет» (genitive plural of «год» used after numerals 5+). Literally 'to the old man [there are] ninety years' — no verb in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог сойти с ума на своей идее","title":"Idiom «сойти с ума» + reflexive possessive","body":"«сойти с ума» ('to go out of one's mind') is a fixed idiom (literally 'to come down off one's mind'). «мог сойти» is past «мог» + perfective infinitive ('might have gone mad'); «на своей идее» fixes the obsession to his own fixed idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of the age construction (девяносто лет)","gloss":"the old man","note":"Russian states age with a dative subject: \"старику девяносто лет\" literally \"to the old man [there are] ninety years.\""},{"surface":"девяносто","lemma":"девяносто","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ninety"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies девяносто","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"сойти","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойти","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идее","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идее","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"идее","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сойти","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c5-s90","source":"Пленник же мог поразить его своею наружностью.","translation":"And the prisoner might have struck him by His outward appearance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог поразить его своею наружностью","title":"Instrumental of means + «свой»","body":"«поразить его своею наружностью» ('strike him by His appearance') — «поразить» governs the accusative «его», and the means stands in the instrumental «наружностью» ('with His appearance'), marked as Christ's own by reflexive «своею» (archaic «-ею»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пленник","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пленник","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"поразить","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наружностью","gloss":"his (own)"},{"surface":"наружностью","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразить","gloss":"appearance"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c5-s91","source":"Это мог быть, наконец, просто бред, видение девяностолетнего старика пред смертью, да еще разгоряченного вчерашним автодафе во сто сожженных еретиков.","translation":"It might, in the end, be simply delirium, a vision of a ninety-year-old man on the edge of death, and inflamed besides by the previous day's auto-da-fé of a hundred burned heretics.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это мог быть ... просто бред","title":"Conditional-tinged «мог быть» + nominative predicate","body":"«Это мог быть ... бред, видение...» ('it might have been ... delirium, a vision') uses «мог быть» (possibility, 'might be'). Here the predicate nouns «бред, видение» stay in the nominative as the logical subjects of «это», not in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разгоряченного вчерашним автодафе","title":"Past passive participle «разгоряченного» + instrumental agent","body":"«разгоряченного вчерашним автодафе» ('inflamed by the previous day's auto-da-fé') is a past passive participle (genitive, agreeing with «старика»), and the cause/agent of the inflaming stands in the instrumental «автодафе» (here indeclinable)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во сто сожженных еретиков","title":"Approximative «во сто» + genitive plural","body":"«автодафе во сто сожженных еретиков» ('an auto-da-fé of a hundred burned heretics') — «сто» governs the genitive plural «еретиков», and «сожженных» is a past passive participle ('burned') agreeing with them. The «во» before «сто» is a heightened, slightly archaic 'of/to the tune of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бред","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бред","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"видение","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бред","gloss":"a vision"},{"surface":"девяностолетнего","lemma":"девяностолетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"ninety-year-old"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видение","gloss":"of an old man"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies видение","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да еще = and moreover)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разгоряченного","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"разгоряченного","lemma":"разгорячённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"inflamed"},{"surface":"вчерашним","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies автодафе","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"автодафе","lemma":"аутодафе","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular (indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement of разгоряченного","gloss":"auto-da-fé"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking еретиков, modifies автодафе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies еретиков","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"сожженных","lemma":"сжечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies еретиков","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"еретиков","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of во","gloss":"heretics"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c5-s92","source":"Но не всё ли равно нам с тобою, что qui pro quo, что безбрежная фантазия?","translation":"But isn't it all the same to you and me whether it's a qui pro quo or a boundless fantasy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не всё ли равно нам с тобою","title":"Impersonal «всё равно» + dative","body":"«не всё ли равно нам с тобою» ('isn't it all the same to you and me') is an impersonal idiom: «всё равно» ('all the same, no matter') with the experiencer in the dative «нам». «с тобою» ('with thee') adds the companion. The «ли» turns it into a rhetorical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что qui pro quo, что безбрежная фантазия","title":"Correlative «что ... что» — 'whether ... or'","body":"The doubled «что ... что» here means 'whether ... or' / 'be it ... or' — 'whether it's a qui pro quo or a boundless fantasy'. This correlative «что ... что» is a colloquial-bookish 'no matter which' construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the negative question with ли","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the question with не","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer of равно","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"coordinated with нам (нам с тобою = you and me)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal subject of равно (whether...)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"predicate noun of the first alternative clause (elided это)","gloss":"a mix-up"},{"surface":"pro","lemma":"pro","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"quo","lemma":"quo","morphology":"foreign word (Latin)","role":"depends on qui","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second alternative clause (or whether...)","gloss":"or whether"},{"surface":"безбрежная","lemma":"безбрежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the second alternative clause (elided это)","gloss":"a fantasy"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c5-s93","source":"Тут дело в том только, что старику надо высказаться, что наконец за все девяносто лет он высказывается и говорит вслух то, о чем все девяносто лет молчал.","translation":"The point here is only that the old man needs to speak out, that at last, after all his ninety years, he speaks out and says aloud the very thing he had kept silent about for all those ninety years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старику надо высказаться","title":"Dative + «надо» + reflexive infinitive","body":"«старику надо высказаться» ('the old man needs to speak out') is the classic dative-experiencer of necessity: «надо» + dative «старику» + infinitive. «высказаться» is the reflexive perfective 'to speak oneself out, get it all said'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, о чем ... молчал","title":"Correlative «то, о чём»","body":"«то, о чём ... молчал» ('the very thing about which he had kept silent') pairs the correlative «то» with the relative «о чём» — «молчать о» governs «о» + prepositional. The bookish «то, о чём» is the standard way to say 'that which ... about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высказывается ... но молчал","title":"Aspect contrast: «высказывается» vs «молчал»","body":"The imperfective present «высказывается / говорит» (now, at last, he is speaking out) is set against the imperfective past «молчал» (for ninety years he kept silent) — durative against durative, the lifetime of silence broken by the present unburdening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело/is (elided copula)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"restricts том","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject (dative) of надо","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"governs высказаться","gloss":"needs to"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"speak out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высказывается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказывается","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"девяносто","lemma":"девяносто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ninety"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказывается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"высказывается","lemma":"высказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"speaks out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with высказывается","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"the very thing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"девяносто","lemma":"девяносто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ninety"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial duration complement of молчал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"had kept silent"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c5-s94","source":"— А пленник тоже молчит?","translation":"\"And the prisoner stays silent too?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А пленник тоже молчит?","title":"Topic-shifting «А»","body":"Alyosha's «А пленник...?» opens with the contrastive coordinator «а», marking a shift of topic to the prisoner — 'And what about the prisoner?'. This mild, pivoting «а» (not «и», not «но») is a constant hinge in Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пленник","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчит","gloss":"the prisoner"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчит","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"молчит","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stays silent"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c5-s95","source":"Глядит на него и не говорит ни слова?","translation":"Just looks at him and says not a single word?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не говорит ни слова","title":"«ни слова» — genitive of negation + «ни»","body":"«не говорит ни слова» ('says not a single word') combines the negative «не» on the verb with the intensifier «ни» ('not even one'), and the object «слова» stands in the genitive — both the genitive of negation and the partitive of «ни». A textbook clustering of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Глядит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Глядит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces negation, modifies слова","gloss":"not a single"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит (genitive of negation)","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c5-s96","source":"— Да так и должно быть во всех даже случаях, — опять засмеялся Иван. — Сам старик замечает ему, что он и права не имеет ничего прибавлять к тому, что уже прежде сказано.","translation":"\"And so it must be, in every case, in fact,\" — Ivan laughed again. — \"The old man himself remarks to Him that He has no right even to add anything to what was already said before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и должно быть во всех ... случаях","title":"Impersonal «должно быть»","body":"«так и должно быть» ('and so it must be') is impersonal — neuter «должно» + «быть», no nominative subject. «во всех ... случаях» ('in all cases') is «в» + prepositional plural, with the Slavonic-flavored «во» before the cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам старик замечает ему","title":"«сам»; «замечать» + dative","body":"«Сам старик замечает ему» ('The old man himself remarks to him') — «сам» foregrounds that it is the old man's own observation, and «замечать» ('to remark') takes the addressee in the dative «ему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate, governs быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of должно быть","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замечает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"замечает","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of замечает","gloss":"to Him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имеет","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies имеет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the right","note":"Under не имеет, the object right takes the genitive (права) rather than the accusative."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of замечает","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of прибавлять","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"прибавлять","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of права (right to add)","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлять","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тому","gloss":"was said"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c5-s97","source":"Если хочешь, так в этом и есть самая основная черта римского католичества, по моему мнению по крайней мере: «всё, дескать, передано тобою папе и всё, стало быть, теперь у папы, а ты хоть и не приходи теперь вовсе, не мешай до времени по крайней мере».","translation":"If you like, this is the very fundamental trait of Roman Catholicism, in my opinion at least: \"everything, you see, has been handed over by Thee to the Pope, and everything, therefore, is now in the Pope's keeping, while as for Thee — Thou needst not come at all now; at the very least, do not hinder us before the time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ... передано тобою папе","title":"Short passive «передано» + instrumental agent + dative","body":"«всё ... передано тобою папе» ('everything has been handed over by Thee to the Pope') is a short past passive participle, neuter, with the agent in the instrumental «тобою» and the recipient in the dative «папе». A perfect specimen of the passive-with-agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать ... стало быть","title":"«дескать», «стало быть» — reportive particles","body":"«дескать» flags reported speech with a tinge of skepticism ('so they say, supposedly'), while «стало быть» means 'therefore, so then' (literally 'it has come to be'). Both pepper the Inquisitor's imagined Catholic argument with a colloquial, dismissive texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и не приходи ... не мешай","title":"Imperfective negative imperatives «не приходи, не мешай»","body":"«не приходи ... не мешай» ('do not come ... do not hinder') are imperfective negative imperatives — Russian uses the imperfective for prohibitions. «хоть и» ('even if, for all that') concedes: 'as for Thee, Thou needn't even come now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on есть","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with Если (=then), modifies есть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle/adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основная (superlative marker)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"основная","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"trait"},{"surface":"римского","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies католичества","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"католичества","lemma":"католичество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies черта","gloss":"Catholicism"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнению","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнению","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мнению","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least.'"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of передано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical marking reported speech, modifies передано","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"передано","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"has been handed over"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of передано (by-phrase)","gloss":"by Thee"},{"surface":"папе","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передано","gloss":"to the Pope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided есть, coordinated with передано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the parenthetical idiom стало быть (=therefore)","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical idiom стало быть","gloss":"be","note":"стало быть is a fixed idiom meaning 'therefore/that is to say.'"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided есть (predicate у папы)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking папы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"папы","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (predicate location)","gloss":"the Pope"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходи","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и (=even though)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мешай","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходи","gloss":"hinder"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мешай","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c5-s98","source":"В этом смысле они не только говорят, но и пишут, иезуиты по крайней мере.","translation":"In this sense they not only speak but also write — the Jesuits, at any rate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только говорят, но и пишут","title":"Correlative «не только ... но и»","body":"«не только говорят, но и пишут» ('not only speak but also write') is the paired conjunction «не только ... но и» ('not only ... but also'), a standard correlative for adding emphasis to a second, stronger member."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"пишут","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорят","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"иезуиты","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"the Jesuits"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c5-s99","source":"Это я сам читал у их богословов.","translation":"I myself have read this in their theologians.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я сам читал у их богословов","title":"Fronted object «это»; «у» + genitive 'in'","body":"«Это я сам читал у их богословов» ('This I myself have read in their theologians') fronts the object «это» as topic and adds «сам» ('myself') for emphasis. «у их богословов» uses «у» + genitive in the sense 'in / in the works of' — read it 'in their theologians'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have read"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богословов","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of богословов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"богословов","lemma":"богослов","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"theologians"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c5-s100","source":"«Имеешь ли ты право возвестить нам хоть одну из тайн того мира, из которого ты пришел? — спрашивает его мой старик и сам отвечает ему за него, — нет, не имеешь, чтобы не прибавлять к тому, что уже было прежде сказано, и чтобы не отнять у людей свободы, за которую ты так стоял, когда был на земле.","translation":"\"Hast Thou the right to proclaim to us even one of the mysteries of that world from which Thou hast come?\" — my old man asks Him, and answers for Him in His stead — \"no, Thou hast not, lest Thou add to what was already said before, and lest Thou take from men the freedom for which Thou didst so stand when Thou wast on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Имеешь ли ты право возвестить","title":"«ли» question + perfective infinitive «возвестить»","body":"«Имеешь ли ты право возвестить...?» ('Hast Thou the right to proclaim...?') is an «ли» yes/no question. «возвестить» is the perfective infinitive ('to proclaim [once]'), the lofty verb 'to announce, herald'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не прибавлять ... и чтобы не отнять","title":"Negative purpose «чтобы не» + aspect contrast","body":"Two «чтобы не» purpose clauses ('lest Thou add ... lest Thou take away') with the irrealis-style infinitive. The aspect differs meaningfully: imperfective «прибавлять» (keep adding, generally) vs perfective «отнять» (take away in one stroke)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за которую ты так стоял, когда был на земле","title":"Relative «за которую»; past «был»","body":"«свободы, за которую ты так стоял» ('the freedom for which Thou didst so stand') — «стоять за» ('to stand up for') + «за» + accusative relative «которую». «когда был на земле» ('when Thou wast on earth') is plain imperfective past of «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies Имеешь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Имеешь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Имеешь","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"возвестить","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to proclaim"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возвестить","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвестить","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайн","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тайн","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одну (partitive)","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мира","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тайн","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мира","gloss":"hast come"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивает","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спрашивает","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечает","gloss":"Him","note":"отвечает ему за него = 'answers to Him in His own stead.'"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"independent exclamation (answer)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"elliptical predicate (=не имеешь права)","gloss":"hast"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибавлять","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавлять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибавлять","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on имеешь","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлять","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тому","gloss":"was said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отнять","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отнять","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавлять","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнять","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнять (genitive)","gloss":"the freedom"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on свободы","gloss":"didst stand"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause on стоял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to земле","gloss":"wast"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, temporal clause modifies стоял","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c5-s101","source":"Всё, что ты вновь возвестишь, посягнет на свободу веры людей, ибо явится как чудо, а свобода их веры тебе была дороже всего еще тогда, полторы тысячи лет назад.","translation":"Everything that Thou shouldst proclaim anew will encroach upon the freedom of men's faith, for it will appear as a miracle, and the freedom of their faith was dearer to Thee than anything else even back then, fifteen hundred years ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ты вновь возвестишь, посягнет на свободу","title":"Perfective future «возвестишь ... посягнёт»","body":"«Всё, что ты вновь возвестишь, посягнёт...» ('Everything Thou shalt proclaim anew will encroach...') chains two perfective futures: «возвестишь» (wilt proclaim) and «посягнёт на» (will encroach upon, «на» + accusative). The perfectives frame each as a decisive future act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свобода ... тебе была дороже всего","title":"Dative + comparative «дороже всего»","body":"«свобода ... тебе была дороже всего» ('freedom was dearer to Thee than anything') puts the experiencer in the dative «тебе» and uses the predicative comparative «дороже» ('dearer') with the genitive of comparison «всего» ('than everything')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of посягнет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвестишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возвестишь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвестишь","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"возвестишь","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying Всё","gloss":"shalt proclaim"},{"surface":"посягнет","lemma":"посягнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will encroach"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посягнет","gloss":"the freedom"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свободу","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явится","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause (reason) on посягнет","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"preposition marking чудо","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дороже","gloss":"the freedom"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of веры","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свобода","gloss":"of faith"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object/experiencer of дороже","gloss":"to Thee"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дороже","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дороже","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of свобода, clause coordinated with посягнет via а","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дороже (standard of comparison)","gloss":"than everything"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дороже","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to тогда, specifies the time","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c5-s102","source":"Не ты ли так часто тогда говорил: „Хочу сделать вас свободными“.","translation":"Was it not Thou who said so often back then: 'I will make you free.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ты ли так часто ... говорил","title":"Rhetorical «не ... ли»","body":"«Не ты ли ... говорил?» ('Was it not Thou who said...?') is the rhetorical negative question with «не ... ли» — fronting «ты» and following with «ли» to mean 'surely it was Thou'. The construction expects emphatic agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хочу сделать вас свободными","title":"«сделать» + accusative + instrumental of state","body":"«Хочу сделать вас свободными» ('I will/wish to make you free') — «сделать кого-то каким-то» takes the object in the accusative «вас» and the resulting state in the instrumental «свободными». The instrumental marks the predicate of becoming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил (rhetorical negation)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies говорил","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"didst say"},{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, complement of говорил","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хочу","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"свободными","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of сделать","gloss":"free"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c5-s103","source":"Но вот ты теперь увидел этих „свободных“ людей, — прибавляет вдруг старик со вдумчивою усмешкой. — Да, это дело нам дорого стоило, — продолжает он, строго смотря на него, — но мы докончили наконец это дело во имя твое.","translation":"But now Thou hast seen these 'free' men,\" the old man suddenly adds with a thoughtful smile. — \"Yes, this work cost us dearly,\" he goes on, looking sternly at Him, \"but we have finished it at last in Thy name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты теперь увидел этих „свободных“ людей","title":"Perfective «увидел» + animate accusative","body":"«увидел этих ... людей» ('hast seen these men') is the perfective of «видеть/увидеть» — the single moment of seeing — with «людей» in the genitive-shaped animate accusative plural and «этих» agreeing. The scare-quotes on «свободных» drip irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со вдумчивою усмешкой ... строго смотря на него","title":"Instrumental of manner + gerund «смотря»","body":"«со вдумчивою усмешкой» ('with a thoughtful smile') is «с» + instrumental of manner (archaic «-ою»). «строго смотря на него» ('looking sternly at Him') is an imperfective present gerund of attendant action, «смотреть на» + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"докончили ... во имя твое","title":"Perfective «докончили»; «во имя» + genitive","body":"«докончили ... это дело» ('we finished this work') is a perfective with the completive prefix «до-» ('finished it off'). «во имя твое» ('in Thy name') is the Slavonic-flavored «во имя» + genitive, the fixed liturgical formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast seen"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"свободных","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"прибавляет","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"adds"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавляет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавляет","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вдумчивою","lemma":"вдумчивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкой","gloss":"thoughtful"},{"surface":"усмешкой","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавляет (manner)","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоило","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стоило","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоило","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"continues"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжает","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of докончили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"докончили","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоило","gloss":"have finished"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докончили","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of докончили","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во имя (=in the name of)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition во, idiom во имя","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"thy"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c5-s104","source":"Пятнадцать веков мучились мы с этою свободой, но теперь это кончено, и кончено крепко.","translation":"For fifteen centuries we have struggled with this freedom, but now it is finished, and finished for good.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пятнадцать веков мучились мы с этою свободой","title":"Reflexive «мучились» + «с» + instrumental","body":"«мучились мы с этою свободой» ('we have struggled/tormented ourselves with this freedom') uses the reflexive «мучиться» (suffer, struggle) with «с» + instrumental «свободой» (archaic «-ою» in «этою»). The imperfective past spans the whole fifteen centuries."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это кончено, и кончено крепко","title":"Short passive participle «кончено»","body":"«это кончено» ('it is finished') is a short neuter past passive participle used predicatively to state a result. The repetition «кончено крепко» ('finished firmly, for good') drives home the absolute, accomplished state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial duration complement of мучились","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"мучились","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have struggled"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свободой","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончено","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate, coordinated with мучились","gloss":"is finished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the first кончено","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"for good"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c5-s105","source":"Ты не веришь, что кончено крепко?","translation":"Thou dost not believe that it is finished for good?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты не веришь, что кончено крепко?","title":"«верить» + «что»-clause","body":"«Ты не веришь, что...?» ('Thou dost not believe that...?') — «верить» takes a «что»-clause of reported content. The negated present «не веришь» turns a statement into a probing question by intonation alone (no «ли» here)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believest"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of веришь","gloss":"it is finished"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"for good"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c5-s106","source":"Ты смотришь на меня кротко и не удостоиваешь меня даже негодования?","translation":"Thou lookest at me meekly and dost not deign to grant me even Thy indignation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удостоиваешь меня даже негодования","title":"Negated «удостоить» + genitive object","body":"«не удостоиваешь меня ... негодования» ('dost not deign to grant me ... indignation') — «удостоить кого чего» governs the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing granted («негодования»), and the negation reinforces that genitive. «даже» ('even') sharpens the slight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотришь на меня кротко","title":"Adverb «кротко»; «смотреть на» + accusative","body":"«смотришь на меня кротко» ('lookest at me meekly') — «смотреть на» + accusative. «кротко» (meekly, gently) is the key adjective of Christ's silent demeanor; Dostoevsky returns to «кроткий» again and again for Him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотришь","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"смотришь","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lookest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотришь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кротко","lemma":"кротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотришь","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоиваешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоиваешь","lemma":"удостаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотришь","gloss":"dost deign"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удостоиваешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies негодования","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of удостоиваешь","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c5-s107","source":"Но знай, что теперь и именно ныне эти люди уверены более чем когда-нибудь, что свободны вполне, а между тем сами же они принесли нам свободу свою и покорно положили ее к ногам нашим.","translation":"But know that now, this very day, these men are more certain than ever that they are wholly free, and yet they themselves have brought us their freedom and laid it submissively at our feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверены ... что свободны вполне","title":"Short adjectives «уверены», «свободны»","body":"«уверены ... что свободны вполне» ('are certain ... that they are wholly free') uses two short predicative adjectives: «уверены» (certain) and «свободны» (free). The short forms, plural, state the men's settled conviction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами же они принесли нам свободу свою","title":"«сами же»; «свою» reflexive possessive","body":"«сами же они принесли нам свободу свою» ('they themselves have brought us their freedom') — «сами» + emphatic «же» stresses the irony that they did it of their own accord. «свободу свою» marks the freedom as their own with «свой»; «нам» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"положили ее к ногам нашим","title":"Perfective «положили» + «к» + dative","body":"«положили её к ногам нашим» ('laid it at our feet') — perfective «положить» (lay down, once) with «к» + dative «ногам» of the goal and the postposed possessive «нашим». The gesture of submission echoes the mother at Christ's feet earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know","note":"Imperative of знать, not past tense — a command."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links теперь and ныне","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ныне","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уверены","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"уверены","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"are certain"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with когда-нибудь","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (first part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"particle (second part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies уверены","gloss":"ever","note":"когда-нибудь is one word, \"ever\"; split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свободны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свободны","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"clausal complement of уверены","gloss":"are free"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свободны","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"mean-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем, modifies принесли","gloss":"-while","note":"между тем is a fixed phrase meaning \"meanwhile/yet\"."},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes они, subject of принесли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сами","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принесли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by а","gloss":"have brought"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of принесли","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесли","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободу","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покорно","lemma":"покорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положили","gloss":"submissively"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесли","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of ногам","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c5-s108","source":"Но это сделали мы, а того ль ты желал, такой ли свободы?»","translation":"But this we have done — and was it this that Thou didst desire, was it such a freedom as this?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того ль ты желал, такой ли свободы","title":"Double «ли» + genitive after «желать»","body":"«того ль ты желал, такой ли свободы?» ('was it this Thou didst desire, such a freedom?') — «желать» governs the genitive of the thing desired («того», «такой ... свободы»), and the enclitic «ль» (reduced «ли») marks each as a pointed question. A taut, twice-fired interrogation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of желал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks того желал as a question","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сделали","gloss":"didst desire"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свободы","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of желал","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c5-s109","source":"— Я опять не понимаю, — прервал Алеша, — он иронизирует, смеется?","translation":"\"I don't understand again,\" — Alyosha broke in — \"is he being ironic, is he mocking?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прервал Алеша ... он иронизирует, смеется?","title":"Perfective «прервал»; imperfective presents in question","body":"«прервал» ('broke in', perfective past — a single interruption) frames Alyosha's question, itself two imperfective presents «иронизирует, смеётся?» ('is he being ironic, is he laughing?'), asyndetically juxtaposed as alternatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of иронизирует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иронизирует","lemma":"иронизировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"is being ironic"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иронизирует","gloss":"is mocking"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c5-s110","source":"— Нимало.","translation":"\"Not in the least.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нимало","title":"«нимало» — not in the least","body":"«нимало» is an emphatic 'not at all, not in the least', built on «ни» + «мало» (a little). A one-word negation answering Alyosha's question, terse and absolute — the imperfective register of «ни»-intensified denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Not in the least"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c5-s111","source":"Он именно ставит в заслугу себе и своим, что наконец-то они побороли свободу и сделали так для того, чтобы сделать людей счастливыми.","translation":"He counts it precisely as a merit to himself and to his own that they have at last conquered freedom, and have done so in order to make men happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ставит в заслугу себе и своим","title":"Reflexive «себе» + substantivized «своим»","body":"«ставит в заслугу себе и своим» ('counts it a merit to himself and to his own') uses the reflexive pronoun «себе» (dative, back to the subject) and «своим» as a substantivized possessive ('his own [people]'), also dative. «ставить в заслугу» = 'to credit as a merit'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сделать людей счастливыми","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + instrumental of state","body":"«чтобы сделать людей счастливыми» ('in order to make men happy') — «чтобы» + infinitive of purpose, and «сделать кого каким» puts the result-state «счастливыми» in the instrumental. The leitmotif of the whole legend: happiness bought with the surrender of freedom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побороли свободу","title":"Perfective «побороли»","body":"«побороли свободу» ('have conquered/overcome freedom') is the perfective of «бороть» with «по-» giving completive force — they finally fought freedom down. The perfective marks the victory as accomplished."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ставит","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ставит","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ставит","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заслугу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"заслугу","lemma":"заслуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставит","gloss":"a merit"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ставит","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"to his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побороли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of наконец-то)","role":"modifies побороли","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"наконец-то","morphology":"particle (second part of наконец-то)","role":"modifies побороли","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of побороли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"побороли","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of ставит","gloss":"have conquered"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of побороли","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with побороли","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase для того, чтобы (in order to)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase для того, чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сделать","gloss":"in order that"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying сделали","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c5-s112","source":"«Ибо теперь только (то есть он, конечно, говорит про инквизицию) стало возможным помыслить в первый раз о счастии людей.","translation":"\"For only now (that is, he is of course speaking of the Inquisition) has it become possible to think for the first time about the happiness of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь только ... стало возможным помыслить","title":"Impersonal «стало возможным» + infinitive","body":"«стало возможным помыслить» ('it has become possible to conceive') is impersonal — «стать» + neuter «возможным» (instrumental of the predicate) + infinitive, with no subject. «помыслить» is a lofty perfective 'to give thought to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о счастии людей","title":"«о» + prepositional «о счастии»","body":"«помыслить ... о счастии людей» ('to think about the happiness of men') uses «о» + prepositional, with the slightly bookish form «счастии» (modern «счастье»). «людей» is the genitive of possession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (first part of то есть)","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"verb form (second part of то есть)","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть is a fixed phrase meaning \"that is (to say)\"."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит (parenthetical)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause explaining теперь","gloss":"is speaking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking инквизицию","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"инквизицию","lemma":"инквизиция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"the Inquisition"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"возможным","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"помыслить","lemma":"помыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помыслить","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"счастии","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помыслить","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies счастии","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c5-s113","source":"Человек был устроен бунтовщиком; разве бунтовщики могут быть счастливыми?","translation":"Man was made a rebel; can rebels be happy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Человек был устроен бунтовщиком","title":"Passive «был устроен» + predicate instrumental","body":"«Человек был устроен бунтовщиком» ('Man was made a rebel') — «был устроен» is a periphrastic passive (short past passive participle + «быть»), and the predicate role «бунтовщиком» stands in the instrumental, the case of the assumed role after a copula-type verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве бунтовщики могут быть счастливыми","title":"Particle «разве»; predicate instrumental «счастливыми»","body":"«разве ... могут быть счастливыми?» ('can rebels be happy?') opens with «разве», a particle expressing incredulous rhetorical question ('surely not...?'). The predicate «счастливыми» after «быть» again takes the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive устроен","gloss":"Man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of устроен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"устроен","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"бунтовщиком","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of устроен","gloss":"a rebel"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"бунтовщики","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливыми","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c5-s114","source":"Тебя предупреждали, — говорит он ему, — ты не имел недостатка в предупреждениях и указаниях, но ты не послушал предупреждений, ты отверг единственный путь, которым можно было устроить людей счастливыми, но, к счастью, уходя, ты передал дело нам.","translation":"Thou wast warned,\" he says to Him, \"Thou hadst no lack of warnings and signs, but Thou didst not heed the warnings, Thou didst reject the only path by which men could have been made happy, but, by good fortune, in departing Thou didst hand the work over to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебя предупреждали","title":"Impersonal 3rd-plural passive «предупреждали»","body":"«Тебя предупреждали» ('Thou wast warned') is the agentless 3rd-plural impersonal in the imperfective past — 'they warned thee' = 'thou wast warned', the warnings repeated. «тебя» is the fronted accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не имел недостатка в предупреждениях","title":"Genitive of negation «недостатка»","body":"«не имел недостатка в предупреждениях» ('hadst no lack of warnings') — negated «иметь» takes the genitive object «недостатка» (genitive of negation). «в предупреждениях и указаниях» is «в» + prepositional ('lack in/of warnings')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты отверг единственный путь, которым можно было устроить","title":"Instrumental relative «которым» of means","body":"«путь, которым можно было устроить людей счастливыми» ('the path by which men could be made happy') — «которым» is the instrumental of means ('by which'), modifying «путь». «можно было» is the impersonal modal 'it was possible'; the result-state «счастливыми» is instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходя, ты передал дело нам","title":"Gerund «уходя» + perfective «передал»","body":"«уходя, ты передал дело нам» ('in departing, Thou didst hand the work over to us') sets an imperfective present gerund «уходя» (while leaving) against the perfective main verb «передал» (handed over, once). The gerund shares Christ's subject; «нам» is the dative recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of предупреждали","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"предупреждали","lemma":"предупреждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wast warned"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"didst not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"недостатка","lemma":"недостаток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предупреждениях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"предупреждениях","lemma":"предупреждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of недостатка","gloss":"warnings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указаниях","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with предупреждениях","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послушал","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послушал","gloss":"didst not"},{"surface":"послушал","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"heed"},{"surface":"предупреждений","lemma":"предупреждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of послушал","gloss":"the warnings"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"didst reject"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of устроить (means), refers to путь","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on путь","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"have made"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of устроить","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к счастью (fortunately)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"счастью","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к счастью, modifies передал","gloss":"fortune","note":"к счастью is a fixed phrase meaning \"fortunately\"."},{"surface":"уходя","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передал","gloss":"in departing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"didst hand over"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"the work"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"to us"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c5-s115","source":"Ты обещал, ты утвердил своим словом, ты дал нам право связывать и развязывать и уж, конечно, не можешь и думать отнять у нас это право теперь.","translation":"Thou didst promise, Thou didst confirm it by Thy word, Thou didst give us the right to bind and to loose, and surely Thou canst not even think now of taking that right from us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты обещал, ты утвердил ... ты дал","title":"Anaphoric perfective pasts","body":"«ты обещал, ты утвердил ... ты дал» ('Thou didst promise, confirm ... give') — a triad of verbs, with «утвердил» and «дал» perfective (single decisive acts) and «обещал» imperfective (the standing promise). The repeated «ты» hammers Christ's own past commitments."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не можешь и думать отнять у нас это право","title":"«отнять у» + genitive; emphatic «и»","body":"«отнять у нас это право» ('to take this right from us') uses «отнять у кого» — «у» + genitive «нас» for the person deprived. «не можешь и думать» ('canst not even think') uses «и» as 'even', intensifying the impossibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещал","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"didst promise"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утвердил","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"утвердил","lemma":"утвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обещал","gloss":"didst confirm"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"Thy"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of утвердил (means)","gloss":"by word"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обещал","gloss":"didst give"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"связывать","lemma":"связывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to bind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развязывать","lemma":"развязывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with связывать","gloss":"to loose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можешь (parenthetical)","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"canst not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"canst"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"отнять","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думать","gloss":"of taking"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнять","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of право","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отнять","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнять","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c5-s116","source":"Зачем же ты пришел нам мешать?»","translation":"Why, then, hast Thou come to hinder us?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же ты пришел нам мешать?","title":"The refrain returns","body":"The Inquisitor's signature question recurs verbatim — «Зачем же ты пришел нам мешать?» The insistent «же» and the dative «нам» after «мешать» make it a refrain hammered through the monologue, framing the whole encounter as a reproach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Thou"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hast come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мешать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to hinder"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c5-s117","source":"— А что значит: не имел недостатка в предупреждении и указании? — спросил Алеша.","translation":"\"And what does that mean: 'had no lack of warning and of sign'?\" — Alyosha asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что значит ... ? — спросил Алеша","title":"Topic-shifting «А»; «значить» + «что»","body":"Alyosha's «А что значит...?» opens with the pivoting «а» ('and / but'), shifting topic to the phrase he wants explained. «значить» ('to mean') takes the «что»-content. «спросил» is the perfective past of asking, framing one discrete question."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does mean"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"недостатка","lemma":"недостаток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предупреждении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"предупреждении","lemma":"предупреждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of недостатка","gloss":"warning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указании","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with предупреждении","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c5-s118","source":"— А в этом-то и состоит главное, что старику надо высказать.","translation":"\"And here lies the chief thing that the old man needs to declare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этом-то и состоит главное","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"«в этом-то и состоит главное» ('and here is precisely where the chief thing lies') uses the emphatic hyphenated clitic «-то» on «этом» to spotlight the known topic — 'in this very thing'. Distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it simply underlines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старику надо высказать","title":"Dative of necessity «старику надо»","body":"«старику надо высказать» ('the old man needs to declare') is again the dative-experiencer of necessity — «надо» + dative «старику» + perfective infinitive «высказать» (to state, get out). The construction recurs as Ivan's way of framing the old man's compulsion to speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом (emphatic, \"herein\")","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоит","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказать, refers to главное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of надо","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying главное","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"высказать","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to declare"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c5-s119","source":"«Страшный и умный дух, дух самоуничтожения и небытия, — продолжает старик, — великий дух говорил с тобой в пустыне, и нам передано в книгах, что он будто бы „искушал“ тебя.","translation":"\"The terrible and clever spirit, the spirit of self-annihilation and non-being,\" the old man goes on, \"the great spirit spoke with Thee in the wilderness, and it has been handed down to us in the books that he supposedly 'tempted' Thee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дух самоуничтожения и небытия","title":"«самоуничтожение», «небытие» — annihilation, non-being","body":"«самоуничтожение» (self-annihilation, «само-» + «уничтожение») and «небытие» (non-being, «не-» + «бытие») are abstract, philosophical nouns in «-ие». They name the tempter — the devil — as the spirit of negation, a Mephistophelean theme Ivan develops throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам передано в книгах","title":"Short passive «передано» + dative «нам»","body":"«нам передано в книгах» ('it has been handed down to us in the books') is the impersonal short past passive participle (neuter), with the recipient in the dative «нам». 'It is recorded for us...' — the agent unstated, the result standing in the texts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он будто бы „искушал“ тебя","title":"Reportive «будто бы»","body":"«будто бы „искушал“» ('that he supposedly tempted') uses «будто бы» to flag the claim as merely reported, with a shade of doubt ('as if, allegedly'). The scare-quotes around «искушал» (tempted) compound the Inquisitor's skeptical distance from the Gospel account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Страшный","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дух","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"самоуничтожения","lemma":"самоуничтожение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"of self-annihilation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"небытия","lemma":"небытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with самоуничтожения","gloss":"of non-being"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"Thee"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the wilderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of передано","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"передано","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"has been handed down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of передано","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искушал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of искушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"particle (first part of будто бы)","role":"modifies искушал","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"будто бы","morphology":"particle (second part of будто бы)","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"искушал","lemma":"искушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of передано","gloss":"'tempted'"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of искушал","gloss":"Thee"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c5-s120","source":"Так ли это?","translation":"Is that so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли это?","title":"«ли» yes/no question","body":"«Так ли это?» ('Is that so?') is a compact «ли» question: the focused «так» ('so, thus') fronted, followed by «ли», then «это». A formal, pointed way to ask for confirmation — the Inquisitor turning his own narration into a challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Так","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c5-s121","source":"И можно ли было сказать хоть что-нибудь истиннее того, что он возвестил тебе в трех вопросах, и что ты отверг, и что в книгах названо „искушениями“?","translation":"And could anything truer have been spoken than what he proclaimed to you in those three questions, which you rejected, and which the books call the “temptations”?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно ли было сказать","title":"The particle «ли» in a rhetorical question","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused word «можно» to mark a yes/no question — here a rhetorical one expecting the answer 'no'. More literary than mere question intonation, it is a hallmark of the Inquisitor's oratory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь истиннее того, что","title":"Comparative «истиннее» + genitive standard","body":"The predicative comparative «истиннее» ('truer') governs the genitive «того, что…» as the thing compared against — Russian's bare-genitive comparison, where English needs 'than'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он возвестил тебе…, и что ты отверг, и что в книгах названо","title":"Triple relative «что» strung on one antecedent","body":"Three relative clauses with «что» ('which') all hang from «что-нибудь истиннее», each assigning the pronoun a new role — object of «возвестил», object of «отверг», subject of «названо». The piling of parallel relatives builds the Inquisitor's accusatory rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возвестил","title":"«возвестить» — to proclaim, announce","body":"An elevated, near-biblical verb (perfective of «возвещать»), 'to proclaim solemnly'. It lifts the register at once, fitting the spirit who 'proclaimed' the three temptations."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"have been spoken"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (first part of что-нибудь)","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle (second part of что-нибудь)","role":"part of что-нибудь, direct object of сказать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"истиннее","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"truer"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истиннее","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возвестил, refers to того","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвестил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying того","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of возвестил","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies вопросах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвестил","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг, refers to того","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause, parallel to возвестил, modifies того","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive названо, refers to того","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of названо","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"названо","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause, parallel to возвестил/отверг, modifies того","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"искушениями","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"complement of названо","gloss":"the temptations"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c5-s122","source":"А между тем если было когда-нибудь на земле совершено настоящее громовое чудо, то это в тот день, в день этих трех искушений.","translation":"And yet, if ever a real, thunderous miracle was worked upon the earth, it was on that day, the day of those three temptations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если было… совершено настоящее громовое чудо, то это","title":"Real conditional «если…, то…» (not the бы-irrealis)","body":"Unlike the hypothetical «если бы», this «если…, то…» states a real-world condition with indicative verbs ('if a miracle was ever worked, then it was…'). The correlative «то» picks up the consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было… совершено… чудо","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participle","body":"«было совершено» joins the past of «быть» to the short past passive participle «совершено» (from perfective «совершить») to state a completed result — 'was worked/accomplished'. The short form agrees in neuter singular with «чудо»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"громовое","title":"«громовой» — thunderous","body":"From «гром» ('thunder'); a vivid epithet for the miracle, evoking divine thunder. The adjective carries an awe that the plainer 'great' would miss."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase между тем (yet), modifies the clause","gloss":"mean-"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase между тем","gloss":"-while"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of совершено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"adverb (first part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies совершено","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"когда-нибудь","morphology":"particle (second part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies совершено","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершено","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"совершено","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (passive)","gloss":"was worked"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"a real"},{"surface":"громовое","lemma":"громовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"thunderous"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive совершено","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of elided было","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to день","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies искушений","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"искушений","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies день","gloss":"temptations"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c5-s123","source":"Именно в появлении этих трех вопросов и заключалось чудо.","translation":"The miracle lay precisely in the appearance of those three questions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно в появлении этих трех вопросов и заключалось чудо","title":"Fronted focus with emphatic «и» and «именно»","body":"The locative phrase is moved to the front and reinforced by «именно» ('precisely') and an emphatic «и» before the verb «заключалось» — the comment 'the miracle' lands last. Word order here does the work English does with a cleft ('it was precisely in… that')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в появлении этих трех вопросов","title":"Genitive after the numeral «трех»","body":"«появлении» is in the prepositional after «в»; «этих трёх вопросов» is an adnominal genitive complement of «появление» (the appearance OF the three questions), with the counted noun in the genitive plural «вопросов». The numeral phrase is NOT itself in the prepositional case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes в появлении","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking появлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"появлении","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалось","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вопросов","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies вопросов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies появлении","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes заключалось (именно...и construction)","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic и pairing with именно; not a coordinating conjunction here."},{"surface":"заключалось","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключалось","gloss":"the miracle"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c5-s124","source":"Если бы возможно было помыслить, лишь для пробы и для примера, что три эти вопроса страшного духа бесследно утрачены в книгах и что их надо восстановить, вновь придумать и сочинить, чтоб внести опять в книги, и для этого собрать всех мудрецов земных — правителей, первосвященников, ученых, философов, поэтов — и задать им задачу: придумайте, сочините три вопроса, но такие, которые мало того, что соответствовали бы размеру события, но и выражали бы сверх того, в трех словах, в трех только фразах человеческих, всю будущую историю мира и человечества, — то думаешь ли ты, что вся премудрость земли, вместе соединившаяся, могла бы придумать хоть что-нибудь подобное по силе и по глубине тем трем вопросам, которые действительно были предложены тебе тогда могучим и умным духом в пустыне?","translation":"Suppose it were possible to imagine, merely as a test and an illustration, that those three questions of the dread spirit had been lost without a trace from the books, and had to be restored, thought out and composed anew, to be set back into the books; and suppose that for this purpose every sage on earth were gathered — rulers, high priests, scholars, philosophers, poets — and given the task: invent, compose three questions, but such that they would not merely match the scale of the event, but would also express, beyond that, in three words, in only three human phrases, the whole future history of the world and of mankind — do you suppose that all the wisdom of the earth, joined together, could have devised anything to equal in force and depth those three questions that were in fact put to you that day by the mighty and intelligent spirit in the wilderness?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы возможно было помыслить… то думаешь ли ты, что… могла бы придумать","title":"A vast «если бы…, то…» hypothetical","body":"The whole sentence is one irrealis conditional: «если бы… помыслить» sets up the supposition with «бы» + the impersonal predicate, and the apodosis «могла бы придумать» again carries «бы». Reading Dostoevsky means tracking such long-suspended бы-arches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые… соответствовали бы… но и выражали бы","title":"«бы» inside a purpose-relative clause","body":"After «такие, которые», the verbs «соответствовали бы… выражали бы» take «бы» because the clause is hypothetical/willed ('questions such that they would…'). The particle attaches to each conjoined verb of the desired result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придумайте, сочините три вопроса","title":"Plural/polite imperatives «придумайте, сочините»","body":"Two perfective imperatives in the polite/plural -те form give the imagined 'task': «придумайте» ('invent') from a vowel stem takes -й-те, «сочините» ('compose') the -и-те type. The perfective stresses a single completed act of composition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся премудрость земли, вместе соединившаяся","title":"Past active participle «соединившаяся»","body":"A reflexive past active participle (-вш- + -ся) agreeing with feminine «премудрость» — 'the wisdom… having joined together'. It compresses a который-clause into one modifier, the dense participial style of high literary Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мудрецов земных — правителей, первосвященников, ученых, философов, поэтов","title":"«первосвященник» — high priest","body":"Within the catalogue of earthly sages, «первосвященник» (literally 'first-priest') is the biblical 'high priest', deliberately scriptural beside the secular «ученых» and «философов». The list itself is the Inquisitor's sweep of all human authority."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесследно утрачены","title":"«бесследно» — without a trace","body":"An adverb built from «без» + «след» ('trace') + -но, 'tracelessly'. It modifies «утрачены» ('lost'), heightening the thought-experiment of the questions vanishing utterly from the books."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возможно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of возможно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"помыслить","lemma":"помыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on возможно","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробы","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пробы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пробы","lemma":"проба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помыслить","gloss":"a test"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking примера","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"примера","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пробы","gloss":"an illustration"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утрачены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies вопроса","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вопроса","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive утрачены","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"spirit's"},{"surface":"бесследно","lemma":"бесследно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утрачены","gloss":"without a trace"},{"surface":"утрачены","lemma":"утратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject вопроса)","gloss":"had been lost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of утрачены","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of восстановить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate governing восстановить/придумать/сочинить","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"восстановить","lemma":"восстановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"restore"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придумать","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстановить","gloss":"think out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сочинить","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with придумать","gloss":"compose"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of внести","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"внести","lemma":"внести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сочинить","gloss":"put back"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внести","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книги","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of внести","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрать","gloss":"this purpose"},{"surface":"собрать","lemma":"собрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with внести","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мудрецов","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"мудрецов","lemma":"мудрец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of собрать","gloss":"sage"},{"surface":"земных","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мудрецов","gloss":"on earth"},{"surface":"правителей","lemma":"правитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to мудрецов","gloss":"rulers"},{"surface":"первосвященников","lemma":"первосвященник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with правителей","gloss":"high priests"},{"surface":"ученых","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with правителей","gloss":"scholars"},{"surface":"философов","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with правителей","gloss":"philosophers"},{"surface":"поэтов","lemma":"поэт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with правителей","gloss":"poets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задать","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрать","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of задать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"задачу","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задать","gloss":"the task"},{"surface":"придумайте","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"states the content of задачу","gloss":"invent"},{"surface":"сочините","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придумайте","gloss":"compose"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies вопроса","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочините","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вопроса","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of соответствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the idiom мало того, что...но и (not merely)","gloss":"not merely"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom мало того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соответствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соответствовали","lemma":"соответствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (subject которые)","gloss":"would match"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of соответствовали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"размеру","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of соответствовали","gloss":"the scale"},{"surface":"события","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies размеру","gloss":"of the event"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выражали","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соответствовали","gloss":"would express"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of выражали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выражали (parallel to сверх того)","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фразах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies фразах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трех","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"фразах","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with словах","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"человеческих","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies фразах","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of историю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"будущую","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выражали","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мира","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the conditional clause, introduces думаешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question on думаешь","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of премудрость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of премудрость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"премудрость","lemma":"премудрость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"the wisdom"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies премудрость","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединившаяся","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"соединившаяся","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying премудрость","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of что-clause (subject премудрость)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of могла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"придумать","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"devise"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of придумать (with нибудь: что-нибудь)","gloss":"any-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"comparable"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силе","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подобное","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубине","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with силе","gloss":"depth"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of трем","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies вопросам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопросам","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of подобное (comparison target)","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive предложены","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложены","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предложены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"предложены","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on вопросам","gloss":"were posed"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предложены","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложены","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"могучим","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духом","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with могучим","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of passive предложены","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложены","gloss":"the wilderness"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c5-s125","source":"Уж по одним вопросам этим, лишь по чуду их появления, можно понимать, что имеешь дело не с человеческим текущим умом, а с вековечным и абсолютным.","translation":"From those questions alone, from the mere wonder of their appearance, one can grasp that here is no dealing with a passing human mind, but with one eternal and absolute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно понимать, что имеешь дело… с вековечным и абсолютным","title":"Predicate-like instrumental after «иметь дело с»","body":"The idiom «иметь дело с» ('to be dealing with') governs the instrumental: «с… умом… а с вековечным и абсолютным», where the substantivized adjectives stand in the instrumental for the kind of mind in play. The «не…, а…» pivots from human to eternal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имеешь дело","title":"Dropped subject in the 2nd-person present","body":"The 2nd-singular ending of «имеешь» alone marks 'you'; the pronoun «ты» is dropped, as Russian routinely does once the verb shows person. Here it generalizes to 'one' ('one is dealing with…')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вековечным","title":"«вековечный» — age-old, eternal","body":"From «век» ('age, century'); a bookish word for the everlasting, contrasted with «текущим» ('passing, current'). It sets the timeless mind against the merely temporal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes по одним вопросам этим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросам","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, plural","role":"modifies вопросам (meaning: alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вопросам","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросам","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуду","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вопросам (parallel oblique complement of можно)","gloss":"the wonder"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of появления","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуду","gloss":"of appearance"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимать","gloss":"you are having"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеешь (idiom иметь дело с = deal with)","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"человеческим","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"текущим","lemma":"текущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеешь","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вековечным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вековечным","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умом","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"абсолютным","lemma":"абсолютный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вековечным","gloss":"absolute"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c5-s126","source":"Ибо в этих трех вопросах как бы совокуплена в одно целое и предсказана вся дальнейшая история человеческая и явлены три образа, в которых сойдутся все неразрешимые исторические противоречия человеческой природы на всей земле.","translation":"For in those three questions the whole further history of mankind is, as it were, gathered into a single whole and foretold, and three images are revealed in which all the irresolvable historical contradictions of human nature across the whole earth will converge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы совокуплена… и предсказана… и явлены три образа","title":"Short passive participles stating a result","body":"Three short past passive participles — «совокуплена», «предсказана» (fem. sg., agreeing with «история»), «явлены» (pl., agreeing with «образа») — describe what is, as it were, done in the questions. The short predicative form is the bookish backbone of the periphrastic passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"An archaic, elevated causal conjunction ('for'), much loved by Dostoevsky's solemn speakers; it recurs almost as a tic in the Inquisitor's speech, lending it a scriptural, sermonic cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совокуплена","title":"«совокупить» — to join into one","body":"A bookish, now-archaic verb 'to gather/unite into one whole'. Its participle «совокуплена» is markedly elevated, suiting the prophetic claim that all history is fused in the three questions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"явлены три образа","title":"«образ» — image, figure (and icon)","body":"«образ» here means 'figure, type' but carries the resonance of «образ» as a holy icon — the three 'images' in which history's contradictions converge are quasi-sacred archetypes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совокуплена","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies вопросах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of совокуплена","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as it were)","gloss":"as it were","note":"как бы is a fixed idiom meaning 'as if / as it were'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"совокуплена","lemma":"совокупить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of clause (subject история)","gloss":"is gathered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целое","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies целое","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совокуплена","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предсказана","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совокуплена","gloss":"is foretold"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of история","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дальнейшая","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"история","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of совокуплена and предсказана","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies история","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явлены","lemma":"явить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the second clause (subject три образа)","gloss":"are revealed"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies образа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явлены","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сойдутся","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сойдутся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on образа","gloss":"will converge"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of противоречия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"неразрешимые","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies противоречия","gloss":"irresolvable"},{"surface":"исторические","lemma":"исторический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies противоречия","gloss":"historical"},{"surface":"противоречия","lemma":"противоречие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of сойдутся","gloss":"contradictions"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природы","gloss":"of human"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies противоречия","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сойдутся","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c5-s127","source":"Тогда это не могло быть еще так видно, ибо будущее было неведомо, но теперь, когда прошло пятнадцать веков, мы видим, что всё в этих трех вопросах до того угадано и предсказано и до того оправдалось, что прибавить к ним или убавить от них ничего нельзя более.","translation":"At the time this could not yet have been so plain, for the future was unknown; but now that fifteen centuries have passed, we see that everything in those three questions has been so divined and foretold, and has so completely proved true, that nothing more can be added to them or taken away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда прошло пятнадцать веков","title":"Numeral «пятнадцать» + genitive plural «веков»","body":"Numbers from five up take the genitive plural: «пятнадцать веков» ('fifteen centuries'). The verb «прошло» stands in the neuter singular, the default agreement with a quantified subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того угадано и предсказано… и до того оправдалось, что","title":"Correlative «до того…, что…» (so… that)","body":"«до того» ('to such a degree') sets up a result clause with «что»: so divined, foretold and proven true 'that nothing can be added or taken away'. The short passives «угадано, предсказано» plus the reflexive «оправдалось» chain the result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибавить к ним или убавить от них ничего нельзя более","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» with negated infinitive","body":"A subjectless modal construction: «нельзя» + infinitive ('it is impossible to…'). With «ничего» the negation pulls the object into the genitive «ничего» — nothing can be added or subtracted. No nominative subject appears at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неведомо","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущее","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неведомо","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неведомо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неведомо","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of ибо-clause (subject будущее)","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошло","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on видим","gloss":"have passed"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause after но","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угадано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive угадано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies вопросах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of угадано","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies угадано (idiom до того...что = to such a degree that)","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"угадано","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видим","gloss":"has been divined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предсказано","lemma":"предсказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угадано","gloss":"foretold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдалось","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"оправдалось","lemma":"оправдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with угадано","gloss":"has proved true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прибавить","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибавить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"убавить","lemma":"убавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавить","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of убавить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of прибавить and убавить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate of the что-clause (governs прибавить/убавить)","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"any more"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c5-s128","source":"Реши же сам, кто был прав: ты или тот, который тогда вопрошал тебя?","translation":"Decide for yourself, then, who was right: you, or the one who questioned you that day?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Реши же сам","title":"Imperative «реши» sharpened by «же» and «сам»","body":"The perfective singular imperative «реши» ('decide') is intensified by the particle «же» (insistent 'then, go on') and the intensifier «сам» ('yourself'). The trio gives a curt, challenging command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, который тогда вопрошал тебя","title":"Correlative «тот, который…»","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('the one') is picked up by the relative «который» ('who') — 'the one who questioned you'. «тот» euphemistically names the tempting spirit without naming him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопрошал","title":"«вопрошать» — to question (elevated)","body":"A high, archaic-bookish verb for 'to ask/interrogate', far more solemn than «спрашивать». It dignifies the tempter as a grave interrogator rather than a mere questioner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Реши","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide!"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Реши","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Реши (implied ты)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прав","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause (subject кто)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to кто (first answer option)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ты (second answer option)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопрошал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопрошал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вопрошал","lemma":"вопрошать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вопрошал","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c5-s129","source":"Вспомни первый вопрос; хоть и не буквально, но смысл его тот: „Ты хочешь идти в мир и идешь с голыми руками, с каким-то обетом свободы, которого они, в простоте своей и в прирожденном бесчинстве своем, не могут и осмыслить, которого боятся они и страшатся, — ибо ничего и никогда не было для человека и для человеческого общества невыносимее свободы!","translation":"Recall the first question; not word for word, but its meaning is this: “You wish to go into the world, and you go with empty hands, with some pledge of freedom which they, in their simplicity and in their inborn unruliness, cannot even comprehend, which they fear and dread — for nothing has ever been more unbearable to man and to human society than freedom!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вспомни первый вопрос","title":"Perfective imperative «вспомни»","body":"«вспомни» ('recall', perfective of «вспоминать/вспомнить») commands a single act of recollection; the -и ending marks a stressed consonant-stem imperative. It opens the Inquisitor's re-staging of the first temptation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего и никогда не было… невыносимее свободы","title":"Negative concord + genitive of comparison","body":"Three negatives cooperate — «ничего… никогда… не было» — Russian's obligatory negative concord, where each ни-word still needs «не» on the verb. The comparative «невыносимее» then takes the bare genitive «свободы» as its standard ('more unbearable than freedom')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого… не могут и осмыслить, которого боятся они и страшатся","title":"«который» in the genitive across two clauses","body":"The relative «которого» appears twice in the genitive: once as the negated object of «осмыслить», once governed by «боятся/страшатся» ('to fear', which take the genitive). The same antecedent «обетом свободы» is threaded through three relative clauses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сии камни","title":"«сии» — archaic 'these'","body":"«сии» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic demonstrative «сей» in the plural ('these'). It marks the tempter's speech as scriptural and antique — Dostoevsky's signal that we are inside the Gospel scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обетом свободы","title":"«обет» — a vow, pledge","body":"«обет» is a solemn, religious 'vow' (as in monastic vows), not an everyday promise. Calling freedom an «обет» casts Christ's gift in sacramental terms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесчинстве","title":"«бесчинство» — unruliness, disorder","body":"From «без» + «чин» ('order, rank'), literally 'rank-less-ness': riotous disorder. «прирожденное бесчинство» ('inborn unruliness') names humanity's native incapacity for the burden of freedom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомни","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Вспомни","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive phrase хоть и не буквально","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буквально","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of смысл его тот","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тот","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысл","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of смысл","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочешь","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"голыми","lemma":"голый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of идешь","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase каким-то, determiner of обетом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"обетом","lemma":"обет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with руками, complement of идешь","gloss":"pledge"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обетом","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмыслить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простоте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"простоте","lemma":"простота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могут","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of простоте","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчинстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прирожденном","lemma":"прирождённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бесчинстве","gloss":"inborn"},{"surface":"бесчинстве","lemma":"бесчинство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with простоте","gloss":"unruliness"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бесчинстве","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on обетом","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осмыслить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"осмыслить","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"comprehend"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боятся","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause, parallel to не могут и осмыслить","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боятся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшатся","lemma":"страшиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боятся","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ничего","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невыносимее","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with человека","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"невыносимее","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement with было","gloss":"more unbearable"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison with невыносимее","gloss":"than freedom"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c5-s130","source":"А видишь ли сии камни в этой нагой раскаленной пустыне?","translation":"But do you see these stones in this bare, scorching wilderness?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А видишь ли сии камни","title":"«а» + «ли» opening a challenge","body":"The contrastive «а» ('but, and') hinges to a new turn, and «ли» after the fronted verb «видишь» frames the rhetorical question. Together they jolt the listener: 'But do you see these stones?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нагой раскаленной пустыне","title":"«нагой» / «раскалённый» — bare and scorching","body":"«нагой» is the bookish word for 'naked/bare' (of a landscape), and «раскалённый» ('white-hot, scorching', from «раскалить») renders the desert's furnace heat. The pairing intensifies the Gospel wilderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, modifies видишь","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of камни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пустыне","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нагой","lemma":"нагой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыне","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"раскаленной","lemma":"раскалённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыне","gloss":"scorching"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видишь","gloss":"wilderness"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c5-s131","source":"Обрати их в хлебы, и за тобой побежит человечество как стадо, благодарное и послушное, хотя и вечно трепещущее, что ты отымешь руку свою и прекратятся им хлебы твои.“ Но ты не захотел лишить человека свободы и отверг предложение, ибо какая же свобода, рассудил ты, если послушание куплено хлебами?","translation":"Turn them into loaves, and mankind will run after you like a flock, grateful and obedient, though forever trembling that you may withdraw your hand and your loaves will cease for them.” But you would not deprive man of freedom, and you rejected the proposal, for what kind of freedom is it, you reasoned, if obedience is bought with bread?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обрати их в хлебы","title":"Imperative «обрати» + accusative «в хлебы»","body":"«обрати» ('turn/convert', perfective imperative) takes «в» + accusative of result: «в хлебы» ('into loaves'). «хлебы» is the older count-plural of «хлеб» meaning loaves (vs. «хлеба», grain in the field)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за тобой побежит человечество как стадо","title":"Perfective future «побежит» = single future event","body":"«побежит» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present but meaning the future: 'will run (and start running) after you'. The image of mankind running «как стадо» ('like a flock') sets the Inquisitor's whole vision."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодарное и послушное, хотя и вечно трепещущее","title":"Present active participle «трепещущее»","body":"Among the agreeing neuter adjectives stands the present active participle «трепещущее» ('trembling', from «трепетать»), describing the flock's continual state. The participle behaves exactly like an adjective in gender, number, and case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая же свобода… если послушание куплено хлебами","title":"Predicate puzzle with «же» and short passive «куплено»","body":"The rhetorical «какая же свобода» ('what kind of freedom, then') uses «же» for indignant emphasis; the conditional «если… куплено хлебами» has a short passive participle with the agent/means in the instrumental «хлебами» ('bought with bread')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отымешь","title":"«отымешь» — archaic 'you will take away'","body":"An older/colloquial future of «отнять» ('to take away'), beside modern «отнимешь». The clipped form belongs to the tempter's antique register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обрати","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Обрати","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Обрати","gloss":"loaves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"побежит","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Обрати","gloss":"will run"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побежит","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with стадо","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison, modifies побежит","gloss":"a flock"},{"surface":"благодарное","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послушное","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with благодарное","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трепещущее","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вечно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трепещущее","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"трепещущее","lemma":"трепещущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"concessive modifier of стадо","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отымешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отымешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отымешь","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of трепещущее","gloss":"may withdraw"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отымешь","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекратятся","lemma":"прекратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отымешь","gloss":"will cease"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of прекратятся","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прекратятся","gloss":"loaves"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies хлебы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"лишить","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"deprive"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of лишить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"second (genitive) object of лишить","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захотел","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"the proposal"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свобода","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свобода","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of the rhetorical question","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"рассудил","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, subject ты","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассудил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of куплено","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"послушание","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of куплено","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"куплено","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"is bought"},{"surface":"хлебами","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of куплено","gloss":"with bread"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c5-s132","source":"Ты возразил, что человек жив не единым хлебом, но знаешь ли, что во имя этого самого хлеба земного и восстанет на тебя дух земли, и сразится с тобою, и победит тебя, и все пойдут за ним, восклицая: „Кто подобен зверю сему, он дал нам огонь с небеси!“ Знаешь ли ты, что пройдут века и человечество провозгласит устами своей премудрости и науки, что преступления нет, а стало быть, нет и греха, а есть лишь только голодные „Накорми, тогда и спрашивай с них добродетели!“ — вот что напишут на знамени, которое воздвигнут против тебя и которым разрушится храм твой.","translation":"You objected that man does not live by bread alone — but do you know that in the name of that very earthly bread the spirit of the earth will rise against you, do battle with you, and overcome you, and all will follow it, crying: “Who is like this beast, he has given us fire from heaven!” Do you know that ages will pass, and mankind will proclaim through the lips of its wisdom and its science that there is no crime, and therefore no sin either, but only the hungry. “Feed them, and then ask virtue of them!” — that is what they will write on the banner they raise against you, and with which your temple will be brought down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и восстанет на тебя дух земли, и сразится с тобою, и победит тебя, и все пойдут","title":"Chained perfective futures driving the prophecy","body":"A cascade of perfective futures — «восстанет, сразится, победит, пойдут» — each names a single completed event, moving the prophesied story forward step by step. The polysyndeton (repeated «и») gives it biblical momentum."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто подобен зверю сему","title":"Short adjective «подобен» + dative; archaic «сему»","body":"The short adjective «подобен» ('like, similar') governs the dative «зверю» ('to the beast'), the bookish predicative pattern. «сему» is the archaic «сей» in the dative ('to this'), echoing Revelation 13's cry over the Beast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с небеси","title":"«с небеси» — Church-Slavonic 'from heaven'","body":"«небеси» is the Church-Slavonic locative/genitive of «небо» (modern «с небес»). The form deliberately sacralizes the cry 'he has given us fire from heaven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а стало быть, нет и греха","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"The existential «нет» ('there is no…') forces its noun into the genitive: «нет греха» ('no sin'), parallel to «преступления нет». The connective «стало быть» ('therefore, hence') chains the godless syllogism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возразил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возразил","lemma":"возразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"objected"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of возразил","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единым","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"единым","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебом","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жив","gloss":"by bread"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies знаешь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восстанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстанет","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хлеба","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восстанет","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"will rise"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстанет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстанет","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сразится","lemma":"сразиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанет","gloss":"do battle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сразится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"победит","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанет","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of победит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдут","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанет","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"восклицая","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of пойдут","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подобен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"подобен","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the quotation","gloss":"is like"},{"surface":"зверю","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of подобен","gloss":"this beast"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of зверю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has given"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небеси","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"небеси","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular, archaic form","role":"modifies огонь","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies Знаешь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пройдут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пройдут","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пройдут","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of провозгласит","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"провозгласит","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пройдут","gloss":"will proclaim"},{"surface":"устами","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провозгласит","gloss":"through the lips"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of премудрости","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"премудрости","lemma":"премудрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies устами","gloss":"of wisdom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"науки","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with премудрости","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"of crime"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of провозгласит","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало, idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"голодные","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, substantivized","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the hungry"},{"surface":"Накорми","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"feed them"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашивай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спрашивай","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Накорми","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивай","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивай","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напишут","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напишут","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"напишут","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will write"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знамени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"знамени","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напишут","gloss":"the banner"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воздвигнут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"воздвигнут","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on знамени","gloss":"they will raise"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвигнут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of разрушится","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"разрушится","lemma":"разрушиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on знамени","gloss":"will be destroyed"},{"surface":"храм","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разрушится","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of храм","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c5-s133","source":"На месте храма твоего воздвигнется новое здание, воздвигнется вновь страшная Вавилонская башня, и хотя и эта не достроится, как и прежняя, но всё же ты бы мог избежать этой новой башни и на тысячу лет сократить страдания людей, ибо к нам же ведь придут они, промучившись тысячу лет со своей башней!","translation":"On the site of your temple a new building will be raised, the dread Tower of Babel will be raised once more, and though it too will go unfinished, as the former one did, still you might have spared this new tower and shortened the suffering of men by a thousand years — for they will come to us anyway, after tormenting themselves with their tower for a thousand years!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты бы мог избежать этой новой башни","title":"Conditional «бы мог» — the unrealized possibility","body":"«ты бы мог» (past «мог» + «бы») expresses 'you might have' — a counterfactual reproach. «избежать» ('to avoid') governs the genitive «башни», as verbs of avoidance and fear regularly do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо к нам же ведь придут они, промучившись тысячу лет","title":"Gerund «промучившись» + particles «же ведь»","body":"The perfective past gerund «промучившись» ('having tormented themselves') names a completed prior action sharing the subject «они». The stacked particles «же ведь» add insistent appeal to shared knowledge ('they'll come to us anyway, you know')."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвигнется","gloss":"the site"},{"surface":"храма","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"of the temple"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies храма","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"воздвигнется","lemma":"воздвигнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be raised"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies здание","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of воздвигнется","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"воздвигнется","lemma":"воздвигнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воздвигнется","gloss":"will be raised"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воздвигнется","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies башня","gloss":"the dread"},{"surface":"Вавилонская","lemma":"вавилонский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies башня","gloss":"Babel"},{"surface":"башня","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воздвигнется","gloss":"Tower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достроится","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of достроится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достроится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достроится","lemma":"достроиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the хотя-clause","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with прежняя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежняя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежняя","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, substantivized","role":"compared with эта (elliptical, the former tower)","gloss":"the former one"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"избежать","lemma":"избежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of башни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies башни","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"башни","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of избежать","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячу лет","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сократить","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сократить","lemma":"сократить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with избежать","gloss":"shortened"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сократить","gloss":"the suffering"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies страдания","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of придут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"промучившись","lemma":"промучиться","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial modifier of придут","gloss":"after tormenting themselves"},{"surface":"тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of промучившись","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking башней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of башней","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"башней","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промучившись","gloss":"tower"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c5-s134","source":"Они отыщут нас тогда опять под землей, в катакомбах, скрывающихся (ибо мы будем вновь гонимы и мучимы), найдут нас и возопиют к нам: „Накормите нас, ибо те, которые обещали нам огонь с небеси, его не дали.“ И тогда уже мы и достроим их башню, ибо достроит тот, кто накормит, а накормим лишь мы, во имя твое, и солжем, что во имя твое.","translation":"They will seek us out again then, beneath the earth, hiding in the catacombs (for we shall again be persecuted and tormented), they will find us and cry out to us: “Feed us, for those who promised us fire from heaven did not give it.” And then we shall finish their tower for them, for the one who feeds them will finish it, and we alone shall feed them, in your name, and we shall lie that it is in your name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы будем вновь гонимы и мучимы","title":"Present passive participles in -мый, short form","body":"«гонимы» and «мучимы» are short forms of the rare present passive participles «гонимый» (persecuted) and «мучимый» (tormented), joined to the future «будем» — 'we shall be persecuted and tormented'. The -мый passive is markedly bookish and biblical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достроит тот, кто накормит","title":"Correlative «тот, кто…» with perfective futures","body":"«тот, кто накормит» ('the one who feeds them') pairs the demonstrative «тот» with relative «кто»; both verbs «достроит» and «накормит» are perfective futures naming completed acts. The maxim's chiastic logic — feed, then finish — is the Inquisitor's creed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возопиют","title":"«возопить» — to cry out (biblical)","body":"An archaic-elevated perfective 'to cry aloud, raise a cry', straight from Church-Slavonic Scripture. It makes the future plea «Накормите нас» ring like a verse from the prophets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отыщут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"отыщут","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will seek out"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отыщут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыщут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыщут","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землей","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"землей","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отыщут","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катакомбах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"катакомбах","lemma":"катакомба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрывающихся","gloss":"the catacombs"},{"surface":"скрывающихся","lemma":"скрываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies нас (they, hiding)","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гонимы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of гонимы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гонимы","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гонимы","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"гонимы","lemma":"гонимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"persecuted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучимы","lemma":"мучимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with гонимы","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"найдут","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отыщут","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of найдут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возопиют","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with найдут","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of возопиют","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Накормите","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"quoted clause introduced by возопиют","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Накормите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обещали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"обещали","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on те","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of обещали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обещали","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небеси","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"небеси","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, archaic Church Slavonic locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of огонь","gloss":"heaven","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic form ('с небеси' = biblical 'fire from heaven'), not the modern locative of небо."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of те (main verb of the ибо-clause)","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достроим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достроим","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of достроим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достроим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"достроим","lemma":"достроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall finish"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of башню","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"башню","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достроим","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достроит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"достроит","lemma":"достроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to достроим","gloss":"will finish"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достроит","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of накормит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"накормит","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"feeds"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"накормим","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормит","gloss":"shall feed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of накормим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накормим","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"солжем","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накормим","gloss":"shall lie"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of солжем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c5-s135","source":"О, никогда, никогда без нас они не накормят себя!","translation":"Oh, never, never will they feed themselves without us!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда, никогда без нас они не накормят себя","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» + negation","body":"«накормят себя» uses the full object pronoun «себя» ('feed themselves'), not the verbal -ся, because there is a distinct object. The doubled «никогда» with «не» is emphatic negative concord, and «без нас» governs the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to накормят","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накормят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накормят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of накормят","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of накормят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies накормят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"накормят","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will feed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of накормят","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c5-s136","source":"Никакая наука не даст им хлеба, пока они будут оставаться свободными, но кончится тем, что они принесут свою свободу к ногам нашим и скажут нам: „Лучше поработите нас, но накормите нас“.","translation":"No science will give them bread so long as they remain free, but it will end with their bringing their freedom to lay at our feet and saying to us: “Better make us your slaves, only feed us.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакая наука не даст им хлеба","title":"Genitive of negation: «хлеба»","body":"Under the negated verb «не даст», the object shifts from accusative to genitive: «хлеба» ('any bread'). The dative «им» is the indirect object — to whom science will not give bread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока они будут оставаться свободными","title":"Compound future «будут оставаться» + instrumental predicate","body":"The imperfective compound future «будут оставаться» ('will remain') names an ongoing future state, and the predicate adjective «свободными» stands in the instrumental, as predicates of «оставаться/быть/стать» regularly do. «пока» ('so long as') opens the temporal clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принесут свою свободу к ногам нашим","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свою свободу» means 'their own freedom' — «свой» refers back to the clause subject «они». Using «их» instead would point to someone else's. The image of laying freedom «к ногам» ('at the feet') is one of abject submission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакая","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наука","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставаться","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставаться","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of оставаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on даст","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"свободными","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of оставаться","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with даст","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончится","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принесут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принесут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"принесут","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободу","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесут","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принесут","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of принесут","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесут","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажут","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"Лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поработите","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"поработите","lemma":"поработить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to скажут","gloss":"enslave"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of поработите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"накормите","lemma":"накормить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поработите","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of накормите","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c5-s137","source":"Поймут наконец сами, что свобода и хлеб земной вдоволь для всякого вместе немыслимы, ибо никогда, никогда не сумеют они разделиться между собою!","translation":"They will understand at last that freedom and earthly bread in plenty for everyone together are unthinkable, for never, never will they be able to share it out among themselves!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поймут наконец сами","title":"Subject-dropping perfective future «поймут»","body":"The sentence opens with a verb, subject pronoun «они» understood — 'they will understand at last'. The intensifier «сами» ('themselves') and fronted verb give the prophecy a clipped, oracular force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда, никогда не сумеют они разделиться между собою","title":"Reciprocal -ся in «разделиться между собою»","body":"«разделиться» (with -ся) here is reciprocal/middle — 'to divide it up among themselves'; «между собою» ('among themselves') uses the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental. The doubled «никогда…не» is again negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поймут","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies (implied subject of) Поймут","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of немыслимы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of немыслимы","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свобода","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"вдоволь","lemma":"вдоволь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"in plenty"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всякого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вдоволь","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немыслимы","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"немыслимы","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумеют","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумеют","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумеют","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумеют","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will be able"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сумеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"разделиться","lemma":"разделиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумеют","gloss":"divide it"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of разделиться","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c5-s138","source":"Убедятся тоже, что не могут быть никогда и свободными, потому что малосильны, порочны, ничтожны и бунтовщики.","translation":"They will also become convinced that they can never be free either, because they are feeble, vicious, worthless, and rebellious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могут быть никогда и свободными","title":"Instrumental predicate «свободными» after «быть»","body":"After the infinitive «быть», the predicate adjective takes the instrumental: «свободными» ('free'). The pattern (быть/стать + instrumental) frames the state as one they can never assume."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"малосильны, порочны, ничтожны и бунтовщики","title":"Short adjectives in a predicate string","body":"Three short-form adjectives — «малосильны, порочны, ничтожны» — predicate a damning verdict ('feeble, vicious, worthless'), the bookish short form lending categorical finality, before the noun «бунтовщики» ('rebels') caps the list."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малосильны","title":"«малосильный» — feeble, weak-strengthed","body":"A compound of «мало» ('little') + «сила» ('strength'): 'of little strength, feeble'. It belongs to the Inquisitor's recurring lexicon of human weakness («слабый», «слабосильный»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убедятся","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become convinced"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Убедятся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Убедятся","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свободными","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свободными","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of малосильны","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"малосильны","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"adverbial clause on могут","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"порочны","lemma":"порочный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with малосильны","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"ничтожны","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with малосильны","gloss":"worthless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бунтовщики","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ничтожны","gloss":"rebels"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c5-s139","source":"Ты обещал им хлеб небесный, но, повторяю опять, может ли он сравниться в глазах слабого, вечно порочного и вечно неблагородного людского племени с земным?","translation":"You promised them bread from heaven, but, I say again, can it compare, in the eyes of the weak, forever vicious and forever ignoble human tribe, with the earthly kind?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может ли он сравниться… с земным","title":"«ли» question + reflexive «сравниться» + instrumental","body":"«может ли он сравниться» frames a rhetorical yes/no question with «ли»; «сравниться» (with -ся) is the intransitive 'compare, be equal', taking «с» + instrumental «с земным» ('with the earthly [bread]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глазах слабого, вечно порочного и вечно неблагородного людского племени","title":"Genitive chain of agreeing adjectives","body":"A long attributive string — «слабого, вечно порочного и вечно неблагородного людского племени» — all in the genitive singular agreeing with «племени» ('tribe'). Each adjective repeats the case ending, making the noun's genitive role unmistakable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлеб небесный… хлеб земной","title":"Heavenly bread vs. earthly bread","body":"The antithesis «хлеб небесный» / «хлеб земной» runs through the whole monologue — the spiritual nourishment Christ offers against the literal bread the Inquisitor would dispense. Note the bookish post-positioned adjective «хлеб небесный»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обещал","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of обещал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обещал","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"небесный","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеб","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обещал","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (повторяю опять is a parenthetical aside, not a governing verb)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сравниться","lemma":"сравниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"compare"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сравниться","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"слабого","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies племени","gloss":"the weak"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порочного","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"порочного","lemma":"порочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слабого","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неблагородного","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"неблагородного","lemma":"неблагородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with порочного","gloss":"ignoble"},{"surface":"людского","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies племени","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"племени","lemma":"племя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"tribe"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"земным","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравниться (comparison object: compares он/хлеб небесный с земным хлебом)","gloss":"the earthly"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c5-s140","source":"И если за тобою во имя хлеба небесного пойдут тысячи и десятки тысяч, то что станется с миллионами и с десятками тысяч миллионов существ, которые не в силах будут пренебречь хлебом земным для небесного?","translation":"And if, in the name of bread from heaven, thousands and tens of thousands follow you, what will become of the millions, the tens of thousands of millions of beings who will not have the strength to scorn earthly bread for the heavenly?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что станется с миллионами и с десятками тысяч миллионов существ","title":"Reflexive «станется» + instrumental «с»","body":"«что станется с…» ('what will become of…') uses the reflexive «статься» with «с» + instrumental. The huge quantified phrase «с десятками тысяч миллионов существ» ends in the genitive «существ» governed by the numerals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые не в силах будут пренебречь хлебом земным","title":"«пренебречь» + instrumental object","body":"The verb «пренебречь» ('to scorn, disdain') governs the instrumental, not the accusative: «хлебом земным» ('earthly bread'). The idiom «не в силах будут» ('will not have the strength to') frames the future incapacity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пойдут","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"десятки","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысячи","gloss":"tens"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies десятки","gloss":"of thousands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (main clause)","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миллионами","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"миллионами","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"the millions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десятками","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"десятками","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with миллионами","gloss":"tens"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies миллионов","gloss":"of thousands"},{"surface":"миллионов","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantifies существ","gloss":"of millions"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies миллионов","gloss":"of beings"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пренебречь","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пренебречь","gloss":"the strength","note":"Idiom 'не в силах' = 'unable/not able to.'"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пренебречь","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"пренебречь","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause (modifying существ)","gloss":"to scorn"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пренебречь","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"земным","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебом","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небесного","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебречь","gloss":"the heavenly"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c5-s141","source":"Иль тебе дороги лишь десятки тысяч великих и сильных, а остальные миллионы, многочисленные, как песок морской, слабых, но любящих тебя, должны лишь послужить материалом для великих и сильных?","translation":"Or are only the tens of thousands of the great and strong dear to you, while the remaining millions, numerous as the sand of the sea, who are weak but who love you, must serve merely as material for the great and strong?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иль тебе дороги лишь десятки тысяч","title":"Dative experiencer with short adjective «дороги»","body":"«тебе дороги…» is a dative-experiencer construction: literally 'to you are dear…'. The short adjective «дороги» ('dear, precious') predicates with no copula, the experiencer «тебе» in the dative. «Иль» is the archaic clipped «или» ('or')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слабых, но любящих тебя","title":"Present active participle «любящих»","body":"«любящих тебя» ('who love you') is the present active participle of «любить» in the genitive plural, agreeing with «миллионы… слабых». It compresses 'the millions who love you' into one modifier — the participial economy of literary prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"многочисленные, как песок морской","title":"«как песок морской» — as the sand of the sea","body":"A biblical simile (Genesis 22:17 and elsewhere) for an uncountable multitude. The post-positioned «морской» keeps the scriptural cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дороги","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate (main verb equivalent), subject десятки","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies десятки","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"десятки","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"tens"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies десятки","gloss":"of thousands"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"the great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with великих","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies миллионы","gloss":"the remaining"},{"surface":"миллионы","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"многочисленные","lemma":"многочисленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies миллионы","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking песок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"песок","lemma":"песок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of многочисленные","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"морской","lemma":"морской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies песок","gloss":"of the sea"},{"surface":"слабых","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies миллионы","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"любящих","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слабых","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любящих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate (main verb of the second clause)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послужить","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"материалом","lemma":"материал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of послужить","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking великих","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies материалом","gloss":"the great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with великих","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c5-s142","source":"Нет, нам дороги и слабые.","translation":"No, the weak are dear to us as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет, нам дороги и слабые","title":"Dative «нам» + short adjective «дороги»","body":"Again the dative-experiencer pattern: «нам дороги… слабые» ('to us the weak too are dear'), with the emphatic «и» ('also, even'). The Inquisitor's 'us' answers Christ's implied 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to дороги","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дороги","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate (main verb equivalent)","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слабые","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"слабые","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дороги","gloss":"the weak"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c5-s143","source":"Они порочны и бунтовщики, но под конец они-то станут и послушными.","translation":"They are vicious and rebellious, but in the end they too will become obedient.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они-то станут и послушными","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» + instrumental predicate","body":"The clitic «-то» on «они-то» topicalizes 'they, for their part'; «станут… послушными» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «стать» ('will become obedient'). The emphatic «и» underscores the reversal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бунтовщики","title":"«бунтовщик» — rebel, mutineer","body":"From «бунт» ('revolt, riot'); the agent noun «бунтовщик» recurs as the Inquisitor's name for humanity. It carries the flavour of the rebellious mob — the «бунт» of Russian history — applied to all mankind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of порочны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"порочны","lemma":"порочный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бунтовщики","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with порочны","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станут","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послушными","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"послушными","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"obedient"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c5-s144","source":"Они будут дивиться на нас и будут считать нас за богов за то, что мы, став во главе их, согласились выносить свободу и над ними господствовать так ужасно им станет под конец быть свободными!","translation":"They will marvel at us and take us for gods, because we, having set ourselves at their head, agreed to bear freedom and to rule over them — so dreadful will it become for them in the end to be free!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будут дивиться… и будут считать нас за богов","title":"Compound future «будут дивиться/считать»","body":"Two imperfective compound futures (быть + infinitive) name ongoing future states — 'will marvel… will take us for'. «считать… за богов» uses «за» + accusative in the idiom 'to take (someone) for (something)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы, став во главе их, согласились","title":"Perfective past gerund «став»","body":"«став» ('having stood/placed ourselves', perfective gerund of «стать») names the completed prior action; «во главе их» means 'at their head'. The gerund shares the subject «мы» and condenses 'after we placed ourselves at their head'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ужасно им станет под конец быть свободными","title":"Dative «им» + impersonal «станет ужасно»","body":"An impersonal experiencer construction: «им станет ужасно… быть свободными» — 'it will become dreadful for them to be free'. The experiencer «им» is dative, the predicate the invariable «ужасно», and «свободными» the instrumental after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дивиться","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of дивиться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"дивиться","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will marvel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of дивиться","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of считать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дивиться","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"богов","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of согласились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"став","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on согласились","gloss":"having set ourselves"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of став","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies главе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (explains то)","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"выносить","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласились","gloss":"to bear"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выносить","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of господствовать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"господствовать","lemma":"господствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласились (coordinated with выносить)","gloss":"to rule"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of станет","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of станет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject-complement of станет, linking to свободными","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"свободными","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"free"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c5-s145","source":"Но мы скажем, что послушны тебе и господствуем во имя твое.","translation":"But we shall say that we are obedient to you and that we rule in your name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что послушны тебе и господствуем во имя твое","title":"Short adjective «послушны» + dative «тебе»","body":"The reported clause after «скажем, что» pairs the short adjective «послушны» ('obedient', + dative «тебе») with the verb «господствуем» ('we rule'). «во имя твое» ('in your name') is the recurring formula of the lie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послушны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"послушны","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of скажем","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of послушны","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"господствуем","lemma":"господствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with послушны","gloss":"we rule"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of господствуем","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c5-s146","source":"Мы их обманем опять, ибо тебя мы уж не пустим к себе.","translation":"We shall deceive them again, for we shall no longer let you come near us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя мы уж не пустим к себе","title":"Word order + reflexive «к себе» + particle «уж»","body":"The object «тебя» is fronted for emphasis ('you we shall no longer admit'); «к себе» ('to ourselves') uses the reflexive «себя» in the dative after «к». The particle «уж» (clipped «уже») adds finality, 'no longer / not any more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обманем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обманем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обманем","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall deceive"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманем","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустим","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пустим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пустим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустим","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустим","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обманем","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of пустим","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c5-s147","source":"В обмане этом и будет заключаться наше страдание, ибо мы должны будем лгать.","translation":"In that deceit will lie our suffering, for we shall be obliged to lie.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В обмане этом и будет заключаться наше страдание","title":"Fronted locative + emphatic «и» + compound future","body":"The phrase «в обмане этом» is fronted and reinforced by «и», throwing the new information «наше страдание» to the end — a cleft-like focus. «будет заключаться» is the imperfective compound future ('will lie/consist')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы должны будем лгать","title":"Modal «должны будем» + imperfective infinitive","body":"The short adjective «должны» ('obliged') combines with the future «будем» and the imperfective «лгать» ('to lie, keep lying') — a future obligation viewed as an ongoing process, the point of their endless deception."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обмане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обмане","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключаться","gloss":"deceit"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обмане","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies заключаться","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of заключаться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"заключаться","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключаться","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of должны","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"лгать","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"to lie"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c5-s148","source":"Вот что значил этот первый вопрос в пустыне, и вот что ты отверг во имя свободы, которую поставил выше всего.","translation":"That is what that first question in the wilderness meant, and that is what you rejected in the name of freedom, which you set above all else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот что значил этот первый вопрос… вот что ты отверг","title":"Anaphoric «вот что…» summation","body":"Twice the deictic «вот что» ('that is what') gathers up the long preceding argument — a rhetorical clamp closing the first temptation. The relative «что» functions as object of «значил» and «отверг»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свободы, которую поставил выше всего","title":"Relative «которую» (accusative) + comparative «выше»","body":"«которую» is the accusative relative ('which you set'), agreeing in gender with «свобода» but taking object case. «выше всего» ('above all') is the comparative «выше» with the genitive «всего» as the standard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms predicate with что-clause (that is)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of значил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значил","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the вот-что clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"wilderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms predicate with second что-clause (that is)","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the second вот-что clause","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отверг","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on свободы","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"all else"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c5-s149","source":"А между тем в вопросе этом заключалась великая тайна мира сего.","translation":"And yet in that question lay the great secret of this world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в вопросе этом заключалась великая тайна мира сего","title":"Archaic «мира сего» + topic-fronting","body":"«сего» is the archaic «сей» in the genitive — «мира сего» ('of this world'), a Church-Slavonic formula. The locative «в вопросе этом» is fronted as topic, with the new subject «великая тайна» last."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"while","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning \"meanwhile / and yet.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вопросе","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалась","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заключалась","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключалась","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"this","note":"сего is the archaic genitive of сей (\"this\"), a Church Slavonic form still used for solemn effect."}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c5-s150","source":"Приняв „хлебы“, ты бы ответил на всеобщую и вековечную тоску человеческую как единоличного существа, так и целого человечества вместе — это: „пред кем преклониться?“ Нет заботы беспрерывнее и мучительнее для человека, как, оставшись свободным, сыскать поскорее того, пред кем преклониться.","translation":"By accepting the “loaves,” you would have answered the universal and eternal craving of man — the individual being as well as mankind as a whole — namely this: “before whom shall I bow down?” There is no anxiety more relentless and more tormenting for man than, once left free, to find as quickly as possible the one before whom to bow down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приняв „хлебы“, ты бы ответил","title":"Gerund «приняв» + conditional «бы ответил»","body":"The perfective past gerund «приняв» ('having accepted') supplies the unstated condition, and «ты бы ответил» is the counterfactual apodosis ('you would have answered'). Gerund-plus-бы is a compact way to say 'if you had…, you would have…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет заботы беспрерывнее и мучительнее для человека, как","title":"Genitive of negation + comparative","body":"«Нет заботы…» forces the genitive «заботы» (no anxiety), and the comparatives «беспрерывнее, мучительнее» pile up before the «как»-clause that supplies the standard. A characteristic Inquisitor superlative-by-negation: 'there is no anxiety more… than…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшись свободным, сыскать поскорее того, пред кем преклониться","title":"Gerund «оставшись» + correlative «того, пред кем»","body":"«оставшись свободным» ('once left free') is a perfective gerund with instrumental predicate «свободным»; «того, пред кем преклониться» is a correlative ('the one before whom to bow down'), with «пред» + instrumental «кем»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преклониться","title":"«преклониться» — to bow down, worship","body":"A solemn verb 'to bow down (in worship/submission)', the keyword of this whole passage on man's craving to worship. The repeated «пред кем преклониться» becomes a near-liturgical refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"having accepted"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Приняв","gloss":"loaves"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of ответил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоску","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всеобщую","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоску","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вековечную","lemma":"вековечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всеобщую","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"тоску","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"человеческую","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоску","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with так и, introduces phrase modifying тоску","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"единоличного","lemma":"единоличный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of как (comparative phrase)","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination (так и — as well as)","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человечества","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with существа","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человечества","gloss":"as a whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive summarizing what was answered","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"bow down"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"беспрерывнее","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies заботы","gloss":"more relentless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительнее","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with беспрерывнее","gloss":"more tormenting"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучительнее","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (than), modifies мучительнее","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"оставшись","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сыскать","gloss":"once left"},{"surface":"свободным","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оставшись","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"сыскать","lemma":"сыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заботы within the как-clause","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies сыскать","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сыскать","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"relative clause on того","gloss":"to bow down"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c5-s151","source":"Но ищет человек преклониться пред тем, что уже бесспорно, столь бесспорно, чтобы все люди разом согласились на всеобщее пред ним преклонение.","translation":"But man seeks to bow down before what is already beyond dispute, so far beyond dispute that all people at once would agree to a universal bowing before it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред тем, что уже бесспорно, столь бесспорно, чтобы… согласились","title":"Result clause «столь…, чтобы…»","body":"«столь бесспорно, чтобы… согласились» ('so beyond dispute that they would agree') uses «чтобы» + the past-form irrealis «согласились» to express a willed/hypothetical result. «чтобы» here, not plain «что», marks the consequence as conceived rather than factual."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесспорно","title":"«бесспорный» — indisputable, beyond dispute","body":"From «без» + «спор» ('dispute'): 'undisputed'. The word is hammered through this section («бесспорно… бесспорнее… бесспорный») — the absolute, unquestionable object of worship that mankind craves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ищет","gloss":"to bow down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бесспорно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесспорно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of the что-clause, modifies тем","gloss":"beyond dispute"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесспорно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate correlating with чтобы-clause (so...that)","gloss":"beyond dispute"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of согласились","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласились","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"согласились","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause (result of столь бесспорно)","gloss":"would agree"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преклонение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всеобщее","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преклонение","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклонение","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"преклонение","lemma":"преклонение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, complement of согласились","gloss":"bowing"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c5-s152","source":"Ибо забота этих жалких созданий не в том только состоит, чтобы сыскать то, пред чем мне или другому преклониться, но чтобы сыскать такое, чтоб и все уверовали в него и преклонились пред ним, и чтобы непременно все вместе.","translation":"For the anxiety of these pitiful creatures does not consist merely in finding that before which I or another might bow down, but in finding something such that everyone else would believe in it and bow before it as well, and that without fail all together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в том только… чтобы сыскать… но чтобы сыскать такое, чтоб… уверовали","title":"Stacked «чтобы»-clauses of purpose/content","body":"Three «чтобы/чтоб» clauses (with past-form verbs «уверовали, преклонились») unfold what the anxiety 'consists in' — the bookish use of «чтобы» for both content and willed result. Note the shortened «чтоб», common in speech and 19th-c. prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред чем мне или другому преклониться","title":"Dative «мне… другому» with infinitive «преклониться»","body":"The dative «мне или другому» marks who is to do the bowing in a dative-plus-infinitive construction ('before which I or another might bow'). It is the dative-subject pattern transposed into an embedded clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уверовали","title":"«уверовать» — to come to believe","body":"The perfective «уверовать» ('to come to faith, become a believer'), with a religious colouring stronger than plain «поверить». It marks the once-for-all act of conversion the crowd is to make."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of созданий","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"жалких","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies созданий","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"созданий","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates состоит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сыскать","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сыскать","lemma":"сыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clause complement of том","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сыскать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of преклониться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне (dative subject of преклониться)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"bow down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сыскать","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сыскать","lemma":"сыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сыскать (w12), complement of том","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сыскать","gloss":"something such"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уверовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies все","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уверовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"уверовали","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause introduced by чтоб, modifies такое","gloss":"would believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверовали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"преклонились","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уверовали","gloss":"would bow down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклонились","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces final coordinated чтобы-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вместе","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (вместе)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of the third чтобы-clause","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c5-s153","source":"Вот эта потребность общности преклонения и есть главнейшее мучение каждого человека единолично и как целого человечества с начала веков.","translation":"It is this need for a community of worship that is the chief torment of every man, both individually and as a whole of mankind, from the beginning of the ages.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот эта потребность общности преклонения и есть главнейшее мучение","title":"Emphatic «и есть» + superlative «главнейшее»","body":"«и есть» asserts identity emphatically ('is precisely'), unusual in the present where Russian normally drops the copula. «главнейшее» is the bookish suffixal superlative in -ейш- ('the very chief'), a literary intensifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle heading the clause","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of потребность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"общности","lemma":"общность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"for community"},{"surface":"преклонения","lemma":"преклонение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общности","gloss":"of worship"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, links потребность and есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"главнейшее","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"мучение","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"единолично","lemma":"единолично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"individually"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with единолично","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человечества","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of как, coordinated with человека","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"of the ages"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c5-s154","source":"Из-за всеобщего преклонения они истребляли друг друга мечом.","translation":"For the sake of a universal worship they slaughtered one another with the sword.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они истребляли друг друга мечом","title":"Imperfective «истребляли» + instrumental of means","body":"The imperfective past «истребляли» views the slaughter as a repeated, drawn-out historical process. «мечом» is the instrumental of means ('with the sword'), and «друг друга» the reciprocal 'one another'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истребляли","title":"«истреблять» — to exterminate, destroy","body":"A strong verb 'to wipe out, annihilate', heavier than 'kill'. It universalizes the bloodshed: for the sake of a common worship, mankind has exterminated itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"for the sake"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за, marks преклонения","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всеобщего","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преклонения","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"преклонения","lemma":"преклонение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истребляли","gloss":"worship"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of истребляли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"истребляли","lemma":"истреблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slaughtered"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, invariant","role":"part of reciprocal idiom друг друга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребляли, part of идиом друг друга","gloss":"another","note":"друг друга is the fixed reciprocal idiom \"one another.\""},{"surface":"мечом","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of истребляли","gloss":"with the sword"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c5-s155","source":"Они созидали богов и взывали друг к другу: „Бросьте ваших богов и придите поклониться нашим, не то смерть вам и богам вашим!“ И так будет до скончания мира, даже и тогда, когда исчезнут в мире и боги: всё равно падут пред идолами.","translation":"They created gods and called out to one another: “Abandon your gods and come worship ours, or else death to you and to your gods!” And so it will be until the end of the world, even then, when the gods themselves vanish from the world: they will fall down before idols all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бросьте ваших богов и придите поклониться нашим","title":"Plural imperatives «бросьте, придите»","body":"Two -те imperatives address the rival peoples: «бросьте» ('abandon') and «придите» ('come'), the latter a prefixed perfective of motion («прийти»). «поклониться нашим» ('to worship ours') uses «поклониться» + dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда исчезнут в мире и боги: всё равно падут пред идолами","title":"Perfective futures «исчезнут… падут»","body":"«исчезнут» ('will vanish') and «падут» ('will fall down') are perfective futures of completed events; «падут» is an elevated/archaic form (vs. «упадут»). «пред идолами» uses the bookish «пред» + instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созидали","title":"«созидать» — to create, build up (elevated)","body":"A lofty, bookish counterpart of «создавать» ('to create'), often used of building or constructing in a grand sense. «созидали богов» ('they fashioned gods') carries a faintly biblical-philosophical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of созидали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"созидали","lemma":"созидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"богов","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of созидали","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взывали","lemma":"взывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with созидали","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, invariant","role":"part of reciprocal idiom друг к другу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom друг к другу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"object of к, part of idiom друг к другу","gloss":"another","note":"друг к другу is the fixed reciprocal idiom \"to one another.\""},{"surface":"Бросьте","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of богов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"богов","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Бросьте","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Бросьте","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"поклониться","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придите","gloss":"worship"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поклониться","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то (or else)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не то (or else)","gloss":"else","note":"не то is a fixed idiom meaning \"or else.\""},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided predicate (death awaits)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of elided predicate","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богам","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вам","gloss":"to gods"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of богам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скончания","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"скончания","lemma":"скончание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, oblique complement of будет","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies скончания","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with когда-clause, appositive to скончания мира","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчезнут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"исчезнут","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"vanish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезнут","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies боги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of исчезнут","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom всё равно","role":"part of idiom всё равно (all the same)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom всё равно","role":"part of idiom всё равно (all the same)","gloss":"the same","note":"всё равно is a fixed idiom meaning \"all the same / regardless.\""},{"surface":"падут","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will fall"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идолами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"идолами","lemma":"идол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of падут","gloss":"idols"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c5-s156","source":"Ты знал, ты не мог не знать эту основную тайну природы человеческой, но ты отверг единственное абсолютное знамя, которое предлагалось тебе, чтобы заставить всех преклониться пред тобою бесспорно, — знамя хлеба земного, и отверг во имя свободы и хлеба небесного.","translation":"You knew, you could not but know, this fundamental secret of human nature, yet you rejected the one absolute banner that was offered to you, by which you might have made all men bow before you beyond dispute — the banner of earthly bread — and you rejected it in the name of freedom and of bread from heaven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не мог не знать эту основную тайну","title":"Double negation «не мог не знать»","body":"Two negatives cancel to a strong positive: «не мог не знать» ('could not but know', i.e. surely knew). Note that the object stays accusative «эту… тайну» — this litotes does not trigger the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знамя, которое предлагалось тебе, чтобы заставить всех преклониться","title":"Imperfective passive -ся «предлагалось» + «чтобы»","body":"«предлагалось» (with -ся) is an imperfective passive 'was being offered'; the dative «тебе» names the recipient. The purpose clause «чтобы заставить… преклониться» uses «чтобы» + infinitive since the subject is shared."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (parallel clause)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"основную","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайну","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайну","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природы","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"единственное","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамя","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"абсолютное","lemma":"абсолютный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамя","gloss":"absolute"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive предлагалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"предлагалось","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on знамя","gloss":"was offered"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагалось","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставить","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"заставить","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предлагалось","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заставить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставить","gloss":"bow down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преклониться","gloss":"beyond dispute"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to знамя (w18), elaborating what was rejected","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знамя","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отверг (w15)","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отверг","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободы","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"heavenly"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c5-s157","source":"Взгляни же, что сделал ты далее.","translation":"Look, then, at what you did next.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взгляни же, что сделал ты далее","title":"Imperative «взгляни» + insistent «же»","body":"«взгляни» ('look', perfective imperative of «взглянуть») is sharpened by «же». The embedded question «что сделал ты далее» inverts to verb-subject order, throwing weight onto «далее» ('next')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взгляни","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Взгляни","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"object clause of Взгляни","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"next"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c5-s158","source":"И всё опять во имя свободы!","translation":"And all of it once again in the name of freedom!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё опять во имя свободы!","title":"Verbless exclamation","body":"A copula-free exclamatory fragment — Russian needs no verb in the present ('and all of it again in the name of freedom!'). The structure throws full rhetorical force onto the refrain «во имя свободы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of freedom"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c5-s159","source":"Говорю тебе, что нет у человека заботы мучительнее, как найти того, кому бы передать поскорее тот дар свободы, с которым это несчастное существо рождается.","translation":"I tell you that man has no anxiety more tormenting than to find someone to whom he may hand over, as quickly as possible, that gift of freedom with which this unhappy creature is born.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет у человека заботы мучительнее, как найти","title":"Genitive of negation + comparative + «как»-standard","body":"«нет… заботы» forces the genitive «заботы»; the comparative «мучительнее» takes its standard with «как» ('than to find…'). The whole is the Inquisitor's signature 'there is no X more Y than Z' frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому бы передать… тот дар свободы, с которым… рождается","title":"Dative «кому бы» + relative «с которым»","body":"«кому бы передать» ('to whom to hand over', dative + бы + infinitive) frames a hypothetical recipient; «с которым… рождается» is a relative clause with «с» + instrumental ('with which he is born'). Two threads of the case system woven into one sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"clausal complement of Говорю","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет, modified by мучительнее","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"мучительнее","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies заботы","gloss":"more tormenting"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause (than), modifies мучительнее","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мучительнее","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of передать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"relative clause on того","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дар","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рождается","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастное","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of рождается","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"рождается","lemma":"рождаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дар","gloss":"is born"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c5-s160","source":"Но овладевает свободой людей лишь тот, кто успокоит их совесть.","translation":"But only the one who quiets their conscience takes possession of men’s freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"овладевает свободой людей лишь тот, кто успокоит их совесть","title":"«овладеть» + instrumental; correlative «тот, кто»","body":"«овладевает свободой» ('takes possession of freedom') governs the instrumental «свободой». The subject is the correlative «тот, кто успокоит…» ('the one who quiets'), the verb fronted for the aphoristic punch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"овладевает","lemma":"овладевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes possession"},{"surface":"свободой","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of овладевает","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свободой","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of овладевает","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of успокоит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"успокоит","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"quiets"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоит","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c5-s161","source":"С хлебом тебе давалось бесспорное знамя: дашь хлеб, и человек преклонится, ибо ничего нет бесспорнее хлеба, но если в то же время кто-нибудь овладеет его совестью помимо тебя — о. тогда он даже бросит хлеб твой и пойдет за тем, который обольстит его совесть.","translation":"With bread you were given a banner beyond dispute: give bread, and man will bow down, for nothing is more beyond dispute than bread; but if at the same time someone takes possession of his conscience apart from you — oh, then he will even cast aside your bread and follow the one who has seduced his conscience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С хлебом тебе давалось бесспорное знамя","title":"Imperfective passive -ся «давалось» + dative «тебе»","body":"«давалось» (with -ся) is the imperfective passive 'was being given'; the dative «тебе» names the recipient and «с хлебом» the accompaniment ('along with bread'). The neuter «давалось» agrees with «знамя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если… кто-нибудь овладеет его совестью","title":"Indefinite «кто-нибудь» + perfective future","body":"«кто-нибудь» (with -нибудь) marks a non-specific 'anyone at all' as the hypothetical agent; «овладеет совестью» is a perfective future + instrumental ('will take possession of his conscience'). Contrast «кто-то», which would mean a specific unknown person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдет за тем, который обольстит его совесть","title":"Correlative «за тем, который…» + future","body":"«за тем, который…» pairs «тот» (instrumental after «за») with the relative «который», whose verb «обольстит» is a perfective future. «пойдёт за» ('will follow', verb of motion + «за») governs the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстит","title":"«обольстить» — to seduce, beguile","body":"A vivid verb 'to seduce, lead astray by enticement', stronger and more sinister than 'persuade'. It frames the rival as a tempter who 'seduces' the conscience away."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хлебом","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давалось","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of давалось","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"давалось","lemma":"даваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"бесспорное","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамя","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of давалось","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"дашь","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause paired with преклонится","gloss":"give","note":"Generic second person = 'if one gives'; the pair дашь…преклонится forms an asyndetic if-then."},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дашь","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преклонится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"преклонится","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дашь","gloss":"will bow down"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"is not"},{"surface":"бесспорнее","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, compared to хлеба","gloss":"more indisputable"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of comparison with бесспорнее","gloss":"than bread"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of овладеет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладеет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of овладеет","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кто-нибудь","gloss":"-one","note":"кто-нибудь = 'someone', split across two tokens."},{"surface":"овладеет","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"takes possession"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совестью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совестью","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладеет","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"помимо","lemma":"помимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of помимо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, unattached","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросит","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бросит","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cast aside"},{"surface":"хлеб","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросит","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хлеб","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросит","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обольстит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"обольстит","lemma":"обольстить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"will seduce"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обольстит","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c5-s162","source":"В этом ты был прав.","translation":"In this you were right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом ты был прав","title":"Short adjective «прав» predicate","body":"«прав» ('right, correct') is a short-form adjective, the standard predicative form of «правый» in this sense; it agrees in masculine singular with «ты». Such short forms dominate predicative judgements in this speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прав","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c5-s163","source":"Ибо тайна бытия человеческого не в том, чтобы только жить, а в том, для чего жить.","translation":"For the secret of human existence lies not in merely living, but in what one lives for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тайна бытия человеческого не в том…, а в том, для чего жить","title":"Antithetical «не в том…, а в том…»","body":"The «не…, а…» pivot opposes two locative «в том» phrases, each then unpacked by an infinitive clause ('not in merely living, but in what one lives for'). «бытия» is the genitive of the bookish neuter «бытие» ('existence, being')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бытия человеческого","title":"«бытие» — being, existence","body":"An abstract, philosophical-theological noun (the same word as the Russian title of Genesis, «Бытие»). «тайна бытия человеческого» ('the secret of human existence') lifts the line to metaphysical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an implied 'is'","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"бытия","lemma":"бытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"of being"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бытия","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied 'is'","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of том","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with том (w7)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of том (w13)","gloss":"to live"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c5-s164","source":"Без твердого представления себе, для чего ему жить, человек не согласится жить и скорей истребит себя, чем останется на земле, хотя бы кругом его всё были хлебы.","translation":"Without a firm idea of what he is to live for, man will not consent to live, and will sooner destroy himself than remain on the earth, even were there loaves all around him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек не согласится жить и скорей истребит себя","title":"Reflexive «истребит себя» vs. coming comparative «скорей»","body":"«истребит себя» ('will destroy himself') uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object; «скорей» ('sooner, rather') is the predicative comparative of «скоро». Both perfective futures name decisive single acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы кругом его всё были хлебы","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + irrealis","body":"«хотя бы… были» ('even were there…') is a concessive with «бы» softening to the hypothetical — 'even if loaves stood all around him'. The «бы» pulls the verb «были» into the irrealis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking представления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"твердого","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies представления","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласится","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представления","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of жить","gloss":"he","note":"Dative-plus-infinitive construction: 'for him to live'."},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause modifying представления","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласится","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласится","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will consent"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of согласится","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies истребит","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"истребит","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласится","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on истребит","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (хотя бы = even if)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of были","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хлебы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"loaves","note":"Archaic plural of хлеб ('loaves of bread'), distinct from modern хлеба."}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c5-s165","source":"Это так, но что же вышло: вместо того чтоб овладеть свободой людей, ты увеличил им ее еще больше!","translation":"That is so — but what came of it: instead of taking possession of men’s freedom, you only increased it for them all the more!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того чтоб овладеть свободой людей, ты увеличил им ее","title":"«вместо того чтоб» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«вместо того чтоб(ы)» + infinitive «овладеть» means 'instead of taking possession of'. The main clause «ты увеличил им её» has dative «им» (for them) and accusative «её» (it = freedom). A compact 'instead of X, you did Y'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же вышло","title":"Interrogative «что» + emphatic «же»","body":"«что же вышло» ('but what came of it?') uses «же» for exasperated emphasis; «вышло» here is the impersonal-ish 'turned out, resulted'. The particle gives the question its bitter, rhetorical edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (what came of it)","gloss":"came of it"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of овладеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"овладеть","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"take possession of"},{"surface":"свободой","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладеть","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies свободой","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увеличил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увеличил","lemma":"увеличить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"increased"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of увеличил","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увеличил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies увеличил","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c5-s166","source":"Или ты забыл, что спокойствие и даже смерть человеку дороже свободного выбора в познании добра и зла?","translation":"Or had you forgotten that peace, and even death, are dearer to man than free choice in the knowledge of good and evil?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или ты забыл, что спокойствие и даже смерть человеку дороже","title":"Dative «человеку» + comparative «дороже»","body":"The predicative comparative «дороже» ('dearer') takes the dative «человеку» (to man) and the genitive standard «свободного выбора». A double argument structure: dearer to whom, dearer than what."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дороже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спокойствие","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дороже","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with спокойствие","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дороже","gloss":"to man"},{"surface":"дороже","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"свободного","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выбора","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"выбора","lemma":"выбор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of comparison with дороже","gloss":"than choice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking познании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"познании","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выбора","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies познании","gloss":"of good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with добра","gloss":"of evil"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c5-s167","source":"Нет ничего обольстительнее для человека, как свобода его совести, но нет ничего и мучительнее.","translation":"There is nothing more seductive for man than freedom of conscience, but there is also nothing more tormenting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет ничего обольстительнее… но нет ничего и мучительнее","title":"Genitive of negation «ничего» + comparatives","body":"Twice «нет ничего…» forces the genitive «ничего» and is completed by a comparative («обольстительнее», «мучительнее»). The balanced 'there is nothing more X… nothing more Y' is the rhetorical engine of the whole speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"обольстительнее","lemma":"обольстительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective modifying ничего","gloss":"more seductive"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обольстительнее","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with свобода","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обольстительнее","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совести","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свобода","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучительнее","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мучительнее","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective modifying ничего (w12)","gloss":"more tormenting"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c5-s168","source":"И вот вместо твердых основ для успокоения совести человеческой раз навсегда — ты взял всё, что есть необычайного, гадательного и неопределенного, взял всё, что было не по силам людей, а потому поступил как бы и не любя их вовсе, — и это кто же: тот, который пришел отдать за них жизнь свою!","translation":"And so, instead of firm foundations for setting the human conscience at rest once and for all, you took everything that is extraordinary, conjectural, and indefinite, you took everything that was beyond the strength of men, and so you acted as though you did not love them at all — and this, who did it: the one who came to lay down his life for them!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты взял всё, что есть необычайного, гадательного и неопределенного","title":"Partitive genitive after «всё, что есть»","body":"«всё, что есть необычайного…» uses a partitive genitive of the substantivized adjectives ('everything that is of the extraordinary, the conjectural…'). The genitive after «что есть» gives a sweeping, abstract totality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поступил как бы и не любя их вовсе","title":"Negated present gerund «не любя»","body":"«не любя их» ('as if not loving them') is the imperfective present gerund of «любить» under negation, an adverbial of manner. «как бы» ('as it were, as though') softens it to a damning hypothetical: you acted as if you did not love them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и это кто же: тот, который пришел отдать за них жизнь свою","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою» + emphatic «кто же»","body":"«жизнь свою» means 'his own life' — «свой» bound to the subject «тот, который пришёл». The indignant «и это кто же» ('and this, who did it!') uses «же» to turn the appositive «тот, который…» into a thunderclap of irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадательного","title":"«гадательный» — conjectural, uncertain","body":"From «гадать» ('to guess, divine'): 'conjectural, a matter of guesswork'. Set beside «необычайного» (extraordinary) and «неопределённого» (indefinite), it names the unstable ground of faith Christ supposedly left man on."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the statement","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основ","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"твердых","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies основ","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"основ","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking успокоения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"успокоения","lemma":"успокоение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основ","gloss":"the calming"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies успокоения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies успокоения, part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom раз навсегда","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"необычайного","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of что (partitive)","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"гадательного","lemma":"гадательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необычайного","gloss":"conjectural"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неопределенного","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необычайного","gloss":"indefinite"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял (w13)","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял (w21)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to силам","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по силам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силам","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"силам","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of было (beyond the strength)","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies силам","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любя","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любя","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of кто (the one who)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b5-c5-s169","source":"Вместо того чтоб овладеть людскою свободой, ты умножил ее и обременил ее мучениями душевное царство человека вовеки.","translation":"Instead of taking possession of human freedom, you multiplied it and burdened the spiritual kingdom of man with its torments forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты умножил ее и обременил ее мучениями","title":"«обременить» + instrumental «мучениями»","body":"«обременить» ('to burden, weigh down') governs the instrumental of the burdening thing: «мучениями» ('with torments'). The parallel perfectives «умножил… обременил» state two completed acts against freedom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"душевное царство человека вовеки","title":"«вовеки» — for ever, unto the ages","body":"An archaic-elevated adverb 'forever, eternally' (cf. liturgical «во веки веков»). With «душевное царство» ('the spiritual/inner kingdom') it gives the line a churchly, eternal sweep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of овладеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"овладеть","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"take possession of"},{"surface":"людскою","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свободой","gloss":"human","note":"Archaic instrumental feminine adjective ending -ою."},{"surface":"свободой","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладеть","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умножил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умножил","lemma":"умножить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"multiplied"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of умножил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обременил","lemma":"обременить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умножил","gloss":"burdened"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мучениями (its)","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"мучениями","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обременил","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"душевное","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обременил","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"вовеки","lemma":"вовеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обременил","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b5-c5-s170","source":"Ты возжелал свободной любви человека, чтобы свободно пошел он за тобою, прельщенный и плененный тобою.","translation":"You desired the free love of man, that he might freely follow you, drawn and captivated by you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы свободно пошел он за тобою","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past-form irrealis «пошел»","body":"«чтобы… пошёл он» uses «чтобы» with a past-tense verb to express purpose/desired outcome ('that he might follow you'). The past form here is not past time at all but the irrealis demanded by «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прельщенный и плененный тобою","title":"Past passive participles + instrumental agent","body":"«прельщённый» ('enticed') and «плененный» ('captivated') are long past passive participles agreeing with «он»; the agent stands in the instrumental «тобою» ('by you') — the regular way Russian names the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возжелал","title":"«возжелать» — to desire (biblical)","body":"A high, archaic perfective 'to desire, covet', the word of the Commandments («не возжелай» — thou shalt not covet). Applied to Christ's desire for free love, it elevates the verb to scripture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возжелал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возжелал","lemma":"возжелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"свободной","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возжелал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"of man"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свободно","lemma":"свободно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возжелал","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"you","note":"Archaic instrumental form of ты (=тобой)."},{"surface":"прельщенный","lemma":"прельстить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies он, coordinated with плененный","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плененный","lemma":"пленить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies он, coordinated with прельщенный","gloss":"captivated"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent complement of прельщенный/плененный","gloss":"by you"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b5-c5-s171","source":"Вместо твердого древнего закона — свободным сердцем должен был человек решать впредь сам, что добро и что зло, имея лишь в руководстве твой образ пред собою, — но неужели ты не подумал, что он отвергнет же наконец и оспорит даже и твой образ и твою правду, если его угнетут таким страшным бременем, как свобода выбора?","translation":"Instead of the firm ancient law, man was henceforth to decide for himself, with a free heart, what is good and what is evil, having only your image before him for guidance — but did it never occur to you that he would at last reject and even dispute your image too and your truth, if he were oppressed by so dreadful a burden as freedom of choice?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свободным сердцем должен был человек решать впредь сам","title":"Instrumental of manner «свободным сердцем» + inversion","body":"«свободным сердцем» ('with a free heart') is an instrumental of manner, fronted for rhetorical weight ahead of «должен был… решать». The inversion is a hallmark of the elevated 19th-century period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели ты не подумал, что он отвергнет же… и оспорит","title":"«неужели» incredulous question + «же»","body":"«неужели» frames an astonished question ('did it really never occur to you…?'). Inside, the perfective futures «отвергнет… оспорит» take an emphatic «же». «неужели» belongs to the same modal-particle family as «разве»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если его угнетут таким страшным бременем","title":"Indefinite-agent «угнетут» + instrumental of means","body":"«угнетут» ('they will oppress / he will be oppressed') is a 3rd-plural verb used with no named subject — a common Russian impersonal-agent device. «таким страшным бременем» is the instrumental of means ('with so dreadful a burden')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закона","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"твердого","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"древнего","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закона","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"закона","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"свободным","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner adverbial modifying решать","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"решать","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решать","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an implied есть; the что-clause is the complement of решать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"добро","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of что","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что (w13), subject of an implied есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"зло","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of что (w16)","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решать","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies руководстве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руководстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руководстве","lemma":"руководство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"guidance"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"himself","note":"Archaic instrumental form собою = собой."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал (rhetorical question)","gloss":"could it be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвергнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отвергнет","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"will reject"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвергнет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергнет","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оспорит","lemma":"оспорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергнет","gloss":"will dispute"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даже (даже и = even)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оспорит","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with образ","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угнетут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of угнетут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"угнетут","lemma":"угнести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying отвергнет/оспорит","gloss":"oppress"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бременем","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бременем","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"бременем","lemma":"бремя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угнетут","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with свобода","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бременем (comparison)","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"выбора","lemma":"выбор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свобода","gloss":"of choice"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b5-c5-s172","source":"Они воскликнут наконец, что правда не в тебе, ибо невозможно было оставить их в смятении и мучении более, чем сделал ты, оставив им столько забот и неразрешимых задач.","translation":"They will cry out at last that the truth is not in you, for it was impossible to leave them in greater confusion and torment than you did, having left them so many cares and irresolvable tasks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда не в тебе","title":"Zero-copula locative predicate","body":"«правда не в тебе» ('the truth is not in you') has no verb — the present 'to be' is unexpressed, leaving «не в тебе» as a bare locative predicate. A terse, biblical-sounding accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"невозможно было оставить их в смятении… более, чем сделал ты","title":"Impersonal «невозможно было» + comparative «более, чем»","body":"«невозможно было оставить» is an impersonal modal ('it was impossible to leave'), no nominative subject. «в смятении и мучении более, чем сделал ты» pivots on the comparative «более, чем» ('in greater… than you did')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставив им столько забот и неразрешимых задач","title":"Perfective gerund «оставив»","body":"«оставив» ('having left') is a perfective past gerund giving the prior cause; «столько забот» governs the genitive plural «забот» (quantity). It tucks 'because you left them so many cares' into one adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскликнут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"воскликнут","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнут","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of воскликнут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the predicate в тебе","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative (prepositional), singular","role":"predicate complement with правда (elided copula, locative 'in you')","gloss":"you","note":"тебе here is the prepositional/locative form of ты, not the dative."},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause (with оставить as its logical subject)","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of невозможно","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смятении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смятении","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучении","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смятении","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставить (comparative degree)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on более","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделал","gloss":"having left"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of оставив","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"quantifier, accusative","role":"depends on забот","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"забот","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оставив (quantified by столько)","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрешимых","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies задач","gloss":"irresolvable"},{"surface":"задач","lemma":"задача","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with забот","gloss":"tasks"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b5-c5-s173","source":"Таким образом, сам ты и положил основание к разрушению своего же царства и не вини никого в этом более.","translation":"Thus you yourself laid the foundation for the destruction of your own kingdom, and have no one further to blame for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам ты и положил основание к разрушению своего же царства","title":"Intensifier «сам» + reflexive «своего же»","body":"«сам ты… и положил» stresses the agent ('you yourself it was who laid'), with «и» reinforcing. «своего же царства» ('your own kingdom', «свой» + emphatic «же») points the destruction reflexively back at the builder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вини никого в этом более","title":"Negative imperative + «никого»","body":"«не вини никого» is a negated imperative with negative concord — «не» on the verb and «никого» ('no one', genitive/accusative). 'Have no one further to blame.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase таким образом (thus), determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (with Таким) modifying положил: thus","gloss":"way","note":"'таким образом' together means 'thus'."},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic: yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положил (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"основание","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"the foundation"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разрушению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"разрушению","lemma":"разрушение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies основание","gloss":"the destruction"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of царства","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своего (emphatic)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"царства","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разрушению","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вини","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вини","lemma":"винить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of вини","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вини","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вини","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b5-c5-s174","source":"А между тем то ли предлагалось тебе?","translation":"And yet, was this what was offered to you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то ли предлагалось тебе?","title":"Particle «ли» on a demonstrative","body":"«то ли предлагалось тебе» ('was it this that was offered to you?') fronts «то» ('that thing') and follows with «ли» for the question; «предлагалось» is again the imperfective -ся passive with dative «тебе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем (meanwhile), modifies предлагалось","gloss":"that","note":"'между тем' together is an idiom meaning 'meanwhile/yet'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предлагалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, part of the phrase то ли","gloss":"was it"},{"surface":"предлагалось","lemma":"предлагаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was offered"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагалось","gloss":"to you"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b5-c5-s175","source":"Есть три силы, единственные три силы на земле, могущие навеки победить и пленить совесть этих слабосильных бунтовщиков, для их счастия, — эти силы: чудо, тайна и авторитет.","translation":"There are three powers, the only three powers on earth able to conquer and hold captive forever the conscience of these feeble rebels, for their own happiness — these powers are: miracle, mystery, and authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"три силы… могущие навеки победить и пленить совесть","title":"Present active participle «могущие»","body":"«могущие» is the (rare, bookish) present active participle of «мочь» — 'able to', agreeing with «силы». It governs the perfective infinitives «победить и пленить», compressing 'which are able to conquer and hold captive' into a modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on силы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"powers"},{"surface":"единственные","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies три силы","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to три силы, depends on силы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to силы","gloss":"powers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"могущие","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying силы","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies победить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могущие","gloss":"to conquer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пленить","lemma":"пленить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with победить","gloss":"hold captive"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of победить/пленить","gloss":"the conscience"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of бунтовщиков","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слабосильных","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бунтовщиков","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"бунтовщиков","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совесть","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies счастия","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для, modifies могущие (purpose: for their happiness)","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of implied copula (эти силы: чудо...)","gloss":"powers"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, in apposition to силы","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чудо","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"авторитет","lemma":"авторитет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чудо","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b5-c5-s176","source":"Ты отверг и то, и другое, и третье и сам подал пример тому.","translation":"You rejected the first, and the second, and the third, and set the example yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и то, и другое, и третье","title":"Correlative «и…, и…, и…» enumeration","body":"The repeated «и» before each item ('the first, and the second, and the third') is correlative coordination for emphatic completeness — you rejected each and every one. The enumerated items substantivize neuter: «то» (demonstrative «тот»), «другое» (adjective-pronoun «другой»), and only «третье» is an ordinal numeral."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative и...и...и, modifies то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то (object of отверг)","gloss":"the second"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"третье","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with другое","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic, understood subject of подал)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отверг","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"the example"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of подал","gloss":"to that"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b5-c5-s177","source":"Когда страшный и премудрый дух поставил тебя на вершине храма и сказал тебе: „Если хочешь узнать, сын ли ты божий, то верзись вниз, ибо сказано про того, что ангелы подхватят и понесут его, и не упадет и не расшибется, и узнаешь тогда, сын ли ты божий, и докажешь тогда, какова вера твоя в отца твоего“, но ты, выслушав, отверг предложение и не поддался и не бросился вниз.","translation":"When the dread and most wise spirit set you on the pinnacle of the temple and said to you: “If you wish to know whether you are the Son of God, cast yourself down, for it is written of him that the angels will catch him up and bear him, and he will not fall or be dashed to pieces, and then you will know whether you are the Son of God, and will prove how great is your faith in your Father” — yet you, having heard it, rejected the proposal and did not give way and did not cast yourself down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если хочешь узнать, сын ли ты божий, то верзись вниз","title":"Embedded «ли»-question 'whether'","body":"«сын ли ты божий» is an embedded yes/no question with «ли» ('whether you are the Son of God'), fronting the focus «сын». The conditional «если хочешь…, то…» frames the dare. «верзись» (≈ «бросься») is a colloquial/archaic imperative 'fling yourself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказано про того, что ангелы подхватят и понесут его","title":"Impersonal short passive «сказано»","body":"«сказано» is the neuter short past passive participle used impersonally — 'it is written/said', the scriptural formula. The reported content follows with «что» and perfective futures «подхватят… понесут»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, выслушав, отверг… и не поддался и не бросился вниз","title":"Gerund «выслушав» + negated perfectives","body":"«выслушав» ('having heard out') is a perfective past gerund of prior action; the main verbs «отверг… не поддался… не бросился» are perfective past, negated. The -ся verbs «поддался/бросился» are middle/intransitive ('gave way', 'flung himself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поставил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"премудрый","lemma":"премудрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшный","gloss":"most wise"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поставил","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вершине","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вершине","lemma":"вершина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"the pinnacle"},{"surface":"храма","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вершине","gloss":"of the temple"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, governs узнать","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with ты (elided copula), modified by божий","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies сын","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (сын божий)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle (если...то), links to верзись: then","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"верзись","lemma":"верзись","morphology":"verb, imperative, active/reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative, apodosis of the если-clause","gloss":"cast yourself down","note":"archaic reflexive imperative (cf. вергнись/ринься); exact standard lemma is uncertain, glossed from context."},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верзись","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказано","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause (impersonal passive)","gloss":"it is written"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подхватят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ангелы","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подхватят","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"подхватят","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (complement of того/сказано)","gloss":"will catch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понесут","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подхватят","gloss":"will bear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понесут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упадет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упадет","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подхватят","gloss":"will fall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расшибется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расшибется","lemma":"расшибиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подхватят","gloss":"be dashed to pieces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнаешь","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with верзись (apodosis series)","gloss":"you will know"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with ты (elided copula), modified by божий","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (сын божий)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"докажешь","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнаешь (apodosis series)","gloss":"you will prove"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докажешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular, predicate","role":"introduces predicate clause, complement of докажешь","gloss":"how great"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of какова","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вера (faith in ...)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отверг","gloss":"having heard it"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concluding clause","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"the proposal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поддался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поддался","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отверг","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отверг","gloss":"cast yourself down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b5-c5-s178","source":"О, конечно, ты поступил тут гордо и великолепно, как бог, но люди-то, но слабое бунтующее племя это — они-то боги ли?","translation":"Oh, of course, you acted there proudly and magnificently, like a god — but men, but this weak, rebellious tribe, are they gods?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люди-то, но слабое бунтующее племя это — они-то боги ли?","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + «ли» question","body":"Twice «-то» (on «люди-то», «они-то») topicalizes for contrast ('but men, they on the other hand…'), and «боги ли?» fronts «боги» with «ли» for the incredulous question. «бунтующее» is a present active participle ('rebelling')."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, precedes поступил","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies поступил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with гордо","gloss":"magnificently"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking бог (comparison)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступил (comparison: like a god)","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic, in apposition to они (subject of боги)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to люди","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слабое","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies племя","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"бунтующее","lemma":"бунтующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies племя","gloss":"rebellious"},{"surface":"племя","lemma":"племя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, in apposition to они (subject of боги)","gloss":"tribe"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies племя (this)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боги, resuming люди/племя","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to они","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominal, with они as subject","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies боги","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b5-c5-s179","source":"О, ты понял тогда, что, сделав лишь шаг, лишь движение броситься вниз, ты тотчас бы и искусил господа, и веру в него всю потерял, и разбился бы о землю, которую спасать пришел, и возрадовался бы умный дух, искушавший тебя.","translation":"Oh, you understood then that by taking but a single step, but a single movement to cast yourself down, you would at once have tempted the Lord and lost all faith in him, and would have been dashed against the earth you had come to save, and the intelligent spirit who tempted you would have rejoiced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты тотчас бы и искусил… и веру… потерял, и разбился бы… и возрадовался бы","title":"Counterfactual chain with mobile «бы»","body":"A cascade of past-form verbs + «бы» states the unrealized consequence had Christ jumped: «искусил бы… потерял… разбился бы… возрадовался бы». Note how «бы» appears once and is felt across the conjoined verbs — the irrealis arches over the whole period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделав лишь шаг, лишь движение броситься вниз","title":"Perfective gerund «сделав» supplying the condition","body":"«сделав… шаг… движение» ('by taking but a step, a movement') is a perfective gerund standing in for 'if you had…'. It is the compact gerund-condition feeding the «бы»-apodosis that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"землю, которую спасать пришел","title":"Relative «которую» (accusative) + infinitive of purpose","body":"«которую спасать пришёл» ('which you came to save') — the relative «которую» is the accusative object of the purpose infinitive «спасать», a tight 19th-century word order with the verb of motion «пришёл» last."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical, precedes понял","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искусил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сделав","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying искусил (etc.)","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделав","gloss":"a step"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies движение","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"движение","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with шаг (object of сделав)","gloss":"a movement"},{"surface":"броситься","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies движение (specifying the movement)","gloss":"to cast yourself down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies броситься","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of искусил (and coordinated verbs)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искусил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of искусил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated series (искусил/потерял/разбился/возрадовался)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искусил","lemma":"искусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"tempted"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of искусил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with искусил (within что-clause)","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разбился","lemma":"разбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with искусил (within что-clause)","gloss":"would be dashed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of разбился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разбился","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"спасать","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришел","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on землю","gloss":"you had come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возрадовался","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with искусил (within что-clause)","gloss":"would rejoice"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of возрадовался","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возрадовался","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"искушавший","lemma":"искушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дух","gloss":"who tempted"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of искушавший","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b5-c5-s180","source":"Но, повторяю, много ли таких, как ты?","translation":"But, I say again, how many are there like you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ли таких, как ты?","title":"Quantifier «много» + genitive + «ли»","body":"«много таких» takes the genitive plural «таких» ('many such ones'); «ли» turns it into a rhetorical question ('are there many like you?'). «как ты» supplies the standard of comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the question clause, quantifies таких","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of таких (comparison: such as you)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b5-c5-s181","source":"И неужели ты в самом деле мог допустить хоть минуту, что и людям будет под силу подобное искушение?","translation":"And could you really suppose, even for a moment, that men too would be equal to such a temptation?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели ты… мог допустить хоть минуту, что… будет под силу подобное искушение","title":"«неужели» + dative idiom «будет под силу»","body":"«неужели» frames the incredulous question. The idiom «людям будет под силу подобное искушение» ('men would be equal to such a temptation') is a dative-experiencer pattern: «людям» dative, «под силу» the predicate, the temptation the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"could it be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom (в самом деле = really), modifies мог","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative complement of допустить (for even a moment)","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative experiencer, complement of под силу","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to силу","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (под силу = equal to), with искушение as subject","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искушение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"искушение","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of силу (под силу construction)","gloss":"a temptation"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b5-c5-s182","source":"Так ли создана природа человеческая, чтоб отвергнуть чудо и в такие страшные моменты жизни, моменты самых страшных основных и мучительных душевных вопросов своих оставаться лишь со свободным решением сердца?","translation":"Is human nature so made that it can reject a miracle and, in such dreadful moments of life, in the moments of its most dreadful, most fundamental and tormenting questions of the soul, remain only with the free resolve of the heart?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли создана природа человеческая, чтоб… оставаться лишь со свободным решением сердца","title":"Short passive «создана» + «чтоб»-result","body":"«создана» is a short past passive participle ('is [so] created'), with «так… ли» fronting the question. The «чтоб»-clause with the infinitive «оставаться» expresses the conceived capacity; «со свободным решением» is «с» + instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в такие страшные моменты… самых страшных… вопросов своих","title":"Reflexive possessive «своих» + superlative «самых страшных»","body":"«своих» ('his own') binds the questions to the implied subject; «самых страшных» is the periphrastic superlative with «самый» declined alongside the adjective ('most dreadful'). Note the doubling «страшные… самых страшных» for intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies создана","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"создана","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"природа","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive создана","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природа","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергнуть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отвергнуть","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on создана","gloss":"to reject"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергнуть","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моменты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of моменты","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies моменты","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"моменты","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, modifies оставаться","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies моменты","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"моменты","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to моменты (жизни), object of в","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies страшных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"страшных","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"основных","lemma":"основной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучительных","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with основных","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"душевных","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies моменты","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвергнуть","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решением","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свободным","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решением","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"решением","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"the resolve"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решением","gloss":"of the heart"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b5-c5-s183","source":"О, ты знал, что подвиг твой сохранится в книгах, достигнет глубины времен и последних пределов земли, и понадеялся, что, следуя тебе, и человек останется с богом, не нуждаясь в чуде.","translation":"Oh, you knew that your feat would be preserved in the books, would reach the depths of time and the farthest bounds of the earth, and you trusted that, following you, man too would remain with God, having no need of miracle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подвиг твой сохранится в книгах, достигнет глубины времен","title":"Reflexive future «сохранится» + perfective «достигнет» + genitive","body":"«сохранится» (with -ся) is a middle/passive future 'will be preserved'; «достигнет» ('will reach') governs the genitive «глубины времён и… пределов земли», as «достигать» regularly takes the genitive of its goal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понадеялся, что, следуя тебе, и человек останется с богом","title":"Present gerund «следуя»","body":"«следуя тебе» ('following you') is an imperfective present gerund of attendant circumstance, sharing the subject «человек». «следовать» takes the dative «тебе». The whole reports Christ's trust that man would 'remain with God'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг твой","title":"«подвиг» — feat, heroic deed, spiritual exploit","body":"«подвиг» is a charged word: a heroic feat, but in religious usage the ascetic 'spiritual labour' of a saint (cf. «подвижник»). Calling Christ's refusal a «подвиг» frames it as a sacred exploit the Inquisitor then claims to have 'corrected'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сохранится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сохранится","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сохранится","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would be preserved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сохранится","gloss":"the books"},{"surface":"достигнет","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сохранится","gloss":"would reach"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигнет","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пределов","gloss":"farthest"},{"surface":"пределов","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"second object of достигнет, coordinated with глубины","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пределов","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понадеялся","lemma":"понадеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"следуя","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of следуя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"too","note":"emphatic 'и' before человек ('man too'), not a coordinating conjunction here"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понадеялся","gloss":"would remain"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждаясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нуждаясь","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"needing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чуде","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нуждаясь","gloss":"miracle"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b5-c5-s184","source":"Но ты не знал, что чуть лишь человек отвергнет чудо, то тотчас отвергнет и бога, ибо человек ищет не столько бога, сколько чудес.","translation":"But you did not know that the moment man rejects miracle he at once rejects God as well, for man seeks not so much God as miracles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть лишь человек отвергнет чудо, то тотчас отвергнет и бога","title":"«чуть лишь…, то…» — 'the moment that'","body":"«чуть лишь… отвергнет… то тотчас отвергнет» frames an immediate temporal-conditional ('the moment man rejects…, he at once rejects…'). Both verbs are perfective futures of instantaneous events, the «то» picking up the consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек ищет не столько бога, сколько чудес","title":"«не столько…, сколько…» + genitive objects","body":"«искать» ('to seek') here governs the genitive «бога… чудес», and the correlative «не столько…, сколько…» ('not so much… as…') weighs the two. The genitive after «искать» suits abstract, non-specific objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергнет (second)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the temporal clause with лишь","gloss":"the moment","note":"чуть лишь is a fixed phrase meaning 'as soon as / the moment (that)'"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвергнет (first)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"отвергнет","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвергнет (second)","gloss":"rejects"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергнет (first)","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlate of чуть лишь, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергнет (second)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"отвергнет","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"rejects"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергнет (second)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ищет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with сколько","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlates with столько, introduces чудес","gloss":"as","note":"не столько...сколько is a fixed 'not so much...as' comparison"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ищет","gloss":"miracles"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b5-c5-s185","source":"И так как человек оставаться без чуда не в силах, то насоздаст себе новых чудес, уже собственных, и поклонится уже знахарскому чуду, бабьему колдовству, хотя бы он сто раз был бунтовщиком, еретиком и безбожником.","translation":"And since man cannot bear to remain without miracle, he will go and create new miracles for himself, miracles of his own now, and will bow down to the miracle of the quack and to the witchery of old wives, even were he a hundred times over a rebel, a heretic, and a godless man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек оставаться без чуда не в силах, то насоздаст себе новых чудес","title":"Prefix «на-» of abundance + genitive object","body":"«насоздаёт/насоздаст» carries the prefix «на-» meaning 'create a whole lot of'; its object goes to the genitive «новых чудес» ('a quantity of new miracles'). «себе» is the reflexive dative ('for himself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы он сто раз был бунтовщиком, еретиком и безбожником","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + instrumental predicates","body":"«хотя бы… был…» ('even were he…') is a concessive irrealis with «бы»; the predicate nouns after «быть» stand in the instrumental — «бунтовщиком, еретиком, безбожником» ('a rebel, a heretic, a godless man')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знахарскому чуду, бабьему колдовству","title":"«знахарь» / «бабье колдовство» — quackery and old-wives' witchcraft","body":"«знахарь» is a village folk-healer or quack; «бабье колдовство» ('old women's sorcery', «бабий» the pejorative-folk adjective from «баба') names superstitious peasant magic. The Inquisitor's contempt: deprived of true miracle, man worships these instead."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since","note":"так как together mean 'since/because'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставаться","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on насоздаст","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуда","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"чуда","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in","note":"не в силах is an idiom meaning 'unable/cannot bear'"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlate of так как, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"насоздаст","lemma":"насоздать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will create"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of насоздаст","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of насоздаст","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собственных","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"собственных","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"of his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонится","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with насоздаст","gloss":"will bow down"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знахарскому","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знахарскому","lemma":"знахарский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чуду","gloss":"quack's"},{"surface":"чуду","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонится","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"бабьему","lemma":"бабий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies колдовству","gloss":"old wives'"},{"surface":"колдовству","lemma":"колдовство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чуду","gloss":"witchery"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хотя, marks the concessive-conditional","gloss":"were","note":"хотя бы...был is a fixed 'even were he...' concessive construction"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies был бунтовщиком","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бунтовщиком","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бунтовщиком","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a rebel"},{"surface":"еретиком","lemma":"еретик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бунтовщиком","gloss":"a heretic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безбожником","lemma":"безбожник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бунтовщиком","gloss":"a godless man"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b5-c5-s186","source":"Ты не сошел с креста, когда кричали тебе, издеваясь и дразня тебя: „Сойди со креста и уверуем, что это ты“.","translation":"You did not come down from the cross when they shouted at you, mocking and jeering: “Come down from the cross and we will believe that it is you.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда кричали тебе, издеваясь и дразня тебя","title":"Twin present gerunds «издеваясь и дразня»","body":"«издеваясь» (the -ся gerund of «издеваться») and «дразня» (gerund of «дразнить») are two imperfective present gerunds of attendant manner — 'mocking and jeering' — both sharing the subject of «кричали»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сойди со креста и уверуем","title":"Imperative «сойди» + hortatory perfective future","body":"«сойди» ('come down', perfective imperative of «сойти», a prefixed verb of motion) is answered by the perfective future «уверуем» ('and we will believe') functioning as a promise/consequence. «со креста» uses the archaic «со» before the cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"креста","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кричали","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сошел","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of кричали","gloss":"at you"},{"surface":"издеваясь","lemma":"издеваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кричали","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дразня","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with издеваясь","gloss":"jeering"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразня","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Сойди","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"креста","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сойди","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уверуем","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сойди","gloss":"we will believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause это...ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of это (copula omitted)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b5-c5-s187","source":"Ты не сошел потому, что опять-таки не захотел поработить человека чудом и жаждал свободной веры, а не чудесной.","translation":"You did not come down because, once again, you would not enslave man by a miracle, and you thirsted for a faith that was free, not for one founded on miracle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не захотел поработить человека чудом","title":"«поработить» + instrumental of means","body":"«поработить» ('to enslave') takes the instrumental of the means: «чудом» ('by a miracle'). «опять-таки» ('once again', with the emphatic «-таки») underscores the repeated pattern of refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждал свободной веры, а не чудесной","title":"«жаждать» + genitive object; contrastive «а не»","body":"«жаждать» ('to thirst for') governs the genitive «свободной веры… чудесной». The contrastive «а не» ('and not') sets free faith against miracle-founded faith, with «чудесной» elliptically standing for «чудесной веры»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому, introduces the clause of захотел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"поработить","lemma":"поработить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to enslave"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поработить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"чудом","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поработить","gloss":"by a miracle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захотел","gloss":"thirsted"},{"surface":"свободной","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудесной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чудесной","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободной, modifies elided веры","gloss":"miracle-based"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b5-c5-s188","source":"Жаждал свободной любви, а не рабских восторгов невольника пред могуществом, раз навсегда его ужаснувшим.","translation":"You thirsted for free love, not for the slavish raptures of a bondsman before a power that has terrified him once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жаждал свободной любви, а не рабских восторгов невольника","title":"Genitive objects of «жаждать», subject dropped","body":"The subject «ты» is dropped (the verb «жаждал» carries it from the previous sentence). «жаждать» again takes the genitive: «свободной любви… рабских восторгов невольника» ('the slavish raptures of a bondsman')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред могуществом, раз навсегда его ужаснувшим","title":"Past active participle «ужаснувшим» (instrumental)","body":"«ужаснувшим» is a past active participle of «ужаснуть» in the instrumental, agreeing with «могуществом» ('a power that has terrified him'). The participle replaces a который-clause and governs its own object «его»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невольника","title":"«невольник» — bondsman, captive slave","body":"From «не» + «воля» ('will, freedom'): literally 'one without free will', a slave/captive. Beside «рабских» ('slavish') it sharpens the antithesis to «свободной любви» — Christ wanted free love, not the cowed adoration of a captive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thirsted"},{"surface":"свободной","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Жаждал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рабских","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рабских","lemma":"рабский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies восторгов","gloss":"slavish"},{"surface":"восторгов","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"raptures"},{"surface":"невольника","lemma":"невольник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторгов","gloss":"of a bondsman"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могуществом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"могуществом","lemma":"могущество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восторгов","gloss":"a power"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase раз навсегда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужаснувшим, part of the phrase раз навсегда","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ужаснувшим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ужаснувшим","lemma":"ужаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying могуществом","gloss":"that has terrified"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b5-c5-s189","source":"Но и тут ты судил о людях слишком высоко, ибо, конечно, они невольники, хотя и созданы бунтовщиками.","translation":"But here too you judged men too highly, for of course they are bondsmen, though they were created rebels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты судил о людях слишком высоко","title":"«судить о» + prepositional","body":"«судить о людях» ('to judge of/about men') takes «о» + prepositional «людях». «слишком высоко» ('too highly') is the adverbial verdict — the Inquisitor's repeated charge that Christ overestimated man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они невольники, хотя и созданы бунтовщиками","title":"Zero-copula noun predicate + instrumental in passive","body":"«они невольники» needs no verb (present 'to be' dropped, nominative predicate). The concessive «хотя и созданы бунтовщиками» has a short passive «созданы» with the instrumental predicate «бунтовщиками» ('created as rebels')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of судил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"людях","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of судил","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоко","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невольники","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies невольники","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of невольники","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"невольники","lemma":"невольник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of они (copula omitted)","gloss":"bondsmen"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of созданы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies созданы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"созданы","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"were created"},{"surface":"бунтовщиками","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of созданы","gloss":"rebels"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b5-c5-s190","source":"Озрись и суди, вот прошло пятнадцать веков, поди посмотри на них: кого ты вознес до себя?","translation":"Look about you and judge: fifteen centuries have now passed, go and look at them — whom have you raised up to yourself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Озрись и суди… поди посмотри на них","title":"Imperative cluster, incl. archaic «озрись» and folk «поди»","body":"A volley of imperatives: «озрись» ('look about you', an archaic/elevated reflexive command), «суди» ('judge'), and the colloquial-folk «поди посмотри» ('go and look'), where «поди» is a clipped 'go' adding peremptory familiarity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого ты вознес до себя?","title":"Interrogative «кого» (accusative/genitive) + reflexive «до себя»","body":"«кого» is the animate accusative of «кто» ('whom'); «вознёс до себя» ('raised up to yourself') uses the reflexive «себя» after «до» + genitive. «вознести» is an elevated, near-liturgical verb of raising up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Озрись","lemma":"озреться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look about you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суди","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Озрись","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of its own clause","gloss":"have passed"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"поди","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Озрись","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поди","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотри","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вознес","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вознес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вознес","lemma":"вознести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have raised up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вознес","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b5-c5-s191","source":"Клянусь, человек слабее и ниже создан, чем ты о нем думал!","translation":"I swear, man was created weaker and lower than you thought him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек слабее и ниже создан, чем ты о нем думал","title":"Comparatives «слабее, ниже» + short passive «создан»","body":"«создан» is a short past passive ('was created'); the predicative comparatives «слабее и ниже» ('weaker and lower') take the «чем»-clause as standard ('than you thought him'). «Клянусь» ('I swear') opens the oath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause introducing the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of создан","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"слабее","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of создан","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with слабее","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"создан","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was created"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on создан","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b5-c5-s192","source":"Может ли, может ли он исполнить то, что и ты?","translation":"Can he, can he do what you yourself can do?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может ли, может ли он исполнить то, что и ты?","title":"Reduplicated «может ли» question","body":"The doubled «может ли, может ли» ('can he, can he') with «ли» builds an anguished rhetorical question. «то, что и ты» ('what even you can do') uses the correlative «то, что» with emphatic «и»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, repeated for emphasis (subject он elided)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Может","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"repetition of Может, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided можешь, clause modifying то","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b5-c5-s193","source":"Столь уважая его, ты поступил, как бы перестав ему сострадать, потому что слишком много от него и потребовал, — и это кто же, тот, который возлюбил его более самого себя!","translation":"By so respecting him, you acted as though you had ceased to feel compassion for him, because you demanded too much of him — and this, who did it: the one who loved him more than himself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Столь уважая его, ты поступил, как бы перестав ему сострадать","title":"Present gerund «уважая» + perfective gerund «перестав»","body":"Two gerunds frame the act: «уважая его» ('respecting him', imperfective present, simultaneous) and «перестав… сострадать» ('having ceased to feel compassion', perfective past, with «как бы» 'as if'). «сострадать» takes the dative «ему»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, который возлюбил его более самого себя","title":"Reflexive «самого себя» + comparative «более»","body":"«более самого себя» ('more than himself') uses the comparative «более» with the genitive of the intensified reflexive «сам себя». «возлюбил» is the elevated, biblical perfective of «любить» ('did love, loved')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уважая","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"respecting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though","note":"как бы is a fixed 'as though' construction"},{"surface":"перестав","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступил","gloss":"having ceased"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сострадать","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"сострадать","lemma":"сострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестав","gloss":"to feel compassion"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому, introduces the clause of потребовал","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребовал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потребовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потребовал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement of это, parallel clause to поступил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to кто","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возлюбил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"возлюбил","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возлюбил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самого себя","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier of себя","gloss":"very","note":"самого себя is a fixed intensive-reflexive phrase meaning 'himself'"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of возлюбил (comparative complement)","gloss":"self"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b5-c5-s194","source":"Уважая его менее, менее бы от него и потребовал, а это было бы ближе к любви, ибо легче была бы ноша его.","translation":"Had you respected him less, you would have demanded less of him, and that would have been nearer to love, for his burden would have been lighter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уважая его менее, менее бы от него и потребовал","title":"Gerund-condition + counterfactual «бы… потребовал»","body":"«уважая его менее» ('respecting him less') is a present gerund standing in for the condition, and «менее бы… потребовал» is the counterfactual result with «бы» ('you would have demanded less'). The two «менее» mirror each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это было бы ближе к любви, ибо легче была бы ноша его","title":"Doubled «бы»: comparatives in the irrealis","body":"Both clauses are counterfactual: «было бы ближе» and «легче была бы ноша». The comparatives «ближе» ('nearer', + «к» dative) and «легче» ('lighter') sit inside the «бы»-irrealis. «ибо» chains the bookish causal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уважая","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"counterfactual conditional clause on потребовал","gloss":"had you respected"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Уважая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Уважая","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребовал","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of потребовал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потребовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потребовал","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have demanded"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ближе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ближе","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of было","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with потребовал","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легче","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of ноша","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of была","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ноша","lemma":"ноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of легче","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ноша","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b5-c5-s195","source":"Он слаб и подл.","translation":"He is weak and base.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он слаб и подл","title":"Short adjectives «слаб», «подл»","body":"Two terse short-form adjectives predicate the verdict ('he is weak and base'), no copula. The short form here gives an absolute, categorical judgement on human nature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подл","title":"«подлый» — base, vile, mean","body":"«подл» (short of «подлый») means morally 'base, vile, contemptible' — stronger than 'low'. It is one of Dostoevsky's key moral words for human degradation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слаб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слаб","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b5-c5-s196","source":"Что в том, что он теперь повсеместно бунтует против нашей власти и гордится, что он бунтует?","translation":"What of it that he now rebels everywhere against our power and takes pride in his rebelling?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что в том, что он теперь повсеместно бунтует… и гордится, что","title":"Reflexive «гордится» + «что»-clause","body":"«гордится» (from «гордиться», a -ся verb) normally takes the instrumental, but here governs a «что»-clause ('takes pride that he rebels'). «Что в том, что…» is an idiom 'what of it that…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бунтует против нашей власти","title":"«против» + genitive","body":"«против нашей власти» ('against our power') uses the preposition «против», which governs the genitive. «повсеместно» ('everywhere, in every place') is a bookish adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бунтует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бунтует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бунтует","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"бунтует","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking власти","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of власти","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бунтует","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордится","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бунтует","gloss":"takes pride"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бунтует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бунтует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бунтует","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of гордится","gloss":"rebels"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b5-c5-s197","source":"Это гордость ребенка и школьника.","translation":"It is the pride of a child and a schoolboy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это гордость ребенка и школьника","title":"Zero-copula identifying sentence","body":"«Это гордость ребёнка и школьника» — 'this is the pride of a child and a schoolboy' — needs no verb in the present. «Это» is the invariable identifying 'this is', and the possessors stand in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of гордость","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гордость","gloss":"of a child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"школьника","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ребенка","gloss":"of a schoolboy"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b5-c5-s198","source":"Это маленькие дети, взбунтовавшиеся в классе и выгнавшие учителя.","translation":"They are little children who have risen up in their classroom and driven out their teacher.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дети, взбунтовавшиеся в классе и выгнавшие учителя","title":"Two past active participles in apposition","body":"«взбунтовавшиеся» (reflexive, 'who rose up') and «выгнавшие» ('who drove out') are perfective past active participles agreeing with «дети» — a participial pair replacing two relative clauses. «учителя» is the animate accusative (= genitive form)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дети","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"маленькие","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"взбунтовавшиеся","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дети","gloss":"who have risen up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбунтовавшиеся","gloss":"the classroom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выгнавшие","lemma":"выгнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with взбунтовавшиеся","gloss":"driven out"},{"surface":"учителя","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выгнавшие","gloss":"their teacher"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b5-c5-s199","source":"Но придет конец и восторгу ребятишек, он будет дорого стоить им.","translation":"But there will come an end to the children’s rapture too; it will cost them dearly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придет конец и восторгу ребятишек, он будет дорого стоить им","title":"Dative «восторгу» with «придёт конец»; dative «им»","body":"«придёт конец восторгу» ('an end will come to the rapture') puts the thing ending in the dative «восторгу». «будет дорого стоить им» ('will cost them dearly') has the dative «им» as the one who pays."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребятишек","title":"«ребятишки» — the (little) kids, expressive diminutive","body":"A warm-yet-belittling diminutive of «ребята» ('kids'), via the expressive suffix -ишк-. The Inquisitor's chosen word for rebellious mankind — affectionately contemptuous, as for naughty children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"an end"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восторгу","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"восторгу","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"the rapture"},{"surface":"ребятишек","lemma":"ребятишки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies восторгу","gloss":"of the children"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of стоить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоить","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"стоить","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"им.","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стоить","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b5-c5-s200","source":"Они ниспровергнут храмы и зальют кровью землю.","translation":"They will overthrow the temples and drench the earth in blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они ниспровергнут храмы и зальют кровью землю","title":"Perfective futures; «зальют кровью» + instrumental","body":"«ниспровергнут» (archaic-elevated 'will overthrow', with the Slavonic prefix «низ-/нис-») and «зальют» ('will drench') are perfective futures. «зальют кровью» takes the instrumental of means «кровью» ('with blood')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ниспровергнут","title":"«ниспровергнуть» — to overthrow, cast down","body":"A lofty verb with the Church-Slavonic prefix «нис-» ('down'); 'to cast down, overthrow utterly'. Its solemn weight makes the coming destruction of the temples sound apocalyptic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ниспровергнут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ниспровергнут","lemma":"ниспровергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will overthrow"},{"surface":"храмы","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ниспровергнут","gloss":"the temples"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зальют","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with ниспровергнут","gloss":"will drench"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of зальют","gloss":"in blood"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зальют","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b5-c5-s201","source":"Но догадаются наконец глупые дети, что хоть они и бунтовщики, но бунтовщики слабосильные, собственного бунта своего не выдерживающие.","translation":"But the foolish children will realize at last that, though they are rebels, they are feeble rebels who cannot endure their own rebellion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бунтовщики слабосильные, собственного бунта своего не выдерживающие","title":"Present active participle «не выдерживающие» + genitive of negation","body":"«не выдерживающие… бунта своего» is a present active participle ('who cannot endure their own rebellion'), and under negation the object goes genitive «бунта». «собственного… своего» doubly stresses 'their very own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть они и бунтовщики, но бунтовщики слабосильные","title":"Concessive «хоть… и…, но…»","body":"«хоть они и бунтовщики, но…» ('though they are rebels, yet…') is a concessive frame: «хоть(я)… и» concedes, «но» counters. The repetition «бунтовщики… бунтовщики слабосильные» drives the deflation home."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"догадаются","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will realize"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадаются","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of догадаются","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of догадаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (они и бунтовщики)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бунтовщики (concessive clause, zero copula)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бунтовщики","gloss":"indeed","note":"Emphatic и inside 'хоть они и бунтовщики' — 'though they are indeed rebels,' not the coordinator 'and.'"},{"surface":"бунтовщики","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominative of они (zero copula)","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бунтовщики","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominative of main clause, modified by слабосильные and by ...выдерживающие","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"слабосильные","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бунтовщики","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бунта","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"бунта","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдерживающие (genitive of negation)","gloss":"rebellion"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бунта","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдерживающие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдерживающие","lemma":"выдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying бунтовщики","gloss":"enduring"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b5-c5-s202","source":"Обливаясь глупыми слезами своими, они сознаются наконец, что создавший их бунтовщиками, без сомнения, хотел посмеяться над ними.","translation":"Drowning in their foolish tears, they will at last confess that the one who created them rebels surely meant to make sport of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обливаясь глупыми слезами своими, они сознаются","title":"Present gerund «обливаясь» + reflexive future «сознаются»","body":"«обливаясь… слезами своими» ('drowning in their tears') is an imperfective present gerund of manner, with the instrumental «слезами» and reflexive «своими». «сознаются» (от «сознаться») is a -ся perfective future, 'will confess'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"создавший их бунтовщиками… хотел посмеяться над ними","title":"Substantivized past active participle «создавший»","body":"«создавший их бунтовщиками» ('the one who created them rebels') is a past active participle used as a noun — the Creator, unnamed. «бунтовщиками» is the instrumental predicate of the result; «посмеяться над» takes «над» + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обливаясь","lemma":"обливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознаются","gloss":"drowning"},{"surface":"глупыми","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of Обливаясь","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сознаются","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сознаются","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will confess"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознаются","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"создавший","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of хотел (substantivized participle)","gloss":"the one who created"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of создавший","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"бунтовщиками","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicative complement of создавший","gloss":"as rebels"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел (idiom без сомнения)","gloss":"doubt","note":"'без сомнения' is a fixed phrase meaning 'doubtless, surely.'"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сознаются","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"посмеяться","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to mock"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмеяться","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b5-c5-s203","source":"Скажут это они в отчаянии, и сказанное ими будет богохульством, от которого они станут еще несчастнее, ибо природа человеческая не выносит богохульства и в конце концов сама же всегда и отмстит за него.","translation":"They will say this in despair, and what they say will be blasphemy, by which they will become more wretched still, for human nature cannot endure blasphemy and in the end always avenges itself for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказанное ими будет богохульством","title":"Substantivized past passive participle «сказанное» + instrumental predicate","body":"«сказанное ими» ('what was said by them') is a neuter substantivized past passive participle with the agent in the instrumental «ими». The predicate «будет богохульством» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама же всегда и отмстит за него","title":"Intensifier «сама» + particle «же» + «за» of cause","body":"«сама же… и отмстит» stresses that nature itself avenges ('always avenges itself'), with «же» and «и» piling on emphasis. «отмстить за него» ('avenge it') uses «за» + accusative for the thing avenged; «отмстит» is the archaic-elevated form of «отомстит»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богохульством","title":"«богохульство» — blasphemy","body":"A compound of «Бог» ('God') + «хулить» ('to revile'): literally 'God-reviling', i.e. blasphemy. The bookish formation suits the theological gravity of the human despair the Inquisitor describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Скажут","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Скажут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Скажут","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказанное","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of будет (substantivized participle)","gloss":"what was said"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of сказанное","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to богохульством","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"богохульством","lemma":"богохульство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"blasphemy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying богохульством","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несчастнее","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"more wretched"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выносит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"природа","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выносит","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природа","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выносит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выносит","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"endures"},{"surface":"богохульства","lemma":"богохульство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выносит (genitive of negation)","gloss":"blasphemy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links выносит and отмстит","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"концов","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom в конце концов","gloss":"end","note":"'в конце концов' is a fixed phrase meaning 'in the end, after all.'"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies природа, agrees with subject of отмстит","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмстит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмстит","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"отмстит","lemma":"отмстить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выносит (same subject природа)","gloss":"will avenge"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отмстит","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b5-c5-s204","source":"Итак, неспокойство, смятение и несчастие — вот теперешний удел людей после того, как ты столь претерпел за свободу их!","translation":"And so, unrest, confusion, and unhappiness — such is the present lot of men, after you suffered so much for their freedom!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"после того, как ты столь претерпел за свободу их","title":"Temporal «после того, как…» + «за» of benefit","body":"«после того, как…» ('after…') opens the temporal clause; «претерпел за свободу их» ('suffered for their freedom') uses «за» + accusative for the cause/benefit. «столь» ('so [much]') is the bookish intensifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"удел","title":"«удел» — lot, portion, destiny","body":"«удел» means one's allotted 'lot, portion in life, fate' (historically also a princely 'appanage'). «теперешний удел людей» ('the present lot of men') lends a fated, almost biblical solemnity to the diagnosis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introductory adverb modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неспокойство","lemma":"неспокойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удел, coordinated with смятение and несчастие","gloss":"unrest"},{"surface":"смятение","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неспокойство (subject of удел)","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неспокойство (subject of удел)","gloss":"unhappiness"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the predicate удел (presentational 'such is')","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"теперешний","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies удел","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"удел","lemma":"удел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, head of the sentence","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies удел","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the compound conjunction после того как","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (после того как)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of претерпел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies претерпел","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"претерпел","lemma":"претерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause (после того как)","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of претерпел","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies свободу (possessive)","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b5-c5-s205","source":"Великий пророк твой в видении и в иносказании говорит, что видел всех участников первого воскресения и что было их из каждого колена по двенадцати тысяч.","translation":"Your great prophet, in a vision and a parable, says that he saw all who took part in the first resurrection, and that there were twelve thousand of them from each tribe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было их из каждого колена по двенадцати тысяч","title":"Distributive «по» + numeral","body":"«по двенадцати тысяч» ('twelve thousand from each') is the distributive «по» construction, here with the older dative-ish «двенадцати»; «из каждого колена» ('from each tribe') uses «из» + genitive. The genitive «их» depends on the existential «было их»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пророк","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"пророк","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"prophet"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пророк","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видении","lemma":"видение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"vision"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иносказании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иносказании","lemma":"иносказание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with видении, oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"parable"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of участников","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"участников","lemma":"участник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"participants"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воскресения","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"воскресения","lemma":"воскресение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies участников","gloss":"resurrection"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было (coordinated with что видел)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит, existential verb (coordinated with видел)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of было","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колена","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of колена","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"колена","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (из каждого колена)","gloss":"tribe"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"distributive preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"each","note":"'по двенадцати тысяч' is a distributive numeral phrase: 'twelve thousand from each tribe.'"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of было, quantified by двенадцати","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b5-c5-s206","source":"Но если было их столько, то были и они как бы не люди, а боги.","translation":"But if there were so many of them, then they too were not men, but as if gods.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были и они как бы не люди, а боги","title":"Nominative predicates with «как бы» + «не…, а…»","body":"After «были», the predicate nouns appear in the nominative «люди… боги» (not instrumental), a permissible older/emphatic usage, framed by «как бы» ('as if') and the contrastive «не…, а…» ('not… but…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (existential)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of было","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantity complement of было","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking они to люди/боги","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies были","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if","note":"'как бы' together means 'as if, as though.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominative (with были), coordinated with боги","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"боги","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b5-c5-s207","source":"Они вытерпели крест твой, они вытерпели десятки лет голодной и нагой пустыни, питаясь акридами и кореньями, — и уж, конечно, ты можешь с гордостью указать на этих детей свободы, свободной любви, свободной и великолепной жертвы их во имя твое.","translation":"They endured your cross, they endured decades of the hungry and barren wilderness, feeding on locusts and roots — and you may, of course, point with pride to these children of freedom, of free love, of their free and magnificent sacrifice in your name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"питаясь акридами и кореньями","title":"Reflexive gerund «питаясь» + instrumental","body":"«питаясь» is the present gerund of «питаться» (-ся verb, 'to feed oneself on'), governing the instrumental «акридами и кореньями» ('on locusts and roots'). The gerund gives the attendant manner of their endurance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"акридами","title":"«акриды» — locusts (of John the Baptist)","body":"«акриды» is the biblical word for the locusts John the Baptist ate in the wilderness (Mark 1:6), a Greek loan. Paired with «коренья» ('roots'), it evokes the ascetic desert diet of the saints."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они вытерпели крест твой, они вытерпели десятки лет","title":"Anaphoric perfective «вытерпели»","body":"The repeated «они вытерпели» ('they endured… they endured') is anaphora with a perfective verb marking a completed feat. «десятки лет» ('decades') takes the genitive plural «лет» after the numeral «десятки»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вытерпели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вытерпели","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытерпели","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вытерпели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вытерпели","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерпели","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"десятки","lemma":"десяток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вытерпели","gloss":"decades"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies десятки","gloss":"of years"},{"surface":"голодной","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустыни","gloss":"hungry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагой","lemma":"нагой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with голодной","gloss":"barren"},{"surface":"пустыни","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"wilderness"},{"surface":"питаясь","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вытерпели","gloss":"feeding"},{"surface":"акридами","lemma":"акрида","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of питаясь","gloss":"locusts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кореньями","lemma":"коренья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with акридами","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies можешь","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гордостью","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"свободной","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободы","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"свободной","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертвы","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великолепной","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободной","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободы","gloss":"of sacrifice"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies жертвы","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указать","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b5-c5-s208","source":"Но вспомни, что их было всего только несколько тысяч, да и то богов, а остальные?","translation":"But remember that there were only a few thousand of them in all, and gods at that — and the rest?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"их было всего только несколько тысяч","title":"Quantifier «несколько» + genitive; genitive subject «их»","body":"«несколько тысяч» ('a few thousand') takes the genitive plural «тысяч»; the existential «их было» puts the counted group in the genitive «их». «всего только» ('only in all') stacks two limiting words for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вспомни","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of было","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только, modifies несколько","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantity subject-complement of было","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и то","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom да и то","gloss":"at that","note":"'да и то' means 'and even then, at that.'"},{"surface":"богов","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысяч, specifies them as gods","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"elliptical topic of a rhetorical question ('and the rest?')","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b5-c5-s209","source":"И чем виноваты остальные слабые люди, что не могли вытерпеть того, что могучие?","translation":"And how are the rest, the weak men, to blame, that they could not endure what the mighty endured?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем виноваты остальные слабые люди, что не могли вытерпеть","title":"Short adjective «виноваты» + instrumental «чем»","body":"«чем виноваты» ('how/in what are they to blame') uses the short adjective «виноваты» with the instrumental interrogative «чем». The «что»-clause gives the supposed fault ('that they could not endure…')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноваты","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"виноваты","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate, head of the sentence","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"слабые","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of виноваты","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вытерпеть","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вытерпеть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relativized direct object of the elided вытерпели (referring back to того); могучие, not того, is the subject of that elided verb","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"могучие","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elided вытерпели, modifying того","gloss":"the mighty"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b5-c5-s210","source":"Чем виновата слабая душа, что не в силах вместить столь страшных даров?","translation":"How is a weak soul to blame, that it has not the strength to contain such dreadful gifts?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем виновата слабая душа, что не в силах вместить столь страшных даров","title":"Genitive of negation under «не в силах»","body":"Echoing the prior line with «чем виновата… душа». Under the negative idiom «не в силах вместить» the object slips to the genitive «столь страшных даров» ('such dreadful gifts'). «столь» is the bookish 'so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата (interrogative 'how')","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the sentence","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"слабая","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of силах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement, subject душа (idiom не в силах = 'unable')","gloss":"strength","note":"'не в силах' is an idiom meaning 'unable, hasn't the strength.'"},{"surface":"вместить","lemma":"вместить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of силах","gloss":"to contain"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшных","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страшных","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies даров","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"даров","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вместить","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b5-c5-s211","source":"Да неужто же и впрямь приходил ты лишь к избранным и для избранных?","translation":"Can it be that you really came only to the chosen and for the chosen?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто же и впрямь приходил ты лишь к избранным","title":"Particle pile-up «да… неужто же… и впрямь»","body":"A cascade of colloquial particles: «да» (intensifying opener), «неужто» (folk variant of «неужели», incredulous 'can it really be'), «же», and «и впрямь» ('really, truly'). The texture is pure spoken indignation. «приходил» (imperfective) views the coming as a general fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходил ты лишь к избранным и для избранных","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «приходить» + «к» dative","body":"«приходил» is the imperfective of «прийти» (a prefixed verb of motion), taking «к» + dative «к избранным» ('to the chosen'). «для избранных» then uses «для» + genitive ('for the chosen') — two prepositions, two cases on the same noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the question","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies приходил","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избранным","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избранным","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"избранным","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"the chosen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избранных","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"избранных","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with избранным","gloss":"the chosen"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b5-c5-s212","source":"Но если так, то тут тайна и нам не понять ее.","translation":"But if that is so, then there is a mystery here, and it is not for us to understand it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут тайна и нам не понять ее","title":"Dative «нам» + infinitive of impossibility","body":"«нам не понять её» ('it is not for us to understand it') is the dative-plus-infinitive of impossibility — the dative «нам» names who cannot, the bare infinitive «понять» carries the modal sense. A compact, fatalistic construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause (если так = 'if so')","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical если-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (zero-copula sentence)","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of понять","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive predicate of the dative construction (нам не понять)","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b5-c5-s213","source":"А если тайна, то и мы вправе были проповедовать тайну и учить их, что не свободное решение сердец их важно и не любовь, а тайна, которой они повиноваться должны слепо, даже мимо их совести.","translation":"And if it is a mystery, then we too had the right to preach a mystery and to teach them that it is not the free decision of their hearts that matters, nor love, but a mystery which they must obey blindly, even against their own conscience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы вправе были проповедовать тайну и учить их, что… а тайна","title":"«не…, а…» antithesis inside reported speech","body":"The reported teaching pivots on «не… важно… и не любовь, а тайна» ('not the free decision… nor love, but a mystery'). «учить их, что…» reports the doctrine; «которой… повиноваться должны» (relative «которой» in the dative, as «повиноваться» governs the dative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тайну, которой они повиноваться должны слепо","title":"«повиноваться» + dative relative «которой»","body":"«повиноваться» ('to obey') governs the dative, so the relative pronoun appears as «которой» (dative, agreeing with feminine «тайна»). 'A mystery which they must obey blindly.' «мимо их совести» ('past/against their conscience') uses «мимо» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical if-clause (если [это] тайна)","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вправе","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вправе","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вправе","lemma":"вправе","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"entitled"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вправе","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"проповедовать","lemma":"проповедовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вправе","gloss":"to preach"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проповедовать","gloss":"a mystery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проповедовать","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of важно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свободное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свободное","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важно","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"сердец","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"of hearts"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сердец","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of учить","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of важно, coordinated with решение","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовь","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of повиноваться (governs dative), modifies тайна","gloss":"which","note":"'которой' here is dative, required by 'повиноваться' ('to obey'), not genitive/instrumental."},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"повиноваться","lemma":"повиноваться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, middle, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the relative clause modifying тайна","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"слепо","lemma":"слепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"blindly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase мимо их совести","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совести","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мимо, modifies должны","gloss":"conscience"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b5-c5-s214","source":"Так мы и сделали.","translation":"And so we did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так мы и сделали","title":"Emphatic «так… и» summation","body":"«Так мы и сделали» ('and so we did') uses «так… и» to confirm and close — the emphatic «и» before the verb stresses that the deed exactly matched the resolve. A curt, chilling full stop on a long argument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сделали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b5-c5-s215","source":"Мы исправили подвиг твой и основали его на чуде, тайне и авторитете.","translation":"We corrected your feat and founded it upon miracle, mystery, and authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"основали его на чуде, тайне и авторитете","title":"«основать на» + prepositional","body":"«основать на…» ('to found upon') takes «на» + prepositional: «на чуде, тайне и авторитете». The triad reappears in the prepositional case, declined for its role. «исправили подвиг» recalls the earlier «подвиг» ('feat')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исправили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"исправили","lemma":"исправить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"corrected"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исправили","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"основали","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with исправили","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of основали","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуде","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"чуде","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of основали","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"тайне","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чуде","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"авторитете","lemma":"авторитет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чуде","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b5-c5-s216","source":"И люди обрадовались, что их вновь повели как стадо и что с сердец их снят наконец столь страшный дар, принесший им столько муки.","translation":"And men rejoiced that they were once more led like a flock, and that the so dreadful gift which had brought them such torment was lifted at last from their hearts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"люди обрадовались, что их вновь повели как стадо","title":"Reflexive «обрадовались» + indefinite-agent «повели»","body":"«обрадовались» (reflexive perfective, 'rejoiced'); the «что»-clause «их… повели» uses a subjectless 3rd-plural verb for an unnamed agent ('they were led'). «как стадо» ('like a flock') recurs as the governing image."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с сердец их снят… дар, принесший им столько муки","title":"Short passive «снят» + past active participle «принесший»","body":"«снят» is a short past passive ('was lifted'); «принесший им столько муки» is a past active participle ('which had brought them such torment'), with dative «им» and genitive «муки» after «столько». Two participle types in one clause — the dense literary style."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обрадовались","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"обрадовались","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of повели","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повели","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"повели","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обрадовались","gloss":"were led","note":"indefinite-personal construction ('they led them'); rendered as passive in English"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison стадо","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повели","gloss":"a flock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of снят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердец","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сердец","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of снят","gloss":"hearts","note":"genitive plural of сердце ('heart')"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, possessive, invariable","role":"determiner of сердец","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"снят","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, coordinated with повели","gloss":"was lifted"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снят","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive снят","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"принесший","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying дар","gloss":"which had brought"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of принесший","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"quantifier, accusative","role":"depends on муки","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесший","gloss":"torment"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b5-c5-s217","source":"Правы мы были, уча и делая так, скажи?","translation":"Were we right, teaching and acting so, tell me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Правы мы были, уча и делая так, скажи?","title":"Short adjective «правы» + twin gerunds «уча и делая»","body":"«правы» (short of «правый», 'right') predicates with «были»; «уча и делая так» are two imperfective present gerunds ('teaching and acting so'). «скажи» is a curt perfective imperative tagging the question ('tell me')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate with были","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Правы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Правы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"уча","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Правы, coordinated with делая","gloss":"teaching"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Правы, coordinated with уча","gloss":"acting"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative: tell me","gloss":"tell me"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b5-c5-s218","source":"Неужели мы не любили человечества, столь смиренно сознав его бессилие, с любовию облегчив его ношу и разрешив слабосильной природе его хотя бы и грех, но с нашего позволения?","translation":"Can it be that we did not love mankind, when we so humbly acknowledged its impotence, lovingly lightened its burden, and permitted its feeble nature even to sin, but with our leave?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь смиренно сознав… с любовию облегчив… и разрешив","title":"Three perfective gerunds in series","body":"A chain of perfective past gerunds — «сознав» ('having acknowledged'), «облегчив» ('having lightened'), «разрешив» ('having permitted') — all sharing the subject «мы». The triple gerund is the hallmark of the elevated period; «с любовию» uses the archaic instrumental «-ию»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрешив слабосильной природе его… грех","title":"«разрешить» + dative of the permitted one","body":"«разрешить» ('to permit') takes the dative of who is permitted: «слабосильной природе его» ('its feeble nature'). 'Permitted its nature even to sin.' The dative-of-recipient is the case of the one allowed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с любовию","title":"«с любовию» — archaic instrumental 'with love'","body":"«любовию» is the old/poetic instrumental of «любовь» (modern «любовью»), with the bookish ending «-ию». It lends a churchly, antique warmth to the Inquisitor's claim of love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смиренно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознав","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"сознав","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on любили, coordinated with облегчив and разрешив","gloss":"acknowledging"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, possessive, invariable","role":"determiner of бессилие","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"бессилие","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознав","gloss":"impotence"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любовию","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облегчив","gloss":"love","note":"archaic instrumental form of любовь; modern form is любовью"},{"surface":"облегчив","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on любили, coordinated with сознав and разрешив","gloss":"lightening"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, possessive, invariable","role":"determiner of ношу","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ношу","lemma":"ноша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчив","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разрешив","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on любили, coordinated with сознав and облегчив","gloss":"permitting"},{"surface":"слабосильной","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природе","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of разрешив","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, possessive, invariable","role":"determiner of природе","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы, modifies грех","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешив","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позволения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of позволения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"позволения","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрешив, parallel to грех","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b5-c5-s219","source":"К чему же теперь пришел нам мешать?","translation":"Why, then, have you come now to hinder us?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К чему же теперь пришел нам мешать?","title":"Interrogative «к чему же» + dative «нам» of «мешать»","body":"«к чему же» ('why, to what end, then', with «же') opens the question; «мешать нам» ('to hinder us') governs the dative «нам», as «мешать» always does. «пришёл… мешать» is a verb of motion + purpose infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative object of мешать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to hinder"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b5-c5-s220","source":"И что ты молча и проникновенно глядишь на меня кроткими глазами своими?","translation":"And why do you gaze at me in silence, so searchingly, with your gentle eyes?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядишь на меня кроткими глазами своими","title":"Instrumental of manner + reflexive «своими»","body":"«глядишь… кроткими глазами своими» ('gaze with your gentle eyes') uses the instrumental «глазами» for the means/manner of looking; «своими» ('your own') is the reflexive possessive bound to «ты». «проникновенно» ('searchingly, penetratingly') is the bookish adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"searchingly"},{"surface":"глядишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кроткими","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядишь","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of глазами","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b5-c5-s221","source":"Рассердись, я не хочу любви твоей, потому что сам не люблю тебя.","translation":"Be angry; I do not want your love, because I myself do not love you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассердись","title":"Reflexive imperative «рассердись»","body":"«рассердись» ('be angry, get angry') is the imperative of the -ся verb «рассердиться»; the clitic becomes «-сь» after the vowel-final imperative «-и». A bare, startling command flung at Christ."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не хочу любви твоей, потому что сам не люблю тебя","title":"Genitive of negation «любви твоей» + «потому что»","body":"Under «не хочу», the object goes genitive: «любви твоей» ('your love'). «потому что» introduces the causal subordinate; «сам не люблю» uses the intensifier «сам» ('I myself do not love'). The terse confession is the speech's emotional pivot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассердись","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of люблю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b5-c5-s222","source":"И что мне скрывать от тебя?","translation":"And what have I to hide from you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что мне скрывать от тебя?","title":"Dative «мне» + infinitive of rhetorical question","body":"«что мне скрывать» ('what have I to hide') is the dative-plus-infinitive pattern — «мне» dative, «скрывать» the bare infinitive carrying the modal 'should/need'. «от тебя» uses «от» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрывать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of скрывать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"скрывать","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывать","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b5-c5-s223","source":"Или я не знаю, с кем говорю?","translation":"Or do I not know with whom I am speaking?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или я не знаю, с кем говорю?","title":"Disjunctive «или» question + «с кем»","body":"«Или…?» opens a rhetorical alternative question ('or do I not know…?'). The embedded «с кем говорю» ('with whom I am speaking') uses «с» + instrumental of the interrogative «кто»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"am speaking"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b5-c5-s224","source":"То, что имею сказать тебе, всё тебе уже известно, я читаю это в глазах твоих.","translation":"What I have to say to you is all already known to you — I read it in your eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То, что имею сказать тебе, всё тебе уже известно","title":"Short adjective «известно» + dative «тебе»","body":"«тебе… известно» ('is known to you') uses the short neuter adjective «известно» with the dative experiencer «тебе». The fronted correlative «то, что имею сказать» is resumed by «всё» ('all of it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я читаю это в глазах твоих","title":"Imperfective present «читаю» + «в» + prepositional","body":"«читаю» (imperfective present) views the reading as ongoing; «в глазах твоих» ('in your eyes') is «в» + prepositional for location. The line closes the thought with quiet immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on То","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имею","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition with То, subject of известно","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"читаю","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of читаю","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b5-c5-s225","source":"И я ли скрою от тебя тайну нашу?","translation":"And shall I be the one to hide our secret from you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И я ли скрою от тебя тайну нашу?","title":"Particle «ли» on the fronted subject «я»","body":"«я ли скрою» fronts «я» with «ли» for an emphatic rhetorical question ('shall I, of all people, hide…?'). «скрою» is a perfective future; «тайну нашу» ('our secret') has the bookish post-positioned possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies я, emphasizing it","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скрою","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hide","note":"future tense of скрыть ('to hide'), not the comparative adjective it resembles"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрою","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрою","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b5-c5-s226","source":"Может быть, ты именно хочешь услышать ее из уст моих, слушай же: мы не с тобой, а с ним, вот наша тайна!","translation":"Perhaps it is precisely from my own lips that you wish to hear it — then listen: we are not with you, but with him, that is our secret!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты именно хочешь услышать ее из уст моих","title":"Focus particle «именно» + «из» + genitive","body":"«именно» ('precisely, exactly') pinpoints the focus 'from my own lips'. «из уст моих» uses «из» + genitive plural «уст» (the bookish/archaic «уста» for 'mouth, lips'), with the post-positioned «моих»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушай же: мы не с тобой, а с ним","title":"Imperative «слушай» + «не…, а…» with instrumental «с»","body":"«слушай же» ('listen, then') is an imperfective imperative sharpened by «же». The revelation pivots on «не с тобой, а с ним» ('not with you, but with him'), «с» + instrumental — the secret laid bare."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из уст моих","title":"«уста» — lips, mouth (archaic/poetic)","body":"«уста» is the elevated, archaic plural for 'mouth/lips' (modern everyday «рот/губы»), surviving in set phrases and Scripture («из уст в уста»). It gilds the confession with solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes из уст моих","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уст","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"уст","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of услышать","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies уст","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent imperative, introduces the following clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided copula (не с тобой)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с тобой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"predicate complement with elided copula","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тобой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces наша тайна","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайна","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вот-clause","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b5-c5-s227","source":"Мы давно уже не с тобою, а с ним, уже восемь веков.","translation":"We have long since ceased to be with you, but with him, for eight centuries now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы давно уже не с тобою, а с ним, уже восемь веков","title":"Zero-copula present + «не…, а…»; numeral «восемь веков»","body":"No verb is needed in the present: «мы… не с тобою, а с ним». «восемь веков» ('eight centuries') takes the genitive plural «веков» after a numeral above four; «давно уже» stresses the long duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided copula (не с тобою)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не с тобою","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не с тобою","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с тобою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"predicate complement with elided copula","gloss":"you","note":"archaic/literary form of тобой"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тобою","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восемь веков","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"adverbial of duration","gloss":"centuries"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b5-c5-s228","source":"Ровно восемь веков назад как мы взяли от него то, что ты с негодованием отверг, тот последний дар, который он предлагал тебе, показав тебе все царства земные: мы взяли от него Рим и меч кесаря и объявили лишь себя царями земными, царями едиными, хотя и доныне не успели еще привести наше дело к полному окончанию.","translation":"Exactly eight centuries ago we took from him what you rejected with indignation, that last gift he offered you when he showed you all the kingdoms of the earth: we took from him Rome and the sword of Caesar and declared ourselves alone the kings of the earth, the only kings, though to this day we have not yet managed to bring our work to its full completion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что ты с негодованием отверг, тот последний дар, который он предлагал","title":"Correlative «то, что…» reinforced by appositive «тот… дар, который»","body":"The object is first a correlative «то, что… отверг», then renamed appositively «тот последний дар, который… предлагал» — two relative threads («что», «который») on the same referent. «с негодованием» ('with indignation') is «с» + instrumental of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявили лишь себя царями земными, царями едиными","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental predicate «царями»","body":"«объявили себя царями» ('declared ourselves kings') has the reflexive object «себя» and the instrumental predicate «царями земными… едиными' (the role assumed). «едиными» ('the only, sole') is the bookish form of «единственными»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восемь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on веков","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying взяли","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взяли","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отверг","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дар","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with то, direct object of взяли","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предлагал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предлагал","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дар","gloss":"was offering"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предлагал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"показав","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предлагал","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показав","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of царства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"царства","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of показав","gloss":"kingdoms"},{"surface":"земные","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies царства","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (coordinated with the first взяли, after the colon)","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Рим","lemma":"Рим","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меч","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Рим, direct object of взяли","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"кесаря","lemma":"кесарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меч","gloss":"Caesar's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявили","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяли","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of объявили","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"царями","lemma":"царь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of объявили","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"земными","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies царями","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"царями","lemma":"царь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition with царями земными","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"едиными","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies царями","gloss":"sole"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of успели","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доныне","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"доныне","lemma":"доныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"to this day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привести","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"привести","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успели","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of привести","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окончанию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"полному","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окончанию","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"окончанию","lemma":"окончание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привести","gloss":"completion"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b5-c5-s229","source":"Но кто виноват?","translation":"But whose fault is that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но кто виноват?","title":"Interrogative «кто» + short adjective «виноват»","body":"«Кто виноват?» ('Who is to blame?') — the interrogative «кто» (always masculine agreement) plus the short adjective «виноват». A famous Russian question (Herzen's title), here a curt rhetorical jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"to blame"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b5-c5-s230","source":"О, дело это до сих пор лишь в начале, но оно началось.","translation":"Oh, the work is still only at its beginning, but it has begun.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело это до сих пор лишь в начале, но оно началось","title":"Zero-copula locative + reflexive «началось»","body":"«дело… в начале» ('the work is at its beginning') has no copula in the present. The contrasting «но оно началось» uses the reflexive past «началось» ('it has begun', middle/inchoative -ся). «О» here is the interjection 'Oh'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начале","gloss":"the work"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в начале","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дело, with elided copula","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the previous clause (дело... в начале)","gloss":"has begun"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b5-c5-s231","source":"Долго еще ждать завершения его, и еще много выстрадает земля, но мы достигнем и будем кесарями и тогда уже помыслим о всемирном счастии людей.","translation":"Its completion is still long to wait for, and the earth has much yet to suffer, but we shall attain it and shall be the Caesars, and then we shall give thought to the universal happiness of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долго еще ждать завершения его","title":"Impersonal infinitive «ждать» + genitive object","body":"«долго ещё ждать завершения» is a subjectless infinitive predicate ('there is long yet to wait for its completion'). «ждать» governs the genitive «завершения» when the awaited thing is abstract/non-specific."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы достигнем и будем кесарями и тогда уже помыслим","title":"Perfective future + instrumental predicate «кесарями»","body":"«будем кесарями» ('we shall be the Caesars') puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after the future of «быть». «достигнем» and «помыслим» are perfective futures; «помыслить» ('to give thought') is a bookish-archaic verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кесарями","title":"«кесарь» — Caesar, emperor","body":"«кесарь» is the Church-Slavonic/biblical form of 'Caesar' (cf. 'render unto Caesar', «кесарево кесарю»), distinct from the secular «царь». It frames the Church's claimed temporal sovereignty in scriptural terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"завершения","lemma":"завершение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"completion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, possessive, invariable","role":"determiner of завершения","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выстрадает","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"выстрадает","lemma":"выстрадать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждать","gloss":"will suffer"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выстрадает","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of достигнем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"достигнем","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with the previous clauses","gloss":"will attain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to кесарями","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"кесарями","lemma":"кесарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of будем","gloss":"Caesars"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помыслим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помыслим","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"помыслим","lemma":"помыслить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with достигнем","gloss":"will think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всемирном","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастии","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"счастии","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помыслим","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies счастии","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b5-c5-s232","source":"А между тем ты бы мог еще и тогда взять меч кесаря.","translation":"And yet you might even then have taken the sword of Caesar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты бы мог еще и тогда взять меч кесаря","title":"Counterfactual «бы мог» of missed opportunity","body":"«ты бы мог… взять» ('you might even then have taken') is the conditional «бы» + past «мог» + infinitive, a reproach for the unseized chance. «а между тем» ('and yet, meanwhile') marks the bitter turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies мог","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"меч","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"кесаря","lemma":"кесарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меч","gloss":"Caesar's"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b5-c5-s233","source":"Зачем ты отверг этот последний дар?","translation":"Why did you reject that last gift?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем ты отверг этот последний дар?","title":"Interrogative «зачем» + perfective past","body":"«зачем» ('why, to what purpose') opens the direct question; «отверг» is the perfective past of «отвергнуть» ('rejected', a single completed act). The demonstrative «этот последний дар» recalls the third temptation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отверг","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отверг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отверг","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дар","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отверг","gloss":"gift"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b5-c5-s234","source":"Приняв этот третий совет могучего духа, ты восполнил бы всё, чего ищет человек на земле, то есть: пред кем преклониться, кому вручить совесть и каким образом соединиться наконец всем в бесспорный общий и согласный муравейник, ибо потребность всемирного соединения есть третье и последнее мучение людей.","translation":"Had you accepted that third counsel of the mighty spirit, you would have supplied everything that man seeks on earth, that is to say: before whom to bow down, to whom to entrust his conscience, and in what manner all might at last be united into an indisputable, common, and harmonious anthill — for the need for universal union is the third and last torment of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приняв этот третий совет… ты восполнил бы всё, чего ищет человек","title":"Gerund-condition «приняв» + counterfactual «восполнил бы»; genitive «чего»","body":"«приняв… совет» ('had you accepted') is a perfective gerund supplying the condition; «восполнил бы» is the «бы»-apodosis ('you would have supplied'). «всё, чего ищет человек» uses the genitive relative «чего» after «искать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким образом соединиться наконец всем… в… муравейник","title":"Infinitive «соединиться» in an indirect-question series","body":"Within the listed objects of human longing, «соединиться… в муравейник» ('to be united into an anthill') is a reflexive/reciprocal verb of joining, with «в» + accusative of result. «всем» is the dative of the implicit subject of the infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"муравейник","title":"«муравейник» — anthill","body":"From «муравей» ('ant'); the «муравейник» is Dostoevsky's recurring image (also in Notes from Underground) for a soulless, perfectly ordered collective — here the 'harmonious anthill' of universal union the Inquisitor offers in place of freedom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on восполнил","gloss":"had you accepted"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of совет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совет","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"совет","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Приняв","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"могучего","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совет","gloss":"of the spirit"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of восполнил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"восполнил","lemma":"восполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have supplied"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks восполнил as conditional","gloss":"would (conditional)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of восполнил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"that (which)"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ищет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ищет","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative pronoun","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase то есть","gloss":"is (\"that is\")"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of преклониться","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"преклониться","lemma":"преклониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"parallel infinitive to вручить, соединиться","gloss":"to bow down"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вручить","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"вручить","lemma":"вручить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with преклониться","gloss":"to entrust"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вручить","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединиться","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"соединиться","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вручить","gloss":"to be united"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединиться","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"subject-like agent of соединиться","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муравейник","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"бесспорный","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies муравейник","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"общий","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies муравейник","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согласный","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with общий","gloss":"harmonious"},{"surface":"муравейник","lemma":"муравейник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединиться","gloss":"anthill"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"всемирного","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соединения","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"соединения","lemma":"соединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"of union"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"третье","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with третье","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"мучение","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of есть","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b5-c5-s235","source":"Всегда человечество в целом своем стремилось устроиться непременно всемирно.","translation":"Mankind as a whole has always striven to organize itself, without fail, on a universal scale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человечество… стремилось устроиться непременно всемирно","title":"Reflexive «устроиться» + adverbs «непременно всемирно»","body":"«стремилось устроиться» ('strove to organize itself') pairs the imperfective «стремиться» with the reflexive infinitive «устроиться» (middle, 'to arrange/settle itself'). «непременно» ('without fail') and «всемирно» ('on a world scale') stack the manner adverbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремилось","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стремилось","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целом","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человечество","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of целом","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"стремилось","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has striven"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стремилось","gloss":"to organize itself"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"всемирно","lemma":"всемирно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"on a universal scale"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b5-c5-s236","source":"Много было великих народов с великою историей, но чем выше были эти народы, тем были и несчастнее, ибо сильнее других сознавали потребность всемирности соединения людей.","translation":"There have been many great peoples with great histories, but the higher these peoples stood, the more unhappy they were, for more keenly than others they felt the need for the universality of the union of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем выше были эти народы, тем были и несчастнее","title":"Correlative comparative «чем… тем…»","body":"«чем выше…, тем… несчастнее» ('the higher…, the more unhappy') is Russian's 'the…the…' correlative, built on two predicative comparatives «выше» and «несчастнее». «сильнее других сознавали» again uses a comparative + genitive «других» ('more keenly than others')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всемирности соединения людей","title":"«всемирность» — universality, world-wide-ness","body":"An abstract noun from «всемирный» ('world-wide', «весь мир»): the quality of being universal. «потребность всемирности соединения» ('the need for the universality of union') is the Inquisitor's grand abstraction — the craving to be one across the whole world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier with было","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there have been"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies народов","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"народов","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of было","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking историей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"великою","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историей","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"историей","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of народов","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause with тем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of были (with народы)","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking народы to выше","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of народы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the main clause paired with чем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking народы to несчастнее","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes несчастнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несчастнее","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of были (second clause)","gloss":"more unhappy"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сознавали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies сознавали","gloss":"more keenly"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сильнее","gloss":"than others"},{"surface":"сознавали","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сознавали","gloss":"the need"},{"surface":"всемирности","lemma":"всемирность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"for the universality"},{"surface":"соединения","lemma":"соединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всемирности","gloss":"of the union"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies соединения","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b5-c5-s237","source":"Великие завоеватели, Тимуры и Чингис-ханы, пролетели как вихрь по земле, стремясь завоевать вселенную, но и те, хотя и бессознательно, выразили ту же самую великую потребность человечества ко всемирному и всеобщему единению.","translation":"The great conquerors, the Tamerlanes and Genghis Khans, swept like a whirlwind across the earth, striving to conquer the universe, but they too, though unconsciously, expressed that same great need of mankind for a universal and all-embracing union.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролетели как вихрь по земле, стремясь завоевать вселенную","title":"Present gerund «стремясь» + «по» + dative","body":"«стремясь завоевать» ('striving to conquer') is the present gerund of «стремиться», an adverbial of attendant purpose. «по земле» ('across the earth') uses «по» + dative; «пролетели как вихрь» is a vivid perfective image, 'swept like a whirlwind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и те, хотя и бессознательно, выразили ту же самую… потребность","title":"Demonstrative «те» + «тот же самый»","body":"«и те» ('they too', the conquerors) is the demonstrative «тот» in the plural as subject; «ту же самую… потребность» ('that very same need') combines «тот же» ('the same') with «самый' for emphasis, in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великие","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies завоеватели","gloss":"the great"},{"surface":"завоеватели","lemma":"завоеватель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пролетели","gloss":"conquerors"},{"surface":"Тимуры","lemma":"Тимур","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to завоеватели","gloss":"the Tamerlanes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Чингис","lemma":"Чингис","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first part of compound name Чингис-ханы","gloss":"Genghis"},{"surface":"ханы","lemma":"хан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Тимуры, in apposition to завоеватели","gloss":"Khans"},{"surface":"пролетели","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison вихрь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вихрь","lemma":"вихрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the как-comparison to пролетели","gloss":"a whirlwind"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролетели","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"стремясь","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролетели","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"завоевать","lemma":"завоевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремясь","gloss":"to conquer"},{"surface":"вселенную","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of завоевать","gloss":"the universe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes те","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выразили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with бессознательно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бессознательно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразили","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"выразили","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролетели","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of потребность","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes ту...самую","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность, intensifies ту же","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"потребность","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразили","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"человечества","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всемирному","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всеобщему","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with всемирному","gloss":"all-embracing"},{"surface":"единению","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребность","gloss":"union"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b5-c5-s238","source":"Приняв мир и порфиру кесаря, основал бы всемирное царство и дал всемирный покой.","translation":"Had you accepted the world and the purple of Caesar, you would have founded a universal kingdom and given universal peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приняв мир и порфиру кесаря, основал бы всемирное царство","title":"Gerund «приняв» + counterfactual «основал бы», subject dropped","body":"«приняв… основал бы… дал…» — a perfective gerund condition feeding two «бы»-verbs of unrealized result, with the subject «ты» dropped (carried from context). The terse, subjectless counterfactual is highly rhetorical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"порфиру кесаря","title":"«порфира» — the imperial purple","body":"«порфира» is the purple robe of an emperor (from Greek porphyra), the regalia of sovereign power. «мир и порфира кесаря' ('the world and the purple of Caesar') names the temporal dominion Christ refused."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on основал","gloss":"had you accepted"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Приняв","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порфиру","lemma":"порфира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мир","gloss":"the purple"},{"surface":"кесаря","lemma":"кесарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порфиру","gloss":"of Caesar"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have founded"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks основал as conditional","gloss":"would (conditional)"},{"surface":"всемирное","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with основал","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"всемирный","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покой","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"покой","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b5-c5-s239","source":"Ибо кому же владеть людьми как не тем, которые владеют их совестью и в чьих руках хлебы их.","translation":"For who is to rule over men if not those who hold their conscience and in whose hands are their loaves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому же владеть людьми как не тем, которые владеют их совестью","title":"Dative «кому» + infinitive; «владеть» + instrumental","body":"«кому же владеть людьми» is a dative-plus-infinitive rhetorical question ('who is to rule over men'), with «же» for force. «владеть» ('to rule/possess') governs the instrumental — «людьми», «их совестью» — and «как не тем, которые…» ('if not those who…')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чьих руках хлебы их","title":"Interrogative-relative «чьих» as relative + zero copula","body":"«в чьих руках хлебы их» ('in whose hands are their loaves') uses «чей» as a relative-possessive ('whose'), agreeing in the prepositional plural «чьих». No copula appears — the present 'are' is understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of владеть","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"logical subject of владеть","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes кому","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"владеть","lemma":"владеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"is to rule"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of владеть","gloss":"over men"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the exceptive phrase как не тем","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of владеть","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of владеют","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"владеют","lemma":"владеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тем","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совестью","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"совестью","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of владеют","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чьих","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement, coordinated with владеют clause","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the implied есть, in руках-clause","gloss":"the loaves"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of хлебы","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b5-c5-s240","source":"Мы и взяли меч кесаря, а взяв его, конечно, отвергли тебя и пошли за ним.","translation":"And so we took the sword of Caesar, and in taking it we of course rejected you and went after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяв его, конечно, отвергли тебя и пошли за ним","title":"Perfective gerund «взяв» + perfective pasts","body":"«взяв его» ('having taken it') is a perfective past gerund of prior action, feeding the main verbs «отвергли… пошли». «пошли за ним» ('went after him') is a prefixed verb of motion + «за» + instrumental. The emphatic «и» («Мы и взяли») stresses the deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes взяли","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"меч","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"кесаря","lemma":"кесарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меч","gloss":"of Caesar"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвергли","gloss":"in taking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергли","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"отвергли","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяли","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отвергли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергли","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b5-c5-s241","source":"О, пройдут еще века бесчинства свободного ума, их науки и антропофагии, потому что, начав возводить свою Вавилонскую башню без нас, они кончат антропофагией.","translation":"Oh, there will pass yet whole ages of the free mind run riot, of their science and their anthropophagy, for having begun to raise their Tower of Babel without us, they will end in anthropophagy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начав возводить","title":"Perfective past gerund «начав»","body":"«начав» is the perfective past деепричастие of «начать» — 'having begun'. It frames a prior, completed circumstance whose subject must match the main verb «кончат» (they): having begun, they will end. The chain «начав возводить» pairs the gerund with an imperfective infinitive of process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пройдут… кончат","title":"Perfective futures driving prophecy","body":"«пройдут» (will pass) and «кончат» (they will end) are perfective verbs conjugated like a present to yield the simple future — the prophetic, point-by-point register of the Inquisitor's vision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"антропофагия","title":"«антропофагия» — cannibalism, in a bookish coat","body":"A learned Greek borrowing for 'cannibalism', repeated as a refrain. The high, clinical word deliberately distances the horror it names — man-eating dressed as a scientific term, the end-state of 'free reason'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding пройдут","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"пройдут","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies века","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"века","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пройдут","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"бесчинства","lemma":"бесчинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies века","gloss":"of the riot"},{"surface":"свободного","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бесчинства","gloss":"of the mind"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of науки","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"науки","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бесчинства","gloss":"of their science"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"антропофагии","lemma":"антропофагия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with науки","gloss":"of anthropophagy"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because (part 1)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the fixed phrase потому что","gloss":"because (part 2)"},{"surface":"начав","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кончат","gloss":"having begun"},{"surface":"возводить","lemma":"возводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начав","gloss":"to raise"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of башню","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"Вавилонскую","lemma":"вавилонский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies башню","gloss":"Tower of Babel (adj.)"},{"surface":"башню","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возводить","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of возводить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кончат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"кончат","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"антропофагией","lemma":"антропофагия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of кончат","gloss":"in anthropophagy"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b5-c5-s242","source":"Но тогда-то и приползет к нам зверь, и будет лизать ноги наши, и обрызжет их кровавыми слезами из глаз своих.","translation":"But it is then that the beast will come crawling to us, and will lick our feet, and bedew them with bloody tears out of its eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» fastens onto «тогда» to stress the moment as the known, awaited turning point — 'it is precisely then'. This is the topic-emphasising «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приползет к нам","title":"Prefixed motion verb «приползёт»","body":"«приползёт» = при- (arrival) + ползти (to crawl): the perfective 'will come crawling up to us'. The directional prefix at once gives the destination «к нам» (dative after «к») and makes the verb a perfective future."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрызжет","title":"«обрызжет» — will bedew, bespatter","body":"An expressive perfective of «обрызгать/обрызнуть», 'to sprinkle all over'. Its archaic, vivid form heightens the apocalyptic image of the beast weeping 'bloody tears'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase тогда-то","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"part of the emphatic phrase тогда-то","gloss":"(emphatic suffix)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes приползет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приползет","lemma":"приползти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come crawling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приползет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приползет","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of лизать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"лизать","lemma":"лизать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приползет","gloss":"lick"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of лизать","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обрызжет","lemma":"обрызгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приползет","gloss":"will bedew"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обрызжет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кровавыми","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обрызжет","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"its own"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b5-c5-s243","source":"И мы сядем на зверя и воздвигнем чашу, и на ней будет написано: „Тайна!“ Но тогда лишь и тогда настанет для людей царство покоя и счастия.","translation":"And we shall mount the beast and raise up a cup, and upon it will be written: “Mystery!” And only then, only then, will the reign of peace and happiness dawn for mankind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет написано","title":"Periphrastic passive «будет написано»","body":"The short-form past passive participle «написано» (neuter) joined to «будет» states a future result: 'it will be written'. The agent is left unnamed, fitting the oracular tone; were one given, it would stand in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воздвигнем","title":"«воздвигнем» — we shall raise up","body":"A solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavoured perfective of «воздвигнуть», 'to erect, raise on high'. Far loftier than ordinary «поднимем»; it recurs through the passage for banners and cups, lending ritual gravity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счастия","title":"Archaic genitive «счастия»","body":"The older bookish form of the genitive of «счастье», where modern Russian writes «счастья». Such -ия genitives are a period marker throughout Dostoevsky's elevated prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сядем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сядем","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall mount"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зверя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"зверя","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сядем","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воздвигнем","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сядем","gloss":"shall raise up"},{"surface":"чашу","lemma":"чаша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воздвигнем","gloss":"a cup"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написано","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воздвигнем","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"Тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted predicate of написано","gloss":"\"Mystery!\""},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настанет","gloss":"only then"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the emphatic repetition","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the first тогда лишь","gloss":"only then"},{"surface":"настанет","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will dawn"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of настанет","gloss":"the reign"},{"surface":"покоя","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царство","gloss":"of peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with покоя","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b5-c5-s244","source":"Ты гордишься своими избранниками, но у тебя лишь избранники, а мы успокоим всех.","translation":"Thou art proud of thine elect, but thou hast only the elect, whereas we shall give rest to all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты гордишься… у тебя… ты… мы","title":"Archaic 'thou' and the «ты»/«мы» antithesis","body":"The whole address to Christ uses singular «ты», which our English renders with the sacral 'Thou'. The sentence pivots on the contrastive «а» — 'thou hast only the elect, whereas we…' — setting the Inquisitor's collective «мы» against Christ's «ты»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордишься своими избранниками","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb governing the instrumental","body":"«гордиться» ('to be proud of') is a reflexive «-ся» verb that takes its object in the instrumental: «своими избранниками». The reflexive possessive «своими» points the pride back to the subject «ты» — thine own elect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гордишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гордишься","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are proud"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of избранниками","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"избранниками","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of гордишься","gloss":"of your elect"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя, possessive construction","gloss":"(you) have"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the у-clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избранники","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"избранники","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of the у тебя-clause","gloss":"the elect"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of успокоим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"успокоим","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with гордишься","gloss":"shall give rest to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of успокоим","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b5-c5-s245","source":"Да и так ли еще: сколь многие из этих избранников, из могучих, которые могли бы стать избранниками, устали наконец, ожидая тебя, и понесли и еще понесут силы духа своего и жар сердца своего на иную ниву и кончат тем, что на тебя же и воздвигнут свободное знамя свое.","translation":"And consider, besides: how many of these elect, of the mighty who could have become elect, have at last grown weary of waiting for thee, and have carried—and will yet carry—the powers of their spirit and the ardour of their hearts off to another field, and will end by raising against thee thine own banner of freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые могли бы стать избранниками","title":"Conditional «могли бы» + predicate instrumental","body":"«могли бы» is the past-form verb plus the irrealis particle «бы» — 'who could have'. It governs «стать избранниками», where «стать» takes its predicate noun in the instrumental, framing 'becoming the elect' as an assumed, potential role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидая тебя","title":"Imperfective present gerund «ожидая»","body":"«ожидая» ('waiting for') is the imperfective деепричастие of «ожидать», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «устали» — they grew weary in the very act of waiting. «ожидать» governs its object in the genitive/accusative; here «тебя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понесли и еще понесут","title":"Past beside perfective future of one verb","body":"«понесли» (past) and «понесут» (perfective future) set the same perfective verb «понести» in two tenses side by side — 'have carried, and will yet carry'. Aspect alone, not separate tense machinery, lets the perfective span completed-then-future event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на иную ниву","title":"«иную ниву» — another field","body":"«иной» is the bookish word for 'other, different' (vs. plain «другой»), and «нива» is the poetic, agrarian-scriptural word for a sown field. Together: their spiritual energies carried off 'to another field' — labour redirected away from Christ."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ли еще","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"interrogative particle","role":"marks так as questioning","gloss":"(interrogative)"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так ли","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избранников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of избранников","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"избранников","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of многие","gloss":"elect"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могучих","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"могучих","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with избранников","gloss":"the mighty"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on могучих","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks могли as conditional","gloss":"have (conditional)"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"избранниками","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"elect"},{"surface":"устали","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown weary"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устали","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on устали","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ожидая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понесли","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with устали","gloss":"have carried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понесут","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"понесут","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понесли","gloss":"will carry"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of понесли/понесут","gloss":"the powers"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"of their spirit"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of духа","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жар","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with силы","gloss":"the ardour"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies жар","gloss":"of their heart"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ниву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"иную","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ниву","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ниву","lemma":"нива","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понесли/понесут","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончат","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понесут","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончат, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воздвигнут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвигнут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тебя, ironic pointedness","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes воздвигнут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"воздвигнут","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will raise"},{"surface":"свободное","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамя","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воздвигнут","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знамя","gloss":"their own"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b5-c5-s246","source":"Но ты сам воздвиг это знамя.","translation":"But it was thou thyself who raised that banner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам воздвиг","title":"Intensive «сам» and emphatic word order","body":"«сам» ('thyself') intensifies the subject — it was Christ himself who raised that banner of freedom. Fronting «ты сам» throws the whole weight onto the agent, the topic-comment structure that lets Russian load a pronoun with rhetorical stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воздвиг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic apposition to ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"воздвиг","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of знамя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воздвиг","gloss":"banner"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b5-c5-s247","source":"У нас же все будут счастливы и не будут более ни бунтовать, ни истреблять друг друга, как в свободе твоей, повсеместно.","translation":"With us, on the other hand, all will be happy and will no longer rise in revolt nor exterminate one another, as they did everywhere under thy freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будут более ни бунтовать, ни истреблять","title":"Negative concord with paired «ни… ни»","body":"The negated verb «не будут» (compound imperfective future) is reinforced by «ни… ни» coordinating two infinitives — 'will neither revolt nor exterminate'. Russian keeps the «не» on the verb even with the «ни»-words: one negation, several markers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас же","title":"Contrastive «же»","body":"The particle «же» here is contrastive-emphatic — 'with US, on the other hand' — setting the Inquisitor's regime against Christ's «свобода твоя». It leans on «у нас», the first stressed phrase of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в свободе твоей","title":"Prepositional «в свободе» with postposed possessive","body":"«в свободе» stands in the prepositional case of location/condition after «в». The possessive «твоей» follows its noun — a poetic inversion (cf. «свободе твоей») heightening the biblical 'thy' cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle, modifies У нас","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective with все","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будут...бунтовать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бунтовать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бунтовать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the ни...ни coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"бунтовать","lemma":"бунтовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of будут","gloss":"rebel"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the ни...ни coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"истреблять","lemma":"истреблять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бунтовать","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of reciprocal phrase друг друга","gloss":"each","note":"друг друга is a fixed reciprocal phrase, \"one another\" — друг itself never inflects."},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истреблять (with друг)","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободе","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb of the как-clause (as it did everywhere)","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b5-c5-s248","source":"О, мы убедим их, что они тогда только и станут свободными, когда откажутся от свободы своей для нас и нам покорятся.","translation":"Oh, we shall convince them that they will become truly free only when they surrender their freedom to us and submit to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"станут свободными","title":"«стать» + predicate instrumental","body":"«станут свободными» — 'will become free' — takes the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «стать», marking the freedom as a newly assumed state. Contrast the bare nominative one would use for a present 'they are free'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда только и… когда","title":"Correlative «тогда… когда» with restrictive «только и»","body":"«тогда только и… когда» binds main and subordinate clause: 'only then… when'. The cluster «только и» tightens the restriction to a single condition — they become free ONLY by surrendering freedom, the paradox at the chapter's heart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откажутся от свободы своей","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verb governing «от» + genitive","body":"«отказаться от» ('to renounce, give up') is a reflexive verb that requires «от» plus the genitive: «от свободы своей». The reflexive possessive «своей» keeps the freedom theirs."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убедим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"убедим","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will convince"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of убедим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда только (only then)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies станут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убедим","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"свободными","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of откажутся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"откажутся","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on станут","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободы","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покорятся","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"покорятся","lemma":"покориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with откажутся","gloss":"will submit"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b5-c5-s249","source":"И что же, правы мы будем или солжем?","translation":"And what of it—shall we be in the right, or shall we be lying?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"правы мы будем","title":"Short adjective «правы» as predicate","body":"«правы» is the short-form (predicative) plural of «правый» here meaning 'right, in the right'. Short forms can only predicate, never modify, and carry the bookish, assertive flavour suited to the Inquisitor's self-justification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что же","title":"Rhetorical «что же»","body":"«что же» fuses the interrogative «что» with insistent «же» — 'and what of it?', 'well then?'. It is the texture of spoken self-interrogation, not a real question about an object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"солжем","title":"«солжём» — shall we lie","body":"Perfective future of «солгать» (to tell a lie), from the verb «лгать». The stem shows the gh/zh alternation (лг- → солж-) typical of these old verbs; the sense is a single, deliberate act of lying."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the rhetorical question (что же)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective, complement of будем","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of правы","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"солжем","lemma":"солгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with правы будем","gloss":"will lie"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b5-c5-s250","source":"Они сами убедятся, что правы, ибо вспомнят, до каких ужасов рабства и смятения доводила их свобода твоя.","translation":"They themselves will be persuaded that we are right, for they will remember to what horrors of slavery and confusion thy freedom led them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо вспомнят","title":"Bookish causal «ибо»","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, scriptural conjunction 'for, because', far more solemn than «потому что». It threads through the whole monologue, giving the Inquisitor's reasoning the cadence of a sermon."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до каких ужасов… доводила","title":"Imperfective past «доводила» for repeated result","body":"«доводила» (imperfective past of «доводить») views freedom's effect as a recurring, habitual process — 'kept leading them to horrors' — against which the perfective would have given a single completed event. «до каких ужасов» stands in the genitive after «до»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедятся, что правы","title":"Reflexive «убедятся» + «что»-clause","body":"«убедиться» ('to become convinced') is reflexive and opens a «что»-clause of reported fact. Inside, the copula is dropped: «что правы» = 'that [we are] in the right', with the short adjective as zero-copula predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убедятся","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of Они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"убедятся","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of правы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of убедятся","gloss":"right","note":"The elided subject of правы is \"we\" (the Inquisitor and his order), not \"they\" — Они is the subject of убедятся only."},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспомнят","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вспомнят","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убедятся","gloss":"will remember"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасов","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ужасов","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ужасов","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"рабства","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ужасов","gloss":"of slavery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смятения","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рабства","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"доводила","lemma":"доводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause complementing вспомнят","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of доводила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of доводила","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свобода","gloss":"thy"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b5-c5-s251","source":"Свобода, свободный ум и наука заведут их в такие дебри и поставят пред такими чудами и неразрешимыми тайнами, что одни из них, непокорные и свирепые, истребят себя самих, другие, непокорные, но малосильные, истребят друг друга, а третьи, оставшиеся, слабосильные и несчастные, приползут к ногам нашим и возопиют к нам: „Да, вы были правы, вы одни владели тайной его, и мы возвращаемся к вам, спасите нас от себя самих“.","translation":"Freedom, the free mind, and science will lead them into such thickets and set them before such marvels and insoluble mysteries that some of them—the unruly and fierce—will destroy themselves; others, unruly but feeble, will destroy one another; and the rest, those that remain, weak and wretched, will come crawling to our feet and will cry out to us: “Yes, you were right, you alone possessed His secret, and we are coming back to you—save us from ourselves.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одни из них… другие… а третьи","title":"Tripartite «одни… другие… а третьи»","body":"Russian sorts a group with «одни… другие… третьи» ('some… others… still others'). The final «а третьи» uses the soft-contrastive «а» to mark the last, climactic class — the weak who come crawling back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"истребят себя самих","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя самих»","body":"«себя» is the object reflexive pronoun (no nominative), here intensified by «самих» — 'their very selves'. Distinct from the verbal «-ся»: «истребят себя самих» uses the full pronoun for emphatic 'destroy themselves'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшиеся","title":"Past active participle «оставшиеся»","body":"«оставшиеся» is the past active participle of «остаться» ('those who remained'), declined like an adjective and substantivised. It packs a whole который-clause — 'the ones that were left' — into one bookish word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дебри","title":"«дебри» — thickets, wilds","body":"A plurale-tantum noun for dense, trackless forest, used figuratively for an intellectual maze with no way out. The image: free reason 'leads them into such thickets' that they lose themselves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возопиют","title":"«возопиют» — they will cry out","body":"A Church-Slavonic perfective future of «возопить», 'to cry aloud, lament' — the verb of psalmic supplication ('I cried unto the Lord'). It dignifies the wretches' cry as a kind of liturgical wail."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свобода","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заведут","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"свободный","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Свобода","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Свобода","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"заведут","lemma":"завести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will lead"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заведут","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дебри","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дебри","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дебри","lemma":"дебри","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"thickets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставят","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заведут","gloss":"will set"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of чудами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чудами","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition пред","gloss":"marvels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрешимыми","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies тайнами","gloss":"insoluble"},{"surface":"тайнами","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with чудами","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of истребят (1st)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"непокорные","lemma":"непокорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to одни","gloss":"unruly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свирепые","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with непокорные","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"истребят","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (1st group)","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребят (1st)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"intensifies себя","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of истребят (2nd)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"непокорные","lemma":"непокорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with другие","gloss":"unruly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"малосильные","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with другие","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"истребят","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (2nd group), parallel to истребят (1st)","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of reciprocal phrase друг друга","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребят (2nd), with друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"третьи","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приползут","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"оставшиеся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"apposition to третьи","gloss":"who remain"},{"surface":"слабосильные","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with третьи","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несчастные","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with третьи","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"приползут","lemma":"приползти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the third group, coordinated with истребят","gloss":"will crawl"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ногам","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of ногам","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возопиют","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приползут","gloss":"will cry out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"opens the quoted speech","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы (were)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to правы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of владели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"владели","lemma":"владеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with были правы","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"тайной","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of владели (владеть + instrumental)","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тайной","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возвращаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"возвращаемся","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with владели","gloss":"are returning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спасите","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"separate imperative clause","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спасите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"intensifies себя","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b5-c5-s252","source":"Получая от нас хлебы, конечно, они ясно будут видеть, что мы их же хлебы, их же руками добытые, берем у них, чтобы им же раздать, безо всякого чуда, увидят, что не обратили мы камней в хлебы, но воистину более, чем самому хлебу, рады они будут тому, что получают его из рук наших!","translation":"Receiving bread from us, they will of course see clearly that we take from them their own bread, won by their own hands, only to parcel it back out to them—without any miracle whatever; they will see that we have not turned stones into bread; yet in truth they will rejoice, more than at the bread itself, that they receive it from our hands!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Получая от нас хлебы","title":"Imperfective gerund «получая» framing the sentence","body":"«получая» (imperfective present деепричастие of «получать») opens the long period with an attendant circumstance — 'while receiving bread from us…'. It shares the subject «они» of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их же хлебы, их же руками добытые","title":"Insistent «же» and postposed participle","body":"«же» here is the insistent particle 'their very own' — «их же хлебы», «их же руками». «добытые» is a past passive participle ('won, obtained') agreeing with «хлебы»; the instrumental «их же руками» names the means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы им же раздать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» plus a bare infinitive «раздать» expresses purpose with a single subject — 'in order to parcel it back out to them'. The dative «им» marks the recipients, again stamped with insistent «же»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, in truth","body":"A Church-Slavonic adverb 'truly, verily', famous from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе!». Its solemn ring elevates the bitter paradox that men will rejoice not in bread but in receiving it from authority's hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Получая","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on видеть","gloss":"receiving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Получая","gloss":"bread","note":"хлебы is the archaic 19th-c. plural of хлеб (modern хлебы survives only in this poetic register)."},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies видеть","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видеть","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of видеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of берем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of берем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of хлебы","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of берем","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руками","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"agent of добытые","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"добытые","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies хлебы (participial clause)","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"берем","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of раздать","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies им","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"раздать","lemma":"раздать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on берем","gloss":"give out"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чуда","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чуда","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"чуда","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"увидят","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обратили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обратили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обратили","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидят","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обратили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"камней","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обратили","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рады (comparative)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with хлебу","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлебу","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"хлебу","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with более","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"рады","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of the main clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рады","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рады","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of рады","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"получают","lemma":"получать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получают","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рук","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b5-c5-s253","source":"Ибо слишком будут помнить, что прежде, без нас, самые хлебы, добытые ими, обращались в руках их лишь в камни, а когда они воротились к нам, то самые камни обратились в руках их в хлебы.","translation":"For they will remember all too well that before, without us, the very bread they had won turned in their hands to nothing but stones, whereas once they returned to us, those same stones turned in their hands to bread.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращались… обратились","title":"Imperfective vs perfective «обращаться/обратиться»","body":"The same aspect pair, twice: «обращались» (imperfective past) renders the bread habitually turning to stone 'before, without us', while «обратились» (perfective) marks the single decisive reversal once they returned. Aspect carries the whole then-vs-now logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добытые ими","title":"Past passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«добытые» (past passive participle, 'obtained') agrees with «хлебы», and the agent appears in the instrumental «ими» — 'won by them'. This is the textbook passive-participle-plus-instrumental construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда… воротились, то","title":"Correlative «когда… то»","body":"A temporal «когда»-clause answered by the correlative «то» in the main clause — 'when they returned, then…'. The «то» is a resumptive marker, common in Dostoevsky's periodic sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обращались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращались","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies хлебы","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обращались","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"добытые","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying хлебы","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of добытые","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"обращались","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies камни","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камни","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротились","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воротились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"воротились","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратились","gloss":"returned","note":"воротиться is an archaic/folk synonym of вернуться, \"to return\"."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies камни","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"камни","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обратились","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"обратились","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хлебы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"хлебы","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"bread"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b5-c5-s254","source":"Слишком, слишком оценят они, что значит раз навсегда подчиниться!","translation":"All too well, all too well will they prize what it means to submit once and for all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что значит… подчиниться","title":"Indirect question «что значит» + infinitive","body":"«оценят, что значит… подчиниться» — 'will prize what it means to submit'. The infinitive «подчиниться» (reflexive, perfective) is the logical subject of «значит». «подчиниться» governs the dative of the one submitted to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком, слишком оценят они","title":"Emphatic fronting and repetition","body":"The doubled adverb «слишком, слишком» is hurled to the front, ahead of verb and subject — 'all too well, all too well will they prize'. This rhetorical inversion, comment-before-topic, is pure spoken intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оценят","gloss":"all too well"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оценят (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"all too well"},{"surface":"оценят","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will prize"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оценят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оценят","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase раз навсегда, modifies подчиниться","gloss":"once","note":"раз навсегда is the fixed idiom \"once and for all.\""},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of раз навсегда, modifies подчиниться","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"подчиниться","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of значит","gloss":"to submit"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b5-c5-s255","source":"И пока люди не поймут сего, они будут несчастны.","translation":"And until men understand this, they will be unhappy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока… не поймут","title":"Temporal «пока… не» = 'until'","body":"«пока… не» with a perfective verb means 'until' — the «не» is expletive, not a true negation: 'until men understand this'. «поймут» is the perfective future of «понять»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сего","title":"Archaic «сего» (gen. of «сей»)","body":"«сего» is the genitive of «сей» ('this'), the bookish demonstrative of 19th-century and ecclesiastical Russian, where speech uses «это/этого». Its presence signals the Inquisitor's deliberately scriptural diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймут","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on несчастны","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поймут","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несчастны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастны","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b5-c5-s256","source":"Кто более всего способствовал этому непониманию, скажи?","translation":"Who did most to foster this misunderstanding, tell me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто более всего способствовал","title":"Interrogative «кто» + superlative adverb","body":"«кто» ('who') takes masculine singular agreement on the past verb «способствовал», whatever the real answer. «более всего» is the analytic superlative 'most of all'. «способствовать» governs the dative «этому непониманию»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажи","title":"Imperative «скажи»","body":"«скажи» is the singular imperative of perfective «сказать» — 'tell [me]', addressed to the silent Christ. The bare, intimate singular (no «-те») underscores the Inquisitor's lone, taunting demand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of способствовал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies способствовал","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of более","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"способствовал","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contributed to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of непониманию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"непониманию","lemma":"непонимание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of способствовал","gloss":"misunderstanding"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative clause","gloss":"tell me"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b5-c5-s257","source":"Кто раздробил стадо и рассыпал его по путям неведомым?","translation":"Who broke up the flock and scattered it along paths unknown?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по путям неведомым","title":"Dative plural after «по» + postposed adjective","body":"«по путям» — «по» governs the dative, here plural «путям» (the irregular noun «путь»). «неведомым» ('unknown') follows its noun, a poetic inversion, and is itself a bookish/archaic word for «неизвестным»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of раздробил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"раздробил","lemma":"раздробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke up"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of раздробил","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассыпал","lemma":"рассыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздробил","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассыпал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путям","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"путям","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"неведомым","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies путям","gloss":"unknown"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b5-c5-s258","source":"Но стадо вновь соберется и вновь покорится, и уже раз навсегда.","translation":"But the flock will gather again and will submit anew, and this time once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"соберется… покорится","title":"Reflexive perfective futures «соберётся», «покорится»","body":"Both verbs are reflexive «-ся» perfectives in the future: «соберётся» ('will gather', middle/intransitive) and «покорится» ('will submit'). The «-ся» turns transitive 'gather/subdue' into the flock's own self-gathering and self-submission."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вновь","title":"«вновь» — anew, again","body":"A more literary synonym of «снова/опять», 'afresh, once more'. Repeated here («вновь… вновь»), it gives the prophecy of the regathered flock a measured, incantatory beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of соберется","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соберется","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"соберется","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will gather"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покорится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"покорится","lemma":"покориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соберется","gloss":"will submit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз навсегда","gloss":"this time"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase раз навсегда, modifies покорится","gloss":"once","note":"раз навсегда, \"once and for all,\" echoes the same idiom used earlier by the Inquisitor."},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of раз навсегда, modifies покорится","gloss":"and for all"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b5-c5-s259","source":"Тогда мы дадим им тихое, смиренное счастье, счастье слабосильных существ, какими они и созданы.","translation":"Then we shall give them a quiet, humble happiness, the happiness of feeble creatures, which is just what they were made to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какими они и созданы","title":"Relative «какими» + short passive participle","body":"«какими» is the instrumental plural of «какой», agreeing with the predicate of «созданы» — the short past passive participle 'created/made'. The whole means 'just as which [feeble creatures] they were in fact made [to be]', with «и» here meaning 'precisely, indeed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слабосильных существ","title":"«слабосильный» — feeble, weak-of-strength","body":"A compound of «слабый» (weak) + «сила» (strength): 'lacking in strength, feeble'. A keyword of the passage, repeatedly applied to the masses the Inquisitor pities and rules. «существ» is the genitive plural of «существо» (creature, being)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дадим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дадим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"дадим","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дадим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тихое","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"смиренное","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тихое","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дадим","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to счастье (тихое, смиренное)","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"слабосильных","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"какими","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of созданы, referring back to существ","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of созданы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies созданы","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"созданы","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the какими-clause modifying существ","gloss":"were made"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b5-c5-s260","source":"О, мы убедим их наконец не гордиться, ибо ты вознес их и тем научил гордиться; докажем им, что они слабосильны, что они только жалкие дети, но что детское счастье слаще всякого.","translation":"Oh, we shall persuade them at last not to be proud, for it was thou who exalted them and thereby taught them pride; we shall prove to them that they are feeble, that they are only pitiful children, but that a child's happiness is sweeter than any other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"научил гордиться","title":"«научить» + infinitive","body":"«научил… гордиться» — 'taught [them] to be proud'. «научить» takes the person taught in the accusative/genitive and the skill as an infinitive; «гордиться» is reflexive. The «тем» before it = 'thereby' (instrumental of «то»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слаще всякого","title":"Comparative «слаще» + genitive of comparison","body":"«слаще» is the suppletive-ish comparative of «сладкий» ('sweeter'), and «всякого» stands in the genitive of comparison — 'sweeter than any [other]'. Russian routinely expresses 'than X' by simply putting X in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вознес","title":"«вознёс» — exalted, raised up","body":"Perfective past of «вознести», a lofty Church-Slavonic verb of raising on high (cf. «Вознесение», the Ascension). Here, 'thou didst exalt them' — Christ raised humanity too high and so taught it pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убедим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"убедим","lemma":"убедить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall persuade"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of убедим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедим","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордиться","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of убедим","gloss":"to be proud"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вознес","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вознес","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"вознес","lemma":"вознести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вознес","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of научил ('thereby')","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"научил","lemma":"научить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вознес","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"гордиться","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of научил","gloss":"to be proud"},{"surface":"докажем","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убедим","gloss":"we shall prove"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of докажем","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слабосильны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слабосильны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"слабосильны","lemma":"слабосильный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of докажем","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дети","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дети","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалкие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"жалкие","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, second clausal complement of докажем (coordinated with слабосильны)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слаще","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"детское","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"a child's"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слаще","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"слаще","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of this что-clause (third clausal complement of докажем)","gloss":"sweeter"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive of comparison with слаще","gloss":"than any other"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b5-c5-s261","source":"Они станут робки и станут смотреть на нас и прижиматься к нам в страхе, как птенцы к наседке.","translation":"They will grow timid and will look to us and cling to us in their fear, as nestlings cling to the hen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"станут робки","title":"Short adjective «робки» after «стать»","body":"«станут робки» — 'will grow timid', with the short-form plural «робки» of «робкий» as predicate of «стать». Short adjectives, here, foreground the new state itself; they are markedly bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как птенцы к наседке","title":"«птенцы к наседке» — chicks to the brooding hen","body":"«птенцы» are fledgling chicks and «наседка» the sitting/brooding hen. The simile echoes Christ's own image of gathering Jerusalem 'as a hen gathereth her chickens' (Matt. 23:37) — here twisted to the people clinging to their masters in fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will grow"},{"surface":"робки","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with станут (w2)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прижиматься","lemma":"прижиматься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотреть","gloss":"cling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прижиматься","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижиматься","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"птенцы","lemma":"птенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of elided verb прижимаются in the как-clause","gloss":"nestlings"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наседке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"наседке","lemma":"наседка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided прижимаются","gloss":"the hen"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b5-c5-s262","source":"Они будут дивиться и ужасаться на нас и гордиться тем, что мы так могучи и так умны, что могли усмирить такое буйное тысячемиллионное стадо.","translation":"They will marvel at us and stand in awe of us and take pride in our being so mighty and so wise that we could subdue so turbulent a flock of thousands of millions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордиться тем, что мы… могли","title":"«гордиться» + correlative «тем, что»","body":"Reflexive «гордиться» takes its cause in the instrumental «тем», unpacked by a «что»-clause: 'take pride in this — that we were so mighty…'. The «тем, что» frame is Russian's standard way of pinning an abstract object to a clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тысячемиллионное стадо","title":"«тысячемиллионное» — thousand-million(ed)","body":"A coined compound adjective, 'numbering thousands of millions', modifying «стадо» (flock). The hyperbolic coinage swells the flock to the whole of mankind, the scale at which the Inquisitor thinks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дивиться","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of дивиться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"дивиться","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасаться","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дивиться","gloss":"stand in awe"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ужасаться","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордиться","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ужасаться","gloss":"take pride"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гордиться","gloss":"in the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могучи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могучи","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могучи","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"могучи","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of this что-clause (complement of тем)","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умны","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умны","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with могучи","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"result clause on так... умны","gloss":"we could"},{"surface":"усмирить","lemma":"усмирить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"subdue"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стадо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"буйное","lemma":"буйный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"turbulent"},{"surface":"тысячемиллионное","lemma":"тысячемиллионный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"of a thousand million"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of усмирить","gloss":"flock"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b5-c5-s263","source":"Они будут расслабленно трепетать гнева нашего, умы их оробеют, глаза их станут слезоточивы, как у детей и женщин, но столь же легко будут переходить они по нашему мановению к веселью и к смеху, светлой радости и счастливой детской песенке.","translation":"They will tremble limply at our wrath, their minds will be cowed, their eyes will grow ready to weep like the eyes of children and women; but just as readily, at a wave of our hand, they will pass over to mirth and laughter, to bright joy and a happy childish song.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умы их оробеют, глаза их станут","title":"Postposed «их» and parallel clauses","body":"«умы их», «глаза их» place the possessive «их» after the noun for rhythm and elevation, and the clauses run in parallel (will-be-cowed, will-grow-tearful). «их» is the invariable third-person possessive, never declining."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь же легко… по нашему мановению","title":"«столь же» and «по» + dative of cause","body":"«столь же легко» — 'just as readily', with bookish «столь» for «так». «по нашему мановению» uses «по» + dative to mean 'at our signal/beck', the Slavonic «мановение» being a wave or nod of command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слезоточивы","title":"«слезоточивы» — running with tears","body":"Short-form plural of «слезоточивый», 'tear-flowing, prone to weeping' (слеза 'tear' + точить 'to ooze'). A vivid, slightly clinical compound for eyes 'ready to weep like children's'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of трепетать","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of трепетать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"расслабленно","lemma":"расслабленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трепетать","gloss":"limply"},{"surface":"трепетать","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tremble"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетать (genitive object)","gloss":"at wrath"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнева","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"умы","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оробеют","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of умы","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"оробеют","lemma":"оробеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with трепетать","gloss":"will grow cowed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with трепетать","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"слезоточивы","lemma":"слезоточивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of станут (subject глаза)","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (as the eyes of children and women)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies слезоточивы","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with детей","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"легко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходить","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of переходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"переходить","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепетать","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of переходить","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мановению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мановению","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мановению","lemma":"мановение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"wave of the hand"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"веселью","lemma":"веселье","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"mirth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смеху","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселью","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"светлой","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселью (dative continuing к)","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"счастливой","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песенке","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"детской","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песенке","gloss":"childish"},{"surface":"песенке","lemma":"песенка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with веселью (dative continuing к)","gloss":"song"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b5-c5-s264","source":"Да, мы заставим их работать, но в свободные от труда часы мы устроим им жизнь как детскую игру, с детскими песнями, хором, с невинными плясками.","translation":"Yes, we shall make them work, but in the hours free from labour we shall arrange their life like a children's game, with children's songs, with choirs, with innocent dances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заставим их работать","title":"«заставить» + accusative + infinitive","body":"«заставим их работать» — 'we shall make them work': «заставить» ('to compel') takes the person in the accusative «их» and the action as a bare infinitive. A core causative construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в свободные от труда часы","title":"Accusative-of-time phrase «в… часы»","body":"«в… часы» with «в» + accusative names a time span — 'in the hours [that are] free from labour'. «свободные от труда» = adjective + «от» + genitive, 'free from work'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плясками","title":"«пляски» — folk dances","body":"«пляска» is the earthy, native word for dancing (a peasant or ring dance), distinct from the borrowed «танец». 'Innocent dances' sets the Inquisitor's managed paradise in a deliberately childlike, folk key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmative particle opening the sentence","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заставим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"заставим","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall make"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заставим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставим","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свободные","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking труда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"труда","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свободные","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устроим","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устроим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"устроим","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заставим","gloss":"shall arrange"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of устроим","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of устроим","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison marking игру","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"детскую","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игру","gloss":"a child's"},{"surface":"игру","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроим","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking песнями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детскими","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies песнями","gloss":"children's"},{"surface":"песнями","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with игру","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"хором","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with игру","gloss":"choir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плясками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невинными","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies плясками","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"плясками","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with игру","gloss":"dances"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b5-c5-s265","source":"О, мы разрешим им и грех, они слабы и бессильны, и они будут любить нас как дети за то, что мы им позволим грешить.","translation":"Oh, we shall permit them even to sin—they are weak and powerless—and they will love us like children for letting them sin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разрешим им и грех","title":"«разрешить» + dative + accusative; concessive «и»","body":"«разрешить» ('to permit') takes the person in the dative «им» and the thing permitted in the accusative «грех». The «и» before «грех» is concessive — 'even sin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что мы им позволим грешить","title":"Causal «за то, что»","body":"«за то, что» — 'for [the fact] that' — gives the reason they will love their masters: «за» + accusative «то», expanded by a «что»-clause. «позволить» again takes dative «им» plus the infinitive «грешить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разрешим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"разрешим","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall permit"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of разрешим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying грех ('even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешим","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слабы","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"слабы","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of second coordinated clause","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессильны","lemma":"бессильный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with слабы","gloss":"powerless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of third coordinated clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison marking дети","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of позволим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"позволим","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of то","gloss":"we allow"},{"surface":"грешить","lemma":"грешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволим","gloss":"to sin"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b5-c5-s266","source":"Мы скажем им, что всякий грех будет искуплен, если сделан будет с нашего позволения; позволяем же им грешить потому, что их любим, наказание же за эти грехи, так и быть, возьмем на себя.","translation":"We shall tell them that every sin will be redeemed if it is committed with our leave; we permit them to sin because we love them, and as for the punishment for these sins, so be it, we shall take it upon ourselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если сделан будет","title":"Conditional with short passive participle","body":"«если сделан будет» — 'if it is committed': the short past passive participle «сделан» plus future «будет» forms a passive in a real («если») condition. The inverted order «сделан будет» is a literary flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позволяем же им… потому, что… любим","title":"Imperfective present + insistent «же» + causal","body":"«позволяем» switches to the imperfective present ('we [do] permit'), the «же» insisting on the admission, and «потому, что… любим» gives the reason. The aspect shift marks a standing policy, not a single future act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так и быть","title":"«так и быть» — so be it, very well","body":"A fixed colloquial concessive, 'all right then, so be it', signalling grudging assent. Dropped into the lofty rhetoric, it gives the Inquisitor a chillingly offhand tone as he takes on the punishment for others' sins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall tell"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искуплен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive искуплен","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of искуплен","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"искуплен","lemma":"искупить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажем","gloss":"redeemed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделан","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сделан","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on искуплен","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделан","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позволения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of позволения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"позволения","lemma":"позволение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделан","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"позволяем","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of second independent clause","gloss":"we permit"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволяем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of позволяем","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"грешить","lemma":"грешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволяем","gloss":"to sin"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"любим","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"we love"},{"surface":"наказание","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возьмем (fronted topic)","gloss":"the punishment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наказание ('as for')","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехи","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies наказание","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'так и быть' (so be it)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'так и быть'","gloss":"be it","note":"«так и быть» is a fixed idiom meaning \"so be it / never mind,\" not literal 'so and be'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom 'так и быть'","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"возьмем","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb governing наказание","gloss":"we shall take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of возьмем","gloss":"ourselves"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b5-c5-s267","source":"И возьмем на себя, а нас они будут обожать как благодетелей, понесших на себе их грехи пред богом.","translation":"And take it upon ourselves we shall, and they will adore us as their benefactors who bore their sins before God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И возьмем на себя, а нас они будут обожать","title":"Fronted verb and topic «нас»","body":"The sentence opens with the bare verb «И возьмём на себя» ('and take it on ourselves we shall'), then the contrastive «а» shifts to a new topic «нас» fronted before its verb — 'us, on the other hand, they will adore'. Free word order doing rhetorical work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понесших на себе их грехи","title":"Past active participle «понесших»","body":"«понесших» is the genitive plural of the past active participle of «понести» — 'who bore/took on'. It modifies «благодетелей» and reflexively turns the masters into Christ-figures who 'bore their sins before God' (with «себя» as object)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благодетелей","title":"«благодетель» — benefactor","body":"A solemn compound (благо 'good' + дет- 'do'), 'doer of good, benefactor'. The Inquisitor casts his rulers as adored benefactors — the word's earnest dignity sharpening the irony of their deceit."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возьмем","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we shall take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of возьмем","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обожать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обожать","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of обожать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"обожать","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возьмем","gloss":"adore"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison marking благодетелей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"благодетелей","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обожать","gloss":"benefactors"},{"surface":"понесших","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies благодетелей","gloss":"who bore"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of понесших","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of понесших","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понесших","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b5-c5-s268","source":"И не будет у них никаких от нас тайн.","translation":"And they will have no secrets from us at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не будет у них никаких… тайн","title":"Genitive of negation in existential «не будет»","body":"Negated existential «не будет» forces the logical subject into the genitive: «никаких… тайн» (gen. pl. of «тайна»). With «у них» it means 'they will have no secrets'. The negative «никаких» adds concord — «не… никаких»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the sentence ('there will be')","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у ('they have')","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тайн","gloss":"no...at all"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of никаких","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тайн","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"grammatical subject of the existential не будет construction (genitive after negation)","gloss":"secrets"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b5-c5-s269","source":"Мы будем позволять или запрещать им жить с их женами и любовницами, иметь или не иметь детей — всё судя по их послушанию — и они будут нам покоряться с весельем и радостью.","translation":"We shall allow or forbid them to live with their wives and their mistresses, to have children or not to have them—all according to their obedience—and they will submit to us with gladness and joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иметь или не иметь детей","title":"Genitive of negation under negated infinitive","body":"«иметь… детей» takes «детей» as accusative=genitive (animate), but under «не иметь» the genitive is reinforced as the object of negation. The paired «иметь или не иметь» mirrors English 'have or not have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судя по их послушанию","title":"Fixed gerund phrase «судя по»","body":"«судя по» ('judging by, according to') is a lexicalised gerund of «судить» that has hardened into a preposition-like phrase governing «по» + dative «их послушанию» — 'according to their obedience'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволять","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of позволять","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"позволять","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"запрещать","lemma":"запрещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with позволять","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of запрещать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of запрещать","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of женами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"женами","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любовницами","lemma":"любовница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with женами","gloss":"mistresses"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иметь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial scope of the судя-clause ('in everything')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical converb clause ('судя по' = judging by)","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of послушанию","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"послушанию","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покоряться","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of покоряться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покоряться","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"покоряться","lemma":"покоряться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with позволять","gloss":"submit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking весельем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весельем","lemma":"веселье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покоряться","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with весельем","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b5-c5-s270","source":"Самые мучительные тайны их совести — всё, всё понесут они нам, и мы всё разрешим, и они поверят решению нашему с радостию, потому что оно избавит их от великой заботы и страшных теперешних мук решения личного и свободного.","translation":"The most tormenting secrets of their conscience—everything, everything they will bring to us, and we shall resolve it all, and they will trust our verdict with gladness, because it will deliver them from the great anxiety and the dreadful present torments of personal and free decision.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, всё понесут они нам","title":"Fronted object «всё, всё» + dative recipient","body":"The object «всё, всё» ('everything, everything') is hurled to the front, repeated for intensity, before the verb «понесут» and subject «они»; «нам» is the dative recipient. Comment-before-topic ordering at full pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно избавит их от… заботы и… мук","title":"«избавить» + «от» + genitive","body":"«избавить от» ('to deliver from') governs «от» + genitive: «от великой заботы и страшных… мук». The verdict will free them from 'the torments of personal and free decision' — the freedom Christ left them, here recast as torment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с радостию","title":"Archaic instrumental «с радостию»","body":"The older bookish instrumental of «радость», where modern Russian writes «с радостью». Like «счастия» earlier, this -ию ending is a deliberate period coloring in the elevated speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"superlative marker modifying мучительные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"мучительные","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies тайны","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of понесут (fronted, resumed by всё, всё)","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of совести","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайны","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic repetition in apposition with тайны (object of понесут)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"second emphatic repetition in apposition with тайны (object of понесут)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понесут","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понесут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понесут","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разрешим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разрешим","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"разрешим","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понесут","gloss":"we shall resolve"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with понесут","gloss":"will trust"},{"surface":"решению","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"the verdict"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of решению","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостию","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверят","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces reason clause (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of избавит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"избавит","lemma":"избавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что-clause","gloss":"will deliver"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of избавит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заботы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заботы","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"заботы","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избавит","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшных","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"теперешних","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with заботы","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"of decision"},{"surface":"личного","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свободного","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with личного","gloss":"free"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b5-c5-s271","source":"И все будут счастливы, все миллионы существ, кроме сотни тысяч управляющих ими.","translation":"And all will be happy, all the millions of creatures, save the hundred thousand who govern them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кроме сотни тысяч управляющих ими","title":"«кроме» + genitive; present active participle","body":"«кроме» ('except') governs the genitive «сотни тысяч». «управляющих» is the present active participle of «управлять» ('those governing'), substantivised in the genitive and itself governing the instrumental «ими» (управлять takes the instrumental)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of счастливы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to счастливы","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"счастливы","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of миллионы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"миллионы","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to все (w2)","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies миллионы","gloss":"of creatures"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотни","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"сотни","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме","gloss":"the hundred"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies сотни","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"управляющих","lemma":"управлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"who govern"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of управляющих","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b5-c5-s272","source":"Ибо лишь мы, мы, хранящие тайну, только мы будем несчастны.","translation":"For only we, we who keep the secret, only we shall be unhappy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь мы, мы, хранящие тайну, только мы","title":"Present active participle «хранящие» + triple emphasis","body":"«хранящие» is the present active participle of «хранить» ('keeping, who keep'), set as an appositive to the thrice-repeated «мы». The restrictive «лишь… только» and the repetition isolate the rulers as the sole bearers of unhappiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несчастны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to мы (w3)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"хранящие","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мы","gloss":"who keep"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хранящие","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of несчастны","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to несчастны","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"несчастны","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unhappy"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b5-c5-s273","source":"Будет тысячи миллионов счастливых младенцев и сто тысяч страдальцев, взявших на себя проклятие познания добра и зла.","translation":"There will be thousands of millions of happy infants, and a hundred thousand sufferers who have taken upon themselves the curse of the knowledge of good and evil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взявших на себя проклятие","title":"Past active participle «взявших»","body":"«взявших» (gen. pl. past active participle of «взять») modifies «страдальцев» — 'sufferers who have taken upon themselves'. The reflexive «на себя» directs the curse back onto the rulers. A bookish compression of a который-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"младенцев","title":"«младенцы» — infants, babes","body":"«младенец» is the lofty/biblical word for a babe-in-arms (cf. the Christ-child, «Младенец»). Applied to the happy masses, it casts them as innocent, will-less children — the heart of the Inquisitor's vision of managed bliss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of Будет","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"миллионов","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"of millions"},{"surface":"счастливых","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies младенцев","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"младенцев","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies миллионов","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with тысячи (w2), second subject of Будет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"страдальцев","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with младенцев","gloss":"sufferers"},{"surface":"взявших","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying страдальцев","gloss":"who have taken"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взявших","gloss":"the curse"},{"surface":"познания","lemma":"познание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проклятие","gloss":"of the knowledge"},{"surface":"добра","lemma":"добро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies познания","gloss":"of good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with добра","gloss":"evil"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b5-c5-s274","source":"Тихо умрут они, тихо угаснут во имя твое и за гробом обрящут лишь смерть.","translation":"Quietly they will die, quietly fade away in thy name, and beyond the grave they will find only death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во имя твое","title":"Set phrase «во имя» + postposed possessive","body":"«во имя твоё» — 'in thy name', the liturgical formula (во + accusative «имя»), with the possessive «твоё» following its noun for biblical cadence. «во» is the vowel-padded form of «в» before consonant clusters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрящут","title":"«обрящут» — they shall find","body":"A Church-Slavonic future of «обрести» ('to find, attain'), of the «ищите и обрящете» ('seek and ye shall find') type. Its archaic solemnity makes the bleak clause — 'beyond the grave they will find only death' — sound like grim Scripture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за гробом","title":"«за гробом» — beyond the grave","body":"Idiomatic «за гробом» (literally 'behind the coffin') = the afterlife, 'beyond the grave'. «за» + instrumental «гробом» here marks position. The phrase belongs to funeral and devotional language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умрут","gloss":"Quietly"},{"surface":"умрут","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умрут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угаснут","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"угаснут","lemma":"угаснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with умрут","gloss":"will fade away"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угаснут","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрящут","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"обрящут","lemma":"обрести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with умрут","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обрящут","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b5-c5-s275","source":"Но мы сохраним секрет и для их же счастия будем манить их наградой небесною и вечною.","translation":"But we shall keep the secret, and for their own happiness we shall lure them on with a reward heavenly and eternal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для их же счастия","title":"«для» + genitive with insistent «же»","body":"«для… счастия» (для + genitive) means 'for the sake of… happiness'; the «же» on «их же» insists 'their very own'. Note again the archaic genitive «счастия» for modern «счастья»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"манить","title":"«манить» — to lure, beckon","body":"«манить» means to beckon, entice, lure on with a promise. The rulers will 'lure them on with a heavenly reward' — a word with overtones of seduction and bait, exposing the promise as a calculated decoy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сохраним","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сохраним","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall keep"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сохраним","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of счастия","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of манить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"манить","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сохраним","gloss":"lure them on"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of манить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наградой","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of манить","gloss":"with a reward"},{"surface":"небесною","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наградой","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вечною","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with небесною","gloss":"eternal"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b5-c5-s276","source":"Ибо если б и было что на том свете, то уж, конечно, не для таких, как они.","translation":"For even if there were something on the other side, it would surely not be for such as they.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и было что","title":"Conditional «если б» with contracted «бы»","body":"«если б» is «если бы» with the particle clipped — the irrealis conditional: 'even if there were something'. The verb «было» is past-form as the conditional requires, and «и» means 'even'. The whole posits the afterlife as a mere hypothesis the rulers privately doubt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на том свете","title":"«на том свете» — in the next world","body":"Idiom built on the demonstrative «тот»: «тот свет» is 'that world', the world to come, opposed to «этот свет», this life. 'On the other side' — said with cynical doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"marks conditional mood of было","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"other world"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifier of the clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the implied predicate","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"such as these"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison они","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of как, compared with таких","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b5-c5-s277","source":"Говорят и пророчествуют, что ты придешь и вновь победишь, придешь со своими избранниками, со своими гордыми и могучими, но мы скажем, что они спасли лишь самих себя, а мы спасли всех.","translation":"They say and prophesy that thou wilt come again and conquer anew, that thou wilt come with thine elect, with thy proud and mighty ones; but we shall say that they saved only themselves, while we saved all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты придешь и вновь победишь","title":"Perfective futures of the Second Coming","body":"«придёшь» (prefixed perfective of «прийти») and «победишь» are perfective futures — single, decisive future events: 'thou wilt come and conquer anew'. They report the prophecy of Christ's return."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со своими избранниками, со своими гордыми и могучими","title":"«с» + instrumental; reflexive possessive «своими»","body":"«со своими» — «с» governs the instrumental of accompaniment, and «своими» is the reflexive possessive pointing to the subject «ты». The substantivised adjectives «гордыми и могучими» ('thy proud and mighty ones') also stand in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пророчествуют","lemma":"пророчествовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорят","gloss":"prophesy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of придешь","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пророчествуют","gloss":"wilt come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies победишь","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"победишь","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придешь","gloss":"wilt conquer"},{"surface":"придешь","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придешь (w6)","gloss":"wilt come"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избранниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of избранниками","gloss":"thine own"},{"surface":"избранниками","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of придешь","gloss":"the elect"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордыми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of гордыми","gloss":"thine own"},{"surface":"гордыми","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with избранниками","gloss":"proud ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могучими","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with гордыми","gloss":"mighty ones"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Говорят","gloss":"shall say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажем","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самих","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, accusative, plural","role":"intensifies себя","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спасли (w24)","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b5-c5-s278","source":"Говорят, что опозорена будет блудница, сидящая на звере и держащая в руках своих тайну, что взбунтуются вновь малосильные, что разорвут порфиру ее и обнажат ее „гадкое“ тело.","translation":"They say that the harlot, who sits upon the beast and holds the mystery in her hands, will be put to shame, that the feeble will rise in revolt once more, that they will rend her purple and lay bare her “loathsome” body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидящая… и держащая","title":"Paired present active participles","body":"«сидящая» and «держащая» are present active participles of «сидеть» and «держать», both feminine to agree with «блудница» — 'who sits… and holds'. The participial chain is the bookish way to stack two relative clauses on one noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опозорена будет блудница","title":"Periphrastic passive future, inverted","body":"«опозорена будет» — short past passive participle (fem.) «опозорена» + «будет», 'will be shamed', with verb-first inversion. The «что взбунтуются… что разорвут… и обнажат» trail of «что»-clauses reports the prophecy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опозорена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опозорена","lemma":"опозорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Говорят","gloss":"will be shamed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to опозорена","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"блудница","lemma":"блудница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive опозорена","gloss":"the harlot"},{"surface":"сидящая","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying блудница","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звере","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"звере","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидящая","gloss":"the beast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держащая","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидящая","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держащая","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держащая","gloss":"the mystery"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взбунтуются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взбунтуются","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to опозорена","gloss":"will rise in revolt"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбунтуются","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"малосильные","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взбунтуются","gloss":"the feeble"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разорвут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"разорвут","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to взбунтуются","gloss":"will rend"},{"surface":"порфиру","lemma":"порфира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разорвут","gloss":"purple robe"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of порфиру","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнажат","lemma":"обнажить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with разорвут","gloss":"will lay bare"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тело","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"гадкое","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обнажат","gloss":"body"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b5-c5-s279","source":"Но я тогда встану и укажу тебе на тысячи миллионов счастливых младенцев, не знавших греха.","translation":"But then I shall stand up and point thee to the thousands of millions of happy infants who have known no sin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знавших греха","title":"Past active participle + genitive of negation","body":"«не знавших» is the past active participle of «знать» ('who had not known'), in the genitive plural agreeing with «младенцев». Under negation its object «греха» stands in the genitive — 'who knew no sin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"укажу тебе на","title":"«указать» + dative + «на» + accusative","body":"«укажу тебе на тысячи миллионов» — 'I shall point thee to…': «указать» takes the dative of the person («тебе») and «на» + accusative of what is pointed at. The verb is a perfective future of resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встану","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встану","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall stand up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"укажу","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встану","gloss":"shall point"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of укажу","gloss":"to thee"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"миллионов","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"of millions"},{"surface":"счастливых","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies младенцев","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"младенцев","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies миллионов","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знавших","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знавших","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying младенцев","gloss":"who have known"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знавших","gloss":"sin"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b5-c5-s280","source":"И мы, взявшие грехи их для счастья их на себя, мы станем пред тобой и скажем: „Суди нас, если можешь и смеешь“.","translation":"And we, who took their sins upon ourselves for their happiness, we shall stand before thee and say: “Judge us, if thou canst and darest.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взявшие грехи их… на себя","title":"Past active participle in apposition to «мы»","body":"«взявшие» (past active participle of «взять») stands appositive to «мы» — 'we, who took their sins upon ourselves'. The reflexive «на себя» refers back to «мы», the clause's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если можешь и смеешь","title":"Real conditional «если» + present tense","body":"«Суди нас, если можешь и смеешь» pairs an imperative «суди» ('judge') with a real «если»-clause in the present — 'if thou canst and darest'. Unlike «если бы», bare «если» + present states an open, factual condition: a direct dare."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Суди нас","title":"Imperative «суди»","body":"«суди» is the imperative of «судить» ('to judge'), singular and unsoftened — the Inquisitor's final challenge flung at the silent Christ. Note «нас» (accusative) as its object."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"взявшие","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мы","gloss":"who took"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of взявшие","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of грехи","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастья","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of станем","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with станем","gloss":"shall say"},{"surface":"Суди","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"direct speech complement of скажем","gloss":"Judge"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Суди","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Суди","gloss":"thou canst"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"darest"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b5-c5-s281","source":"Знай, что я не боюсь тебя.","translation":"Know that I am not afraid of thee.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знай, что я не боюсь тебя","title":"Imperative «знай» + «что»-clause; «бояться» + genitive","body":"«Знай» is the imperative of «знать». The reflexive verb «бояться» ('to fear') governs the genitive: «не боюсь тебя» — 'I do not fear thee'. «бояться» exists only in the «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знай","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of боюсь","gloss":"of thee"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b5-c5-s282","source":"Знай, что и я был в пустыне, что и я питался акридами и кореньями, что и я благословлял свободу, которою ты благословил людей, и я готовился стать в число избранников твоих, в число могучих и сильных с жаждой „восполнить число“.","translation":"Know that I too was in the wilderness, that I too fed on locusts and roots, that I too blessed the freedom with which thou hast blessed mankind, and I was preparing to take my place among thine elect, among the mighty and the strong, with a thirst “to make up the number.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и я был… и я питался… и я благословлял","title":"Anaphoric «и я» = 'I too'","body":"The repeated «и я» means 'I too' — the Inquisitor parallels his youth to Christ's wilderness ordeal: 'I too was in the wilderness, I too fed…'. «питался» (imperfective past, reflexive) and «благословлял» give the sustained, habitual past of those years."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свободу, которою ты благословил","title":"Relative «которою» in the instrumental","body":"«которою» is the (archaic) instrumental of «который», agreeing with «свободу» in gender/number but taking the instrumental its own clause demands — «благословить» here governs the means/instrument: 'the freedom WITH WHICH thou hast blessed mankind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовился стать в число избранников твоих","title":"«готовиться стать» — reflexive + infinitive","body":"«готовился стать» — 'was preparing to become': reflexive «готовиться» + perfective infinitive «стать». «стать в число» ('to take a place among the number of') governs the genitive «избранников твоих»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустыне","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Знай","gloss":"the wilderness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of питался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of питался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"питался","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to был","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"акридами","lemma":"акрида","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of питался","gloss":"locusts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кореньями","lemma":"коренья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with акридами","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of благословлял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благословлял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"благословлял","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to питался","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of благословлял","gloss":"the freedom"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословил","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благословил","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"благословил","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on свободу","gloss":"didst bless"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of благословил","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готовился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готовился","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благословлял","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовился","gloss":"to take my place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking число","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"число","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"the number"},{"surface":"избранников","lemma":"избранник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies число","gloss":"of the elect"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies избранников","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking число","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"число","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with число (w29)","gloss":"the number"},{"surface":"могучих","lemma":"могучий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies число","gloss":"the mighty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with могучих","gloss":"the strong"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаждой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаждой","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies готовился","gloss":"a thirst"},{"surface":"восполнить","lemma":"восполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of жаждой","gloss":"to make up"},{"surface":"число","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of восполнить","gloss":"the number"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b5-c5-s283","source":"Но я очнулся и не захотел служить безумию.","translation":"But I came to my senses and would not serve a madness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнулся… не захотел служить","title":"Perfective past of decisive change; «служить» + dative","body":"«очнулся» (reflexive perfective, 'came to my senses') and «не захотел» mark single, decisive turns. «служить» ('to serve') governs the dative «безумию» — 'I would not serve a madness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to my senses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнулся","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"служить","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"безумию","lemma":"безумие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of служить","gloss":"a madness"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b5-c5-s284","source":"Я воротился и примкнул к сонму тех, которые исправили подвиг твой.","translation":"I turned back and joined the company of those who have corrected thy work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые исправили подвиг твой","title":"Relative clause «которые исправили»","body":"«которые» (nominative plural) is the subject of its own relative clause and agrees with «тех» ('those'); «исправили» is perfective past, 'corrected/amended'. The blasphemy is exact: they 'corrected thy work/feat'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сонму","title":"«сонм» — host, multitude","body":"«сонм» (here dative «сонму» after «примкнул к») is a high Church-Slavonic word for a throng or host, especially of saints or angels («сонм праведных»). Its sacred ring makes the company of Christ's 'correctors' sound like a counter-church."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг","title":"«подвиг» — feat, spiritual labor","body":"«подвиг» is a heroic deed or, in religious usage, an ascetic spiritual labor or exploit (cf. «подвижник», an ascetic). Applied to Christ's work and to the Inquisitor's own desert ordeal, it carries a charged devotional weight throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примкнул","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сонму","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сонму","lemma":"сонм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of примкнул","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сонму","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, plural","role":"subject of исправили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"исправили","lemma":"исправить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"have corrected"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исправили","gloss":"the work"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"thy"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b5-c5-s285","source":"Я ушел от гордых и воротился к смиренным для счастья этих смиренных.","translation":"I left the proud and returned to the humble, for the happiness of these humble ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел от гордых и воротился к смиренным","title":"Prefixed motion verbs + substantivised adjectives","body":"«ушёл» (у- 'away' + идти) and «воротился» (archaic perfective of «воротиться», 'returned') are prefixed perfectives of motion. «от гордых» (genitive after «от») and «к смиренным» (dative after «к») are substantivised adjectives — 'from the proud… to the humble'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смиренным","title":"«смиренный» — meek, humble","body":"A churchly word for the meek and lowly, freighted with the Gospel beatitude (Matt. 5:5). The Inquisitor claims to have left Christ's proud elect 'for the happiness of these humble ones' — the meek he means to manage, not exalt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"гордых","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"the proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смиренным","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смиренным","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the humble"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастья","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of смиренных","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"смиренных","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies счастья","gloss":"humble ones"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b5-c5-s286","source":"То, что я говорю тебе, сбудется, и царство наше созиждется.","translation":"What I am telling thee will come to pass, and our kingdom will be built up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбудется… созиждется","title":"Reflexive perfective futures","body":"«сбудется» ('will come to pass', reflexive of «сбыться») and «созиждется» are middle-reflexive perfective futures — events that happen of themselves. The «-ся» makes 'our kingdom will be built up' read as an inevitable self-fulfilment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созиждется","title":"«созиждется» — shall be built up","body":"An archaic, Church-Slavonic verb «созиждется» from «зиждить/созидать» ('to found, build, create'; cf. «зиждитель», the Creator). It lends the founding of the Inquisitor's kingdom a grand, scriptural ring of creation itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сбудется","gloss":"That which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying То","gloss":"am telling"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"царство","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of созиждется","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of царство","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"созиждется","lemma":"созиждиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбудется","gloss":"will be built up"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b5-c5-s287","source":"Повторяю тебе, завтра же ты увидишь это послушное стадо, которое по первому мановению моему бросится подгребать горячие угли к костру твоему, на котором сожгу тебя за то, что пришел нам мешать.","translation":"I tell thee again: tomorrow thou shalt see this obedient flock that, at my first signal, will rush to rake up the glowing coals to the pyre on which I shall burn thee, for having come to hinder us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра же ты увидишь","title":"Insistent «же» on the time adverb","body":"«завтра же» — 'tomorrow, no later', the «же» pressing the immediacy. «увидишь» is the perfective future, and the archaic «ты увидишь» keeps the singular 'thou shalt see'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое… бросится подгребать… на котором сожгу","title":"Chained «который» clauses, two cases","body":"Two relatives hang off «стадо»: «которое… бросится» (nominative, subject) and «на котором сожгу» (prepositional after «на», 'on which I shall burn thee'). «который» keeps the gender of «стадо» but takes whatever case its own clause needs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что пришел нам мешать","title":"Causal «за то, что» + «мешать» + dative","body":"«за то, что пришёл… мешать» — 'for having come to hinder us': «за» + accusative «то» expanded by «что». «мешать» ('to hinder') governs the dative «нам». The motion verb «пришёл» plus infinitive expresses purpose of the coming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Повторяю","gloss":"to thee"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидишь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увидишь","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Повторяю","gloss":"shalt see"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стадо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"послушное","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидишь","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бросится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мановению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мановению","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"мановению","lemma":"мановение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросится","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мановению","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бросится","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on стадо","gloss":"will rush"},{"surface":"подгребать","lemma":"подгребать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросится","gloss":"to rake up"},{"surface":"горячие","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies угли","gloss":"glowing"},{"surface":"угли","lemma":"уголь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подгребать","gloss":"coals"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"костру","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подгребать","gloss":"the pyre"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies костру","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сожгу","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сожгу","lemma":"сжечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on костру","gloss":"I shall burn"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сожгу","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"thou didst come"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мешать","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to hinder"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b5-c5-s288","source":"Ибо если был кто всех более заслужил наш костер, то это ты.","translation":"For if anyone has ever deserved our fire above all others, it is thou.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если был кто всех более заслужил","title":"Conditional with superlative «всех более»","body":"«Ибо если был кто… то это ты» — a bookish conditional: 'for if anyone ever… then it is thou'. «всех более» is the analytic superlative ('most of all', genitive of comparison «всех»), and «заслужил» perfective past — 'deserved'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» again","body":"Once more the scriptural causal «ибо» ('for') opens the verdict, sustaining the sermonic register into the Inquisitor's final sentences. Pairs with the resumptive «то это ты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause of заслужил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"existential main verb of the если-clause; subject кто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of был","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with более","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying кто","gloss":"deserved"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of костер","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"костер","lemma":"костёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслужил","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with если, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thou"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b5-c5-s289","source":"Завтра сожгу тебя. Dixi».","translation":"Tomorrow I shall burn thee. Dixi.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Завтра сожгу тебя","title":"Pronoun-drop and perfective future","body":"The subject «я» is dropped — «сожгу» (perfective future of «сжечь», 'I shall burn') already carries first-person singular in its ending. The bare, two-word threat lands with maximal force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожгу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"сожгу","lemma":"сжечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall burn"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сожгу","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"Dixi","lemma":"dixi","morphology":"foreign word (Latin, perfect indicative), quoted formula","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I have spoken","note":"Latin, left untranslated in the original: \"I have spoken.\""}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b5-c5-s290","source":"Иван остановился.","translation":"Ivan stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван остановился","title":"Reflexive perfective «остановился»","body":"«остановился» is the perfective past of the reflexive «остановиться» ('to stop, come to a halt'). The «-ся» makes the verb intransitive — Ivan brings himself to a stop. A single completed action ending the long recitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b5-c5-s291","source":"Он разгорячился, говоря, и говорил с увлечением; когда же кончил, то вдруг улыбнулся.","translation":"He had grown heated as he spoke, and spoke with rising passion; but when he had finished, he suddenly smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говоря","title":"Imperfective gerund «говоря»","body":"«говоря» (imperfective present деепричастие of «говорить») gives the attendant circumstance — 'as he spoke' — running alongside «разгорячился». The gerund shares Ivan's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же кончил, то вдруг улыбнулся","title":"«когда же… то» + perfectives of completion","body":"«когда же кончил, то… улыбнулся» — the contrastive «же» marks the turn from heat to calm; «кончил» and «улыбнулся» (reflexive) are perfectives of completed events, against the imperfective backdrop «говорил с увлечением»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разгорячился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разгорячился","lemma":"разгорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown heated"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разгорячился","gloss":"as he spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разгорячился","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking увлечением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"увлечением","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"rising passion"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбнулся","gloss":"he had finished"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with когда, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b5-c5-s292","source":"Алеша, всё слушавший его молча, под конец же, в чрезвычайном волнении, много раз пытавшийся перебить речь брата, но видимо себя сдерживавший, вдруг заговорил, точно сорвался с места.","translation":"Alyosha, who had listened to him all the while in silence, though toward the end, in extreme agitation, he had many times tried to break in upon his brother's speech and had plainly held himself back, now suddenly began to talk, as though he had torn loose from his place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё слушавший… пытавшийся… сдерживавший","title":"Stacked past active participles around Alyosha","body":"Three past active participles modify «Алёша» — «слушавший» (who had been listening), «пытавшийся» (who had tried), «сдерживавший» (who had restrained himself) — a dense participial chain that compresses a whole back-story into the subject before the main verb «заговорил» arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя сдерживавший","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» with the participle","body":"«себя сдерживавший» — 'restraining himself': the full object pronoun «себя» (not the clitic «-ся») as the participle's object, referring to Alyosha. The order «себя сдерживавший» fronts the object for rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно сорвался с места","title":"Comparative «точно» + perfective","body":"«точно» here means 'as though, as if', introducing a simile: «точно сорвался с места» — 'as though he had torn loose from his place'. «сорвался» is the reflexive perfective of «сорваться», a sudden, violent breaking-free."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"слушавший","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"who had listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of под, modifies пытавшийся","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies под конец","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пытавшийся","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пытавшийся","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"пытавшийся","lemma":"пытаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алеша","gloss":"had tried"},{"surface":"перебить","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пытавшийся","gloss":"to break in on"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перебить","gloss":"the speech"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдерживавший","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдерживавший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сдерживавший","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пытавшийся","gloss":"had held back"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to talk"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"comparative clause modifying заговорил","gloss":"had torn loose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b5-c5-s293","source":"— Но… это нелепость! — вскричал он, краснея. — Поэма твоя есть хвала Иисусу, а не хула… как ты хотел того.","translation":"“But… this is absurd!” he cried, reddening. “Thy poem is a praise of Jesus, not a reproach of Him… as thou meant it to be.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричал он, краснея","title":"Imperfective gerund «краснея»","body":"«краснея» (imperfective gerund of «краснеть», 'reddening') names a simultaneous circumstance to «вскричал» — he cried out while blushing. «вскричал» is a perfective of sudden onset (вс- 'up, burst')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ты хотел того","title":"Genitive object «того» of «хотеть»","body":"«хотел того» — «хотеть» ('to want') often governs the genitive of an abstract object: «того» (gen. of «то») = 'as thou wantedst it [to be]'. Alyosha keeps the archaic 'thou' in addressing Ivan's poem-Christ frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хвала… а не хула","title":"«хвала» vs «хула» — praise vs reviling","body":"A near-rhyming antithesis: «хвала» ('praise, encomium') against «хула» ('blasphemy, reviling, censure'). Both are elevated, somewhat archaic nouns; the pairing sharpens Alyosha's point that the Legend praises rather than reviles Christ."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нелепость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is absurd"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"краснея","lemma":"краснеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"reddening"},{"surface":"Поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Поэма","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хвала","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"хвала","lemma":"хвала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun after есть","gloss":"a praise"},{"surface":"Иисусу","lemma":"иисус","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of хвала","gloss":"of Jesus"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хула","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хула","lemma":"хула","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хвала","gloss":"a reproach"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of хотел","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b5-c5-s294","source":"И кто тебе поверит о свободе?","translation":"And who will believe thee about freedom?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто тебе поверит о свободе","title":"Interrogative «кто» + «поверить» + dative","body":"«кто… поверит» — interrogative «кто» (masc. agreement) with perfective future «поверит» ('will believe'), which takes the person believed in the dative «тебе». 'Who will believe thee about freedom?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверит","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"поверит","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверит","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b5-c5-s295","source":"Так ли, так ли надо ее понимать!","translation":"Is that, is that the way it is to be understood!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли, так ли надо ее понимать","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» + dative-impersonal «надо»","body":"«Так ли… надо понимать» fronts «так» and follows it with «ли» for an incredulous yes/no question. «надо… понимать» is an impersonal necessity construction — no nominative subject; the modal «надо» plus infinitive. The repetition «так ли, так ли» is pure agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так, for emphasis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is it to be"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b5-c5-s296","source":"То ли понятие в православии…","translation":"Is that the idea held in Orthodoxy…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То ли понятие в православии","title":"Interrogative «то ли» + prepositional «в православии»","body":"«То ли понятие» — '[is] that the conception…', the «ли» again marking a doubting question with «то» fronted. «в православии» (prepositional after «в») locates the idea 'in Orthodoxy'. The verb «есть» is dropped, the trailing dots leaving the thought unfinished."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of понятие","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies То","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the idea"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking православии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"православии","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"Orthodoxy"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b5-c5-s297","source":"Это Рим, да и Рим не весь, это неправда — это худшие из католичества, инквизиторы, иезуиты!..","translation":"This is Rome—and not even all of Rome, this is untrue—these are the worst of Catholicism, the inquisitors, the Jesuits!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рим, да и Рим не весь","title":"Additive «да и» + «не весь»","body":"«да и» here means 'and besides / and even' — «да и Рим не весь» = 'and not even all of Rome'. «весь» ('all, whole') negated as «не весь» — 'not the whole [of it]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Рим","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"Рим","lemma":"рим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Рим","lemma":"рим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Рим","gloss":"Rome"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Рим","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of худшие","gloss":"these are"},{"surface":"худшие","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the worst"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking католичества","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"католичества","lemma":"католичество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies худшие","gloss":"Catholicism"},{"surface":"инквизиторы","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with худшие","gloss":"the inquisitors"},{"surface":"иезуиты","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with худшие","gloss":"the Jesuits"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b5-c5-s298","source":"Да и совсем не может быть такого фантастического лица, как твой инквизитор.","translation":"And besides, there simply cannot be such a fantastical figure as thy inquisitor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не может быть такого… лица","title":"Genitive of negation under «не может быть»","body":"«не может быть такого… лица» — the negated existential «не может быть» throws its subject into the genitive: «такого фантастического лица» (gen. of «такое лицо»). «совсем» intensifies: 'there simply cannot be such a figure'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лица","title":"«лицо» — a person, figure (not 'face')","body":"Though «лицо» literally means 'face', here it means a 'figure, personage, character' — a false-friend trap. «такого фантастического лица, как твой инквизитор» = 'such a fantastical figure as thy inquisitor'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лица","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of фантастического","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"фантастического","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"fantastical"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"figure"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative marker introducing твой инквизитор, parallel to лица","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of инквизитор","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared element, parallel to лица","gloss":"inquisitor"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b5-c5-s299","source":"Какие это грехи людей, взятые на себя?","translation":"What sins of men are these, that he has taken on himself?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какие это грехи… взятые на себя","title":"Interrogative «какие» + past passive participle","body":"«Какие это грехи» — «какой» as 'what kind of', agreeing in number with «грехи». «взятые на себя» is a past passive participle ('taken upon [him]self') modifying «грехи», with reflexive «на себя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of грехи","gloss":"are these"},{"surface":"грехи","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies грехи","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"взятые","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying грехи","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взятые","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b5-c5-s300","source":"Какие это носители тайны, взявшие на себя какое-то проклятие для счастия людей?","translation":"Who are these keepers of the mystery, who have taken some curse upon themselves for the happiness of men?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взявшие на себя какое-то проклятие","title":"Past active participle + indefinite «какое-то»","body":"«взявшие» (past active participle of «взять») modifies «носители» — 'keepers who have taken'. «какое-то проклятие» uses «-то» for a specific-but-unspecified 'some curse', voicing Alyosha's baffled disbelief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"носители тайны","title":"«носители тайны» — bearers of the mystery","body":"«носитель» is 'one who carries/bears' (носить). 'Bearers of the secret' echoes the Inquisitor's «хранящие тайну» — Alyosha throws the phrase back incredulously, asking who could ever be such people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of носители","gloss":"are these"},{"surface":"носители","lemma":"носитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"keepers"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies носители","gloss":"of the mystery"},{"surface":"взявшие","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying носители","gloss":"who have taken"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взявшие","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of проклятие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какое","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взявшие","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счастия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проклятие","gloss":"the happiness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies счастия","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b5-c5-s301","source":"Когда они виданы?","translation":"When was such a thing ever seen?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда они виданы?","title":"Short passive participle «виданы»","body":"«виданы» is the short past passive participle (plural) of «видать» — 'when were they [ever] seen?'. The copula «были» is dropped. The form is colloquial-emphatic, rhetorically denying such people ever existed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виданы","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive виданы","gloss":"such things"},{"surface":"виданы","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, short participle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was...seen"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b5-c5-s302","source":"Мы знаем иезуитов, про них говорят дурно, но то ли они, что у тебя?","translation":"We know the Jesuits, ill is spoken of them, but are they anything like the ones in thy tale?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про них говорят дурно","title":"Impersonal «говорят» + «про» + accusative","body":"«говорят дурно» is the subjectless 'they say / it is said' (3rd pl. with no pronoun). «про них» = «про» + accusative, the colloquial 'about them'. «дурно» is the adverb 'ill, badly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то ли они, что у тебя","title":"Doubting «то ли… что»","body":"«то ли они, что у тебя» — 'are they [really] the ones such as in thy [tale]?', the «ли» again carrying the incredulous question, «то… что» correlating the real Jesuits with Ivan's fictional ones. Verb of being elided."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"иезуитов","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of знаем","gloss":"the Jesuits"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаем","gloss":"is spoken"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate of они","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of то","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"relative pronoun, refers to то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement within the relative clause on то","gloss":"thee"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b5-c5-s303","source":"Совсем они не то, вовсе не то…","translation":"They are not that at all, not that in the least…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем они не то, вовсе не то","title":"Intensified negation «совсем… не», «вовсе не»","body":"«совсем не то» and «вовсе не то» both mean 'not that at all', the adverbs «совсем» and «вовсе» reinforcing the «не». «то» ('that [thing]') is the predicate; the copula is dropped. Repetition conveys Alyosha's vehemence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of то","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b5-c5-s304","source":"Они просто римская армия для будущего всемирного земного царства, с императором — римским первосвященником во главе… вот их идеал, но безо всяких тайн и возвышенной грусти…","translation":"They are simply a Roman army for a future worldwide earthly kingdom, with the emperor—the Roman pontiff—at its head… that is their ideal, but with no mysteries about it and no lofty melancholy…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с императором… во главе","title":"«с» + instrumental; idiom «во главе»","body":"«с императором… во главе» — 'with the emperor at its head': «с» + instrumental «императором» (and its appositive «первосвященником»), plus the fixed phrase «во главе» ('at the head', во + genitive «главе»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безо всяких тайн","title":"«безо» + genitive of negation-flavoured «всяких»","body":"«безо» is the vowel-padded «без» before a consonant cluster, governing the genitive: «безо всяких тайн» — 'with no mysteries whatever'. «всяких» ('any') intensifies the absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of армия","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies армия","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"римская","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies армия","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"армия","lemma":"армия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies царства","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"всемирного","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царства","gloss":"worldwide"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царства","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"царства","lemma":"царство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies армия","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking императором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"императором","lemma":"император","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with армия","gloss":"the emperor"},{"surface":"римским","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первосвященником","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"первосвященником","lemma":"первосвященник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to императором","gloss":"pontiff"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of во, modifies императором","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идеал","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of идеал","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайн","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тайн","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"тайн","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возвышенной","lemma":"возвышенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грусти","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"грусти","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тайн","gloss":"melancholy"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b5-c5-s305","source":"Самое простое желание власти, земных грязных благ, порабощения… вроде будущего крепостного права, с тем что они станут помещиками… вот и всё у них.","translation":"Just the simplest craving for power, for the dirty goods of this earth, for enslavement… a sort of future serfdom, with themselves as the landed lords… that is the whole of it with them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"желание власти, земных… благ, порабощения","title":"Cascade of genitives after «желание»","body":"«желание» ('craving') governs a string of genitives naming what is craved: «власти» (of power), «земных… благ» (of earthly goods), «порабощения» (of enslavement). The genitive-of-the-object piles up the Jesuits' base desires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем что они станут помещиками","title":"«с тем что» + predicate instrumental","body":"«с тем что» means 'with the result/condition that'; «станут помещиками» puts the predicate noun in the instrumental after «стать» — 'with themselves becoming the landed lords'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простое","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"простое","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"for power"},{"surface":"земных","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with власти","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"порабощения","lemma":"порабощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with власти","gloss":"for enslavement"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking права","gloss":"a sort of"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"serf-"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"serfdom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative anticipating the что-clause","gloss":"the proviso"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of станут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying права","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"помещиками","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"landed lords"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the whole of it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of всё","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b5-c5-s306","source":"Они и в бога не веруют, может быть.","translation":"They may not even believe in God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и в бога не веруют","title":"«веровать» + «в» + accusative; concessive «и»","body":"«веровать в бога» — 'to believe in God', with «в» + accusative «бога» (animate). The «и» before «в бога» is concessive — 'they may not even believe in God'. «веровать» is the elevated, churchly variant of «верить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруют","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруют","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруют","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, with быть means \"perhaps\"","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b5-c5-s307","source":"Твой страдающий инквизитор одна фантазия…","translation":"Thy suffering inquisitor is sheer fancy…”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Твой страдающий инквизитор одна фантазия","title":"Zero-copula equational sentence + present active participle","body":"No verb 'to be': «инквизитор [—] одна фантазия» equates subject and predicate in the present, both nominative ('thy suffering inquisitor [is] sheer fancy'). «страдающий» is the present active participle of «страдать» ('suffering'), used attributively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of инквизитор","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"страдающий","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies инквизитор","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of фантазия","gloss":"inquisitor"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies фантазия","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fancy"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b5-c5-s308","source":"— Да стой, стой, — смеялся Иван, — как ты разгорячился.","translation":"“Now hold on, hold on,” Ivan laughed, “how heated you have got.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да стой, стой","title":"Imperative «стой» + interjective «да»","body":"«стой» is the imperative of «стоять», here idiomatically 'hold on, wait, stop'. The opening «да» is not 'yes' but an interjective softener — 'now hold on'. The doubling conveys Ivan's amused interruption."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смеялся Иван","title":"Imperfective «смеялся» for ongoing manner","body":"«смеялся» (imperfective past of reflexive «смеяться») frames the laughter as ongoing accompaniment to his speech, not a single burst — Ivan speaks 'laughing'. «смеяться» exists only in the «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the imperative стой","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hold on"},{"surface":"стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стой","gloss":"hold on"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation on разгорячился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разгорячился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разгорячился","lemma":"разгорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to смеялся","gloss":"have got heated"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b5-c5-s309","source":"Фантазия, говоришь ты, пусть!","translation":"A fancy, you say—so be it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть","title":"«пусть» — concessive 'so be it'","body":"«пусть» normally forms a third-person imperative ('let him…'), but standing alone it concedes: 'so be it, let it be'. Ivan grants Alyosha's word «фантазия» — 'a fancy, you say — so be it!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"fronted complement of говоришь","gloss":"a fancy"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, means \"so be it\"","gloss":"so be it"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b5-c5-s310","source":"Конечно, фантазия.","translation":"Of course it is a fancy.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фантазия","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"фантазия","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is a fancy"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b5-c5-s311","source":"Но позволь, однако: неужели ты в самом деле думаешь, что всё это католическое движение последних веков есть и в самом деле одно лишь желание власти для одних только грязных благ?","translation":"But allow me, all the same: do you really, truly think that this whole Catholic movement of the last few centuries is in actual fact nothing but a craving for power for the sake of mere dirty goods?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели ты в самом деле думаешь","title":"Incredulous particle «неужели»","body":"«неужели» is the particle of astonished disbelief — 'do you really, can it be that…'. Reinforced by «в самом деле» ('actually, truly'), it opens Ivan's challenge with mock incredulity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но позволь, однако","title":"Imperative «позволь» + adversative «однако»","body":"«позволь» (imperative of «позволить», 'allow [me]') is a polite discourse softener — 'allow me, though'. «однако» here is the postposed adversative 'however, all the same', a favourite hinge in Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть… одно лишь желание","title":"Emphatic «есть» + restrictive «одно лишь»","body":"The copula «есть» is unusually present (Russian normally drops it) for emphatic assertion: 'is in actual fact'. «одно лишь желание» — 'nothing but a craving', «лишь» restricting to one motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволь","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"do...really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаешь","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of движение","gloss":"this whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of движение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"католическое","lemma":"католический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движение","gloss":"Catholic"},{"surface":"движение","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies веков","gloss":"of the last"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies движение","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies желание","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a craving"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"for power"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благ","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грязных","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"goods"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b5-c5-s312","source":"Уж не отец ли Паисий так тебя учит?","translation":"Is it Father Paissy who teaches you so?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не отец ли Паисий так тебя учит","title":"Suspicious «уж не… ли»","body":"«уж не… ли» is a fixed frame for a leading, half-teasing suspicion — 'it isn't, surely, Father Paissy who…?'. «уж» adds insistence, «ли» the question; together they imply Ivan already suspects the answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учит","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"учит","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"teaches"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b5-c5-s313","source":"— Нет, нет, напротив, отец Паисий говорил однажды что-то вроде даже твоего… но, конечно, не то, совсем не то, — спохватился вдруг Алеша.","translation":"“No, no, on the contrary, Father Paissy once said something rather like thine own… but, of course, not that, not that at all,” Alyosha suddenly caught himself up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то вроде даже твоего","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + «вроде» + genitive","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific-but-vague, with «-то») governed by «вроде» ('something like, of the sort of') + genitive «твоего» — 'something rather like thine own'. «даже» ('even') heightens the concession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спохватился","title":"Reflexive perfective «спохватился»","body":"«спохватился» — reflexive perfective 'caught himself up, suddenly checked himself'. The «-ся» and the prefix с-/вс- give the sense of an abrupt, self-correcting recoil as Alyosha hedges his admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negation, first of the repeated Нет, нет","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорил","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, indefinite","role":"direct object of говорил, first half of что-то ('something')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, forms indefinite pronoun with что","role":"second half of что-то","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твоего","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твоего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of вроде","gloss":"thine own"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies не то","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, negated by не","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"спохватился","lemma":"спохватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught himself up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спохватился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спохватился","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b5-c5-s314","source":"— Драгоценное, однако же, сведение, несмотря на твое: «совсем не то».","translation":"“A precious piece of information, nevertheless, for all your ‘not that at all.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на твое: «совсем не то»","title":"Concessive «несмотря на» + accusative","body":"«несмотря на» ('in spite of, notwithstanding') governs the accusative «твоё» — here standing for Alyosha's whole hedging phrase 'not that at all'. Ivan needles him: the information is precious 'for all your \"not that at all.\"'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сведение","title":"«сведение» — piece of information","body":"«сведение» (here 'a piece of intelligence / information', often plural «сведения») has a faintly bureaucratic-bookish ring. Ivan's calling Alyosha's slip a 'precious piece of information' is dryly ironic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Драгоценное","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сведение","gloss":"Precious"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сведение","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by Драгоценное","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking твое","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to твое (quoting Alyosha's words)","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b5-c5-s315","source":"Я именно спрашиваю тебя, почему твои иезуиты и инквизиторы совокупились для одних только материальных скверных благ?","translation":"What I am asking you precisely is this: why have your Jesuits and inquisitors banded together for the sake of mere material, base goods?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему… совокупились для… благ","title":"Causal question «почему» + reflexive perfective + «для» + genitive","body":"«почему… совокупились» — 'why have [they] banded together', «совокупиться» a reflexive perfective ('to unite, combine'). «для… благ» = «для» + genitive plural «благ» (of «благо», 'good[s]'), the purpose. «именно» = 'precisely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спрашиваю","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am asking"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совокупились","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of иезуиты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"иезуиты","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of совокупились","gloss":"Jesuits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"инквизиторы","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with иезуиты","gloss":"inquisitors"},{"surface":"совокупились","lemma":"совокупиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded question, complement of спрашиваю","gloss":"banded together"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благ","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies материальных","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"материальных","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"скверных","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"goods"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b5-c5-s316","source":"Почему среди них не может случиться ни одного страдальца, мучимого великою скорбью и любящего человечество?","translation":"Why should there not be among them a single sufferer, tormented by a great grief and loving humanity?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может случиться ни одного страдальца","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни одного»","body":"Under negated «не может случиться» the logical subject goes genitive: «ни одного страдальца» — 'not a single sufferer'. «ни» reinforces the «не» (negative concord), and «ни одного» = 'not even one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучимого… и любящего","title":"Present passive + present active participles paired","body":"Two participles modify «страдальца»: «мучимого» (genitive of «мучимый», the rare present passive participle of «мучить», 'tormented') and «любящего» (present active participle of «любить», 'loving'). A passive and an active participle yoked on one noun — bookish density."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of среди","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of ни одного ('not a single')","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies страдальца","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"страдальца","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может случиться","gloss":"sufferer"},{"surface":"мучимого","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies страдальца","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"великою","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скорбью","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"скорбью","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of мучимого","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любящего","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies страдальца, coordinated with мучимого","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любящего","gloss":"humanity"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b5-c5-s317","source":"Видишь: предположи, что нашелся хотя один из всех этих желающих одних только материальных и грязных благ — хоть один только такой, как мой старик инквизитор, который сам ел коренья в пустыне и бесновался, побеждая плоть свою, чтобы сделать себя свободным и совершенным, но однако же, всю жизнь свою любивший человечество и вдруг прозревший и увидавший, что невелико нравственное блаженство достигнуть совершенства воли с тем, чтобы в то же время убедиться, что миллионы остальных существ божиих остались устроенными лишь в насмешку, что никогда не в силах они будут справиться со своею свободой, что из жалких бунтовщиков никогда не выйдет великанов для завершения башни, что не для таких гусей великий идеалист мечтал о своей гармонии.","translation":"See here: suppose that there were found, among all these men who crave only material and dirty goods, just one—one alone such as my old inquisitor, who himself ate roots in the wilderness and worked himself into a frenzy mastering his flesh, so as to make himself free and perfect, yet who all his life long loved humanity, and who suddenly had his eyes opened and saw that there is no great moral blessedness in attaining perfection of will only to convince oneself, at the same time, that millions of the rest of God's creatures have been left to their making merely in mockery, that they will never have the strength to master their freedom, that out of pitiful rebels no giants will ever come to finish the tower, and that it was not for such geese that the great idealist dreamed of his harmony.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предположи, что нашелся хотя один","title":"Imperative «предположи» + reflexive «нашёлся»","body":"«предположи» is the imperative of «предположить» ('suppose'). It opens a «что»-clause whose verb «нашёлся» is the reflexive perfective of «найтись» ('to turn up, be found'). «хотя один» = 'even just one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который сам ел коренья… и бесновался… любивший… прозревший и увидавший","title":"Relative clause swelling into a participial cascade","body":"This vast sentence hangs a «который» relative on «один», then loads it with imperfective pasts («ел», «бесновался») and a chain of past active participles («любивший», «прозревший», «увидавший») — Dostoevsky's signature periodic style, packing a whole biography of the inquisitor into a single suspended period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что никогда не в силах они будут справиться","title":"Negative concord «никогда не» + «справиться с» + instrumental","body":"«никогда… не… будут справиться» shows negative concord (никогда + не). «справиться с» ('to cope with, master') governs the instrumental «со своею свободой» — 'master their freedom'. The reflexive possessive «своею» (archaic instr. of «своя») points to «они»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не для таких гусей","title":"«гуси» — 'geese', i.e. fools","body":"«гусь» (goose) figuratively means a silly or contemptible fellow (cf. «хорош гусь!»). 'It was not for such geese that the great idealist dreamed of his harmony' — the dismissive animal metaphor for the unworthy masses. «не для таких гусей»: «для» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See here"},{"surface":"предположи","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Видишь","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нашелся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нашелся","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of предположи","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашелся","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желающих","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of желающих","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of желающих","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"желающих","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective, substantivized","role":"object of из ('those craving')","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies материальных","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"материальных","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with материальных","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of желающих","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second один","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the first один","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with старик инквизитор","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of как (comparison)","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"inquisitor"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes который","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on инквизитор","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"коренья","lemma":"коренья","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of ел","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ел","gloss":"wilderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесновался","lemma":"бесноваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ел","gloss":"was frenzied"},{"surface":"побеждая","lemma":"побеждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бесновался","gloss":"mastering"},{"surface":"плоть","lemma":"плоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of побеждая","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of плоть","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сделать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause verb, depends on побеждая","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"свободным","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенным","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободным","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies любивший","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying любивший","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"любивший","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"parallel participle describing инквизитор, coordinated with прозревший","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любивший","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозревший","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прозревший","lemma":"прозреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"parallel participle describing инквизитор, coordinated with любивший","gloss":"had his eyes opened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидавший","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with прозревший","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невелико","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"невелико","lemma":"невеликий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of увидавший","gloss":"not great"},{"surface":"нравственное","lemma":"нравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies блаженство","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"блаженство","lemma":"блаженство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невелико","gloss":"blessedness"},{"surface":"достигнуть","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of блаженство","gloss":"attaining"},{"surface":"совершенства","lemma":"совершенство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of достигнуть","gloss":"perfection"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совершенства","gloss":"of will"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition, part of the idiom с тем, чтобы","role":"part of the idiom с тем, чтобы ('so as to')","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем, чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of убедиться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время, part of то же время","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of то же ('same')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедиться","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause verb, complement of чтобы","gloss":"convince himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миллионы","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies миллионы","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"божиих","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of убедиться","gloss":"were left"},{"surface":"устроенными","lemma":"устроенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмешку","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"насмешку","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of устроенными","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет's parallel clause (they will never be able)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будут","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition, part of the idiom в силах","role":"part of the idiom в силах ('be able')","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom в силах, governs справиться","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of будут справиться","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of в силах справиться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"справиться","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of в силах ('able to cope')","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободой","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"свободой","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of справиться","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бунтовщиков","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жалких","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бунтовщиков","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"бунтовщиков","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"великанов","lemma":"великан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выйдет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"giants"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завершения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завершения","lemma":"завершение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"finishing"},{"surface":"башни","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies завершения","gloss":"the tower"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the final clause, parallel to the что-clauses above","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates для таких гусей","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гусей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of гусей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мечтал","gloss":"geese"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеалист","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"идеалист","lemma":"идеалист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечтал","gloss":"idealist"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final что-clause","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гармонии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гармонии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гармонии","lemma":"гармония","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of мечтал","gloss":"harmony"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b5-c5-s318","source":"Поняв всё это, он воротился и примкнул… к умным людям.","translation":"Having grasped all this, he turned back and joined… the clever people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поняв всё это","title":"Perfective past gerund «поняв»","body":"«поняв» is the perfective past деепричастие of «понять» — 'having grasped'. It marks a completed prior action whose subject is the main clause's «он»: having understood, he turned back and joined."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воротился","gloss":"Having grasped"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Поняв","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"примкнул","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of к","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b5-c5-s319","source":"Неужели этого не могло случиться?","translation":"Could that really not have happened?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели этого не могло случиться?","title":"Impersonal negation + genitive «этого»","body":"«не могло случиться» is impersonal (neuter «могло», no nominative subject), and under negation «этого» (gen. of «это») stands as genitive subject — 'could THIS not have happened?'. «неужели» voices Ivan's pressing incredulity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"could it be"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло (genitive under negation)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"happen"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b5-c5-s320","source":"— К кому примкнул, к каким умным людям? — почти в азарте воскликнул Алеша. — Никакого у них нет такого ума и никаких таких тайн и секретов…","translation":"“Joined whom, what clever people?” Alyosha exclaimed, almost in a passion. “They have no such cleverness and no such mysteries and secrets at all…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакого… нет такого ума и никаких таких тайн","title":"Genitive of negation + double «никакого… никаких»","body":"«нет» forces its subjects into the genitive: «никакого… ума», «никаких… тайн». The «ни»-words concord with the negation «нет» — a triple-marked, emphatic 'they have no such cleverness and no such mysteries at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К кому примкнул, к каким умным людям","title":"Interrogatives «кому»/«каким» in the dative after «к»","body":"«примкнуть к» ('to join') governs «к» + dative; hence interrogative «к кому» (dat. of «кто») and «к каким… людям» (dat. of «какой»). Alyosha's stunned questions take the case the verb demands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти в азарте","title":"«азарт» — heat, fervour, passion","body":"«азарт» (a French/Arabic-via-gambling borrowing, originally 'hazard') means excited fervour, heated passion. «почти в азарте» — 'almost in a passion' — marks Alyosha's mounting agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of примкнул","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"примкнул","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of примкнул","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в азарте","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азарте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"азарте","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"a passion"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них, part of the idiom у них нет ('they don't have')","gloss":"at","note":"у них нет is idiomatic for 'they don't have.'"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is no"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ума","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"cleverness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тайн","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тайн","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тайн","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with ума","gloss":"mysteries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"секретов","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ума","gloss":"secrets"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b5-c5-s321","source":"Одно только разве безбожие, вот и весь их секрет.","translation":"Godlessness, perhaps—that is their only secret.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одно только разве безбожие","title":"Restrictive «одно только» + tentative «разве»","body":"«одно только… разве» — 'only… perhaps': «одно только» restricts, «разве» softens to a guess. The verbless fragment leaves «безбожие» ('godlessness') as 'their only secret, perhaps'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безбожие","title":"«безбожие» — godlessness, atheism","body":"A transparent compound: без- ('without') + бог ('God') + -ие. 'Godlessness, atheism' — Alyosha's diagnosis of the inquisitor's real 'secret', foreshadowing his accusation of Ivan himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, predicate complement безбожие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безбожие","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"безбожие","lemma":"безбожие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with Одно","gloss":"godlessness"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of вот и ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of вот и ('that is')","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, refers back to безбожие","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b5-c5-s322","source":"Инквизитор твой не верует в бога, вот и весь его секрет!","translation":"Thy inquisitor does not believe in God—that is his whole secret!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верует в бога","title":"Elevated «веровать» + «в» + accusative","body":"«веровать в бога» — the churchly «веровать» (vs colloquial «верить») governing «в» + accusative. Alyosha's repeated charge — 'thy inquisitor does not believe in God' — lands as the poem's exposed core."}],"words":[{"surface":"Инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верует","gloss":"inquisitor"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Инквизитор","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"does not"},{"surface":"верует","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верует","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of вот и ('that is')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of вот и ('that is')","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b5-c5-s323","source":"— Хотя бы и так!","translation":"“Even so, then!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя бы и так!","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with «бы»","body":"«хотя бы и так» — 'even so, even if that's so', a concessive built on «хотя» plus the irrealis particle «бы». Ivan grants the point with a flourish: 'Even so, then!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b5-c5-s324","source":"Наконец-то ты догадался.","translation":"At last you have guessed it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец-то ты догадался","title":"Relief particle «наконец-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «наконец» («наконец-то») adds a note of relief or impatience — 'at last!'. «догадался» (reflexive perfective of «догадаться», 'to guess, work out') marks the single moment of realization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался, part of наконец-то","gloss":"At last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes наконец","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have guessed"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b5-c5-s325","source":"И действительно так, действительно только в этом и весь секрет, но разве это не страдание, хотя бы для такого, как он, человека, который всю жизнь свою убил на подвиг в пустыне и не излечился от любви к человечеству?","translation":"And it is indeed so, indeed the whole secret lies in just that; but is that not a suffering, even for such a man as he, who killed his whole life on the labor in the wilderness and was never cured of his love for humanity?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве это не страдание","title":"Rhetorical «разве… не»","body":"«разве… не страдание?» — 'is that not a suffering?', «разве» framing an indignant rhetorical question expecting 'yes'. Paired with «не», it presses the listener toward agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который всю жизнь свою убил на подвиг","title":"Relative «который» + reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«который… убил» — relative pronoun as subject of its clause; «всю жизнь свою» uses reflexive «свою» (his own whole life) referring back to «такого… человека». «убил на подвиг» idiomatically 'spent/killed his life on the labor'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не излечился от любви","title":"Reflexive «излечиться от» + genitive","body":"«излечиться от» ('to be cured of') is reflexive and governs «от» + genitive «любви к человечеству» — 'was never cured of his love for humanity'. The «-ся» makes the cure happen to the subject himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate ('it is so')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies секрет clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"copula-like particle, parallels вот и in вот и весь секрет — 'in this lies the whole secret'","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, predicate: в этом","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of страдание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, negated by не","gloss":"a suffering"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of хотя бы, modifies для такого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with он","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of как (comparison)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для, modified by такого","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человека","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиг","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"the labor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"the wilderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies излечился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"излечился","lemma":"излечиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"was cured"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of излечился","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечеству","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"humanity"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b5-c5-s326","source":"На закате дней своих он убеждается ясно, что лишь советы великого страшного духа могли бы хоть сколько-нибудь устроить в сносном порядке малосильных бунтовщиков, «недоделанные пробные существа, созданные в насмешку».","translation":"In the twilight of his days he is convinced, clearly, that only the counsels of the great and terrible spirit could in any degree order into some bearable arrangement the feeble rebels, those “half-finished, trial creatures, made in mockery.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь советы… могли бы… устроить","title":"Conditional «могли бы» softening the claim","body":"«могли бы… устроить» — 'could in any degree order/arrange', the past-form «могли» + «бы» giving a hypothetical, hedged possibility. «хоть сколько-нибудь» ('to even some small degree') further softens. Subject: «советы… духа»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недоделанные пробные существа","title":"«недоделанные пробные» — half-finished, trial creatures","body":"«недоделанные» ('un-finished', не- + до- + 'made') and «пробные» ('trial, experimental') paint humanity as God's botched prototypes 'made in mockery'. The bleak, almost industrial diction is the inquisitor's contempt distilled."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"закате","lemma":"закат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убеждается","gloss":"twilight"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies закате","gloss":"of days"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убеждается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убеждается","lemma":"убеждаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is convinced"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убеждается","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies советы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"советы","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советы","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of убеждается","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with могли","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть сколько-нибудь, modifies устроить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom хоть сколько-нибудь, modifies устроить","gloss":"to any degree"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom хоть сколько-нибудь, modifies устроить","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"to arrange"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сносном","lemma":"сносный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядке","gloss":"bearable"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроить","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"малосильных","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бунтовщиков","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"бунтовщиков","lemma":"бунтовщик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"недоделанные","lemma":"недоделанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"half-finished"},{"surface":"пробные","lemma":"пробный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"trial"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to бунтовщиков","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"созданные","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying существа","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"насмешку","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созданные","gloss":"mockery"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b5-c5-s327","source":"И вот, убедясь в этом, он видит, что надо идти по указанию умного духа, страшного духа смерти и разрушения, а для того принять ложь и обман и вести людей уже сознательно к смерти и разрушению, и притом обманывать их всю дорогу, чтоб они как-нибудь не заметили, куда их ведут, для того чтобы хоть в дороге-то жалкие эти слепцы считали себя счастливыми.","translation":"And so, convinced of this, he sees that one must follow the guidance of the wise spirit, the terrible spirit of death and destruction, and to that end accept lies and deceit and lead men knowingly now toward death and destruction, and deceive them all the way, moreover, so that they may not somehow notice where they are being led, so that on the journey at least these pitiful blind ones may count themselves happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убедясь в этом","title":"Perfective past gerund «убедясь»","body":"«убедясь» is the (somewhat archaic) perfective past деепричастие of reflexive «убедиться» ('having become convinced'). It marks a prior, completed state before the main «он видит». A gerund from a «-ся» verb keeps the «-сь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо идти… принять… и вести","title":"Impersonal «надо» governing a string of infinitives","body":"«надо идти… принять… вести… обманывать» — the impersonal modal «надо» ('one must') with no nominative subject, governing a cascade of infinitives. This subjectless 'one must' frames the inquisitor's grim logic as sheer necessity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб они… не заметили","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form irrealis with «не»","body":"«чтоб они… не заметили» — purpose clause with «чтоб» (clipped «чтобы»), whose verb takes the past form «заметили» (the «чтобы» = что + бы construction), here negated — 'so that they may not notice'. «как-нибудь» = 'somehow, by any chance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"убедясь","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on видит","gloss":"having become convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедясь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of видит","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking указанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"указанию","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"guidance"},{"surface":"умного","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies указанию","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to духа","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разрушения","lemma":"разрушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смерти","gloss":"destruction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom для того, modifies принять","gloss":"that end"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ложь","gloss":"deceit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вести","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознательно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сознательно","lemma":"сознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вести","gloss":"knowingly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вести","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разрушению","lemma":"разрушение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смерти","gloss":"destruction"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманывать","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"обманывать","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обманывать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (extent) modifying обманывать","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь, modifies заметили","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как-нибудь, modifies заметили","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обманывать","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведут","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ведут","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ведут","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметили","gloss":"are led"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the чтобы-clause (считали)","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считали","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"the journey"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to дороге","gloss":"indeed","note":"colloquial emphatic \"-то\" suffixed to дороге, not the pronoun то."},{"surface":"жалкие","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слепцы","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слепцы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слепцы","lemma":"слепец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of считали","gloss":"blind ones"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"purpose clause following для того","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of считали","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b5-c5-s328","source":"И заметь себе, обман во имя того, в идеал которого столь страстно веровал старик во всю свою жизнь!","translation":"And mark it well: the deceit is in the name of the very one in whose ideal the old man so passionately believed all his life long!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметь себе","title":"Imperative «заметь» + ethic dative «себе»","body":"«заметь себе» — 'mark it well, note to yourself': imperative of «заметить» with the so-called ethic dative «себе», a reflexive flourish drawing the listener's attention. Common in lively spoken narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в идеал которого… веровал… старик","title":"Relative «которого» in the genitive","body":"«в идеал которого… веровал» — «который» takes the genitive «которого» as possessor of «идеал» ('in whose ideal'), while agreeing in gender/number with its antecedent (Christ). The clause's own grammar, not the antecedent, sets the case."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметь","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mark"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of заметь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметь","gloss":"the deceit"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обман","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеал","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеал","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страстно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страстно","lemma":"страстно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"passionately"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on того","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b5-c5-s329","source":"Разве это не несчастье?","translation":"Is that not a misfortune?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разве это не несчастье?","title":"Rhetorical «разве… не»","body":"Again «разве… не» — 'is that not a misfortune?', a rhetorical question pressing for assent. The verbless «это… несчастье» equates with zero copula in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастье","gloss":"is it not"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of несчастье","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастье","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"несчастье","lemma":"несчастье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a misfortune"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b5-c5-s330","source":"И если бы хоть один такой очутился во главе всей этой армии, «жаждущей власти для одних только грязных благ», то неужели же не довольно хоть одного такого, чтобы вышла трагедия?","translation":"And if even one such man were found at the head of this whole army “athirst for power for the sake of mere dirty goods,” would not even one such man be enough to make a tragedy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы хоть один такой очутился","title":"Irrealis conditional «если бы… очутился»","body":"«если бы… очутился» is the unreal conditional: «если бы» + past-form «очутился» (reflexive perfective, 'turned up, found himself'). 'If even one such man WERE found…' — the hypothetical premise of the whole argument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели же не довольно… чтобы вышла трагедия","title":"«неужели же не» + «чтобы» purpose with past-form verb","body":"«неужели же не довольно… чтобы вышла трагедия» — incredulous «неужели же не» ('surely it is enough?') plus a «чтобы» result-clause whose verb is past-form «вышла» (perfective of «выйти», here 'for a tragedy to come out/result'). The «бы» inside «чтобы» drives the past form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жаждущей власти","title":"«жаждущий» — athirst, craving","body":"«жаждущей» (present active participle of «жаждать», 'to thirst') governs the genitive «власти» — 'athirst for power'. A high, biblical-flavoured verb (cf. 'blessed are they that hunger and thirst'), quoted here from Ivan's own earlier phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очутился","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with очутился","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of один","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"were found"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе (idiom во главе)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of армии","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of армии","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"армии","lemma":"армия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies главе","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"жаждущей","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies армии","gloss":"athirst for"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of жаждущей","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благ","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies грязных","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"грязных","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies благ","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"благ","lemma":"благо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies власти","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"introduces main clause (correlative to если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head predicate, modified by не","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of довольно","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of одного","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышла","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on одного","gloss":"resulted"},{"surface":"трагедия","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"a tragedy"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b5-c5-s331","source":"Мало того: довольно и одного такого, стоящего во главе, чтобы нашлась наконец настоящая руководящая идея всего римского дела со всеми его армиями и иезуитами, высшая идея этого дела.","translation":"More than that: a single such man at the head would be enough for there at last to be found a true guiding idea for the whole Roman enterprise, with all its armies and Jesuits—the supreme idea of that enterprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно и одного такого, стоящего во главе","title":"Genitive after «довольно» + present active participle","body":"«довольно… одного такого» — the quantifier «довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive «одного такого» ('of one such man'). «стоящего» is a present active participle ('standing, who stands') agreeing in the genitive with «такого». «во главе» = 'at the head'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы нашлась… идея","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + reflexive past-form «нашлась»","body":"«чтобы… нашлась… идея» — a «чтобы» clause with past-form «нашлась» (reflexive of «найтись», 'be found'): 'enough… for there at last to be found a guiding idea'. The subject «идея» is postponed to the end for weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало того","gloss":"more than that"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase мало того","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate governing одного (genitive)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"genitive complement of довольно","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одного","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"стоящего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying одного","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе (idiom во главе)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нашлась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нашлась","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"be found"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашлась","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"настоящая","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"a true"},{"surface":"руководящая","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"guiding"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нашлась","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"римского","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"enterprise"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of армиями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of армиями","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"армиями","lemma":"армия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"armies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иезуитами","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with армиями","gloss":"Jesuits"},{"surface":"высшая","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"supreme"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to идея","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идея","gloss":"enterprise"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b5-c5-s332","source":"Я тебе прямо говорю, что я твердо верую, что этот единый человек и не оскудевал никогда между стоящими во главе движения.","translation":"I tell you plainly that I firmly believe this single man has never been wanting among those who stand at the head of the movement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и не оскудевал никогда между стоящими во главе","title":"Negative concord + «между» + instrumental participle","body":"«не оскудевал… никогда» shows negative concord (не… никогда). «между стоящими» — «между» governs the instrumental, here the substantivised present active participle «стоящими» ('among those standing/who stand at the head')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не оскудевал","title":"«оскудевать» — to grow scarce, run short","body":"A bookish verb «оскудевать/оскудеть» ('to become impoverished, dwindle, be wanting'), from «скудный» ('scanty'). «не оскудевал никогда» — 'has never been wanting' — claims such a man has always existed among the leaders."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскудевал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оскудевал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies оскудевал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оскудевал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оскудевал","lemma":"оскудевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верую","gloss":"was wanting"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскудевал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стоящими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"стоящими","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of оскудевал","gloss":"those standing"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главе (idiom во главе)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"главе","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главе","gloss":"of the movement"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b5-c5-s333","source":"Кто знает, может быть, случались и между римскими первосвященниками эти единые.","translation":"Who knows, perhaps such single men have arisen even among the Roman pontiffs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто знает, может быть, случались","title":"Modal hedging «может быть» + imperfective «случались»","body":"«Кто знает, может быть» stacks two hedges — 'who knows, perhaps'. «случались» (imperfective past of «случаться») views such occurrences as recurring possibilities over time, not a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"случались","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"independent clause, rhetorical parallel to Кто знает","gloss":"have arisen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первосвященниками","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первосвященниками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"римскими","lemma":"римский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies первосвященниками","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"первосвященниками","lemma":"первосвященник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случались","gloss":"pontiffs"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of единые","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"единые","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of случались","gloss":"single men"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b5-c5-s334","source":"Кто знает, может быть, этот проклятый старик, столь упорно и столь по-своему любящий человечество, существует и теперь в виде целого сонма многих таковых единых стариков и не случайно вовсе, а существует как согласие, как тайный союз, давно уже устроенный для хранения тайны, для хранения ее от несчастных и малосильных людей, с тем чтобы сделать их счастливыми.","translation":"Who knows, perhaps this accursed old man, who so stubbornly and so much in his own way loves humanity, exists even now in the form of a whole company of many such single old men, and not by chance at all, but exists as a compact, as a secret league, founded long ago for the keeping of the mystery, for keeping it from the unhappy and feeble men, in order to make them happy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь упорно и столь по-своему любящий человечество","title":"Present active participle «любящий» with «столь»","body":"«любящий» (present active participle of «любить») modifies «старик» — 'who so… loves humanity'. The bookish intensifier «столь» ('so') and «по-своему» ('in his own way') pile up adverbs in the elevated register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже устроенный для хранения тайны","title":"Past passive participle + «для» + verbal-noun genitive","body":"«устроенный» (past passive participle, 'founded/arranged') modifies «союз»; its purpose is «для хранения тайны» — «для» + genitive of the verbal noun «хранение» ('keeping'), itself governing «тайны». A compact participle-plus-purpose package."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы сделать их счастливыми","title":"«с тем чтобы» + predicate instrumental «счастливыми»","body":"«с тем чтобы» ('in order to') + infinitive «сделать», whose object complement «счастливыми» stands in the instrumental — 'to make them happy'. «сделать кого-то кем/каким» takes the instrumental of the resulting state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of существует","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упорно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любящий","gloss":"stubbornly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with упорно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-своему, coordinated with упорно","gloss":"in his own way"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-своему, modifies любящий","gloss":"in his own way"},{"surface":"любящий","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любящий","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"independent clause, rhetorical parallel to Кто знает","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде (idiom в виде)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сонма","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"сонма","lemma":"сонм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of виде","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стариков","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"таковых","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стариков","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"единых","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стариков","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"стариков","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сонма","gloss":"old men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существует (second)","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случайно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with существует","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking согласие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of существует","gloss":"a compact"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking союз","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тайный","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies союз","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"союз","lemma":"союз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with согласие","gloss":"league"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроенный","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроенный","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"устроенный","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying союз","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хранения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хранения","lemma":"хранение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроенный","gloss":"the keeping"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хранения","gloss":"of the mystery"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хранения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хранения","lemma":"хранение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хранения (w42)","gloss":"the keeping"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хранения","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"несчастных","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"малосильных","lemma":"малосильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with несчастных","gloss":"feeble"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies хранения","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom с тем чтобы)","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom с тем чтобы (purpose)","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"счастливыми","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of сделать","gloss":"happy"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b5-c5-s335","source":"Это непременно есть, да и должно так быть.","translation":"This most certainly exists, and indeed it must be so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это непременно есть, да и должно так быть","title":"Existential «есть» + modal «должно… быть»","body":"«есть» here is the bare existential 'it exists'. «должно так быть» is an impersonal modal of necessity ('it must be so') with neuter «должно» and no nominative subject. «да и» adds 'and indeed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"most certainly"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b5-c5-s336","source":"Мне мерещится, что даже у масонов есть что-нибудь вроде этой же тайны в основе их и что потому католики так и ненавидят масонов, что видят в них конкурентов, раздробление единства идеи, тогда как должно быть едино стадо и един пастырь…","translation":"It seems to me that even the Freemasons have something of this same mystery at their foundation, and that this is why the Catholics so hate the Freemasons, seeing in them rivals, a splintering of the unity of the idea, whereas there ought to be one flock and one shepherd…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне мерещится, что…","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне мерещится»","body":"«мерещиться» ('to seem, appear hazily, be imagined') is an impersonal-experiencer verb: the perceiver stands in the dative «мне», the verb is reflexive, and there is no nominative subject — 'it seems to me'. A classic dative-subject construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-нибудь вроде этой же тайны","title":"Non-specific «что-нибудь» + «вроде» + genitive","body":"«что-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'something or other' (vs the specific «что-то»), governed by «вроде» + genitive «этой же тайны» ('something of this same mystery'). The «-нибудь/-то» contrast is exactly the vague-vs-definite distinction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть едино стадо и един пастырь","title":"Short adjectives «едино… един» + archaic agreement","body":"«едино стадо и един пастырь» uses the short/archaic forms of «единый» ('one, single') — «едино» (neuter, with «стадо») and «един» (masc., with «пастырь»). The phrasing quotes John 10:16, 'one flock and one shepherd', in deliberately scriptural diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"мерещится","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies масонов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking масонов (possession construction)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"масонов","lemma":"масон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"possessor complement of у, subject of possession with есть","gloss":"the Freemasons"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential/possessive)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что, subject of есть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайны","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"основе","lemma":"основа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайны","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies основе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидят","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"католики","lemma":"католик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ненавидят","gloss":"Catholics"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидят","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ненавидят","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"масонов","lemma":"масон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ненавидят","gloss":"the Freemasons"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видят (explains ненавидят)","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause explaining ненавидят","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of видят","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"конкурентов","lemma":"конкурент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видят","gloss":"rivals"},{"surface":"раздробление","lemma":"раздробление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with конкурентов","gloss":"a splintering"},{"surface":"единства","lemma":"единство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раздробление","gloss":"of the unity"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies единства","gloss":"of the idea"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тогда как (whereas), introduces contrastive clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of тогда как (whereas)","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, invariable","role":"main predicate of the тогда как clause","gloss":"there ought"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"едино","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"един","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пастырь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"пастырь","lemma":"пастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of быть, coordinated with стадо","gloss":"shepherd","note":"Biblical allusion (John 10:16): 'one flock and one shepherd.'"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b5-c5-s337","source":"Впрочем, защищая мою мысль, я имею вид сочинителя, не выдержавшего твоей критики.","translation":"Though, defending my notion this way, I have the look of an author who could not hold up under your criticism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"защищая мою мысль","title":"Imperfective gerund «защищая»","body":"«защищая» (imperfective present деепричастие of «защищать», 'defending') frames a simultaneous circumstance to «я имею вид» — 'in defending my notion, I have the look of…'. Shares the subject «я»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сочинителя, не выдержавшего твоей критики","title":"Past active participle + genitive object","body":"«не выдержавшего» is a past active participle (genitive, agreeing with «сочинителя») of «выдержать» ('to withstand'); negated, it governs the genitive «твоей критики» — 'an author who could not hold up under your criticism'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сочинителя","title":"«сочинитель» — author, scribbler","body":"«сочинитель» ('composer, author', from «сочинять» 'to compose/make up') can carry a faintly deprecatory tint — a mere scribbler or fabricator. Ivan ruefully casts himself as an 'author' caught out defending a flimsy fiction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the sentence","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"защищая","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имею","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of защищая","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"the look"},{"surface":"сочинителя","lemma":"сочинитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of an author"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержавшего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержавшего","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying сочинителя","gloss":"who did not hold up under"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of критики","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"критики","lemma":"критика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержавшего","gloss":"criticism"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b5-c5-s338","source":"Довольно об этом.","translation":"Enough of this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно об этом","title":"«довольно» + «об» + prepositional","body":"«довольно об этом» — 'enough of this': «довольно» as an exclamation 'enough!' plus «об» (the form of «о» before a vowel) + prepositional «этом», the case of topic after «о/об»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"predicative, invariable","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Довольно","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b5-c5-s339","source":"— Ты, может быть, сам масон! — вырвалось вдруг у Алеши. — Ты не веришь в бога, — прибавил он, но уже с чрезвычайною скорбью.","translation":"“You, perhaps, are a Freemason yourself!” burst suddenly from Alyosha. “You do not believe in God,” he added, but now with extreme sorrow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у Алеши","title":"Reflexive impersonal «вырвалось» + «у» + genitive","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive perfective, neuter) is used quasi-impersonally — the words 'burst out' of their own accord; the speaker appears not as subject but as «у Алёши» («у» + genitive), 'from Alyosha'. A vivid involuntary-speech idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною скорбью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«с чрезвычайною скорбью» — «с» + instrumental of manner. The adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») in «чрезвычайною» is the older bookish instrumental, lending the line its 19th-century weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of масон","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies масон","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"масон","lemma":"масон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of Ты","gloss":"a Freemason"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веришь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веришь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to веришь","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с чрезвычайною скорбью","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скорбью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скорбью","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"скорбью","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"sorrow"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b5-c5-s340","source":"Ему показалось к тому же, что брат смотрит на него с насмешкой. — Чем же кончается твоя поэма? — спросил он вдруг, смотря в землю, — или уж она кончена?","translation":"It seemed to him, moreover, that his brother was looking at him with mockery. “How, then, does your poem end?” he suddenly asked, staring at the ground, “or is it already finished?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему показалось… что брат смотрит","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему показалось»","body":"«показаться» ('to seem') with the dative experiencer «ему» and a «что»-clause — 'it seemed to him that…'. No nominative subject; the impression is something that happens TO him, the dative-subject pattern again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря в землю","title":"Imperfective gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря в землю» — imperfective gerund of «смотреть», 'staring at the ground', a simultaneous circumstance to «спросил». «в землю» is «в» + accusative for direction of gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"или уж она кончена","title":"Short passive participle «кончена» + insistent «уж»","body":"«кончена» is the short past passive participle (fem.) of «кончить», predicate of dropped «есть» — 'is it [already] finished?'. «уж» ('already, by now') presses the question. The agent is unexpressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"moreover","note":"'К тому же' is a fixed idiom meaning 'moreover, besides.'"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom к тому же (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрит","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"was looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончается","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кончается","lemma":"кончаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поэма","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончается","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончена","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончена","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кончена","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b5-c5-s341","source":"— Я хотел ее кончить так: когда инквизитор умолк, то некоторое время ждет, что пленник его ему ответит.","translation":"“I meant to end it like this: when the inquisitor falls silent, he waits some while for his prisoner to answer him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хотел ее кончить так","title":"«хотеть» + perfective infinitive «кончить»","body":"«хотел… кончить» — 'meant/wanted to finish it', past «хотел» plus perfective infinitive «кончить» (a single completed act of ending). The narrative then shifts to the historic present — «ждёт», «приближается» — for vividness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда инквизитор умолк, то… ждет","title":"Correlative «когда… то» + historic present","body":"«когда… умолк, то… ждёт» pairs a perfective past («умолк», 'fell silent') with the present «ждёт» ('waits'), the «то» resuming the main clause. Ivan narrates his unwritten ending in the lively historic present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кончить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to end"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончить","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умолк","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"инквизитор","lemma":"инквизитор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолк","gloss":"the inquisitor"},{"surface":"умолк","lemma":"умолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"falls silent"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative of когда, introduces the clause of ждет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждет","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to хотел","gloss":"waits"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пленник","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответит","gloss":"his prisoner"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of пленник","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждет","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b5-c5-s342","source":"Ему тяжело его молчание.","translation":"His silence weighs upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему тяжело его молчание","title":"Dative-experiencer with predicate adverb «тяжело»","body":"«ему тяжело… молчание» — the experiencer «ему» (dative), the neuter predicate adverb «тяжело» ('[is] hard, weighs heavy'), and «его молчание» as what weighs on him. A textbook impersonal feeling-construction: 'his silence weighs upon him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of тяжело","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicative)","gloss":"weighs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of молчание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тяжело","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b5-c5-s343","source":"Он видел, как узник всё время слушал его проникновенно и тихо, смотря ему прямо в глаза и, видимо, не желая ничего возражать.","translation":"He had watched how the captive listened to him all the while, penetratingly and quietly, looking him straight in the eyes and plainly wishing to raise no objection.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал… проникновенно и тихо, смотря… и… не желая возражать","title":"Paired gerunds «смотря… не желая»","body":"Two imperfective gerunds, «смотря» (looking) and «не желая» (not wishing), trail the main verb «слушал» as simultaneous circumstances. «не желая… возражать» governs the infinitive — 'wishing to raise no objection'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как узник всё время слушал","title":"Imperfective «слушал» for sustained background","body":"«всё время слушал» — imperfective past for a continuous, sustained action ('listened all the while'), the background against which the kiss will break as a perfective event. Aspect carries the contrast of duration vs sudden act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слушал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"узник","lemma":"узник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"the captive"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"the while"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"penetratingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with проникновенно","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотря","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to желая","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотря","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of возражать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to object"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b5-c5-s344","source":"Старику хотелось бы, чтобы тот сказал ему что-нибудь, хотя бы и горькое, страшное.","translation":"The old man would have liked the other to say something to him, even if bitter, even terrible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старику хотелось бы, чтобы тот сказал","title":"Dative-experiencer «хотелось бы» + «чтобы»","body":"«старику хотелось бы» — the experiencer in the dative «старику» with impersonal reflexive «хотелось» softened by «бы» ('would have liked'). It opens a «чтобы»-clause whose verb «сказал» is past-form, the willed/desired outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и горькое, страшное","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — 'even if'","body":"«хотя бы и горькое, страшное» — 'even if [it were] bitter, terrible'. The concessive «хотя бы» with «и» grants the extreme case: he longed for any answer, however harsh."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have liked"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"forms conditional with хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хотелось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказал (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что, direct object of сказал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of хотя бы и (even if)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of хотя бы и (even if)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горькое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"горькое","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горькое","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b5-c5-s345","source":"Но он вдруг молча приближается к старику и тихо целует его в его бескровные девяностолетние уста.","translation":"But the prisoner suddenly approaches the old man in silence and quietly kisses him on his bloodless, ninety-year-old lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приближается… и тихо целует","title":"Historic present, imperfective verbs","body":"«приближается» and «целует» are imperfective presents used as historic present for narrative immediacy — the climactic kiss unfolds before our eyes. «целует его в… уста» — «целовать в» + accusative names the spot kissed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бескровные девяностолетние уста","title":"«уста» — lips (archaic, elevated)","body":"«уста» is the Church-Slavonic/poetic word for 'lips, mouth' (vs everyday «губы»), the word of Scripture and high verse. «бескровные» ('bloodless') and the compound «девяностолетние' ('ninety-year-old') make the kissed lips an icon of withered age. The kiss on the «уста» deliberately recalls a liturgical or filial kiss."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приближается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приближается","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приближается","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"приближается","lemma":"приближаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approaches"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приближается","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целует","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"целует","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приближается","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целует","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уста","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of уста","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бескровные","lemma":"бескровный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies уста","gloss":"bloodless"},{"surface":"девяностолетние","lemma":"девяностолетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies уста","gloss":"ninety-year-old"},{"surface":"уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of целует","gloss":"lips"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b5-c5-s346","source":"Вот и весь ответ.","translation":"That is the whole answer.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответ (emphatic)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответ","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b5-c5-s347","source":"Старик вздрагивает.","translation":"The old man shudders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старик вздрагивает","title":"Historic present «вздрагивает»","body":"«вздрагивает» (imperfective present of «вздрагивать», 'to give a start, shudder') continues the historic-present narration of the unwritten ending — the old man shudders in the live, unfolding scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрагивает","gloss":"The old man"},{"surface":"вздрагивает","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shudders"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b5-c5-s348","source":"Что-то шевельнулось в концах губ его; он идет к двери, отворяет ее и говорит ему: «Ступай и не приходи более… не приходи вовсе… никогда, никогда!»","translation":"Something stirs at the corners of his lips; he goes to the door, opens it, and says to him: ‘Go and come no more… do not come at all… never, never!’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то шевельнулось в концах губ его","title":"Indefinite subject «что-то» + reflexive perfective","body":"«что-то шевельнулось» — the indefinite «что-то» ('something', specific-but-unnamed via «-то') as subject of the reflexive perfective «шевельнулось» ('stirred'). «губ его» postposes «его» for cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступай и не приходи более… никогда, никогда","title":"Imperatives «ступай» / «не приходи» (aspect contrast)","body":"«ступай» (imperative of «ступать», archaic 'go!') is a positive command; «не приходи» is a negated imperfective imperative — the imperfective is required after «не» for a general prohibition, 'do not [ever] come'. «более… никогда, никогда» piles on the negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ступай","title":"«ступай» — go, be off","body":"«ступай» (from «ступать», to step) is an old, slightly solemn or peremptory 'go!', warmer or more biblical than «иди» — the word with which one sends someone off. Fitting for the inquisitor releasing his prisoner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of шевельнулось (part of что-то)","gloss":"Something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что, subject of шевельнулось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"шевельнулось","lemma":"шевельнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking концах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"концах","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шевельнулось","gloss":"the corners"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies концах","gloss":"of his lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шевельнулось","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворяет","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идет","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворяет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идет","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with никогда","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b5-c5-s349","source":"И выпускает его на «темные стогна града».","translation":"And he lets him out into ‘the dark byways of the city.’","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпускает его на «темные стогна града»","title":"Historic present + «на» + accusative","body":"«выпускает» (imperfective historic present, 'lets out') governs «на» + accusative «стогна» for direction — 'out into the dark byways'. The motion-toward sense fixes the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темные стогна града","title":"«стогна града» — the squares of the city (Slavonic)","body":"Pure Church-Slavonic: «стогна» (broad streets, squares) and «града» (genitive of «град», the Slavonic doublet of «город», 'city'). The phrase, set in quotation marks, is a poetic/scriptural tag — 'the dark byways of the city' — its archaic register marking it as a literary citation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"выпускает","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lets out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпускает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стогна","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies стогна","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"стогна","lemma":"стогно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпускает","gloss":"byways","note":"Archaic word for city squares/streets, used here in a solemn, quotation-like register."},{"surface":"града","lemma":"град","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стогна","gloss":"of the city"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b5-c5-s350","source":"Пленник уходит.","translation":"The prisoner goes away.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пленник уходит","title":"Prefixed motion verb «уходит» in historic present","body":"«уходит» (у- 'away' + ходить) — 'goes away, departs', the imperfective historic present closing the scene. The prefix у- gives the direction of leaving."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пленник","lemma":"пленник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"The prisoner"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes away"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b5-c5-s351","source":"— А старик?","translation":"“And the old man?”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А старик?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» in a verbless question","body":"«А старик?» — the contrastive «а» pivots the topic ('and the old man?'), a one-word elliptical question with verb fully implied. The «а» here marks a gentle shift of attention, untranslatable beyond 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the old man"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b5-c5-s352","source":"— Поцелуй горит на его сердце, но старик остается в прежней идее.","translation":"“The kiss burns in his heart, but the old man holds to his former idea.”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поцелуй горит на его сердце, но старик остается","title":"Imperfective present + adversative «но»","body":"«горит» and «остаётся» (reflexive) are imperfective presents of state — the kiss 'burns' (ongoing) while the old man 'holds to' (remains in) his idea. «но» sets the inward stirring against the unchanged resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поцелуй","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"The kiss"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горит","gloss":"holds to"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идее","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"идее","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остается","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b5-c5-s353","source":"— И ты вместе с ним, и ты? — горестно воскликнул Алеша.","translation":"“And you with him—you too?” Alyosha exclaimed mournfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И ты вместе с ним, и ты?","title":"«вместе с» + instrumental; emphatic repetition","body":"«вместе с ним» — «с» + instrumental of accompaniment, 'together with him'. The doubled «и ты… и ты» ('and you… you too?') hurls the accusation back at Ivan with anguished insistence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горестно","title":"«горестно» — mournfully, grievously","body":"Adverb from «горесть» ('grief, sorrow'), itself from «горе» — 'mournfully'. A markedly bookish, elevated word for Alyosha's grief-stricken cry, heavier than plain «грустно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вместе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with вместе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вместе","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b5-c5-s354","source":"Иван засмеялся.","translation":"Ivan burst out laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван засмеялся","title":"Inceptive perfective «засмеялся»","body":"«засмеялся» is the reflexive perfective of «смеяться» with the inceptive prefix за- — 'burst out laughing, began to laugh'. The за- marks the onset of the action, against the imperfective «смеялся» (was laughing) seen earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b5-c5-s355","source":"— Да ведь это же вздор, Алеша, ведь это только бестолковая поэма бестолкового студента, который никогда двух стихов не написал.","translation":"“Why, it is all nonsense, Alyosha—it is only the muddleheaded poem of a muddleheaded student who never wrote two verses in his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь это же вздор","title":"Stacked particles «да ведь… же»","body":"Three particles cluster: «да» (interjective opener), «ведь» (appealing to shared knowledge, 'after all'), «же» (insistent). Together — 'why, it is all nonsense, after all' — they give the line its colloquial, dismissive texture, untranslatable except by tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который никогда двух стихов не написал","title":"Relative «который» + genitive of negation «двух стихов»","body":"«который… не написал» — relative clause; under negation the object goes genitive: «двух стихов» ('two verses'), reinforced by «никогда» (negative concord). 'A student who never wrote two verses in his life.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бестолковая… бестолкового","title":"«бестолковый» — muddleheaded, senseless","body":"«бестолковый» ('lacking sense, confused, muddleheaded', без- + толк 'sense') is repeated for self-deprecating effect: 'the muddleheaded poem of a muddleheaded student'. The echo deflates the whole Legend Ivan has just delivered with such force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поэма","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бестолковая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бестолковая","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"muddleheaded"},{"surface":"поэма","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это","gloss":"the poem"},{"surface":"бестолкового","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies студента","gloss":"muddleheaded"},{"surface":"студента","lemma":"студент","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поэма","gloss":"student"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies стихов","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"стихов","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on студента","gloss":"wrote"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b5-c5-s356","source":"К чему ты в такой серьез берешь?","translation":"Why do you take it so seriously?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К чему ты в такой серьез берешь","title":"Interrogative «к чему» + dative-governing «к»","body":"«к чему» (к + dative «чему») idiomatically means 'why, to what end'. «в… серьёз берёшь» — 'take so seriously' (colloquial «в серьёз» for «всерьёз»). Ivan's brisk colloquialism after the lofty Legend."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of берешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of берешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking серьез","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of серьез","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"серьез","lemma":"серьёз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берешь","gloss":"seriousness","note":"Colloquial idiom 'брать в серьёз' means 'to take seriously.'"},{"surface":"берешь","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b5-c5-s357","source":"Уж не думаешь ли ты, что я прямо поеду теперь туда, к иезуитам, чтобы стать в сонме людей, поправляющих его подвиг?","translation":"Surely you do not think I shall go straight off now to the Jesuits, to take my place in the company of men who are correcting His work?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не думаешь ли ты, что я… поеду","title":"Suspicious «уж не… ли» + perfective future «поеду»","body":"«уж не думаешь ли ты» is the leading 'surely you don't think…?' frame (уж + не… ли). «поеду» is the perfective future of «поехать» ('shall go [by vehicle]'), a single decisive future trip. «теперь… туда» = 'right now, there'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы стать в сонме людей, поправляющих его подвиг","title":"Purpose «чтобы стать» + present active participle","body":"«чтобы стать в сонме» — purpose «чтобы» + infinitive. «поправляющих» is a present active participle (genitive plural, agreeing with «людей») of «поправлять» — 'who are correcting His work'. Echoes «исправили подвиг твой» from the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"Surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поеду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"straight off"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"shall go"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иезуитам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"иезуитам","lemma":"иезуит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поеду","gloss":"the Jesuits"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поеду","gloss":"take my place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сонме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сонме","lemma":"сонм","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сонме","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"поправляющих","lemma":"поправлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying людей","gloss":"correcting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поправляющих","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b5-c5-s358","source":"О господи, какое мне дело!","translation":"Good Lord, what is it to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое мне дело","title":"Dative idiom «мне дело»","body":"«какое мне дело!» — 'what is it to me!', the fixed exclamation «[кому] какое дело» with the dative of the concerned person «мне» and no real verb. A dative-experiencer idiom of indifference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О господи","title":"«господи» — vocative 'O Lord'","body":"«господи» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('O Lord'), here drained to a casual exclamation 'Good Lord!'. The old vocative lives on chiefly in such interjections and prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of concern, modifies дело","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b5-c5-s359","source":"Я ведь тебе сказал: мне бы только до тридцати лет дотянуть, а там — кубок об пол!","translation":"I told you, after all: I have only to last out to thirty, and then—the cup smashed on the floor!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне бы только до тридцати лет дотянуть","title":"Dative + «бы» + infinitive — softened wish","body":"«мне бы… дотянуть» — the dative «мне» plus «бы» plus a bare infinitive expresses a wished-for, hypothetical aim ('if I could just last out to thirty'). A common conversational irrealis pattern with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь тебе сказал","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'I told you, after all / you know'. It reminds Alyosha of something already said, the conversational glue Dostoevsky's dialogue runs on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кубок об пол","title":"«кубок об пол» — the cup smashed on the floor","body":"«кубок» is a goblet or large drinking-cup; «об пол» (об + accusative) = 'against the floor'. The verbless, telegraphic image — dash the cup down when life's wine is drunk — is Ivan's emblem for ending his thirst for life at thirty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of дотянуть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/optative","role":"marks the wish clause with дотянуть","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дотянуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"дотянуть","lemma":"дотянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the мне бы wish clause","gloss":"to last out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кубок","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the cup"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of об","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b5-c5-s360","source":"— А клейкие листочки, а дорогие могилы, а голубое небо, а любимая женщина!","translation":"“But the sticky little leaves, and the dear graves, and the blue sky, and the woman you love!”","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А клейкие листочки, а дорогие могилы","title":"Anaphoric appellative «а»","body":"The repeated «а» («а клейкие… а дорогие… а голубое… а любимая») strings together a rising appeal — 'but the… and the… and the…'. Here «а» is less contrast than insistent enumeration, each item a tug back toward life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"клейкие листочки","title":"«клейкие листочки» — the sticky little leaves","body":"«листочки» is the diminutive of «листья» (leaves), and «клейкие» = 'sticky' — the fresh, gummy new leaves of spring. The phrase is a leitmotif from Ivan's own earlier confession of his thirst for life; Alyosha throws it back as the tenderest argument against despair. The diminutive «-очк-» carries the affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клейкие","lemma":"клейкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies листочки","gloss":"sticky"},{"surface":"листочки","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little leaves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дорогие","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies могилы","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"могилы","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with листочки","gloss":"graves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"голубое","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with листочки","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любимая","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with листочки","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b5-c5-s361","source":"Как же жить-то будешь, чем ты любить-то их будешь? — горестно восклицал Алеша. — С таким адом в груди и в голове разве это возможно?","translation":"How, then, will you live, and with what will you love them? — Alyosha cried out in anguish. — With such a hell in your breast and in your head, is that even possible?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же жить-то будешь, чем ты любить-то их будешь?","title":"Compound future + clustered particles","body":"Both verbs are imperfective compound futures — «будешь жить», «будешь любить» — naming an ongoing future life, not a single act. The future of «быть» plus an imperfective infinitive is the imperfective's only way to point ahead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же … -то … -то","title":"A pile-up of emotive particles","body":"«же» after «как» sharpens the question to anguish («how on earth…»), while the colloquial clitic «-то» on «жить-то» and «любить-то» foregrounds each verb as the very thing in doubt. This dense particle texture is exactly how Dostoevsky renders agitated spoken Russian on the page."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем ты любить-то их будешь","title":"Instrumental «чем» — 'with what'","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of «что», asking by what means Ivan could love — the instrumental of instrument. The bare interrogative carries the case ending while «что» has no gender or number of its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"С таким адом в груди и в голове","title":"Prepositional of location","body":"«в груди», «в голове» are prepositional (locative) after «в» answering 'where', while «с таким адом» is instrumental of accompaniment after «с». A single clause threads two of «в»'s cases-by-meaning against the instrumental «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (enclitic emphasis)","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (enclitic emphasis)","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"in anguish"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of адом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"адом","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возможно","gloss":"a hell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возможно","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with груди","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"is it even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"possible"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b5-c5-s362","source":"Нет, именно ты едешь, чтобы к ним примкнуть… а если нет, то убьешь себя сам, а не выдержишь!","translation":"No — you are going precisely in order to join them… and if not, then you will kill yourself by your own hand, for you will not endure it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно ты едешь, чтобы к ним примкнуть","title":"«едешь» — unidirectional motion + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«едешь» is the unidirectional motion verb (going one way, by conveyance), here in a vivid quasi-future present; «чтобы примкнуть» gives the purpose with «чтобы» plus an infinitive, since the subject of going and of joining is the same Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а если нет, то убьешь себя сам, а не выдержишь","title":"«а если нет, то…» and the reflexive «себя»","body":"The contrastive «а» sets up a conditional 'and if not, then…'; «убьёшь себя» uses the reflexive object pronoun «себя» ('yourself'), which has no nominative and always points back to the subject. «сам» intensifies it — 'by your own hand'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"примкнуть","title":"«примкнуть» — to join, fall in with","body":"A perfective verb meaning to attach oneself to or side with a group — here, to throw in his lot 'with them'. It carries a faint military or factional flavour (closing ranks), heightening Alyosha's fear that Ivan will surrender to the corrupt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone, contradicting the previous line","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of едешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"едешь","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примкнуть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of примкнуть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"примкнуть","lemma":"примкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on едешь","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative)","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убьешь","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убьешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of убьешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержишь","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьешь","gloss":"will endure"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b5-c5-s363","source":"— Есть такая сила, что всё выдержит! — с холодною уже усмешкою проговорил Иван.","translation":"— There is a strength that will endure anything! — Ivan said, his smile already cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть такая сила, что всё выдержит","title":"«что» as relative after «такая»","body":"Here «что» is a bookish relative pronoun picking up «такая сила» ('such a strength that…'), and «выдержит» is a perfective simple future — a single decisive 'will endure'. The existential «есть» plus the demonstrative «такая» frames the strength as a known quantity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с холодною уже усмешкою","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«холодною … усмешкою» shows the literary instrumental feminine ending «-ою/-ею» (modern «-ой/-ей»), pervasive in 19th-c. prose for rhythm and elevation. The phrase is instrumental of manner — 'with an already cold little smile'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмешка","title":"«усмешка» — a smirk, not a smile","body":"Distinct from «улыбка» (a warm smile), «усмешка» is a sardonic, mocking, or bitter half-smile. The narrator's «холодною … усмешкою» marks Ivan retreating behind irony just as the conversation turns most serious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сила","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"a strength"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдержит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выдержит","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"выдержит","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying сила","gloss":"will endure"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешкою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"холодною","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкою","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies холодною","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"усмешкою","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b5-c5-s364","source":"— Какая сила?","translation":"— What strength?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая сила?","title":"«какая» — interrogative 'what kind'","body":"«какой/какая/какое» asks 'what kind of', agreeing like an adjective with «сила» (feminine). Alyosha's two-word echo seizes on Ivan's word «сила» and demands its content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сила","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b5-c5-s365","source":"— Карамазовская… сила низости карамазовской.","translation":"— The Karamazov kind… the strength of the Karamazov baseness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сила низости карамазовской","title":"Stacked genitive + post-posed adjective","body":"«низости» is genitive ('the strength OF baseness'), and «карамазовской» is a genitive feminine adjective placed after its noun for emphasis — 'of the Karamazov baseness'. Trailing the adjective and the abstract genitive together gives the phrase its brooding, self-defining weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"низость","title":"«низость» — baseness, vileness","body":"From «низкий» ('low'), «низость» is moral lowness — meanness, depravity. Ivan brands the family trait of sensual, unrestrained self-indulgence «карамазовская» — the 'Karamazov' baseness that, he claims, can endure anything precisely because it has sunk beneath shame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карамазовская","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"the Karamazov kind"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"низости","lemma":"низость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"of baseness"},{"surface":"карамазовской","lemma":"карамазовский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies низости","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b5-c5-s366","source":"— Это потонуть в разврате, задавить душу в растлении, да, да?","translation":"— You mean to drown in debauchery, to crush the soul under corruption — yes, is that it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это потонуть в разврате, задавить душу в растлении","title":"Infinitives as the predicate of «это»","body":"Two perfective infinitives — «потонуть» (to drown), «задавить» (to crush) — stand as the predicate after «это», a Russian way of glossing a phrase: 'This [means] to drown…, to crush…'. The locatives «в разврате», «в растлении» are prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разврат … растление","title":"«разврат» and «растление» — debauchery and corruption","body":"«разврат» is sexual/moral dissipation, libertinism; «растление» (literally 'rotting, decay', root «тлеть» 'to molder') is corruption that defiles and destroys — a graver, more biblical word for the soul's ruin. Pairing them escalates from indulgence to spiritual decay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, subject of elided значит","gloss":"this means"},{"surface":"потонуть","lemma":"потонуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate complement (infinitive)","gloss":"to drown"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разврате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разврате","lemma":"разврат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потонуть","gloss":"debauchery"},{"surface":"задавить","lemma":"задавить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with потонуть","gloss":"to crush"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задавить","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking растлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"растлении","lemma":"растление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задавить","gloss":"corruption"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats да for emphasis","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b5-c5-s367","source":"— Пожалуй, и это… только до тридцати лет, может быть, и избегну, а там…","translation":"— That too, perhaps… only up to the age of thirty I may yet escape it, and after that…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до тридцати лет … избегну","title":"«избегну» — perfective future + genitive complement","body":"«избегну» is the perfective simple future of «избегнуть» ('I shall escape it'), governing the genitive (the verb «избегать/избегнуть» takes a genitive object). «до тридцати лет» is genitive after «до» — 'up to thirty'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожалуй","title":"«пожалуй» — a conceding 'perhaps, I dare say'","body":"Here «пожалуй» is not a request but a modal word of grudging agreement — 'maybe so, I suppose'. It signals Ivan half-conceding Alyosha's grim picture while reserving an escape until thirty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes the previous topic","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies избегну","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition до, modifying избегну","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"избегну","lemma":"избегнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"I may escape"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, elliptical continuation","gloss":"after that"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b5-c5-s368","source":"— Как же избегнешь?","translation":"— How will you escape it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же избегнешь?","title":"«же» + perfective future","body":"«избегнешь» is the 2nd-person perfective future ('will you escape'); the particle «же» presses the question — 'but how will you escape?'. Alyosha repeats Ivan's own verb, demanding the mechanism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies избегнешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"избегнешь","lemma":"избегнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you escape"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b5-c5-s369","source":"Чем избегнешь?","translation":"By what means will you escape it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чем избегнешь?","title":"Instrumental «чем» — 'by what means'","body":"«чем», the instrumental of «что», asks by what instrument Ivan will escape. The bare one-word case form, set against the previous «как», presses the question from 'how' to 'by what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of избегнешь","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"избегнешь","lemma":"избегнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you escape"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b5-c5-s370","source":"Это невозможно с твоими мыслями.","translation":"With your way of thinking, it is impossible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это невозможно с твоими мыслями.","title":"Impersonal «невозможно» + instrumental «с мыслями»","body":"«невозможно» is an impersonal predicative ('it is impossible'), with no nominative subject — the bare «это» is the topic. «с твоими мыслями» is instrumental of accompaniment after «с», 'given your way of thinking'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твоими","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мыслями","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мыслями","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"way of thinking"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b5-c5-s371","source":"— Опять-таки по-карамазовски.","translation":"— Again, in the Karamazov fashion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Опять-таки по-карамазовски","title":"«опять-таки» and the adverb «по-карамазовски»","body":"«опять-таки» ('there again, once again') is a colloquial intensified 'again'. «по-карамазовски» is an adverb in the «по-…-ски» pattern — 'in the Karamazov way', the same frame as «по-русски» 'in Russian'. Ivan turns his own surname into a manner of being."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Опять","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the compound adverb with карамазовски","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"карамазовски","lemma":"карамазовски","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of по, forming по-карамазовски","gloss":"Karamazov fashion"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b5-c5-s372","source":"— Это чтобы «всё позволено»?","translation":"— You mean by way of 'everything is permitted'?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё позволено","title":"Impersonal 'всё позволено'","body":"«Всё позволено» ('everything is permitted') is an impersonal construction: «позволено» is the neuter short-form passive participle of «позволить», with no named agent. Russian uses such agentless neuter participles (cf. «сказано» 'it is said', «передано» 'it has been handed over') to state things as settled truths — exactly the tone of this famous Karamazov formula."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это чтобы «всё позволено»?","title":"Elliptical «это чтобы…»","body":"Alyosha compresses a whole question into 'Is this [so as to arrive at] \"everything is permitted\"?' — «чтобы» here trails off into the quoted slogan rather than a finite clause, a very speech-like ellipsis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory topic referring to the quote","gloss":"you mean"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"as in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is permitted"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b5-c5-s373","source":"Всё позволено, так ли, так ли?","translation":"Everything is permitted — is that so, is that it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ли, так ли?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» doubled","body":"«так ли?» uses the enclitic «ли» to make a neutral yes/no question — 'is it so?'. Doubling it gives an insistent, almost pleading reprise; «ли» is more literary and weighted than mere question intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the tag question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats так for emphasis","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"is it"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b5-c5-s374","source":"Иван нахмурился и вдруг странно как-то побледнел.","translation":"Ivan frowned, and suddenly, somehow strangely, went pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван нахмурился и вдруг странно как-то побледнел.","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and perfective chain","body":"«нахмурился» and «побледнел» are perfective past verbs moving the action forward in two beats — frowned, then went pale; «-ся» on «нахмурился» (from «хмуриться») marks a change-of-state middle, the face doing the action to itself. «как-то» softens the manner to 'somehow'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms как-то with то, modifies побледнел","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite)","role":"forms как-то with как","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нахмурился","gloss":"went pale"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b5-c5-s375","source":"— А, это ты подхватил вчерашнее словцо, которым так обиделся Миусов… и что так наивно выскочил и переговорил брат Дмитрий? — криво усмехнулся он. — Да, пожалуй: «всё позволено», если уж слово произнесено.","translation":"— Ah, so you have picked up that little phrase from yesterday, the one that so offended Miusov… and that brother Dmitri blurted out so naively and repeated? — he gave a wry smile. — Yes, perhaps: 'everything is permitted,' since the word has once been spoken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"словцо, которым так обиделся Миусов","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«которым» agrees with «словцо» (neuter) but takes the instrumental because «обидеться» ('to take offence') governs the instrumental of the thing one is offended by — 'the little word BY WHICH Miusov was so offended'. Case is set by the relative clause's own grammar, not the antecedent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словцо","title":"«словцо» — a 'little word', a pointed remark","body":"A diminutive of «слово» with the expressive suffix «-цо». It does not mean a small word but a choice, telling, slightly notorious phrase — a 'bon mot' or catchword. The diminutive lends an ironic, almost dismissive air to the slogan Dmitri tossed off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж слово произнесено","title":"Short passive participle «произнесено»","body":"«произнесено» is the neuter short-form past passive participle of «произнести» ('to utter') — 'since the word has [once] been spoken', a resultant state with no named speaker. «уж» (= «уже») adds a resigned 'once it's out, it's out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"opens the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with подхватил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словцо","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"словцо","lemma":"словцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подхватил","gloss":"little phrase"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обиделся","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиделся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"обиделся","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on словцо","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"Миусов","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обиделся","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выскочил, direct object of переговорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наивно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"наивно","lemma":"наивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочил","gloss":"naively"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on словцо","gloss":"blurted out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переговорил","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил and переговорил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"wryly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to подхватил","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the answer","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произнесено","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произнесено","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive произнесено","gloss":"the word"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позволено","gloss":"has been spoken"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b5-c5-s376","source":"Не отрекаюсь.","translation":"I do not renounce it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не отрекаюсь.","title":"Reflexive «отрекаться» + negation","body":"«отрекаюсь» (imperfective present, «-ся» reflexive) means 'I renounce/disavow', here negated: 'I do not renounce it'. The verb governs «от» + genitive, so the omitted object is understood. The bare one-word sentence drops the subject pronoun, supplied by the ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекаюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрекаюсь","lemma":"отрекаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I renounce"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b5-c5-s377","source":"Да и редакция Митенькина недурна.","translation":"And Mitya's wording of it is not bad either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"редакция Митенькина недурна","title":"Possessive adjective «Митенькина» + short adjective «недурна»","body":"«Митенькина» is a possessive adjective formed from the name ('Mitya's'), agreeing with «редакция» (fem.); «недурна» is a short-form adjective — predicative only — meaning 'is not bad'. The short form gives a crisp, judgmental verdict."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митенькина","title":"«Митенька» — the doubly-tender form of Dmitri","body":"Dmitri → Митя → Митенька climbs the affectionate ladder; «-енька» adds warmth or condescension. From cool, ironic Ivan, calling his brother's phrasing 'Mitya-dear's wording' carries a faintly patronising tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"редакция","title":"«редакция» — wording, version","body":"Beyond 'editorial office', «редакция» means a particular wording or redaction of a text. Ivan treats Dmitri's blunt outburst as one editorial 'version' of the formula — and judges it 'not bad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"редакция","lemma":"редакция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of недурна","gloss":"version"},{"surface":"Митенькина","lemma":"митенькин","morphology":"adjective (possessive), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies редакция","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"недурна","lemma":"недурной","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not bad"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b5-c5-s378","source":"Алеша молча глядел на него.","translation":"Alyosha gazed at him in silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша молча глядел на него.","title":"Imperfective «глядел» + gerund-like «молча»","body":"«глядел» is imperfective past — a sustained, ongoing gazing, not a completed glance. «молча» ('silently') is a frozen adverbial gerund from «молчать», fused into an adverb; it sets the still, wordless background against Ivan's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b5-c5-s379","source":"— Я, брат, уезжая, думал, что имею на всем свете хоть тебя, — с неожиданным чувством проговорил вдруг Иван, — а теперь вижу, что и в твоем сердце мне нет места, мой милый отшельник.","translation":"— As I was leaving, brother, I thought that in all the world I had at least you, — Ivan said suddenly, with unexpected feeling, — but now I see that in your heart, too, there is no place for me, my dear hermit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я, брат, уезжая, думал, что имею…","title":"Imperfective present gerund «уезжая»","body":"«уезжая» is the imperfective present gerund of «уезжать» — 'while leaving / as I was leaving', an attendant action sharing Ivan's subject. It nests inside «думал, что имею», where «что» reports a fact ('thought THAT I had')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в твоем сердце мне нет места","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет» + dative experiencer","body":"«нет места» — the existential «нет» forces its subject into the genitive ('there is no place'), and «мне» is a dative experiencer ('for me there is no place'). Three of Russian's signature impersonal patterns in one breath, framing Ivan's loneliness from the inside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отшельник","title":"«отшельник» — hermit, recluse","body":"A solitary religious ascetic who withdraws from the world (root «-шел-», 'gone away'). Ivan calls Alyosha «мой милый отшельник» — 'my dear hermit' — half-tender, half-mocking the novice's saintly remove from the worldly battle Ivan is waging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"уезжая","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on думал","gloss":"as I was leaving"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нет","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle (negative existential)","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отшельник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отшельник","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"отшельник","lemma":"отшельник","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Alyosha","gloss":"hermit"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b5-c5-s380","source":"От формулы «всё позволено» я не отрекусь, ну и что же, за это ты от меня отречешься, да, да?","translation":"From the formula 'everything is permitted' I will not renounce — well, and what of it: for that, will you renounce me, yes, will you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От формулы «всё позволено» я не отрекусь","title":"Fronted «от»-phrase + perfective future «отрекусь»","body":"Word order fronts the topic «от формулы…» ('from the formula') for emphasis before the verb; «отрекусь» is the perfective simple future ('I will not renounce'). «отречься» governs «от» + genitive, so «формулы» is genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за это ты от меня отречешься, да, да?","title":"Wordplay on «отречься» — renounce a thing vs. a person","body":"Ivan repeats «отречься» from formula to brother: 'I won't renounce IT — so will you renounce ME?'. The verb's «от» + genitive frame («от меня») makes the parallel exact and pointed; the doubled «да, да?» begs an answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking формулы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"формулы","lemma":"формула","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрекусь","gloss":"the formula"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive позволено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"modifies формулы (the quoted formula)","gloss":"is permitted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрекусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отрекусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отрекусь","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will renounce"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, topic of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отречешься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отречешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отречешься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отречешься","lemma":"отречься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрекусь","gloss":"will you renounce"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats да for emphasis","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b5-c5-s381","source":"Алеша встал, подошел к нему и молча тихо поцеловал его в губы.","translation":"Alyosha rose, went up to him, and silently, softly kissed him on the lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, подошел к нему и … поцеловал его в губы","title":"Prefixed motion + dative «к нему»","body":"«подошёл» is the perfective of prefixed «подходить/подойти» ('to approach'), the prefix «под-» adding direction; it governs «к» + dative («к нему», 'up to him'). A chain of three perfectives — rose, approached, kissed — narrates the wordless gesture in clean completed beats."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губы","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поцеловал","gloss":"the lips"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b5-c5-s382","source":"— Литературное воровство! — вскричал Иван, переходя вдруг в какой-то восторг, — это ты украл из моей поэмы!","translation":"— Literary theft! — Ivan exclaimed, falling suddenly into a kind of rapture, — you stole that from my poem!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскричал Иван, переходя вдруг в какой-то восторг","title":"Present gerund «переходя» of attendant action","body":"«переходя» (imperfective present gerund of «переходить») gives the simultaneous circumstance — 'exclaimed, passing suddenly into a kind of rapture'. The gerund shares Ivan's subject and layers a second action onto «вскричал» without a new clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это ты украл из моей поэмы","title":"Topic-fronted «это» + «из» + genitive","body":"Word order puts the accused deed first — 'THIS you stole'; «украл» is perfective past, and «из моей поэмы» is genitive after «из» ('out of my poem'). Ivan playfully accuses Alyosha of plagiarising the kiss from his own Grand Inquisitor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Литературное","lemma":"литературный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воровство","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"воровство","lemma":"воровство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"переходя","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходя","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"forms какой-то with то, determiner of восторг","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite)","role":"forms какой-то with какой","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходя","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поэмы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of поэмы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поэмы","lemma":"поэма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"poem"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b5-c5-s383","source":"Спасибо, однако.","translation":"Thank you, all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спасибо, однако.","title":"«однако» as a trailing 'all the same'","body":"Placed at the end, «однако» works as a soft adversative adverb — 'thank you, though / all the same'. Russian lets «однако» float to clause-final position where English would lead with 'however'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Спасибо","gloss":"all the same"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b5-c5-s384","source":"Вставай, Алеша, идем, пора и мне и тебе.","translation":"Get up, Alyosha, let us go; it is time, for me and for you alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вставай … идем … пора и мне и тебе","title":"Imperatives + impersonal «пора» with dative","body":"«вставай» is the imperative of imperfective «вставать» (a softer 'get up' than perfective «встань»); «идём» exhorts 'let's go'. «пора и мне и тебе» is impersonal — 'it is time, for me and for you both' — with dative experiencers «мне», «тебе» and no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вставай","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Вставай","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate, parallel clause to Вставай","gloss":"it is time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пора","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b5-c5-s385","source":"Они вышли, но остановились у крыльца трактира.","translation":"They went out, but stopped on the steps of the tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они вышли, но остановились у крыльца трактира.","title":"Prefixed motion «вышли» + genitive after «у»","body":"«вышли» (perfective of «выходить/выйти», prefix «вы-» 'out') and «остановились» (reflexive «-ся») narrate two completed moves; «у крыльца трактира» stacks two genitives after «у» — 'at the porch of the tavern'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышли","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крыльца","gloss":"of the tavern"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b5-c5-s386","source":"— Вот что, Алеша, — проговорил Иван твердым голосом, — если в самом деле хватит меня на клейкие листочки, то любить их буду, лишь тебя вспоминая.","translation":"— Here is the thing, Alyosha, — Ivan said in a firm voice, — if I really do have it in me to care for the sticky little leaves, then I shall love them only in remembering you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если в самом деле хватит меня на клейкие листочки","title":"Impersonal «хватит меня на…» — genitive of person","body":"«хватит меня на что-то» is an idiomatic impersonal: 'if there is enough OF me for…', the person in the genitive «меня» and the goal under «на» + accusative. It means 'if I have it in me' — Ivan doubting his own capacity to love life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любить их буду, лишь тебя вспоминая","title":"Compound future + present gerund «вспоминая»","body":"«буду любить» is the imperfective compound future (ongoing 'I shall love'), and «вспоминая» is a present gerund — 'only [while] remembering you', the condition under which alone he could love. The gerund again shares the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Вот (idiom Вот что = here's the thing)","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хватит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле = really)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле, modifies хватит","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"хватит","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"there is enough"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"genitive complement of хватит (of me)","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking листочки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"клейкие","lemma":"клейкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies листочки","gloss":"sticky little"},{"surface":"листочки","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хватит","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause (with буду)","gloss":"shall love"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying буду любить","gloss":"remembering"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b5-c5-s387","source":"Довольно мне того, что ты тут где-то есть, и жить еще не расхочу.","translation":"It is enough for me that you are here somewhere, and I shall not yet lose the will to live.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно мне того, что ты тут где-то есть","title":"Impersonal «довольно» + dative + genitive «того»","body":"«довольно» ('it is enough') is impersonal, with dative experiencer «мне» and a genitive «того» pointing forward to the «что»-clause — 'enough for me is THIS: that you are here somewhere'. The correlative «того, что…» is a bookish way to anchor a fact-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жить еще не расхочу","title":"Perfective future «расхочу» + «рас-» prefix","body":"«расхочу» is the perfective future of the rare «расхотеть» — the prefix «рас-» reverses «хотеть», so it means 'I shall un-want / lose the wish'. Negated: 'I shall not yet lose the will to live'. «-то» on «я-то» earlier and the «рас-» here show Russian's prefixal expressiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут где-то","title":"Indefinite «где-то» — 'somewhere'","body":"«где-то» pairs the locative «где» with the clitic «-то», marking a specific-but-unspecified place — 'somewhere out there'. It conveys that Ivan needs only the bare existence of Alyosha, no fixed whereabouts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence (it is enough)","gloss":"is enough"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of Довольно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Довольно, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-то (indefinite), modifies есть","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of где-то","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of расхочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхочу","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расхочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расхочу","lemma":"расхотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Довольно","gloss":"will lose the wish"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b5-c5-s388","source":"Довольно этого тебе?","translation":"Is that enough for you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Довольно этого тебе?","title":"Impersonal «довольно» + genitive + dative","body":"Same impersonal frame inverted into a question: «довольно этого тебе?» — 'is THIS (genitive «этого») enough for YOU (dative «тебе»)?'. The genitive of the thing measured and the dative of the person measured for are both governed by «довольно»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Довольно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of Довольно","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b5-c5-s389","source":"Если хочешь, прими хоть за объяснение в любви.","translation":"If you like, take it even as a declaration of love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если хочешь, прими хоть за объяснение в любви.","title":"Imperative «прими» + «за» + accusative","body":"«прими» is the perfective imperative of «принять» ('take/accept'); «за объяснение» is «за» + accusative meaning 'as / for' — 'take it [even] as a declaration of love'. The particle «хоть» softens to 'even, if you will'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объяснение в любви","title":"«объяснение в любви» — a declaration of love","body":"A set phrase: «объясниться в любви» is to declare one's love, and «объяснение в любви» is that declaration. Normally between lovers, Ivan turns it on his brother — an austere, ironic confession of fraternal love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"прими","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснение","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прими","gloss":"a declaration"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies объяснение","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b5-c5-s390","source":"А теперь ты направо, я налево — и довольно, слышишь, довольно.","translation":"And now you go to the right, I to the left — and that is enough, do you hear, enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты направо, я налево","title":"Verbless directional clauses","body":"Russian freely drops the motion verb when direction alone carries the sense — 'you [go] right, I [go] left'. «направо/налево» are directional adverbs answering 'whither'. The bareness gives the parting a clipped finality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышишь, довольно","title":"Insistent repetition + imperative interjection «слышишь»","body":"«слышишь» ('do you hear') functions as an insistent appeal, and the doubled «довольно» ('enough') hammers the dismissal. The imperfective present «слышишь» here is almost a particle of command."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of направо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical: go right)","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of налево","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel to направо (that's enough)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with довольно","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel to направо","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b5-c5-s391","source":"То есть, если я бы завтра и не уехал (кажется, уеду наверно) и мы бы еще опять как-нибудь встретились, то уже на все эти темы ты больше со мной ни слова.","translation":"That is to say, even if I were not to leave tomorrow (though I expect I shall surely go) and we were somehow to meet again, then on all these subjects you are not to say another word to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если я бы завtra и не уехал … и мы бы … встретились, то … ты больше со мной ни слова","title":"Conditional «бы» across the clause","body":"The hypothetical is built with the past-form verbs plus the mobile particle «бы» — «я бы … не уехал», «мы бы … встретились» — 'even if I were not to leave and we were to meet'. «бы» leans on the first stressed word, not the verb, which is why it sits early in each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты больше со мной ни слова","title":"Negative «ни» with an elided verb","body":"«ни слова» ('not a word') uses «ни» to intensify an understood negation — the verb is dropped but its «не» is felt: 'not [say] another word to me'. «ни» + genitive «слова» is the idiom for absolute silence on a topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уехал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional marker of уехал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle modifying уехал (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-conditional clause","gloss":"were to leave"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause (кажется, уеду наверно)","gloss":"I will leave"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уеду","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встретились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional marker of встретились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретились","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-нибудь (somehow), modifies встретились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix of как-нибудь","gloss":"[indefinite marker]"},{"surface":"встретились","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause, coordinated with уехал","gloss":"were to meet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темы","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of темы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of темы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"темы","lemma":"тема","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"topic phrase, object of на","gloss":"topics"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (not... anymore)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative particle with слова (not a word)","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of ни (emphatic negation)","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b5-c5-s392","source":"Настоятельно прошу.","translation":"I earnestly ask it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Настоятельно прошу.","title":"Subject-drop with «прошу»","body":"«прошу» (imperfective present, 1st sg.) drops «я» — the ending says 'I ask'. «настоятельно» ('insistently, earnestly') intensifies the plea. The two-word sentence is Ivan formalising the request he just made."}],"words":[{"surface":"Настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b5-c5-s393","source":"И насчет брата Дмитрия тоже, особенно прошу тебя, даже и не заговаривай со мной никогда больше, — прибавил он вдруг раздражительно, — всё исчерпано, всё переговорено, так ли?","translation":"And about brother Dmitri likewise — I ask you especially — do not so much as broach the subject with me ever again, — he added suddenly, with irritation, — it is all exhausted, all talked over, is it not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и не заговаривай со мной никогда больше","title":"Imperfective negative imperative + negative concord","body":"«не заговаривай» is an imperfective negative imperative — Russian uses the imperfective for prohibitions ('don't [ever] start talking'). Negative concord stacks «не … никогда» ('never … not'), one meaning from two negatives, with «даже и» piling on emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё исчерпано, всё переговорено","title":"Twin short passive participles","body":"«исчерпано» and «переговорено» are neuter short-form past passive participles ('is exhausted', 'is talked over'), each stating a result with no named agent. The parallel pair, both with subject «всё», seals the subject as closed."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"topic phrase modifying заговаривай","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the topic phrase (насчет брата)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговаривай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom даже и не (even so much as)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заговаривай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заговаривай","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прошу","gloss":"bring it up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговаривай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговаривай","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прошу","gloss":"he added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive исчерпано","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"исчерпано","lemma":"исчерпать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прибавил","gloss":"is exhausted"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive переговорено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"переговорено","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исчерпано","gloss":"is talked over"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the tag question (так ли?)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так (question particle)","gloss":"[question marker]"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b5-c5-s394","source":"А я тебе, с своей стороны, за это тоже одно обещание дам: когда к тридцати годам я захочу «бросить кубок об пол», то, где б ты ни был, я-таки приду еще раз переговорить с тобою… хотя бы даже из Америки, это ты знай.","translation":"And I, for my part, will give you one promise in return for this: when, toward the age of thirty, I come to want to 'dash the cup to the floor,' then, wherever you may be, I shall come once more to talk it over with you… even if it be all the way from America — be sure of that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда к тридцати годам я захочу «бросить кубок об пол»","title":"«когда» + perfective future for a future condition","body":"«захочу» is perfective future ('when I [come to] want'); Russian uses the future, not a present, after «когда» for a future-time condition. «к тридцати годам» is «к» + dative — 'toward thirty'. «бросить кубок об пол» governs «об» + accusative ('against the floor')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где б ты ни был, я-таки приду","title":"Concessive «где бы … ни» + emphatic «я-таки»","body":"«где б … ни был» is the 'wherever' concessive — «бы» (here clipped to «б») plus «ни» plus a past-form verb: 'wherever you may be'. «я-таки» fuses the pronoun with «-таки» ('after all, even so'), and «приду» is perfective future 'I will come'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom с своей стороны, modifies дам","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дам (in return for this)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обещание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies годам","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"годам","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of захочу","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"come to want"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"to throw"},{"surface":"кубок","lemma":"кубок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"the cup"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросить","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где б ты ни был (wherever)","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle in где...ни...был construction","gloss":"[subjunctive marker]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"concessive particle with где (wherever)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause (где б ты ни был)","gloss":"might be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (after то)","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of приду (once more)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"переговорить","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of приду","gloss":"to talk over"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы (even if)","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"[component]"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Америки","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Америки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Америки","lemma":"америка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, object of из (even from America)","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b5-c5-s395","source":"Нарочно приеду.","translation":"I will come on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нарочно приеду.","title":"Perfective future «приеду» + «нарочно»","body":"«приеду» is the perfective future of prefixed «приезжать/приехать» ('to arrive, by conveyance'), the prefix «при-» meaning arrival; «нарочно» ('on purpose, deliberately') fronts for emphasis. Subject «я» is dropped, carried by the ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приеду","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"приеду","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will come"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b5-c5-s396","source":"Очень интересно будет и на тебя поглядеть к тому времени: каков-то ты тогда будешь?","translation":"It will be most interesting, too, to take a look at you by that time: what sort of man will you be then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очень интересно будет … на тебя поглядеть","title":"Impersonal «интересно будет» + infinitive","body":"«интересно будет … поглядеть» is an impersonal predicative ('it will be interesting to take a look'), with the future of «быть» and a perfective infinitive «поглядеть» — its «по-» giving a brief, sampling 'have a look'. No nominative subject; the infinitive is the logical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каков-то ты тогда будешь?","title":"Predicative «каков» + clitic «-то»","body":"«каков» is the short predicative interrogative 'what (sort) is/will be', agreeing with «ты» — 'what sort of man will you be?'. The clitic «-то» here colours it with musing curiosity. «каков» is more bookish and predicative than attributive «какой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"интересно","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to интересно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on интересно","gloss":"to take a look"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будешь","gloss":"what sort"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attached to каков (emphatic)","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of будешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"will you be"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b5-c5-s397","source":"Видишь, довольно торжественное обещание.","translation":"You see, it is a rather solemn promise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно торжественное обещание","title":"«довольно» as a degree adverb","body":"Here «довольно» is not 'enough' but the degree adverb 'rather, fairly' modifying the adjective «торжественное» — 'a rather solemn promise'. The same word that meant 'enough!' a moment ago now means 'quite', a useful reading reminder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical: you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торжественное","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"торжественное","lemma":"торжественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обещание","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of elliptical clause (this is a solemn promise)","gloss":"a promise"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b5-c5-s398","source":"А в самом деле мы, может быть, лет на семь, на десять прощаемся.","translation":"And in truth we may, perhaps, be parting for seven or ten years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет на семь, на десять прощаемся","title":"Genitive plural after numerals + «на» for duration","body":"«лет» is the suppletive genitive plural of «год» used after numerals five and up ('seven, ten years'); «на семь … лет» uses «на» + accusative for an intended span — 'parting FOR seven [or] ten years'. «прощаемся» is reflexive «-ся» (reciprocal, 'we say goodbye to each other')."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying прощаемся (idiom: in truth)","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прощаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прощаемся (approximate duration)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет (parallel to семь)","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"прощаемся","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are parting"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b5-c5-s399","source":"Ну иди теперь к твоему Pater Seraphicus, ведь он умирает; умрет без тебя, так еще, пожалуй, на меня рассердишься, что я тебя задержал.","translation":"Well, go now to your Pater Seraphicus, for he is dying; should he die without you, you might even be angry with me for having kept you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иди теперь к твоему Pater Seraphicus, ведь он умирает","title":"Imperative «иди» + appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«иди» is the imperfective imperative of «идти» (go, on foot), governing «к» + dative; «ведь» ('after all, you know') appeals to shared knowledge — 'go now, for he IS dying, you know'. «умирает» is imperfective present, the dying as ongoing process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умрет без тебя, так … рассердишься, что я тебя задержал","title":"Conditional-by-juxtaposition + «что» of cause","body":"Two perfective futures «умрёт … рассердишься» chain a hypothesis without «если»: 'should he die …, then you'll be angry'. The «что я … задержал» clause gives the reason — 'angry THAT I kept you', «что» reporting the cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pater","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Pater","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Pater","lemma":"pater","morphology":"word","role":"oblique complement of иди","gloss":"Father","note":"Latin epithet 'Pater Seraphicus' (St. Francis of Assisi), invoked here for the dying elder Zosima."},{"surface":"Seraphicus","lemma":"seraphicus","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Pater","gloss":"Seraphic"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умирает (reason)","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умирает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умирает","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"reason clause (ведь он умирает)","gloss":"is dying"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of conditional clause (if he dies without you)","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of умрет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердишься","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердишься (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to рассердишься","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"рассердишься","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause (coordinated with умрет)","gloss":"will get angry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задержал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задержал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of задержал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"задержал","lemma":"задержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассердишься","gloss":"kept"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b5-c5-s400","source":"До свидания, целуй меня еще раз, вот так, и ступай…","translation":"Goodbye, kiss me once more, just so, and be off…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целуй меня еще раз, вот так, и ступай","title":"Imperfective imperatives «целуй» and «ступай»","body":"Both commands are imperfective — «целуй» ('kiss', from «целовать») invites the act as a gesture rather than a single completed «поцелуй», and «ступай» is an old, slightly folksy imperative 'go, be off'. «вот так» ('just so') guides the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания (idiom: goodbye)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до (idiom: goodbye)","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of целуй","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of целуй","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of целуй (like this)","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуй","gloss":"be off"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b5-c5-s401","source":"Иван вдруг повернулся и пошел своею дорогой, уже не оборачиваясь.","translation":"Ivan turned away abruptly and walked off along his own road, no longer looking back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иван вдруг повернулся и пошел … уже не оборачиваясь","title":"Inceptive «пошёл» + negated present gerund","body":"«повернулся» (reflexive «-ся») and «пошёл» (perfective, inceptive 'set off') drive the action; «не оборачиваясь» is a negated imperfective present gerund — 'no longer turning back', the lingering manner of his departure. The gerund again shares Ivan's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел своею дорогой","title":"Reflexive possessive «своею» (archaic ending)","body":"«своею дорогой» is instrumental of route ('along his own road'); «своею» is the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'his own', pointing back to the subject Ivan — in the bookish «-ою» instrumental ending. Using «свой» rather than «его» keeps the road his."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел (his own road)","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оборачиваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оборачиваясь","lemma":"оборачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"looking back"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b5-c5-s402","source":"Похоже было на то, как вчера ушел от Алеши брат Дмитрий, хотя вчера было совсем в другом роде.","translation":"It resembled the way brother Dmitri had left Alyosha the day before, though yesterday it had been altogether of another kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Похоже было на то, как вчера ушел … брат Дмитрий","title":"Impersonal «похоже было на то, как…»","body":"«похоже было на то, как…» is an impersonal comparison — 'it resembled how…', the correlative «на то» anchoring the «как»-clause. «ушёл» is perfective (prefixed «у-», 'away'). The whole frame has no nominative subject, only the neuter «похоже было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя вчера было совсем в другом роде","title":"Concessive «хотя» + «в другом роде»","body":"«хотя» ('although') opens a concessive clause; «в другом роде» is «в» + prepositional, an idiom meaning 'of a different kind/sort'. The contrast quietly recalls Dmitri's stormier parting the day before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Похоже","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of роде","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to роде","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (a different kind)","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b5-c5-s403","source":"Странное это замечаньице промелькнуло, как стрелка, в печальном уме Алеши, печальном и скорбном в эту минуту.","translation":"This strange little observation flickered like an arrow through Alyosha's sorrowing mind — sorrowing and grief-stricken in that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Странное это замечаньице промелькнуло, как стрелка","title":"Word order + simile «как стрелка»","body":"The adjective «странное» is fronted before «это замечаньице» for emphasis — 'this strange little observation'. «промелькнуло» is perfective ('flickered, flashed by'), and «как стрелка» ('like an arrow/needle') is a nominative simile after «как»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замечаньице","title":"«замечаньице» — a fleeting 'little observation'","body":"A single diminutive of «замечание» ('remark, observation') formed with the expressive suffix «-ице», stressing how slight and passing the thought is — a 'tiny little notice' that darts through the mind. The diminutive softens and miniaturises it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в печальном уме Алеши, печальном и скорбном","title":"Post-posed adjectives for rhetorical weight","body":"The adjectives «печальном и скорбном» are repeated and trailed after «уме» — 'in Alyosha's sorrowing mind — sorrowing and grief-stricken'. This bookish post-position, agreeing in prepositional case, adds lyric emphasis typical of literary Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of замечаньице","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"замечаньице","lemma":"замечаньице","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"little observation"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"comparison marker for стрелка (like)","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"стрелка","lemma":"стрелка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"an arrow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"печальном","lemma":"печальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло (in mind)","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"печальном","lemma":"печальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to уме (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорбном","lemma":"скорбный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with печальном","gloss":"grief-stricken"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying печальном/скорбном","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b5-c5-s404","source":"Он немного подождал, глядя вслед брату.","translation":"He waited a little, gazing after his brother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немного подождал, глядя вслед брату","title":"Present gerund «глядя» + dative «вслед брату»","body":"«подождал» is perfective ('waited a little', «по-» giving a bounded amount), while «глядя» is the imperfective present gerund 'gazing', the simultaneous circumstance. «вслед» governs the dative «брату» — 'after his brother'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подождал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подождал","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"подождал","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подождал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"брату","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядя","gloss":"his brother"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b5-c5-s405","source":"Почему-то заприметил вдруг, что брат Иван идет как-то раскачиваясь и что у него правое плечо, если сзади глядеть, кажется ниже левого.","translation":"For some reason he suddenly noticed that brother Ivan walked with a kind of sway, and that his right shoulder, seen from behind, seemed lower than the left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заприметил … что брат Иван идет … раскачиваясь","title":"«что»-report + present gerund «раскачиваясь»","body":"«заприметил, что…» reports a perceived fact with «что»; inside it «идёт … раскачиваясь» pairs the unidirectional motion verb with the imperfective present gerund of reflexive «раскачиваться» — 'walks … swaying', the manner of Ivan's gait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правое плечо … кажется ниже левого","title":"Comparative «ниже» + genitive of comparison","body":"«ниже» is the comparative of «низкий» ('lower'), and «левого» is genitive — the genitive of comparison, 'lower THAN the left'. Russian can express 'than X' simply by putting X in the genitive after a comparative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если сзади глядеть","title":"Infinitive in a conditional «если»-clause","body":"«если … глядеть» uses a bare infinitive for a generalised condition — 'if [one] looks from behind', no explicit subject. This impersonal infinitival 'if' is a compact, common Russian construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заприметил","gloss":"for some reason","note":"combines with the following particle 'то' to form the idiom 'for some reason'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with Почему","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"заприметил","lemma":"заприметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заприметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заприметил","gloss":"walks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскачиваясь","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with как","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"раскачиваясь","lemma":"раскачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on идет","gloss":"swaying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at","note":"'у него' + genitive is the possessive construction, literally 'at him', rendered as 'his'."},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"правое","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плечо","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядеть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядеть","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кажется","gloss":"one looks"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to идет","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of кажется","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"левого","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"the left"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b5-c5-s406","source":"Никогда он этого не замечал прежде.","translation":"Never before had he noticed this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда он этого не замечал прежде.","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«никогда … не замечал» is negative concord ('never … not [noticed]'), and the object «этого» stands in the genitive of negation rather than accusative — typical under a negated verb. Fronting «никогда» throws the emphasis onto the novelty of the observation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замечал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечал","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечал","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b5-c5-s407","source":"Но вдруг он тоже повернулся и почти побежал к монастырю.","translation":"But suddenly he, too, turned and almost ran toward the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он тоже повернулся и почти побежал к монастырю","title":"Inceptive «побежал» + dative «к монастырю»","body":"«побежал» is the perfective inceptive of «бежать» — 'broke into a run / started running', the «по-» marking the onset of motion; it governs «к» + dative «к монастырю» ('toward the monastery'). «повернулся» carries the reflexive «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b5-c5-s408","source":"Уже сильно смеркалось, и ему было почти страшно; что-то нарастало в нем новое, на что он не мог бы дать ответа.","translation":"It was already growing deeply dark, and he felt almost afraid; something new was rising within him, something he could not have given an answer for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему было почти страшно","title":"Dative-subject feeling «ему … страшно»","body":"A textbook dative-experiencer construction: «ему … страшно» — 'to him [it was] frightening', i.e. 'he felt afraid', with «было» as the neuter past copula and no nominative subject. This experiencer-first framing is how Dostoevsky voices inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то нарастало … новое, на что он не мог бы дать ответа","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + relative «на что» + «бы»","body":"«что-то … новое» ('something new', with specific-but-unknown «-то») is taken up by the relative «на что» governed by «дать ответ на» ('give an answer to'). «не мог бы дать» is conditional («бы») — 'could not have given an answer for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеркалось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеркалось","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"смеркалось","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of страшно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to страшно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of было","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нарастало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"нарастало","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеркалось","gloss":"was rising"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарастало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on новое","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"an answer"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b5-c5-s409","source":"Поднялся опять, как вчера, ветер, и вековые сосны мрачно зашумели кругом него, когда он вошел в скитский лесок.","translation":"The wind rose again, as it had the day before, and the ancient pines murmured darkly all around him as he entered the little wood of the hermitage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поднялся опять … ветер, и … сосны … зашумели … когда он вошел","title":"Inceptive «зашумели» + «когда»-clause","body":"«зашумели» is the inceptive perfective of «шуметь» — the «за-» marking the beginning of the noise ('began to murmur/rustle'); «поднялся» (reflexive) likewise. The «когда»-clause «когда он вошёл» (perfective «вошёл», prefix «в-» 'in') sets the moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вековые сосны","title":"«вековые» — age-old, centuries-old","body":"«вековой» (from «век», 'century/age') means ancient, of great age — 'centuries-old pines'. The word lends the hermitage wood a timeless, brooding gravity as Alyosha re-enters it in the dusk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поднялся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with вчера","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поднялся","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Поднялся","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вековые","lemma":"вековой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сосны","gloss":"age-old"},{"surface":"сосны","lemma":"сосна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of зашумели","gloss":"pines"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашумели","gloss":"darkly"},{"surface":"зашумели","lemma":"зашуметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поднялся","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on зашумели","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"скитский","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лесок","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"лесок","lemma":"лесок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"little wood"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b5-c5-s410","source":"Он почти бежал.","translation":"He was nearly running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он почти бежал.","title":"Imperfective «бежал» — sustained motion","body":"«бежал» is the imperfective (unidirectional) past of «бежать» — an ongoing 'was running', not the inceptive «побежал». The bare three-word sentence holds the running in mid-process, mirroring Alyosha's agitated state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежал","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was running"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b5-c5-s411","source":"«„Pater Seraphicus“ — это имя он откуда-то взял — откуда? — промелькнуло у Алеши. — Иван, бедный Иван, и когда же я теперь тебя увижу…","translation":"\"'Pater Seraphicus' — he got that name from somewhere — from where? — flickered through Alyosha's mind. — Ivan, poor Ivan, and when shall I ever see you again now…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это имя он откуда-то взял — откуда?","title":"Indefinite «откуда-то» vs. interrogative «откуда»","body":"«откуда-то» ('from somewhere', specific-but-unknown «-то») states the fact, and bare «откуда?» ('from where?') then questions it — the same root, indefinite then interrogative, in one breath of inner speech. «взял» is perfective ('took, got')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же я теперь тебя увижу","title":"«же» + perfective future «увижу»","body":"«увижу» is the perfective future of «увидеть» ('shall see [you]'); the particle «же» after «когда» charges the question with feeling — 'and WHEN shall I ever see you again now…'. The trailing thought is Alyosha's silent grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Pater","lemma":"pater","morphology":"word","role":"antecedent of имя, resumed by это (not a syntactic subject — имя is a noun, not a verb)","gloss":"Father","note":"Latin epithet for Father Zosima, echoing Goethe's Faust."},{"surface":"Seraphicus","lemma":"seraphicus","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Pater","gloss":"Seraphic"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"from somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with откуда","gloss":"indefinite marker"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to взял","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause framing the quoted thought (not parallel/coordinate with взял, which is embedded inside the quotation промелькнуло introduces)","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of увижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увижу","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall I see"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b5-c5-s412","source":"Вот и скит, господи!","translation":"Here is the hermitage, Lord!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот и скит, господи!","title":"Presentative «вот и» + vocative «господи»","body":"«вот и скит» uses the presentative «вот» plus «и» for arrival — 'here is the hermitage [at last]'. «господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('O Lord'), a survival of the old vocative case used in exclamation and prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular, interjection","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Lord!"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b5-c5-s413","source":"Да, да, это он, это Pater Seraphicus, он спасет меня… от него и навеки!»","translation":"Yes, yes, it is he, it is Pater Seraphicus, he will save me… from him, and forever!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он спасет меня… от него и навеки","title":"Perfective future «спасёт» + «от» + genitive","body":"«спасёт» is perfective future ('will save'); «от него» is «от» + genitive ('from him' — from Ivan), and «навеки» means 'forever'. The third-person pronoun takes the «н-» prefix after the preposition («от него»), and the elliptical «и навеки» trails the thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection affirming the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Да","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (with implied 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (with implied 'is')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Pater","lemma":"pater","morphology":"word","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"Pater"},{"surface":"Seraphicus","lemma":"seraphicus","morphology":"word","role":"depends on Pater","gloss":"Seraphicus"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасет, coordinated with от него","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b5-c5-s414","source":"Потом он с великим недоумением припоминал несколько раз в своей жизни, как мог он вдруг, после того как расстался с Иваном, так совсем забыть о брате Дмитрии, которого утром, всего только несколько часов назад, положил непременно разыскать и не уходить без того, хотя бы пришлось даже не воротиться на эту ночь в монастырь.","translation":"Afterward he recalled, with great bewilderment, several times in his life, how he could suddenly, after parting with Ivan, have so completely forgotten about brother Dmitri — whom that very morning, only a few hours before, he had resolved without fail to seek out and not to leave off until he had, even if it should mean not returning to the monastery for the night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мог он вдруг … так совсем забыть о брате Дмитрии","title":"Modal «мог» + perfective infinitive «забыть»","body":"«мог … забыть» pairs the imperfective past of «мочь» with the perfective infinitive «забыть» ('how he could … so completely forget'); «о брате Дмитрии» is «о» + prepositional, the case of the topic forgotten about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … положил непременно разыскать и не уходить","title":"Relative «которого» (accusative-genitive) + chained infinitives","body":"«которого» is the animate masculine accusative — looking like the genitive — object of «разыскать» ('whom he had resolved to seek out'). «положил» here means 'resolved/determined', governing the infinitives «разыскать … [и] не уходить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы пришлось даже не воротиться … в монастырь","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + impersonal «пришлось»","body":"«хотя бы … пришлось» is the concessive 'even if it should come to' — «хотя» with «бы» plus impersonal «пришлось» ('it would be necessary'), which takes a dative subject (here implied) and an infinitive. «воротиться» is an archaic/literary variant of «вернуться» ('to return')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разыскать … воротиться","title":"«разыскать» and «воротиться» — bookish flavour","body":"«разыскать» is to track down or seek out (the «раз-» implying a thorough search), stronger than plain «найти». «воротиться» is an older, slightly folksy/literary form of «вернуться» ('to come back'), common in 19th-c. prose — both lend the closing sentence a period texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"недоумением","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припоминал","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"припоминал","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of припоминал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of припоминал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"расстался","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыть","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрии","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брате","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (modifying брате Дмитрии)","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскать","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"разыскать","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of положил","gloss":"seek out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разыскать","gloss":"leave off"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришлось","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of пришлось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"пришлось","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he had to"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пришлось","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротиться","gloss":"the monastery"}]}]}