{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Пока еще очень неясная","translated":"For Awhile a Very Obscure One"},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c6","lines":168},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c6-s1","source":"А Иван Федорович, расставшись с Алешей, пошел домой, в дом Федора Павловича.","translation":"And Ivan Fyodorovich, having parted from Alyosha, set off home, to Fyodor Pavlovich's house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расставшись с Алешей","title":"Past gerund «расставшись»","body":"«Расставшись» is a perfective past gerund («деепричастие») from «расстаться» (to part). It names an action completed before the main verb «пошёл» — 'having parted, he set off' — and shares its subject, Ivan. The instrumental «с Алёшей» is governed by «расстаться»: one parts 'with' someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошёл домой","title":"Prefixed motion verb «пошёл»","body":"«Пошёл» is the perfective past of «пойти», the prefixed (по-) counterpart of «идти». The prefix marks the inception of a single trip — 'set off, set out on foot' — rather than habitual going, and pins the moment the journey home begins."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"расставшись","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective, singular","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying пошел","gloss":"having parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расставшись","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c6-s2","source":"Но странное дело, на него напала вдруг тоска нестерпимая и, главное, с каждым шагом, по мере приближения к дому, всё более и более нараставшая.","translation":"But a strange thing happened: an unbearable anguish suddenly fell upon him, and what was worse, it grew greater and greater with every step, the nearer he came to the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоска","title":"The word «тоска»","body":"«Тоска» is a famously untranslatable Russian noun: a heavy spiritual ache, anguish, or restless yearning with no clear object. We render it here as 'anguish,' but the Russian word covers a wider emotional band than any single English term. Watch how Dostoevsky stresses that Ivan cannot name the cause of his «тоска»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на него напала вдруг тоска","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Russian's free word order lets the experiencer «на него» (onto him) and the verb «напала» (fell upon) come before the grammatical subject «тоска», which lands last as the new, weighty information. The anguish thus arrives as a sudden event befalling Ivan, mirroring how it ambushes him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нараставшая","title":"Past active participle «нараставшая»","body":"«Нараставшая» is an imperfective past active participle from «нарастать» (to grow, mount), agreeing in feminine singular with «тоска». It condenses a whole который-clause — 'which kept growing' — into one modifier, and its imperfective stem renders the swelling as an ongoing process, intensified by «всё более и более» (more and more)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по мере приближения","title":"«по мере» — 'in proportion as'","body":"«По мере» plus the genitive «приближения» (approach) is a bookish set phrase meaning 'in proportion as, the nearer'. It threads the growth of the anguish to the shrinking distance to the house — a measured, almost mathematical idiom typical of the narrator's reflective register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, comments on the sentence","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"напала","lemma":"напасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of напала","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"нестерпимая","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, emphasizes what follows","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шагом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"шагом","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нараставшая","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приближения","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"приближения","lemma":"приближение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по мере","gloss":"nearing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приближения","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нараставшая","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"нараставшая","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, nominative, singular, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying тоска","gloss":"growing"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c6-s3","source":"Не в тоске была странность, а в том, что Иван Федорович никак не мог определить, в чем тоска состояла.","translation":"The strangeness lay not in the anguish itself, but in the fact that Ivan Fyodorovich could not at all make out wherein the anguish consisted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в тоске была странность, а в том","title":"Contrastive «не… а…»","body":"The frame «не в тоске… а в том, что…» ('not in the anguish… but in the fact that…') uses «а», the mild contrastive conjunction that corrects rather than merely opposes. Fronting the negated phrase «не в тоске» for emphasis, the sentence redirects the reader from the obvious to the real point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не мог определить","title":"Negative concord with «никак»","body":"«Никак… не мог» pairs the ни-adverb «никак» ('in no way, not at all') with the obligatory verbal negator «не» — Russian's required double negation. The two negatives reinforce a single emphatic 'could not in the least make out', heightening Ivan's helplessness before his own feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чём тоска состояла","title":"Indirect question «в чём»","body":"«В чём» is the prepositional of the interrogative «что», embedded as an indirect question after «определить» — literally 'in what the anguish consisted'. The verb «состоять в» (to consist in) governs «в» plus the prepositional, the case used only after a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тоске","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоске","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of была","gloss":"the anguish"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тоске","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"странность","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the strangeness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"determine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"the anguish"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of определить","gloss":"consisted"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c6-s4","source":"Тосковать ему случалось часто и прежде, и не диво бы, что пришла она в такую минуту, когда он завтра же, порвав вдруг со всем, что его сюда привлекло, готовился вновь повернуть круто в сторону и вступить на новый, совершенно неведомый путь, и опять совсем одиноким, как прежде, много надеясь, но не зная на что, многого, слишком многого ожидая от жизни, но ничего не умея сам определить ни в ожиданиях, ни даже в желаниях своих.","translation":"It was nothing new for him to feel such anguish, and it would have been no wonder had it come at such a moment, when, on the morrow, breaking abruptly with everything that had drawn him here, he was preparing to turn sharply aside once more and step onto a new, wholly unknown path — alone again, as before, hoping much yet not knowing for what, expecting much, too much, of life, while himself unable to define anything, neither in his expectations nor even in his desires.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тосковать ему случалось","title":"Impersonal «случалось» with dative","body":"This is a subjectless, experiencer-first construction: «ему» (to him, dative) plus the impersonal «случалось» (it happened, it befell) plus the infinitive «тосковать» — 'it had often happened to him to feel anguish'. The dative names the one to whom things occur, a pattern Dostoevsky favours for inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не диво бы, что пришла","title":"Conditional «бы» without «если»","body":"«Не диво бы» ('it would be no wonder') uses the irrealis particle «бы» to mark a hypothetical with no overt «если» — 'it would have been no wonder had it come'. The same «бы» logic governs the following clause; the construction softens the statement into a counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"порвав вдруг со всем","title":"Gerund chain «порвав… надеясь… ожидая…»","body":"The long sentence is built on a chain of gerunds («деепричастия»): the perfective «порвав» (having broken) for the completed rupture, then a run of imperfective «надеясь, ожидая, не зная, не умея» (hoping, expecting, not knowing, unable) for the simultaneous states. Such dense gerund stacking is a hallmark of 19th-century literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни в ожиданиях, ни даже в желаниях своих","title":"Correlative «ни… ни…»","body":"«Ни… ни…» ('neither… nor…') intensifies the preceding negation «ничего… не умея определить», keeping negative concord across the whole phrase. The reflexive possessive «своих» refers the desires back to the clause's own subject, Ivan — 'his own'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неведомый","title":"«неведомый» — 'unknown, unbeknownst'","body":"«Неведомый» is an elevated, slightly archaic word for 'unknown', built on the old root «ведать» (to know). Loftier than plain «незнакомый» or «неизвестный», it lends the 'wholly unknown path' a fated, almost solemn colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тосковать","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal subject of случалось","gloss":"to feel anguish"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of случалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to happen"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with часто","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies диво","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"диво","lemma":"диво","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with случалось","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks диво as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of диво","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of готовился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готовился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовился","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"порвав","lemma":"порвать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on готовился","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порвав","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of порвав","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of привлекло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привлекло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлекло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"привлекло","lemma":"привлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"готовился","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернуть","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"повернуть","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готовился","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернуть","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернуть","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вступить","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернуть","gloss":"to step"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неведомый","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"неведомый","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with новый","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступить","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиноким","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиноким","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"одиноким","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicative, coordinated with надеясь","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of одиноким","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надеясь","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"надеясь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with одиноким","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеясь","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зная","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многий","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидая","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многого","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"многого","lemma":"многий","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with многого","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеясь","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидая","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of определить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умея","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надеясь","gloss":"being able"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies определить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умея","gloss":"to define"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожиданиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожиданиях","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of определить","gloss":"expectations"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желаниях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желаниях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"желаниях","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with ожиданиях","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies желаниях","gloss":"own"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c6-s5","source":"И все-таки в эту минуту, хотя тоска нового и неведомого действительно была в душе его, мучило его вовсе не то.","translation":"And yet at that moment, although the anguish of the new and the unknown truly was in his soul, it was not that at all that tormented him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучило его вовсе не то","title":"Impersonal «мучило» + «не то»","body":"«Мучило» is a neuter impersonal past — 'it tormented him' — whose notional subject is the vague «не то» ('not that [thing]') placed emphatically last. The construction leaves the tormentor unnamed, exactly the point: what plagues Ivan is precisely what he cannot identify."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя тоска… была в душе","title":"Concessive «хотя»","body":"«Хотя» ('although') opens a concessive subordinate clause, set off by commas, conceding that the anguish of the unknown truly was present before the main clause overturns it. The subordinator structures the sentence's logic of 'granted X, yet Y'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part 1)","role":"modifies мучило","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part 2)","role":"part of phrase все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучило","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"of the new"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неведомого","lemma":"неведомый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нового","gloss":"of the unknown"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мучило","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c6-s6","source":"«Уж не отвращение ли к родительскому дому? — подумал он про себя. — Похоже на то, до того опротивел, и хоть сегодня я в последний раз войду за этот скверный порог, а все-таки противно…»","translation":"\"Can it really be revulsion at my father's house?\" he thought to himself. \"It looks like it — so loathsome has it grown; and though tonight I cross this vile threshold for the last time, it is repugnant all the same…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не отвращение ли","title":"Tentative question «не… ли»","body":"The frame «Уж не… ли?» fronts the focused word «отвращение» and follows it with the interrogative enclitic «ли» to form a hesitant yes/no question — 'Can it really be revulsion?'. The particle «уж» adds a note of dawning suspicion. This is Ivan's interior voice testing a hypothesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал он про себя","title":"«про себя» with reflexive «себя»","body":"«Про себя» ('to himself, inwardly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the subject for any person and has no nominative form. The idiom marks the words as unspoken thought rather than speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опротивел","title":"«опротиветь» — 'to grow loathsome'","body":"«Опротивел» is the perfective of «опротиветь», 'to become repugnant/loathsome (to someone)'. The thing that becomes hateful is the subject, the person who finds it so goes in the dative; here Ivan supplies it implicitly. The verb belongs to the same expressive family as «противно» that closes the sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за этот скверный порог","title":"Crossing the «порог» (threshold)","body":"«Войти за порог» — to step across the threshold — is idiomatic, with «за» plus accusative marking motion behind/over the sill. «Скверный» ('vile, foul') is a strong word for moral as well as physical squalor; the threshold of the father's house carries the symbolic weight of all Ivan loathes there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвращение","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвращение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase, predicate noun","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"I wonder"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"родительскому","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дому","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"дому?","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвращение","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quote","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя.","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опротивел","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"опротивел","lemma":"опротиветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Похоже","gloss":"has grown loathsome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies войду","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войду","gloss":"tonight"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of войду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войду","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"I will step"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порог","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of порог","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скверный","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порог","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"порог","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войду","gloss":"threshold"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part 1)","role":"modifies противно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"adverb (part 2)","role":"part of phrase все-таки","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"противно","lemma":"противно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Похоже","gloss":"repugnant"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c6-s7","source":"Но нет, и это не то.","translation":"But no, that was not it either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и это не то","title":"Zero copula with «не то»","body":"Russian uses no present-tense 'to be': «и это не то» is literally 'and this — not that', the negated equation stated without a verb. The terse, copula-less line punctuates Ivan's process of elimination as he rejects each candidate cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, linked to то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c6-s8","source":"Уж не прощание ли с Алешей и бывший с ним разговор: «Столько лет молчал со всем светом и не удостоивал говорить, и вдруг нагородил столько ахинеи».","translation":"Could it be the parting from Alyosha, and the conversation he had just had with him: \"So many years I held my tongue before all the world and did not deign to speak, and now of a sudden I have piled up such a heap of nonsense.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж не прощание ли","title":"Another «не… ли» surmise","body":"The interior monologue continues its run of tentative «Уж не… ли?» questions, here testing whether the parting from Alyosha is the cause. The verbless construction (no copula) leaves it a bare hypothesis hanging in Ivan's mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нагородил столько ахинеи","title":"«нагородить ахинеи» — to pile up nonsense","body":"«Ахинея» is colloquial for 'rubbish, gibberish, nonsense'; «нагородить» (perfective, with the prefix на- of 'piling up a quantity') means to heap it up. The genitive «ахинеи» is partitive after this 'amass' verb. The brusque, self-mocking phrase belongs to Ivan's own scornful voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не удостоивал говорить","title":"«удостоивать» — to deign","body":"«Удостоивать/удостоить» means 'to deem worthy, to deign, to grant the honour of'. Negated here — «не удостоивал говорить», 'did not deign to speak' — it conveys Ivan's haughty self-image of long, proud silence before the world, now wryly punctured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощание","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прощание","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прощание","lemma":"прощание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"parting"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"I wonder"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прощание","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective (participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прощание","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"Столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I kept silent"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of светом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"светом","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчал","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоивал","lemma":"удостоивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"deigned"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of удостоивал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагородил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нагородил","lemma":"нагородить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"piled up"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"quantifier, accusative","role":"depends on ахинеи","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ахинеи","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагородил","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c6-s9","source":"В самом деле, это могла быть молодая досада молодой неопытности и молодого тщеславия, досада на то, что не сумел высказаться, да еще с таким существом, как Алеша, на которого в сердце его несомненно существовали большие расчеты.","translation":"Indeed, it might have been the youthful vexation of youthful inexperience and youthful vanity — vexation at not having managed to speak his mind, and that too with such a being as Alyosha, on whom in his heart he had undoubtedly built great expectations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это могла быть молодая досада","title":"Predicate instrumental absent: nominative complement","body":"Note that «молодая досада» stands in the nominative as the complement of «могла быть» — a permissible nominative predicate when the subject is the bare demonstrative «это». Contrast the more usual instrumental after «быть»; here the identity-equation reading keeps the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"досада","title":"«досада» — vexation, chagrin","body":"«Досада» is annoyance mixed with self-reproach and frustrated pride — 'vexation, chagrin'. The threefold «молодая… молодой… молодого» (youthful inexperience, youthful vanity) hammers the diagnosis: this is the petulance of a proud young man who failed to say what he meant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которого… существовали большие расчёты","title":"Relative «которого»","body":"«На которого» is the relative pronoun «который» in the accusative governed by «на», agreeing not with the neuter «существо» (which would give «которое») but with «Алёша» (masculine, animate) in «с таким существом, как Алеша» — hence masculine «которого» — and taking the case its own clause demands. The idiom «расчёты на кого-то» means 'expectations/designs upon someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying могла (idiom: indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могла, copula to досада","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies досада","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"досада","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неопытности","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"неопытности","lemma":"неопытность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies досада","gloss":"inexperience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тщеславия","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"тщеславия","lemma":"тщеславие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неопытности","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"досада","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with досада, restates it","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies досада","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to express himself"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существом","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"существом","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высказаться","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"compares существом to Алеша","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существом","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of существовали","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существовали","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"существовали","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by которого","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies расчеты","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"расчеты","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of существовали","gloss":"expectations"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c6-s10","source":"Конечно, и это было, то есть эта досада, даже непременно должна была быть, но и это было не то, всё не то.","translation":"Of course that was there too — that is, the vexation — it even necessarily had to be there; yet that was not it either, none of it was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно должна была быть","title":"Past necessity «должна была быть»","body":"«Должна была быть» layers the modal «должна» (must, ought) with past «была» and the infinitive «быть» — 'it even necessarily had to be there'. «Должна» agrees in feminine with «досада». The adverb «непременно» ('without fail') intensifies the logical compulsion Ivan grants the vexation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но и это было не то, всё не то","title":"Refrain «не то»","body":"The chapter's leitmotif «не то» ('not that') returns, now doubled with «всё не то» ('none of it'). The insistent verbless repetition enacts Ivan's circling, eliminative thinking — every named cause is granted and then dismissed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies было","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part 1)","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part 2)","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of досада","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"досада","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должна","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to то","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of то","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of всё","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c6-s11","source":"«Тоска до тошноты, а определить не в силах, чего хочу. Не думать разве…»","translation":"\"Anguish to the point of nausea, and I have no power to define what it is I want. Best not to think, perhaps…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тоска до тошноты","title":"«до тошноты» — to the point of nausea","body":"«До тошноты» literally 'to nausea', the construction «до» plus genitive marking the extreme degree reached. The near-pun on «тоска / тошнота» (anguish / nausea) binds spiritual ache to physical sickness — Ivan's anguish has become bodily revulsion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"определить не в силах","title":"«не в силах» — powerless to","body":"«Не в силах» is a fixed predicative phrase, 'not in (one's) powers, unable', taking an infinitive — 'I have no power to define'. With no copula and the subject merely implied, it reads as a clipped interior cry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не думать разве","title":"Particle «разве»","body":"«Разве» here is a tentative, deliberative particle — 'perhaps, what if, might one not?' — softening «не думать» into a half-resolution: 'Best not to think, perhaps…'. Such modal particles carry the texture of Russian inner speech that English can only render with added words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Anguish"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тошноты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тошноты","lemma":"тошнота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Тоска","gloss":"nausea"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"определить","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of силах","gloss":"to define"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom не в силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate noun (idiom: unable)","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause, complement of определить","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"perhaps"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c6-s12","source":"Иван Федорович попробовал было «не думать», но и тем не мог пособить.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich tried \"not to think,\" but that did not help him either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попробовал было","title":"The particle «было» of the abandoned attempt","body":"«Было» after a perfective past marks an action begun or attempted but cut short or undone — 'tried to… but'. «Попробовал было „не думать“» means he set about not-thinking and failed; «было» is the special signal that the effort came to nothing, picked up at once by «но… не мог пособить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пособить","title":"«пособить» — to help (folksy)","body":"«Пособить» is a colloquial, slightly folk-flavoured variant of «помочь» (to help). Here intransitive — 'but that did not help' — it lends the narration a homely Russian tinge against the abstract introspection around it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попробовал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"попробовал","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks попробовал as an attempted action","gloss":"did try"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попробовал","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пособить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with попробовал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"пособить","lemma":"пособить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c6-s13","source":"Главное, тем она была досадна, эта тоска, и тем раздражала, что имела какой-то случайный, совершенно внешний вид; это чувствовалось.","translation":"Most of all, this anguish was vexing, and irritating, precisely because it had some chance, wholly external air about it; that was how it felt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем она была досадна… что","title":"Correlative «тем… что»","body":"The structure «тем… что» ('vexing precisely in that…') uses the instrumental «тем» as a correlative pointing forward to the «что»-clause that gives the reason. «Досадна» and «раздражала» share this single explanatory tail — the anguish galled because it wore a chance, external air."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это чувствовалось","title":"Reflexive-passive «чувствовалось»","body":"«Чувствовалось» is the reflexive «-ся» form of «чувствовать» (to feel) used impersonally — 'it was felt, that was how it felt'. The «-ся» here drains the verb of an agent, making the feeling something that simply registered of itself, without a feeler named."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies была досадна","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with что-clause, modifies досадна","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of досадна","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to досадна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"досадна","lemma":"досадный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"vexing"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоска","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with что-clause, modifies раздражала","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"раздражала","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with досадна","gloss":"was irritating"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имела","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of раздражала","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular (part 1)","role":"determiner of вид","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner (part 2)","role":"part of phrase какой-то","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случайный","lemma":"случайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внешний","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"внешний","lemma":"внешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with случайный","gloss":"external"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чувствовалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувствовалось","lemma":"чувствоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was felt"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c6-s14","source":"Стояло и торчало где-то какое-то существо или предмет, вроде как торчит что-нибудь иногда пред глазом, и долго, за делом или в горячем разговоре, не замечаешь его, а между тем видимо раздражаешься, почти мучаешься, и наконец-то догадаешься отстранить негодный предмет, часто очень пустой и смешной, какую-нибудь вещь, забытую не на своем месте, платок, упавший на пол, книгу, не убранную в шкаф, и проч., и проч.","translation":"Somewhere there stood and stuck out some being or object, the way something will sometimes jut before your eye, and for a long time, busy with work or in the heat of conversation, you do not notice it, yet all the while you are plainly irritated, almost tormented, until at last you think to remove the offending object — often something quite trivial and absurd, some thing left out of its proper place, a handkerchief dropped on the floor, a book not put back in the cupboard, and so on, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стояло и торчало где-то какое-то существо","title":"Verb-first existential, subject last","body":"The sentence opens with the verbs «стояло и торчало» (stood and stuck out) and delays the subject «какое-то существо или предмет» to the end — the new, indefinite thing. This verb-first, subject-last order presents the nagging object as it dawns: action first, identity withheld."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не замечаешь… раздражаешься… догадаешься","title":"Generalising second-person «ты»","body":"The verbs shift to a generic second-person singular («не замечаешь, раздражаешься, догадаешься») with no pronoun — the impersonal 'you' that states a universal experience, like English 'you don't notice it'. The «-ся» of «раздражаешься, мучаешься» is the middle/reflexive 'become irritated, torment oneself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"торчит","title":"«торчать» — to stick/jut out","body":"«Торчать» means to protrude, jut, stick out conspicuously — and figuratively to 'hang about' annoyingly. Its repetition («стояло и торчало… торчит») fixes the image of something obtrusive lodged just at the edge of attention, the perfect figure for Ivan's half-conscious irritant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"книгу, не убранную в шкаф","title":"Past passive participle «не убранную»","body":"«Не убранную» is a past passive participle (from perfective «убрать», to put away) in the long form, accusative feminine to agree with «книгу» — 'a book not put away into the cupboard'. Such participles let Russian pack 'which had not been put away' into a single agreeing word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торчало","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стояло","gloss":"stuck out"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-то, modifies Стояло/торчало","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-то (indefinite marker)","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существо (part of какое-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какое-то, determiner of существо","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Стояло/торчало","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with существо","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative clause of торчит","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase вроде как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"торчит","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by вроде как","gloss":"juts"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of торчит (part of что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-нибудь, modifies что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торчит","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торчит","gloss":"your eye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечаешь","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of замечаешь, coordinated with разговоре","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячем","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"heated"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of замечаешь, coordinated with делом","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечаешь","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of this clause","gloss":"you notice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замечаешь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of между тем, preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of между тем, oblique complement of раздражаешься","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"между тем is a fixed idiom meaning 'all the while'."},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражаешься","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"раздражаешься","lemma":"раздражаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of this clause","gloss":"you grow irritated"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучаешься","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"мучаешься","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздражаешься","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of наконец-то, modifies догадаешься","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of наконец-то (emphatic), modifies наконец","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"догадаешься","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражаешься/мучаешься","gloss":"you think to"},{"surface":"отстранить","lemma":"отстранить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of догадаешься","gloss":"remove"},{"surface":"негодный","lemma":"негодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"offending"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отстранить","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустой","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустой","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"пустой","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition modifying предмет","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пустой, modifies предмет","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вещь (part of какую-нибудь)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какую-нибудь, modifies вещь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"apposition to предмет","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"забытую","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вещь","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на своем месте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забытую","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to предмет, coordinated with вещь","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"упавший","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying платок","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упавший","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"apposition to предмет, coordinated with платок","gloss":"a book"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убранную","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убранную","lemma":"убрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying книгу","gloss":"put back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкаф","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкаф","lemma":"шкаф","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убранную","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular (abbreviation)","role":"coordinated in the closing list","gloss":"so on","note":"проч. abbreviates прочее, the 'etc.' of the closing formula и проч., и проч."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular (abbreviation)","role":"coordinated with the first проч","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c6-s15","source":"Наконец Иван Федорович в самом скверном и раздраженном состоянии духа достиг родительского дома и вдруг, примерно шагов за пятнадцать от калитки, взглянув на ворота, разом догадался о том, что его так мучило и тревожило.","translation":"At last Ivan Fyodorovich, in a most foul and irritated frame of mind, reached his father's house, and suddenly, about fifteen paces from the wicket-gate, glancing at the gate, he grasped all at once what it was that so tormented and disturbed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянув на ворота, разом догадался","title":"Perfective gerund «взглянув»","body":"«Взглянув» is a perfective past gerund (from «взглянуть», to glance) naming the brief completed act just before the main verb «догадался» (grasped) — 'glancing at the gate, he grasped all at once'. The gerund times the realization precisely to the look."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагов за пятнадцать","title":"Approximation by inversion: «шагов за пятнадцать»","body":"Placing the genitive-plural noun «шагов» before the numeral «пятнадцать» signals approximation — 'about fifteen paces' — a standard Russian device where word order alone means 'roughly'. The genitive plural «шагов» follows the numeral fifteen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достиг","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достиг","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies скверном","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"скверном","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздраженном","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скверном","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of достиг","gloss":"frame"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"достиг","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"родительского","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of достиг (genitive-governing verb)","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial complement (distance) modifying взглянув","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятнадцать","gloss":"or so","note":"шагов за пятнадцать is an approximation idiom, 'some fifteen paces or so'."},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies шагов","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"калитки","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагов","gloss":"the wicket-gate"},{"surface":"взглянув","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on догадался","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of взглянув","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with достиг","gloss":"he grasped"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тревожило","lemma":"тревожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучило","gloss":"disturbed"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c6-s16","source":"На скамейке у ворот сидел и прохлаждался вечерним воздухом лакей Смердяков, и Иван Федорович с первого взгляда на него понял, что и в душе его сидел лакей Смердяков и что именно этого-то человека и не может вынести его душа.","translation":"On the bench by the gate sat the lackey Smerdyakov, taking the cool of the evening air, and at the first glance at him Ivan Fyodorovich understood that the lackey Smerdyakov was sitting in his soul as well, and that it was precisely this man whom his soul could not endure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидел и прохлаждался… лакей Смердяков","title":"Verb-first, subject-last reveal","body":"Again the verbs «сидел и прохлаждался» precede the subject «лакей Смердяков», so the figure on the bench is unveiled last — the very thing that was nagging Ivan. The order stages the discovery rather than merely reporting it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно этого-то человека и не может вынести","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «именно… и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «этого-то» plus «именно… и» triple-marks the focus: 'it was precisely this man whom…'. The accusative «этого… человека» shows animacy borrowing the genitive form, and the «и» before the verb is the emphatic 'the very one that' construction, not 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамейке","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of скамейке","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прохлаждался","lemma":"прохлаждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"cooling himself with"},{"surface":"вечерним","lemma":"вечерний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздухом","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"воздухом","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прохлаждался","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to лакей","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляда","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляда","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидел (emphatic 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the lackey"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to лакей","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого-то человека","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека (part of этого-то)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of этого-то (emphatic), modifies этого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынести (fronted)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не может (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c6-s17","source":"Всё вдруг озарилось и стало ясно.","translation":"Everything suddenly lit up and became clear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озарилось и стало ясно","title":"Inceptive «-ся» and «стало ясно»","body":"«Озарилось» is the reflexive/middle «-ся» form (from «озарить», to illumine) — 'lit up' of itself, intransitive. It pairs with the impersonal «стало ясно» ('it became clear'), where «стать» plus a short neuter adjective marks the onset of a state. Two short verbs catch the instant flash of understanding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of озарилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"озарилось","lemma":"озариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with озарилось","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c6-s18","source":"Давеча, еще с рассказа Алеши о его встрече со Смердяковым, что-то мрачное и противное вдруг вонзилось в сердце его и вызвало в нем тотчас же ответную злобу.","translation":"Earlier that evening, ever since Alyosha's account of his meeting with Smerdyakov, something dark and repellent had suddenly pierced his heart and at once roused an answering rancour in him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago, earlier","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, now archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It belongs to the folk-tinged narrative voice and sets the flashback — 'earlier that evening, ever since Alyosha's account…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вонзилось в сердце… и вызвало","title":"Perfective past pair of events","body":"«Вонзилось» and «вызвало» are perfective pasts strung in sequence — 'pierced his heart and roused'. Perfective aspect moves the narrative forward event by event; the «-ся» on «вонзилось» (from «вонзиться») gives the intransitive 'lodged itself, pierced in'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ответную злобу","title":"«злоба» — rancour, spite","body":"«Злоба» is active malice, spite, rancour — stronger and more inward than mere anger. «Ответную» ('answering, responsive') makes it a reflex: something repellent strikes, and spite springs up in answer. The word recurs as the keynote of Ivan's relation to Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзилось","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказа","gloss":"ever since"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказа","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзилось","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказа","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встрече","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of встрече","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"встрече","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рассказа","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встрече","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of вонзилось (part of что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"мрачное","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"противное","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачное, modifies что-то","gloss":"repellent"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вонзилось","lemma":"вонзиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вызвало","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вонзилось","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тотчас же, modifies вызвало","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ответную","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобу","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"злобу","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвало","gloss":"rancour"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c6-s19","source":"Потом, за разговором, Смердяков на время позабылся, но, однако же, остался в его душе, и только что Иван Федорович расстался с Алешей и пошел один к дому, как тотчас же забытое ощущение вдруг быстро стало опять выходить наружу.","translation":"Then, during the conversation, Smerdyakov had been forgotten for a time, yet he had remained in his soul nonetheless, and no sooner had Ivan Fyodorovich parted from Alyosha and gone off alone toward the house than the forgotten sensation suddenly and swiftly began to surface once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что… расстался… как тотчас же… стало выходить","title":"Correlative «только что… как…»","body":"«Только что… как тотчас же…» means 'no sooner had X happened than Y' — a correlative pairing a just-completed action with its immediate sequel. The perfectives «расстался, пошёл» set the trigger; «стало выходить наружу» (began to surface) marks the consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало опять выходить наружу","title":"Inceptive «стало» + infinitive","body":"«Стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («стало выходить») is the standard 'began to' construction, marking the inception of a process. The imperfective «выходить наружу» ('to come out, surface') keeps the resurfacing ongoing, the buried sensation welling up again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабылся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговором","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"разговором","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабылся","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позабылся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабылся","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"позабылся","lemma":"позабыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been forgotten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of однако же, modifies остался","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позабылся","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что, modifies расстался","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of только что, introduces the clause of расстался","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расстался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"расстался","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the только-что clause, coordinated with пошел","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расстался","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of the subject of пошел ('alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тотчас же, modifies стало","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"забытое","lemma":"забытый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходить","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to surface"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходить","gloss":"into the open"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c6-s20","source":"«Да неужели же этот дрянной негодяй до такой степени может меня беспокоить!» — подумалось ему с нестерпимою злобой.","translation":"\"Can it really be that this wretched scoundrel is capable of disturbing me to such a degree!\" the thought came to him with unbearable rancour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужели же… может меня беспокоить","title":"Stacked particles «да… неужели… же»","body":"Three particles pile up incredulity: «да» (a discourse opener, 'why'), «неужели» ('can it really be?', expecting a 'no'), and emphatic «же». Together they voice Ivan's outraged disbelief that so paltry a creature could disturb him — pure spoken Dostoevskian texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумалось ему","title":"Reflexive-impersonal «подумалось»","body":"«Подумалось ему» is the impersonal «-ся» form with a dative experiencer — 'the thought came to him' rather than the active 'he thought'. The construction frames the thought as arising of itself, beyond his will — a recurring move in rendering Ivan's involuntary inner life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянной негодяй","title":"«дрянной негодяй» — wretched scoundrel","body":"«Дрянной» ('trashy, worthless, paltry') and «негодяй» ('scoundrel, good-for-nothing') together heap contempt on Smerdyakov. «Дрянь» (rubbish) underlies the adjective; the pairing measures Ivan's disdain — and the galling fact that so 'trashy' a man can shake him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели (emphatic)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of негодяй","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дрянной","lemma":"дрянной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies негодяй","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"негодяй","lemma":"негодяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of the elided беспокоить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подумалось","lemma":"подуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"the thought came"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подумалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нестерпимою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нестерпимою","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумалось","gloss":"rancour"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c6-s21","source":"Дело в том, что Иван Федорович действительно очень невзлюбил этого человека в последнее время и особенно в самые последние дни.","translation":"The fact was that Ivan Fyodorovich had indeed come to dislike this man intensely of late, and especially in these very last days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело в том, что","title":"«Дело в том, что» — 'the fact is that'","body":"A stock framing phrase, literally 'the matter is in this, that…', using «в том» (prepositional of «то») to point ahead to the «что»-clause. It signals the narrator stepping in to explain the backstory of Ivan's growing dislike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невзлюбил","title":"«невзлюбить» — to take a dislike to","body":"«Невзлюбить» is a perfective verb meaning 'to come to dislike, conceive an aversion for'. Its prefix structure (не-в-з-любить) lexicalises the inception of dislike as a single event — the moment aversion sets in — which the perfective past captures neatly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject; part of the idiom Дело в том","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невзлюбил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of невзлюбил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невзлюбил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невзлюбил","gloss":"intensely"},{"surface":"невзлюбил","lemma":"невзлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had come to dislike"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of невзлюбил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of невзлюбил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies последние","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c6-s22","source":"Он даже начал сам замечать эту нараставшую почти ненависть к этому существу.","translation":"He had even begun to notice in himself this almost mounting hatred toward the creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эту нараставшую почти ненависть","title":"Participle as attribute «нараставшую»","body":"«Нараставшую» — the imperfective past active participle of «нарастать» (to mount) — declines as an adjective, here accusative feminine agreeing with «ненависть». It conveys hatred caught in the act of swelling, the same growth-verb used earlier of the «тоска»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал сам замечать","title":"Intensifier «сам»","body":"«Сам» ('himself, of his own accord') intensifies the subject, stressing that Ivan began to notice the hatred in himself — even he, against his will, could not miss it. «Замечать» is imperfective: the noticing is a dawning process, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of subject Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"замечать","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to notice"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненависть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нараставшую","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ненависть","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненависть","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ненависть","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of замечать","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"существу","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ненависть","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c6-s23","source":"Может быть, процесс ненависти так обострился именно потому, что вначале, когда только что приехал к нам Иван Федорович, происходило совсем другое.","translation":"Perhaps the process of hatred had sharpened so keenly precisely because, in the beginning, when Ivan Fyodorovich had only just arrived among us, something quite different had been the case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно потому, что","title":"Causal «потому, что» with «именно»","body":"«Потому что» ('because') opens the causal clause; «именно» ('precisely') sharpens it to 'precisely because'. The narrator pinpoints a paradox: the hatred grew so keen exactly because the relationship had begun so differently."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехал к нам","title":"Narratorial «к нам» — 'among us'","body":"«К нам» ('to us') quietly inserts the chronicling narrator, who writes as a fellow townsman: Ivan 'arrived among us'. This first-person-plural community voice is a structural device of the novel, framing events as local report."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of idiom может быть, modifies обострился","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обострился","gloss":"the process"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"of hatred"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обострился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"обострился","lemma":"обостриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sharpened"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обострился","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"at the outset"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только что, modifies приехал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on происходило","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause introduced by что (w9)","gloss":"was the case"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"something different"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c6-s24","source":"Тогда Иван Федорович принял было в Смердякове какое-то особенное вдруг участие, нашел его даже очень оригинальным.","translation":"At that time Ivan Fyodorovich had suddenly taken a peculiar interest in Smerdyakov, finding him even very original.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принял было… участие","title":"Abandoned-attempt «было» again","body":"«Принял было… участие» uses «было» after the perfective to flag a development that did not last — Ivan took an interest that would later sour. The narrator plants the seed of reversal with this small particle. The idiom «принять участие в ком-то» means 'to take an interest/concern in'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашёл его… очень оригинальным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «нашёл»","body":"«Нашёл его… оригинальным» — 'found him very original' — puts the predicate adjective «оригинальным» in the instrumental, as verbs of considering/finding require. The instrumental frames 'original' as an attributed judgement Ivan forms, not an inherent label."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял (marks a past action, colloquial было-construction)","gloss":"at the time","note":"Глагол + было is a colloquial construction marking a completed past action; it does not mean 'was'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смердякове","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of участие (part of какое-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какое-то, modifies участие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies участие","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies особенное","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оригинальным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"оригинальным","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"original"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c6-s25","source":"Сам приучил его говорить с собою, всегда, однако, дивясь некоторой бестолковости или, лучше сказать, некоторому беспокойству его ума и не понимая, что такое «этого созерцателя» могло бы так постоянно и неотвязно беспокоить.","translation":"He had himself trained the man to talk with him, always marvelling, however, at a certain muddle-headedness, or rather a certain restlessness of his mind, and unable to understand what it was that could so constantly and inescapably disturb \"this contemplative.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дивясь… и не понимая","title":"Imperfective gerunds «дивясь… понимая»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, «дивясь» (marvelling, from the «-ся» verb «дивиться») and «не понимая» (not understanding), frame the simultaneous mental states accompanying «приучил». They share Ivan's subject and stack attendant circumstance, the bookish way to bundle several concurrent feelings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приучил его говорить с собою","title":"Reflexive «с собою»","body":"«С собою» (= «с собой») is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя», pointing back to the subject Ivan — 'to talk with himself [= with Ivan]'. «Приучить кого-то» plus infinitive means 'to train/accustom someone to do'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцателя","title":"«созерцатель» — the contemplative","body":"«Созерцатель» means a 'contemplator, contemplative', one given to passive, brooding contemplation. In quotation marks it is Ivan's half-mocking tag for Smerdyakov, echoing the famous earlier portrait of the painting 'The Contemplator'; it brands the servant as one who broods and stores things up in silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приучил","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"приучил","lemma":"приучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had trained"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приучил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of приучил","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"himself","note":"archaic instrumental of себя ('oneself'); modern form is собой."},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивясь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивясь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"дивясь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on приучил (describes Сам)","gloss":"marvelling"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бестолковости","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"бестолковости","lemma":"бестолковость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of дивясь","gloss":"muddle-headedness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical infinitive ('лучше сказать')","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"некоторому","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беспокойству","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"беспокойству","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of дивясь, coordinated with бестолковости","gloss":"restlessness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ума","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беспокойству","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on приучил, coordinated with дивясь","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло; complement clause of понимая","gloss":"what","note":"combines with «такое» in the idiom «что такое» = 'what'."},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"combines with что to form the idiom 'what'","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of созерцателя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"созерцателя","lemma":"созерцатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of беспокоить","gloss":"contemplative"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of понимая","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоянно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоить","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неотвязно","lemma":"неотвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with постоянно","gloss":"inescapably"},{"surface":"беспокоить","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of могло","gloss":"disturb"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c6-s26","source":"Они говорили и о философских вопросах и даже о том, почему светил свет в первый день, когда солнце, луна и звезды устроены были лишь на четвертый день, и как это понимать следует; но Иван Федорович скоро убедился, что дело вовсе не в солнце, луне и звездах, что солнце, луна и звезды предмет хотя и любопытный, но для Смердякова совершенно третьестепенный, и что ему надо чего-то совсем другого.","translation":"They talked of philosophical questions, and even of why light shone on the first day, when the sun, moon, and stars were set in place only on the fourth, and of how this was to be understood; but Ivan Fyodorovich soon became convinced that the matter lay not at all in the sun, the moon, and the stars, that the sun, moon, and stars, though a curious subject, were for Smerdyakov entirely of the third rank, and that he was after something quite else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"устроены были… на четвёртый день","title":"Short passive participle «устроены»","body":"«Устроены были» is the short-form past passive participle of «устроить» (to set up, arrange) joined to «были» — the periphrastic passive 'were set in place'. The short participle predicates a result and agrees in plural with sun, moon, and stars."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему надо чего-то совсем другого","title":"Dative-need «ему надо» + genitive","body":"«Ему надо» is the impersonal dative-of-need construction — 'he needs', no nominative subject. The needed thing «чего-то другого» stands in the genitive (the indefinite «-то» making it 'something or other'), as «надо» governs the genitive here: 'he was after something quite else.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, correlative ('и...и')","role":"modifies вопросах, correlative with и (w7)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"философских","lemma":"философский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies вопросах","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"вопросах","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вопросах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies светил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"светил","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of светил","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of светил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of устроены","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive устроены","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"луна","lemma":"луна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the moon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звезды","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the stars"},{"surface":"устроены","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause (modifies день)","gloss":"were made"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to устроены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроены","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следует","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"следует","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"became convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of убедился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: не в солнце...)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate в солнце","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солнце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дело (complement of убедился)","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"луне","lemma":"луна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the moon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звездах","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the stars"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of убедился, coordinated with previous что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предмет","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"луна","lemma":"луна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the moon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звезды","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"the stars"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (complement of убедился), subject солнце/луна/звезды","gloss":"a subject"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любопытный","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытный","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies предмет","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of третьестепенный","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третьестепенный","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"третьестепенный","lemma":"третьестепенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любопытный","gloss":"third-rate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of убедился, coordinated with previous что-clauses","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the что-clause (complement of убедился)","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"something","note":"чего-то ('something') is split across two tokens (чего / то)."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"combines with чего to form the indefinite pronoun 'something'","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другого","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-то (predicate complement of надо)","gloss":"different"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c6-s27","source":"Так или этак, но во всяком случае начало выказываться и обличаться самолюбие необъятное, и притом самолюбие оскорбленное.","translation":"One way or another, in any case there began to show and betray itself a boundless vanity, and what is more, a wounded vanity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начало выказываться и обличаться самолюбие","title":"Inceptive «начало» + reflexive infinitives","body":"Neuter «начало» ('there began') governs two reflexive «-ся» infinitives, «выказываться и обличаться» (to show and betray itself). The «-ся» gives a middle, agentless 'reveal itself'; the subject «самолюбие» comes last as the new disclosure. Word order again withholds the thing until the verbs have set the stage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самолюбие… оскорблённое","title":"«самолюбие» — self-love, amour-propre","body":"«Самолюбие» is 'self-regard, pride, amour-propre' — touchy concern for one's own dignity, not quite English 'vanity'. «Оскорблённое самолюбие» ('wounded pride') is a key Dostoevskian engine: injured self-love festering into spite. «Необъятное» ('boundless') marks its monstrous scale in Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with этак","gloss":"one way"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начало","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"выказываться","lemma":"выказываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of начало","gloss":"to show itself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обличаться","lemma":"обличаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выказываться","gloss":"to betray itself"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начало","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"необъятное","lemma":"необъятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самолюбие","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the coordinated clause","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"самолюбие","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with самолюбие (необъятное), subject of начало","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"оскорбленное","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самолюбие","gloss":"wounded"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c6-s28","source":"Ивану Федоровичу это очень не понравилось.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich found this very much not to his liking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ивану Федоровичу это очень не понравилось","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравиться»","body":"«Понравиться» works backwards to English: the thing liked, «это», is the grammatical subject, and the person, «Ивану Фёдоровичу», stands in the dative as experiencer — 'this was not to Ivan's liking'. Negated, it states his displeasure with restraint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилось","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понравилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c6-s29","source":"С этого и началось его отвращение.","translation":"It was from this that his revulsion began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С этого и началось","title":"Emphatic «и» + reflexive «началось»","body":"«С этого и началось» fronts the cause «с этого» (from this) and adds emphatic «и» ('it was from this that…'). «Началось» is the «-ся» middle of «начать» — 'began' intransitively, the revulsion starting of itself. The «с» plus genitive marks the point of origin."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of началось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies началось","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отвращение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отвращение","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"revulsion"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c6-s30","source":"Впоследствии начались в доме неурядицы, явилась Грушенька, начались истории с братом Дмитрием, пошли хлопоты — говорили они и об этом, но хотя Смердяков вел всегда об этом разговор с большим волнением, а опять-таки никак нельзя было добиться, чего самому-то ему тут желается.","translation":"Afterwards troubles started in the house, Grushenka appeared, the affairs with his brother Dmitri began, the worries set in — they talked of this too, but although Smerdyakov always conducted the conversation about it with great agitation, it was again quite impossible to make out what he himself wanted of it all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начались неурядицы, явилась Грушенька, начались истории, пошли хлопоты","title":"Chain of inceptive perfectives, subject last","body":"A drumbeat of perfective verbs each precedes its subject — «начались неурядицы… явилась Грушенька… начались истории… пошли хлопоты». The verb-first order lets each new development burst in as event, and the perfective aspect ticks the household's unravelling off point by point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неурядицы… хлопоты","title":"«неурядицы» and «хлопоты»","body":"«Неурядицы» are disorders, troubles, domestic discord; «хлопоты» are bothersome cares, fuss, running-about. Both are plural-only nouns of vague, accumulating bother — the unglamorous friction of the Karamazov household as Grushenka and Dmitri's affair tangle it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего самому-то ему тут желается","title":"Reflexive-impersonal «желается» + dative","body":"«Желается ему» is the impersonal «-ся» of «желать» with a dative experiencer — 'what he himself wanted', framed as desire welling up of itself. «Самому-то ему» piles the intensifier «сам» and the topic-clitic «-то» onto the dative, stressing 'what he himself, of all people, wanted.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начались","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начались","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"неурядицы","lemma":"неурядица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начались","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начались (w2)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начались (w8)","gloss":"the affairs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрием","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начались","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"хлопоты","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"worries"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to начались","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вел","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"вел","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вел","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вел","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнением","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"yet again","note":"опять-таки ('yet again, nevertheless') is split across two tokens (опять / таки)."},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces опять","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the contrastive clause after но","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"добиться","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of добиться, introduces the embedded clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ему (emphatic 'himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"reinforces самому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of желается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желается","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"желается","lemma":"желаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of добиться","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c6-s31","source":"Даже подивиться можно было нелогичности и беспорядку иных желаний его, поневоле выходивших наружу и всегда одинаково неясных.","translation":"One might even marvel at the illogicality and disorder of certain of his desires, which came reluctantly to the surface and were always equally vague.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже подивиться можно было","title":"Impersonal possibility «можно было»","body":"«Можно было подивиться» is the impersonal modal «можно» ('one could, it was possible') plus infinitive, with no subject — 'one might even marvel'. The «-ся» verb «подивиться» (to marvel) takes the dative of what one marvels at, «нелогичности и беспорядку»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходивших наружу","title":"Participle «выходивших»","body":"«Выходивших» is the imperfective past active participle of «выходить» (to come out), genitive plural agreeing with «желаний» — 'desires which came to the surface'. «Поневоле» ('against one's will, willy-nilly') colours the surfacing as involuntary, true to Smerdyakov's evasiveness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подивиться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подивиться","lemma":"подивиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to marvel"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нелогичности","lemma":"нелогичность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of подивиться","gloss":"illogicality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспорядку","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of подивиться, coordinated with нелогичности","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies желаний","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"желаний","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies беспорядку и нелогичности","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, possessive","role":"modifies желаний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поневоле","lemma":"поневоле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходивших","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"выходивших","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying желаний","gloss":"surfacing"},{"surface":"наружу","lemma":"наружу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходивших","gloss":"to the surface"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясных","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"одинаково","lemma":"одинаково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясных","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"неясных","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with выходивших, modifies желаний","gloss":"vague"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c6-s32","source":"Смердяков всё выспрашивал, задавал какие-то косвенные, очевидно надуманные вопросы, но для чего — не объяснял того, и обыкновенно в самую горячую минуту своих же расспросов вдруг умолкал или переходил совсем на иное.","translation":"Smerdyakov was forever probing, putting some oblique, evidently premeditated questions, but to what end he did not explain, and as a rule, at the very hottest moment of his own questioning, he would suddenly fall silent or shift to something altogether else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выспрашивал, задавал… умолкал или переходил","title":"Imperfective verbs of habit","body":"The string of imperfectives — «выспрашивал, задавал, умолкал, переходил» — paints Smerdyakov's habitual, repeated behaviour: he was 'forever probing', would 'as a rule' fall silent. Imperfective aspect supplies exactly this iterative, characterising background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надуманные","title":"«надуманный» — contrived, far-fetched","body":"«Надуманный» means 'made-up, contrived, premeditated' — questions cooked up with a hidden purpose rather than naturally arising. It paints Smerdyakov's «косвенные» (oblique, indirect) questions as a calculated screen over his real, withheld aim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выспрашивал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выспрашивал","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"выспрашивал","lemma":"выспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"probed"},{"surface":"задавал","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выспрашивал","gloss":"posed"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вопросы","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"combines with какие to form the indefinite determiner 'some kind of'","gloss":"(indefinite marker)","note":"какие-то ('some kind of') is split across two tokens (какие / то)."},{"surface":"косвенные","lemma":"косвенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы, coordinated with надуманные","gloss":"oblique"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надуманные","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"надуманные","lemma":"надуманный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"contrived"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of задавал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для (parenthetical clause)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объяснял","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выспрашивал","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолкал","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горячую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"горячую","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"hottest"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолкал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of расспросов","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"расспросов","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолкал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"умолкал","lemma":"умолкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объяснял","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"переходил","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умолкал","gloss":"shifted"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иное","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходил","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c6-s33","source":"Но главное, что раздражило наконец Ивана Федоровича окончательно и вселило в него такое отвращение, — была какая-то отвратительная и особая фамильярность, которую сильно стал выказывать к нему Смердяков, и чем дальше, тем больше.","translation":"But the chief thing that finally irritated Ivan Fyodorovich utterly and instilled in him such revulsion was a certain repulsive and peculiar familiarity that Smerdyakov began strongly to display toward him, and the further it went, the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была какая-то отвратительная… фамильярность, которую… стал выказывать","title":"Relative «которую» + subject inversion","body":"The subject «фамильярность» is delayed to the end of its clause and then picked up by the relative «которую» (accusative feminine, object of «выказывать»). Note the inversion «которую сильно стал выказывать… Смердяков», with the subject Smerdyakov following his verb — natural focus-ordering in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше, тем больше","title":"Correlative comparatives «чем… тем…»","body":"«Чем дальше, тем больше» ('the further, the more') is the standard «чем + comparative… тем + comparative» frame for proportional increase. The bare comparatives «дальше, больше» are the invariable predicative forms; the phrase clinches the steadily mounting familiarity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фамильярность","title":"«фамильярность» — overfamiliarity","body":"«Фамильярность» is presumptuous over-familiarity — a social inferior taking liberties he has no right to. For a «лакей» to display it toward the gentleman Ivan is a quiet transgression of rank, and Dostoevsky makes this insolent intimacy, not rudeness, the true source of Ivan's revulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раздражило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"раздражило","lemma":"раздражить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying главное","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражило","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздражило","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражило","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вселило","lemma":"вселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражило","gloss":"instilled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вселило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отвращение","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"отвращение,","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вселило","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking главное (subject) to фамильярность (predicate)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фамильярность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"combines with какая to form the indefinite determiner 'a certain'","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"отвратительная","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фамильярность","gloss":"repulsive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особая","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отвратительная","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"фамильярность","lemma":"фамильярность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"familiarity"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выказывать (refers to фамильярность)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on фамильярность","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"выказывать","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of стал","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выказывать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces correlative clause with тем больше","gloss":"the","note":"чем дальше, тем больше = 'the further it went, the more' — a correlative comparative construction."},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate of the elliptical чем-clause ('the further it went')","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces the correlative clause of больше","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"correlative with дальше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c6-s34","source":"Не то чтоб он позволял себе быть невежливым, напротив, говорил он всегда чрезвычайно почтительно, но так поставилось, однако ж, дело, что Смердяков видимо стал считать себя бог знает почему в чем-то наконец с Иваном Федоровичем как бы солидарным, говорил всегда в таком тоне, будто между ними вдвоем было уже что-то условленное и как бы секретное, что-то когда-то произнесенное с обеих сторон, лишь им обоим только известное, а другим около них копошившимся смертным так даже и непонятное.","translation":"It was not that he allowed himself to be uncivil — on the contrary, he always spoke exceedingly respectfully — but matters had so arranged themselves that Smerdyakov had visibly come to regard himself, God knows why, as somehow at last in league with Ivan Fyodorovich, and he always spoke in such a tone, as though between the two of them there were already something agreed and as it were secret, something once uttered on both sides, known to the two of them alone, and to the other mortals swarming about them not even comprehensible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал считать себя… солидарным","title":"Reflexive «себя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Считать себя солидарным» — 'to consider himself in league' — combines the reflexive object «себя» (himself) with the instrumental predicate «солидарным», the case verbs of considering require for the attributed state. Smerdyakov reckons himself, of his own accord, an ally of Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то условленное… произнесённое","title":"Past passive participles «условленное, произнесённое»","body":"«Условленное» (agreed upon) and «произнесённое» (uttered) are neuter past passive participles modifying «что-то» — 'something agreed… something once uttered'. Such participles let the secret pact hang as a vague, unspecified 'thing' between the two men, syntactically faceless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"копошившимся… смертным… непонятное","title":"Participle + dative «другим смертным»","body":"«Копошившимся… смертным» is a past active participle (from «копошиться», to swarm/teem) agreeing with «смертным», dative plural — 'to the other mortals swarming about them'. The dative names those to whom the secret is «непонятное» (incomprehensible). The lofty «смертные» ('mortals') ironises the petty intrigue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтоб","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то чтоб","gloss":"that","note":"«не то чтоб» is a fixed idiom meaning \"it's not that\"."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позволял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"позволял","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the не то чтоб clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невежливым","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"невежливым","lemma":"невежливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"uncivil"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, contrasts with не то чтоб","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почтительно","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"почтительно","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"respectfully"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поставилось","lemma":"поставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"arranged itself"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies поставилось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поставилось","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of дело)","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (бог знает почему), modifies стал","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чем-то, complement of солидарным","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чем-то","gloss":"(indef. suffix)"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солидарным","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of солидарным","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies солидарным","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"солидарным","lemma":"солидарный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считать","gloss":"in league"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал (второй predicate of Смердяков within the что-clause), not a main clause parallel to поставилось","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тоне","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"a tone"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вдвоем","lemma":"вдвоём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the будто-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то, subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indef. suffix)"},{"surface":"условленное","lemma":"условленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate complement of было (describes что-то)","gloss":"agreed upon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies секретное","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"секретное","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with условленное","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то, in apposition to the earlier что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indef. suffix)"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то, modifies произнесенное","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of когда-то","gloss":"(indef. suffix)"},{"surface":"произнесенное","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies что-то (w58-59)","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обеих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine","role":"quantifies сторон","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произнесенное","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известное","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"in apposition to им","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"известное","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with условленное, секретное","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies смертным","gloss":"to other"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of копошившимся","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"копошившимся","lemma":"копошиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"swarming"},{"surface":"смертным","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with другим, indirect object of непонятное","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непонятное","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непонятное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, reinforces даже","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"непонятное","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with известное","gloss":"incomprehensible"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c6-s35","source":"Иван Федорович, однако, и тут долго не понимал этой настоящей причины своего нараставшего отвращения и наконец только лишь в самое последнее время успел догадаться, в чем дело.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich, however, even here failed for a long while to grasp the true cause of his mounting revulsion, and only at the very last did he succeed in guessing what the matter was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго не понимал… наконец… успел догадаться","title":"Imperfective duration vs perfective resolution","body":"The aspectual contrast carries the sentence: imperfective «не понимал» ('failed for a long while to grasp', a drawn-out state) against perfective «успел догадаться» ('managed to guess', the single achieving event). «Долго… наконец» frames the long groping and its late resolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies понимал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причины","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отвращения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нараставшего","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies отвращения","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"отвращения","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только лишь, modifies время","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только лишь","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнее","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"догадаться","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to guess"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадаться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject in the clause в чем дело","gloss":"the matter"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c6-s36","source":"С брезгливым и раздражительным ощущением хотел было он пройти теперь молча и не глядя на Смердякова в калитку, но Смердяков встал со скамейки, и уже по одному этому жесту Иван Федорович вмиг догадался, что тот желает иметь с ним особенный разговор.","translation":"With a feeling of disgust and irritation he had meant now to pass through the wicket-gate in silence, without looking at Smerdyakov, but Smerdyakov rose from the bench, and from that one gesture alone Ivan Fyodorovich understood in a flash that the man wished to have a particular conversation with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было он пройти… молча","title":"Thwarted intention «хотел было»","body":"«Хотел было… пройти» again deploys «было» to mark an intention that came to nothing — he meant to walk past in silence, but did not. The very next clause («но Смердяков встал…») cancels it, the classic «было» pattern of a frustrated move."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по одному этому жесту… догадался","title":"Instrumental cause «по жесту»","body":"«По… жесту» uses «по» plus the dative to mean 'by, from (the evidence of)' — 'from that one gesture alone he understood'. «Одному» ('alone, just') with «этому жесту» stresses how little sign Ivan needed. «Вмиг» ('in a flash') marks the instant inference."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ощущением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"брезгливым","lemma":"брезгливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущением","gloss":"disgusted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительным","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with брезгливым","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"ощущением","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хотел (idiom: had meant to)","gloss":"had meant to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to pass"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройти","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройти","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пройти","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скамейки","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жесту","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies жесту","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жесту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жесту","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"gesture"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желает","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иметь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c6-s37","source":"Иван Федорович поглядел на него и остановился, и то, что он так вдруг остановился и не прошел мимо, как желал того еще минуту назад, озлило его до сотрясения.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich looked at him and stopped, and the very fact that he had so suddenly stopped and not walked past, as he had wished to do but a minute before, infuriated him to the point of trembling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что он так вдруг остановился… озлило его","title":"Nominalised «то, что» as subject","body":"The whole fact-clause «то, что он… остановился и не прошёл мимо» serves as the grammatical subject of «озлило» — 'the very fact that he had stopped… infuriated him'. «То» (the neuter correlative) packages the clause into a single subject, with «что» introducing its content."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлило его до сотрясения","title":"«до сотрясения» — to the point of shaking","body":"«Озлить» is 'to embitter, enrage'; «до сотрясения» ('to a shaking/convulsion', «до» + genitive of extreme degree) measures the fury's pitch. The phrase ties Ivan's rage to a physical tremor, anticipating «затрясся» (began to shake) a few lines on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядел","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of озлило","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"walked past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"had wished"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желал","gloss":"to do so"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of желал","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"озлило","lemma":"озлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядел","gloss":"infuriated"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of озлило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотрясения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"сотрясения","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлило","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c6-s38","source":"С гневом и отвращением глядел он на скопческую испитую физиономию Смердякова с зачесанными гребешком височками и со взбитым маленьким хохолком.","translation":"With wrath and revulsion he gazed at Smerdyakov's gaunt, eunuch-like face, with its temple-locks combed forward and its little tuft of hair puffed up on top.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скопческую… физиономию","title":"«скопческий» — eunuch-like","body":"«Скопческий» derives from «скопец», a castrate — specifically a member of the «скопцы», a radical Russian sect that practised self-castration. Applied to Smerdyakov's «испитую» (gaunt, dissipated) face, it brands him with something sexless, sickly, and uncanny, a charged hint at his sterile, sinister nature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с зачёсанными… височками… со взбитым… хохолком","title":"Instrumental of accompanying detail «с»","body":"Two «с» plus instrumental phrases pin physical detail onto the face: «с зачёсанными… височками» (with combed temple-locks) and «со взбитым… хохолком» (with a puffed-up tuft). «Зачёсанными» and «взбитым» are past passive participles in the instrumental, agreeing with their nouns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"височками… хохолком","title":"Diminutives «височки», «хохолок»","body":"«Височки» (little temple-locks) and «хохолок» (little tuft/topknot) are diminutives of «виски» and «хохол». Here the suffix is not affectionate but belittling-fastidious: the narrator's contemptuous eye lingers on Smerdyakov's fussy, dandyish grooming, making the small details faintly ridiculous."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гневом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гневом","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гневом","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking физиономию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"скопческую","lemma":"скопческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономию","gloss":"eunuch-like"},{"surface":"испитую","lemma":"испитой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies физиономию","gloss":"gaunt"},{"surface":"физиономию","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies физиономию","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking височками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"зачесанными","lemma":"зачёсанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies височками","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"гребешком","lemma":"гребешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of зачесанными","gloss":"with a comb"},{"surface":"височками","lemma":"височки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с (w12), modifies физиономию","gloss":"temple-locks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хохолком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"взбитым","lemma":"взбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies хохолком","gloss":"puffed-up"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хохолком","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"хохолком","lemma":"хохолок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with височками","gloss":"tuft"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c6-s39","source":"Левый чуть прищуренный глазок его мигал и усмехался, точно выговаривая: «Чего идешь, не пройдешь, видишь, что обоим нам, умным людям, переговорить есть чего».","translation":"His left eye, slightly screwed up, was winking and smirking, as if to say: \"Where are you off to? You won't pass by — you can see well enough that the two of us, clever men, have something to talk over.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигал и усмехался, точно выговаривая","title":"Gerund of manner «выговаривая»","body":"«Выговаривая» is an imperfective present gerund ('as if pronouncing') after «точно» ('as though'), expressing the simultaneous, attendant manner of the winking eye — it blinked 'as if to say'. Russian readily lets a body part 'speak' through such a gerund clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазок","title":"Diminutive «глазок»","body":"«Глазок» is the diminutive of «глаз» (eye). Recurring through the scene for Smerdyakov's half-shut, winking eye, the little suffix is sly and faintly repellent rather than tender — the narrator's distaste shrinking the organ to something beady and conspiratorial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переговорить есть чего","title":"Existential «есть чего» + infinitive","body":"«Есть чего переговорить» is an idiomatic existential with the genitive «чего» — 'there is something to talk over'. The genitive (rather than nominative «что») after «есть» with an infinitive is fixed in such 'there's something to —' patterns; «обоим нам» (dative) names for whom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Левый","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прищуренный","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"прищуренный","lemma":"прищуренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"screwed up"},{"surface":"глазок","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мигал","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глазок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мигал","lemma":"мигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was winking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усмехался","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мигал","gloss":"smirking"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговаривая","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"выговаривая","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехался","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies идешь (colloquial \"where/why\")","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"идешь","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are you going"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пройдешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пройдешь","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"you'll pass"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идешь","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"quantifies нам","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of есть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to нам","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"переговорить","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of есть","gloss":"to talk over"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, existential","role":"existential verb, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of переговорить","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c6-s40","source":"Иван Федорович затрясся:","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich began to shake:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"затрясся","title":"Inceptive prefix за- in «затрясся»","body":"«Затрясся» is a perfective from «трястись» (to shake), the prefix за- marking the sudden onset of the action — 'began to shake, fell to trembling'. The «-ся» keeps it intransitive (shaking of oneself). One clipped verb registers Ivan's fury breaking into his body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрясся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to shake"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c6-s41","source":"«Прочь, негодяй, какая я тебе компания, дурак!» — полетело было с языка его, но, к величайшему его удивлению, слетело с языка совсем другое:","translation":"\"Off with you, scoundrel — what company are you for me, you fool!\" was about to fly from his tongue, but to his utmost astonishment something quite different flew off it instead:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полетело было… но… слетело… совсем другое","title":"«было» of the unspoken word","body":"«Полетело было с языка» — 'was about to fly from his tongue' — uses «было» for the words that almost came out but were checked; «но… слетело… совсем другое» supplies what was actually said. The «было» exactly marks the gap between the impulse and the deed, the heart of this whole scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какая я тебе компания","title":"«какая я тебе компания» — 'what company am I for you'","body":"A colloquial rebuff: «компания» here means a fit companion/match, and «тебе» (dative) marks 'for you'. The whole — 'what company am I for you, you fool!' — is Ivan's furious assertion of the rank Smerdyakov is presuming upon. Note the «ты» of contempt to an inferior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, heads the quoted phrase","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"негодяй","lemma":"негодяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies компания","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of компания","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of компания","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"компания","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"полетело","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"was about to fly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полетело (idiom: nearly did)","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"языка","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетело","gloss":"his tongue"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of языка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"величайшему","lemma":"величайший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлению","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of удивлению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к, parenthetical modifying слетело","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"слетело","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полетело","gloss":"flew off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"языка","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетело","gloss":"his tongue"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слетело","gloss":"something different"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c6-s42","source":"— Что батюшка, спит или проснулся? — тихо и смиренно проговорил он, себе самому неожиданно, и вдруг, тоже совсем неожиданно, сел на скамейку.","translation":"\"What of my father — is he asleep or awake?\" he said softly and meekly, to his own surprise, and suddenly, just as unexpectedly, he sat down on the bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — father (affectionate/folk)","body":"«Батюшка» is a warm, folk-diminutive of «отец» (father), also a respectful term for a priest. In Ivan's mouth, asking after his loathed father, the homely word rings with unintended irony — and shows the unexpectedly mild, 'meek' speech that escapes him against his will."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себе самому неожиданно","title":"Dative «себе самому» — to his own surprise","body":"«Себе самому неожиданно» pairs the reflexive «себе» (dative of «себя») with intensifying «самому» — 'unexpectedly to his very self'. The dative names the one taken aback: the words surprise their own speaker, a precise grammatical image of Ivan's loss of self-command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized interrogative, modifies спит","gloss":"what of"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спит","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"проснулся?","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спит","gloss":"awake"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренно","lemma":"смиренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of неожиданно","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамейку","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the bench"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c6-s43","source":"На мгновение ему стало чуть не страшно, он вспомнил это потом.","translation":"For an instant he felt almost frightened — he recalled this afterwards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало чуть не страшно","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему стало страшно»","body":"«Ему стало… страшно» is the impersonal experiencer construction: dative «ему» plus inceptive «стало» plus the predicative «страшно» ('afraid') — 'he grew afraid', with no nominative subject. «Чуть не» ('almost, all but') hedges it. This dative-of-feeling pattern is Dostoevsky's native channel for inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вспомнил это потом","title":"Proleptic narration «вспомнил это потом»","body":"The perfective «вспомнил» with «потом» ('afterwards') flashes the narrative forward — Ivan would 'recall this later'. This proleptic aside, marking a detail as significant in hindsight, is a recurring device of the chronicling narrator who knows how things end."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть не, modifies страшно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"afterwards"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c6-s44","source":"Смердяков стоял против него, закинув руки за спину, и глядел с уверенностью, почти строго.","translation":"Smerdyakov stood facing him, his hands clasped behind his back, and gazed with assurance, almost sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закинув руки за спину","title":"Perfective gerund «закинув»","body":"«Закинув руки за спину» is a perfective past gerund (from «закинуть», to throw/clasp) describing the completed posture Smerdyakov holds while he «глядел» — 'having clasped his hands behind his back, he gazed'. The gerund freezes the stance into a single attendant detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти строго","title":"Adverb «строго» as manner","body":"«Глядел… почти строго» — 'gazed almost sternly' — uses the adverb «строго» for the manner of the look, with «почти» hedging it. The composed, near-stern bearing of the servant inverts the expected deference and feeds Ivan's mounting unease."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"закинув","lemma":"закинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"having flung back"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of закинув","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закинув","gloss":"his back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"уверенностью","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строго","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"sternly"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c6-s45","source":"— Еще почивают-с, — выговорил он неторопливо. («Сам, дескать, первый заговорил, а не я».) — Удивляюсь я на вас, сударь, — прибавил он, помолчав, как-то жеманно опустив глаза, выставив правую ножку вперед и поигрывая носочком лакированной ботинки.","translation":"\"He's still at his rest, sir,\" he brought out unhurriedly. (\"You spoke first, mind, not I,\" he seemed to imply.) \"I do wonder at you, sir,\" he added after a pause, somehow primly lowering his eyes, thrusting his right foot forward and toying with the toe of his patent-leather boot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (почивают-с, сударь)","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The little «-с» tacked onto words («почивают-с», «нет-с») is the so-called «словоер» particle, a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'). Servants and petty officials added it to sound deferential. Smerdyakov sprays it everywhere, and combined with the deferential plural «почивают» (the honorific plural used of one master) it paints his oily, mock-humble manner. In our rendering we signal it by adding 'sir' or a touch of archaic deference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почивают","title":"«почивать» — to repose (deferential)","body":"«Почивать» is an elevated, archaic-deferential verb for 'to sleep, repose', used of one's betters (and, in church language, of the dead). Smerdyakov's «ещё почивают-с» ('he's still at his rest, sir'), in the honorific plural, dresses old Fyodor's drunken sleep in mock reverence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech particle","body":"«Дескать» is a particle flagging reported or imputed speech — 'as if to say, supposedly, so he means'. The narrator uses it to voice the unspoken subtext Smerdyakov's manner implies («Сам, дескать, первый заговорил» — 'You spoke first, mind, he seemed to say'), a key device for layering insinuation onto plain words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жеманно… ножку… носочком","title":"Affected diminutives «ножку», «носочком»","body":"«Жеманно» means 'primly, mincingly, affectedly'. The diminutives «ножку» (little foot/leg) and «носочком» (little toe-tip), with «поигрывая» ('toying'), render Smerdyakov's coquettish, dandyish self-display; the small suffixes drip with the narrator's fastidious contempt for his patent-leather vanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почивают","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"почивают","lemma":"почивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is resting","note":"Deferential 3rd-plural verb used respectfully for a single master (\"he\")."},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to почивают, marking deference","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic \"-с\" (short for сударь) is an obsequious speech tic added by servants; it has no meaning beyond deference."},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"неторопливо","lemma":"неторопливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"unhurriedly"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported speech","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"mind","note":"\"Дескать\" flags the words as someone's implied/reported thought, roughly \"so he meant.\""},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjunct on заговорил","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я».)","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with заговорил (elided verb)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I do wonder"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Удивляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Удивляюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударь,","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address to вас","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"pausing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of как-то)","role":"combines with то as как-то, modifies опустив","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of как-то)","role":"combines with как as как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"жеманно","lemma":"жеманно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустив","gloss":"primly"},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчав","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"выставив","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with опустив","gloss":"thrusting forward"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ножку","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выставив","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставив","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поигрывая","lemma":"поигрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выставив","gloss":"toying with"},{"surface":"носочком","lemma":"носочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поигрывая","gloss":"the toe"},{"surface":"лакированной","lemma":"лакированный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ботинки","gloss":"patent-leather"},{"surface":"ботинки","lemma":"ботинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies носочком","gloss":"boot"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c6-s46","source":"— С чего ты на меня удивляешься? — отрывисто и сурово произнес Иван Федорович, изо всех сил себя сдерживая, и вдруг с отвращением понял, что чувствует сильнейшее любопытство и что ни за что не уйдет отсюда, не удовлетворив его.","translation":"\"What is it you wonder at me about?\" Ivan Fyodorovich uttered abruptly and harshly, restraining himself with all his might, and suddenly understood with revulsion that he felt the keenest curiosity and that he would not leave this spot for anything on earth without satisfying it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех сил себя сдерживая","title":"Gerund «сдерживая» + idiom «изо всех сил»","body":"«Сдерживая» is an imperfective present gerund (from «сдерживать», to restrain) of attendant manner — he spoke 'restraining himself'. The reflexive object «себя» is its object; «изо всех сил» ('with all one's might', «из» + genitive plural) is a fixed intensifying idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не уйдёт отсюда, не удовлетворив","title":"Negated future + negative gerund","body":"«Ни за что не уйдёт» pairs the emphatic «ни за что» ('not for anything') with negated perfective future «не уйдёт» (negative concord) — 'would not leave for anything'. «Не удовлетворив» is a negated perfective gerund, 'without satisfying [his curiosity]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom с чего","role":"forms idiom с чего (\"why\") with чего","gloss":"why","note":"\"С чего\" is a colloquial idiom meaning \"why/what for.\""},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition С, forming idiom с чего","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивляешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивляешься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"удивляешься?","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you wonder"},{"surface":"отрывисто","lemma":"отрывисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with отрывисто","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сдерживая","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative","role":"direct object of сдерживая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сдерживая","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"restraining"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понял","gloss":"he felt"},{"surface":"сильнейшее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"keenest"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, part of idiom ни за что","role":"modifies за что","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates уйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"he would leave"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйдет","gloss":"this spot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates удовлетворив","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"удовлетворив","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уйдет","gloss":"satisfying"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удовлетворив","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c6-s47","source":"— Зачем вы, сударь, в Чермашню не едете-с? — вдруг вскинул глазками Смердяков и фамильярно улыбнулся.","translation":"\"Why don't you set off for Chermashnya, sir?\" Smerdyakov suddenly flashed his little eyes and smiled familiarly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул глазками","title":"Instrumental of the body part «глазками»","body":"«Вскинул глазками» — 'flashed/jerked up his little eyes' — takes the instrumental «глазками» as the body part with which the motion is made, a common Russian pattern (cf. «пожал плечами», shrugged his shoulders). The diminutive «глазки» again carries the narrator's distaste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies едете","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of едете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative, in apposition to вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едете","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates едете","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"едете","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his little eyes"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фамильярно","lemma":"фамильярно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"familiarly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинул","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c6-s48","source":"«А чему я улыбнулся, сам, дескать, должен понять, если умный человек», — как бы говорил его прищуренный левый глазок.","translation":"\"And as for why I smiled — well, you ought to understand that yourself, if you're a clever man,\" his screwed-up left eye seemed to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам, дескать, должен понять","title":"«сам» + «дескать» of imputed thought","body":"The unspoken speech the eye 'utters' uses «сам» ('yourself') and the reported-speech particle «дескать» — 'you ought to understand that yourself, he seemed to say'. «Если умный человек» ('if you're a clever man') is the dangling insinuation, flattering and conspiratorial at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы говорил","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, as if') hedges «говорил», marking the eye's 'speech' as the narrator's imputation rather than literal words — 'his eye seemed to say'. This «как бы» recurs through the scene, holding everything Smerdyakov 'means' at one ironic remove."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулся","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен (emphatic \"you yourself\")","gloss":"you yourself"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported speech","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"mind","note":"\"Дескать\" marks the words as an implied remark, roughly \"so to speak.\""},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, predicate, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause on должен понять","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человек»,","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, predicate noun","role":"predicate noun in conditional clause","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to say"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глазок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прищуренный","lemma":"прищуренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"screwed-up"},{"surface":"левый","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазок","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"глазок","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"eye"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c6-s49","source":"— Зачем я в Чермашню поеду? — удивился Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"Why should I go to Chermashnya?\" Ivan Fyodorovich asked in surprise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем я в Чермашню поеду?","title":"Perfective future «поеду» (verb of motion)","body":"«Поеду» is the perfective future of «поехать» (to set off by vehicle), a prefixed motion verb — 'why should I go/set off to Chermashnya?'. The perfective views the trip as a single completed undertaking; «в Чермашню» takes accusative for motion-toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поеду","gloss":"should I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поеду","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"поеду?","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"asked in surprise"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c6-s50","source":"Смердяков опять помолчал.","translation":"Smerdyakov was silent again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять помолчал","title":"Delimitative по- in «помолчал»","body":"«Помолчал» is perfective with the delimitative prefix по-, meaning 'was silent for a while, fell silent a moment'. This по- of 'a bounded spell of —' is frequent in Dostoevsky's pacing of dialogue (cf. «помолчав» earlier), measuring Smerdyakov's calculated pauses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помолчал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c6-s51","source":"— Сами даже Федор Павлович так вас об том умоляли-с, — проговорил он наконец, не спеша и как бы сам не ценя своего ответа: третьестепенною, дескать, причиной отделываюсь, только чтобы что-нибудь сказать.","translation":"\"Why, Fyodor Pavlovich himself begged you so to go, sir,\" he brought out at last, in no hurry and as if himself setting little store by his answer: it was a third-rate reason he was fobbing off, his manner implied, merely for the sake of saying something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас об том умоляли-с","title":"Honorific plural «умоляли» + «-с»","body":"«Умоляли-с» is the deferential plural (used of one master, Fyodor Pavlovich) plus the servile «-с» particle — Smerdyakov's signature oily register. «Об том» (= «о том») is a colloquial/archaic variant of the prepositional after «о». «Умолять» means 'to entreat, beseech'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьестепенною… причиной отделываюсь","title":"«отделаться» — to fob off, get off cheaply","body":"«Отделываться/отделаться» means 'to get off lightly, fob (someone) off with'. «Третьестепенная причина» is a 'third-rate, trivial reason'; the instrumental «причиной» marks what he palms Ivan off with. The «дескать» frames it as Smerdyakov's own knowing self-commentary on giving a deliberately feeble answer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, plural (honorific)","role":"emphasizes Федор Павлович","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умоляли","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умоляли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of умоляли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умоляли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умоляли","lemma":"умолять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to умоляли, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates спеша","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"modifies ценя","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implicit subject of ценя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates ценя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ценя","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спеша","gloss":"valuing"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответа","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ценя","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"третьестепенною","lemma":"третьестепенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies причиной","gloss":"third-rate"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported speech","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"as if to say"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделываюсь","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"отделываюсь","lemma":"отделываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the implied inner-speech clause","gloss":"I fob off"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (part of что-нибудь)","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (part of что-нибудь)","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отделываюсь","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c6-s52","source":"— Э, черт, говори ясней, чего тебе надобно? — вскричал наконец гневливо Иван Федорович, со смирения переходя на грубость.","translation":"\"Eh, the devil — speak plainer, what is it you want?\" Ivan Fyodorovich cried out at last in anger, passing from meekness to rudeness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говори ясней","title":"Imperative «говори» + comparative «ясней»","body":"«Говори» is the imperfective imperative of «говорить» (speak!), the imperfective fitting a demand for ongoing/manner of speech. «Ясней» (= «яснее») is the predicative comparative of «ясный» — 'more clearly, plainer'. The blunt command marks Ivan snapping from forced civility to raw temper."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надобно","title":"«надобно» — archaic 'is needed'","body":"«Надобно» is an older, folk-bookish variant of «надо/нужно» ('is needed, one must'). «Чего тебе надобно» ('what is it you want/need', with genitive «чего») has a slightly antique, vehement ring suited to Ivan's exasperated outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со смирения переходя на грубость","title":"Gerund «переходя» + «с… на…»","body":"«Переходя» is an imperfective gerund of attendant action — 'passing over', the move accompanying his cry. The frame «с смирения на грубость» (from meekness to rudeness) uses «с» + genitive for the starting state and «на» + accusative for the new one, charting the swing of his manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular, exclamatory use","role":"exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"ясней","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective/adverb, comparative","role":"complement of говори","gloss":"more clearly"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of надобно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надобно","gloss":"do you"},{"surface":"надобно?","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicate word, impersonal, archaic","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"гневливо","lemma":"гневливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"in anger"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смирения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходя","gloss":"meekness"},{"surface":"переходя","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грубость","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"грубость","lemma":"грубость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходя","gloss":"rudeness"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c6-s53","source":"Смердяков приставил правую ножку к левой, вытянулся прямей, но продолжал глядеть с тем же спокойствием и с тою же улыбочкой.","translation":"Smerdyakov set his right foot against his left, drew himself up straighter, but went on looking with the same composure and the same little smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытянулся прямей","title":"Reflexive «вытянулся» + comparative «прямей»","body":"«Вытянулся» is the perfective «-ся» of «вытянуть» — 'drew himself up, stretched himself straight', the reflexive making it intransitive. «Прямей» (= «прямее») is the predicative comparative 'straighter'. Smerdyakov's drawing-up is a small theatrical adjustment of posture under Ivan's anger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем же спокойствием и с тою же улыбочкой","title":"Instrumental of manner + «тот же»","body":"Both phrases use «с» plus instrumental for manner — 'with the same composure and the same little smile'. «Тем же / тою же» is the demonstrative «тот» plus «же» meaning 'the same'; «тою» is the bookish instrumental feminine for «той». The diminutive «улыбочка» drips disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приставил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"приставил","lemma":"приставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ножку","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приставил","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking левой","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставил","gloss":"his left"},{"surface":"вытянулся","lemma":"вытянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приставил","gloss":"drew himself up"},{"surface":"прямей","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies вытянулся","gloss":"straighter"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приставил","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спокойствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of спокойствием","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic form of той)","role":"determiner of улыбочкой","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"улыбочкой","lemma":"улыбочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"little smile"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c6-s54","source":"— Существенного ничего нет-с… а так-с, к разговору…","translation":"\"Nothing of substance, sir… just so, sir, by way of conversation…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Существенного ничего нет-с","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«Ничего… нет» is the existential negation requiring the genitive: «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») and «существенного» (genitive of «существенное», 'of substance') after «нет» — 'there is nothing of substance'. Negative concord keeps both ни-word and «нет». The «-с» tags it servile."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так-с, к разговору","title":"«так, к разговору» — 'just by way of talk'","body":"«Так» here means 'just so, for no particular reason'; «к разговору» is 'by way of conversation, just to chat'. The whole disclaims any motive — 'nothing really, sir, just making talk' — which is precisely the screen over Smerdyakov's calculated probing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Существенного","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"of substance"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb/predicate, present, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to нет, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to так, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговору","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of так","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c6-s55","source":"Наступило опять молчание.","translation":"Again a silence fell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наступило опять молчание","title":"Verb-first «наступило молчание»","body":"«Наступило… молчание» ('a silence fell/set in') puts the perfective verb first and the subject «молчание» last — the event of silence descending. «Наступить» of an abstract state ('set in, ensue') is idiomatic; the inversion lets the silence arrive as a happening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наступило","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчание","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Наступило","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c6-s56","source":"Промолчали чуть не с минуту.","translation":"They were silent for nearly a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Промолчали чуть не с минуту","title":"Dellimitative «промолчали» + duration","body":"«Промолчали» is perfective with the prefix про-, here meaning 'kept silent through (a span of time)'. The bare plural verb has no pronoun — 'they were silent'. «Чуть не с минуту» ('for nearly a minute', «с» + accusative giving approximate duration) measures the loaded pause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Промолчали","lemma":"промолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were silent"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom чуть не","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, part of idiom чуть не","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition, approximation","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for about"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Промолчали","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c6-s57","source":"Иван Федорович знал, что он должен был сейчас встать и рассердиться, а Смердяков стоял пред ним и как бы ждал: «А вот посмотрю я, рассердишься ты или нет?»","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich knew that he ought now to stand up and lose his temper, while Smerdyakov stood before him and seemed to be waiting: \"Now let me see whether you'll lose your temper or not.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен был… встать и рассердиться","title":"Past obligation «должен был» + infinitives","body":"«Должен был… встать и рассердиться» — 'ought now to stand up and lose his temper' — pairs past «должен был» with perfective infinitives naming the single acts duty demanded. «Должен» agrees masculine with Ivan. The clash between this 'ought' and his frozen sitting drives the scene's tension."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Смердяков стоял… и как бы ждал","title":"Contrastive «а» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«А Смердяков стоял» uses contrastive «а» to set the standing, waiting servant against the seated, churning Ivan — 'while Smerdyakov stood'. «Как бы ждал» ('seemed to be waiting') again hedges with «как бы», the imperfectives «стоял, ждал» holding both men in suspended tableau."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассердишься ты или нет","title":"Embedded «ли»-less alternative question","body":"Smerdyakov's imagined «рассердишься ты или нет?» ('will you lose your temper or not?') is a direct yes/no put with «или нет», the colloquial equivalent of the «ли»-question. The perfective future «рассердишься» views the flare of temper as a single anticipated event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, predicate, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"to stand up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассердиться","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"lose his temper"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb, part of как бы","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"seemed to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"seemed to"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"be waiting"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрю","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"me see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рассердишься","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the embedded whether-clause of посмотрю","gloss":"you'll lose your temper"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассердишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with рассердишься","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c6-s58","source":"Так по крайней мере представлялось Ивану Федоровичу.","translation":"So at least it seemed to Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представлялось Ивану Федоровичу","title":"Reflexive-impersonal «представлялось» + dative","body":"«Представлялось… Ивану Фёдоровичу» is the impersonal «-ся» of «представлять» with a dative experiencer — 'so it seemed to Ivan'. The construction flags the preceding as Ivan's subjective impression, not fact: he reads Smerdyakov's mind, perhaps mistakenly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлялось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom по крайней мере","role":"forms idiom по крайней мере (\"at least\")","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"представлялось","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представлялось","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c6-s59","source":"Наконец он качнулся, чтобы встать.","translation":"At last he made a movement to rise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"качнулся, чтобы встать","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы встать» ('in order to rise') is a purpose clause; with a single shared subject, «чтобы» takes the bare infinitive rather than a past-form verb. «Качнулся» is the perfective «-ся» 'made a swaying movement', the half-motion to get up that the next line will let Smerdyakov pre-empt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies качнулся","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of качнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"качнулся","lemma":"качнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made a movement"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on качнулся","gloss":"rise"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c6-s60","source":"Смердяков точно поймал мгновенье.","translation":"Smerdyakov seemed to seize the instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно поймал мгновенье","title":"Simile particle «точно»","body":"«Точно» here is not 'exactly' but the simile particle 'as if, as though' — 'Smerdyakov seemed to seize the instant'. The perfective «поймал» (caught) views the seizing of the moment as one decisive act, ending the chunk on Smerdyakov's poised initiative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поймал мгновенье","title":"«поймать мгновенье» — to seize the moment","body":"«Мгновенье» (= «мгновение») is a 'moment, instant'; «поймать мгновенье» is to catch/seize the instant. The phrase casts Smerdyakov as the one in control of timing, choosing exactly when to act on the hesitating Ivan — a quietly ominous close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймал","gloss":"seemed to"},{"surface":"поймал","lemma":"поймать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"мгновенье","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймал","gloss":"the instant"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c6-s61","source":"— Ужасное мое положение-с, Иван Федорович, не знаю даже, как и помочь себе, — проговорил он вдруг твердо и раздельно и с последним словом своим вздохнул.","translation":"\"My position is a terrible one, sir, Ivan Fyodorovich — I don't even know how to help myself,\" he said suddenly, firmly and distinctly, and with his last word he heaved a sigh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"положение-с","title":"The servile «-с» particle","body":"The enclitic «-с» (a worn-down «сударь», 'sir') tacked onto word after word is Smerdyakov's verbal signature — the deferential lackey's tic of pre-revolutionary speech. It carries no meaning but obsequiousness; we render it as the repeated 'sir' that studs his lines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ужасное мое положение-с","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«Ужасное мое положение» is a complete sentence — 'my position [is] a terrible one' — with no verb. Russian uses no present-tense 'to be', so a nominative subject and nominative predicate simply sit side by side."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как и помочь себе","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object","body":"«помочь себе» — 'to help oneself' — uses the dative «себе» of the reflexive pronoun «себя», which always points back to the clause's subject and has no nominative form. Distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся», this is a full object pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужасное","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положение","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to положение, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помочь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies помочь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знаю","gloss":"to help"},{"surface":"себе,","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, dative","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздохнул","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"heaved a sigh"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c6-s62","source":"Иван Федорович тотчас же опять уселся.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich at once sat down again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же опять уселся","title":"Perfective «уселся» — settling back down","body":"«уселся» is the perfective reflexive of «усаживаться/усесться», 'to seat oneself, settle down', a single completed motion that moves the narrative forward. The «-ся» here is the middle/change-of-state use, intransitive 'sat himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тотчас же","title":"«тотчас же» — at once, that very instant","body":"«тотчас» is a bookish 'immediately'; the particle «же» here merely tightens it ('that very instant'). The phrase signals how Ivan, who had begun to leave, abruptly reverses himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c6-s63","source":"— Оба совсем блажные-с, оба дошли до самого малого ребячества-с, — продолжал Смердяков. — Я про вашего родителя и про вашего братца-с Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"\"Both of them are quite out of their wits, sir, both have sunk to the merest childishness, sir,\" Smerdyakov went on. \"I mean your parent and your brother, sir, Dmitri Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блажные","title":"«блажные» — crazed, half-witted","body":"«блажной» is a folk-colloquial adjective for someone foolish, capricious, or off in the head — stronger and earthier than 'eccentric'. Smerdyakov, ever the servant, diagnoses both his masters at once as out of their wits."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребячества","title":"«ребячество» — childishness","body":"From «ребёнок» (child) via «ребяческий», «ребячество» means childish, infantile behaviour. «дошли до самого малого ребячества» — 'have sunk to the merest childishness' — sneers that the two grown men are behaving like small children over Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral/pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of блажные","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies блажные","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"блажные","lemma":"блажной","morphology":"adjective, predicate, nominative, plural","role":"predicate, describes Оба","gloss":"out of their wits"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to блажные, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral/pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дошли","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"дошли","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with блажные","gloss":"have sunk"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, intensifier, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies малого","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ребячества","gloss":"merest"},{"surface":"ребячества","lemma":"ребячество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"governed by до, complement of дошли","gloss":"childishness"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to ребячества, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"Смердяков.","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical sentence (implied \"mean\")","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братца","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies братца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with родителя","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential clitic","role":"attaches to братца, marking deference","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (identical to genitive, animate), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братца","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (identical to genitive, animate), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c6-s64","source":"Вот они встанут теперь, Федор Павлович, и начнут сейчас приставать ко мне каждую минуту: «Что не пришла? Зачем не пришла?» — и так вплоть до полуночи, даже и за полночь.","translation":"\"Here now he'll get up, Fyodor Pavlovich, and start pestering me every minute: 'Why hasn't she come? Why hasn't she come?' — and so it goes right up to midnight, even past midnight.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приставать ко мне каждую минуту","title":"«приставать» — to pester, badger","body":"«приставать к кому-то» is to nag, harass, cling to someone with demands. The imperfective stresses the relentless, repeated badgering 'every minute' that Fyodor Pavlovich inflicts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начнут сейчас приставать","title":"Perfective future + imperfective infinitive","body":"«начнут» is the perfective (simple) future of «начать» — conjugated like a present but meaning 'they will begin'. It governs the imperfective infinitive «приставать», since beginning launches an ongoing, repeated action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что не пришла? Зачем не пришла?","title":"Negated perfective past «не пришла»","body":"«не пришла» — 'she hasn't come' — is «не» plus the feminine perfective past of «прийти» (to arrive). The perfective frames a single expected event that has failed to happen; the feminine «-ла» ending agrees with the absent Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встанут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встанут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"встанут","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get up"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встанут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to они, naming the referent of the deferential plural (Fyodor Pavlovich)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнут","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встанут","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приставать","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"приставать","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнут","gloss":"pestering"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of приставать","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (used adverbially, 'why')","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришла?»","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom и так ('and so it goes')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вплоть до (right up to)","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полуночи","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"полуночи","lemma":"полуночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за полночь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies даже (даже и, 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночь","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"полночь","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полуночи","gloss":"midnight"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c6-s65","source":"А коль Аграфена Александровна не придет (потому что оне, пожалуй, совсем и не намерены вовсе никогда прийти-с), то накинутся на меня опять завтра поутру: «Зачем не пришла? Отчего не пришла, когда придет?» — точно я в этом в чем пред ними выхожу виноват.","translation":"\"And if Agrafena Alexandrovna doesn't come (for it may be they've no intention of ever coming at all, sir), then in the morning they fall upon me again: 'Why hasn't she come? Why hasn't she come, and when will she come?' — as though I were somehow to blame before them in this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коль","title":"«коль» — archaic 'if'","body":"«коль» (from «коли») is a folk-archaic conditional 'if', warmer and homelier than «если». It belongs to peasant and old-fashioned speech, exactly Smerdyakov's idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оне","title":"«оне» — the old feminine/respectful plural pronoun","body":"«оне» is the pre-1918 spelling of the third-person plural 'they' used for feminine antecedents, and in deferential servant-speech a singular master is referred to by this respectful plural. Smerdyakov speaks of Fyodor Pavlovich in the plural throughout, a marker of social distance below his master."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем и не намерены вовсе никогда прийти-с","title":"Piled-up negation","body":"«не… вовсе… никогда» stacks negators for emphasis — Russian's negative concord lets «не» and the negative adverb «никогда» ('never') coexist, intensifying rather than cancelling: 'have no intention of ever coming at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накинутся на меня опять завтра поутру","title":"«накинутся» — fall upon","body":"«накинуться на кого-то» (perfective, reflexive) is 'to pounce on, fall upon' someone — here verbally. The «-ся» is part of the lexical verb, and the perfective future paints the sudden onslaught of accusations."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поутру","title":"«поутру» — of a morning","body":"«поутру» is a folk-poetic 'in the morning, at daybreak', older and more rustic than «утром». It pairs with «накинутся… завтра» to fix the dreaded next-morning scolding."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (archaic, 'if')","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/folksy conditional conjunction, equivalent to если."},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коль-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"оне","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (archaic feminine form)","role":"subject of намерены","gloss":"they","note":"Archaic feminine plural form of она, used here as a deferential plural referring to Agrafena Alexandrovna herself (the antecedent of оне is the 'she' who may not intend to come, not Fyodor Pavlovich and Dmitri)."},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерены","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерены","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не (even not)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намерены","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of оне","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерены","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to прийти","gloss":"sir","note":"The servile '-с' suffix (from сударь), a speech tic marking deference to a social superior."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (correlative of коль)","role":"introduces the main clause after коль","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"накинутся","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pounce"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинутся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накинутся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накинутся","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накинутся","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придет?»","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхожу","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выхожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхожу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel to этом (в этом в чем, 'in this or that')","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of выхожу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"выхожу","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выхожу","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c6-s66","source":"С другой стороны, такая статья-с, как только сейчас смеркнется, да и раньше того, братец ваш с оружьем в руках явится по соседству: «Смотри, дескать, шельма, бульонщик: проглядишь ее у меня и не дашь мне знать, что пришла, — убью тебя прежде всякого».","translation":"\"On the other hand, there's this business, sir: the moment it grows dark, or even before, your brother turns up in the neighbourhood with a weapon in his hand: 'See here, you rascal, you broth-maker: if you let her slip past me and don't let me know she's come — I'll kill you before anyone else.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"статья-с","title":"«статья» — 'a piece of business'","body":"Literally 'article/item', «статья» in colloquial use means 'a matter, a kind of thing': «такая статья-с» is roughly 'here's the business, sir'. Smerdyakov uses it to introduce the second horn of his dilemma."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — the reported-speech particle","body":"«дескать» (and its kin «мол», «де») flags that the words quoted are someone else's — 'so he says', 'as if to say'. Smerdyakov drops it into Dmitri's threat to keep a sneering distance from the menacing words he reports."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шельма, бульонщик","title":"«шельма» and «бульонщик» — terms of abuse","body":"«шельма» is an old loan (German Schelm) for a rogue or scoundrel; «бульонщик» ('broth-maker, soup-cook') is Dmitri's contemptuous jab at Smerdyakov's kitchen station. Dmitri abuses the lackey with both his rascality and his menial trade."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проглядишь ее у меня","title":"Involvement «у меня» (у + genitive)","body":"«проглядишь ее у меня» — 'if you let her slip past me / on me' — uses «у меня» (the preposition «у» + genitive «меня», not a dative) as a sympathetic/involvement construction, dragging the speaker into the action as the affected party: 'you'd better not miss her, mind you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of С (idiom с другой стороны, 'on the other hand')","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of статья","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"статья","lemma":"статья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic, in apposition to the sentence","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to статья","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как только (as soon as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как только","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеркнется","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"смеркнется","lemma":"смеркнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial time clause modifying явится","gloss":"grows dark"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (and even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеркнется-clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of раньше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явится","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оружьем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"оружьем","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement modifying явится","gloss":"a weapon"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies оружьем","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shows up"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседству","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседству","lemma":"соседство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"the neighbourhood"},{"surface":"Смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported speech marker)","role":"marks the quoted speech","gloss":"he says","note":"Colloquial marker signalling that the speaker is reporting someone else's words, roughly 'he says'."},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (vocative use)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you rascal"},{"surface":"бульонщик","lemma":"бульонщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"in apposition to шельма","gloss":"broth-maker"},{"surface":"проглядишь","lemma":"проглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проглядишь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of у (у меня, 'on my watch')","gloss":"me","note":"у меня here is idiomatic: 'проглядишь ее у меня' = 'let her slip past me/on my watch,' not a literal 'my watch.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дашь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дашь","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проглядишь","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дашь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дашь (дать знать, 'let know')","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришла,","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of знать","gloss":"she's come"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всякого","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of прежде","gloss":"anyone"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c6-s67","source":"Пройдет ночь, наутро и они тоже, как и Федор Павлович, мучительски мучить меня начнут: «Зачем не пришла, скоро ль покажется», — и точно я опять-таки и пред ними виноват выхожу-с в том, что ихняя госпожа не явилась.","translation":"\"The night passes, and in the morning they too, like Fyodor Pavlovich, begin tormenting me with torments: 'Why hasn't she come? Will she soon show herself?' — and again it seems I come out guilty before them, sir, that their lady has not appeared.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мучительски мучить","title":"«мучительски мучить» — to torment with torments","body":"An expressive cognate doubling — adverb «мучительски» ('tormentingly') on verb «мучить» ('to torment') — piles the same root on itself for emphasis. This figura etymologica is folk-rhetorical, conveying how unbearably they badger him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихняя","title":"«ихний» — the substandard possessive","body":"«ихний» ('their') is a colloquial, non-standard possessive built by analogy from «их»; educated usage keeps the invariable «их». Its appearance is a clear class-marker, stamping Smerdyakov's speech as that of a half-educated servant straining at gentility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я… виноват выхожу-с","title":"Short adjective «виноват» as predicate","body":"«виноват» is the short (predicative) form of «виноватый», 'guilty, at fault' — short adjectives can only predicate, and carry a sense of a current state. With «выхожу» ('I come out [as]') it means 'I come out guilty', i.e. I'm made to seem the one to blame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pass"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Пройдет","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнут","gloss":"next morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начнут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies они","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как и (just like)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison как и","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"мучительски","lemma":"мучительски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"torturously"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнут","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"начнут","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покажется","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle (interrogative)","role":"question particle modifying покажется","gloss":"will she"},{"surface":"покажется»,","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"show herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхожу","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выхожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки (yet again)","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies пред ними (even before them)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of выхожу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выхожу","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"выхожу","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to выхожу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхожу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ихняя","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular (colloquial)","role":"modifies госпожа","gloss":"their","note":"Ихний is a nonstandard, uneducated-sounding possessive, part of Smerdyakov's servile register."},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of явилась","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явилась","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective, feminine","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c6-s68","source":"И до того с каждым днем и с каждым часом всё дальше серчают оба-с, что думаю иной час от страху сам жизни себя лишить-с.","translation":"\"And with every day and every hour the two of them grow ever more furious, sir, so that at times, for very fear, I think of taking my own life, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"серчают","title":"«серчать» — to be angry (folk)","body":"«серчать» is a homely, dialectal synonym of «сердиться», 'to grow cross, be angry'. The peasant verb suits Smerdyakov's idiom and the rising fury of the two Karamazovs 'with every day and every hour'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жизни себя лишить","title":"Genitive object «жизни» under «лишить»","body":"«лишить себя жизни» — 'to deprive oneself of life', i.e. take one's own life — governs the genitive «жизни» (what one is deprived of), with reflexive «себя» as the one deprived. The genitive is required by «лишить», a verb of removal/absence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иной час","title":"«иной час» — at times","body":"«иной час» (lit. 'another hour') is a folk idiom for 'sometimes, now and then', parallel to «от страху» below. It softens the dark thought of suicide into something that merely crosses his mind 'at times'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до того... что (to such a point that)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, correlate of что-clause","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking днем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of днем","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"днем","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies серчают","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies серчают","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies дальше (ever more)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies серчают","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"серчают","lemma":"серчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fume"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of серчают","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to оба","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (до того..., что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of думаю","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic partitive form)","role":"object of от","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of лишить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of лишить (лишить себя жизни, take one's own life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, accusative","role":"direct object of лишить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"лишить","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думаю","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to лишить","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c6-s69","source":"Я, сударь, на них не надеюсь-с.","translation":"\"I put no trust in them, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — 'sir', the full form","body":"«сударь» is the deferential 'sir' from which the clitic «-с» is worn down. Smerdyakov here uses the whole word, then resumes the abbreviated «-с», layering his servility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на них не надеюсь-с","title":"«надеяться на» + accusative","body":"«надеяться на кого-то» is 'to rely on, put trust in someone', the preposition «на» governing the accusative «них». The «-ся» verb «надеяться» exists only in this reflexive form. Smerdyakov again uses the respectful plural «них» for his masters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative/parenthetical address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of надеюсь (надеяться на, 'rely on')","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надеюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rely"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to надеюсь","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c6-s70","source":"— А зачем ввязался! Зачем Дмитрию Федоровичу стал переносить? — раздражительно проговорил Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"But why did you get mixed up in it? Why did you start carrying tales to Dmitri Fyodorovich?\" Ivan Fyodorovich said irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to get tangled up in","body":"«ввязаться (во что-то)» is 'to get mixed up / embroiled in' an affair, with the metaphor of being tied (вязать) into it. Ivan throws the verb at Smerdyakov, and Smerdyakov will throw it straight back in the next line."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переносить","title":"«переносить» — to carry tales","body":"Beyond 'to carry across', «переносить» idiomatically means to carry gossip or tales between parties, to inform. «Зачем… стал переносить?» accuses Smerdyakov of tale-bearing between Dmitri and the household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал переносить","title":"Phasal «стал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стал переносить» — 'began to carry tales' — pairs the perfective «стать» ('to start') with the imperfective infinitive «переносить», since the onset of a repeated, ongoing activity takes the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввязался","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get mixed up"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of переносить","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"переносить?","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"carry tales"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c6-s71","source":"— А как бы я не ввязался-с? Да я и не ввязывался вовсе, если хотите знать в полной точности-с.","translation":"\"And how was I not to get mixed up in it, sir? Why, I never got mixed up in it at all, if you wish to know the exact truth, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А как бы я не ввязался-с?","title":"Rhetorical conditional with «бы»","body":"«как бы я не ввязался» uses the irrealis particle «бы» on the past form «ввязался» to mean 'how could I have helped getting mixed up?' — a rhetorical, self-exculpating conditional. The «бы» leans on the question word «как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ввязывался вовсе","title":"Imperfective denial «не ввязывался»","body":"Smerdyakov first echoes Ivan's perfective «ввязался», then denies it in the imperfective «не ввязывался вовсе» — 'I never got mixed up at all'. The imperfective here denies the very process/fact, a typical use of aspect under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввязался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"auxiliary of ввязался","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ввязался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get mixed up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to ввязался","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ввязывался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не (not at all)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ввязывался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ввязывался","lemma":"ввязываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got mixed up"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввязывался","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полной","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точности","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в (в точности, 'exactly')","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to точности","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c6-s72","source":"Я с самого начала всё молчал, возражать не смея, а они сами определили мне своим слугой Личардой при них состоять.","translation":"\"From the very start I held my tongue throughout, not daring to object, while they themselves appointed me to be their Lichard, to attend on them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возражать не смея","title":"Gerund «не смея» — not daring","body":"«не смея» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «сметь» ('to dare'), an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing Smerdyakov's subject: 'while not daring to object'. With «возражать» ('to object') it paints his silent, cowering deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим слугой Личардой при них состоять","title":"Instrumental of role «слугой Личардой»","body":"«определили мне… слугой Личардой… состоять» puts the role-nouns «слугой Личардой» in the instrumental — the predicate-instrumental used after verbs of appointing/being to frame an assumed role: they 'appointed me to serve as their Lichard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчал","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective, masculine","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смея","gloss":"to object"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смея","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of молчал","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of определили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"определили","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of определили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слугой","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of определили","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Личардой","lemma":"личарда","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слугой","gloss":"Lichard","note":"Lichard is the legendary faithful servant from an old popular tale; Smerdyakov uses the name self-mockingly."},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоять","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"состоять","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of определили","gloss":"to attend"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c6-s73","source":"Только и знают с тех пор одно слово: «Убью тебя, шельму, если пропустишь!»","translation":"\"Ever since then all they know is the one phrase: 'I'll kill you, you rascal, if you let her slip by!'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только и знают… одно слово","title":"The «только и» construction","body":"«Только и знают, что…» is a fixed idiom — 'all they ever do is…', 'the only thing they know is…' — the «и» reinforcing the exclusivity of «только». Here: 'ever since, all they know is the one phrase'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шельму","title":"«шельма» again — the rogue","body":"The same insult «шельма» (rogue, scoundrel) recurs inside Dmitri's quoted threat «Убью тебя, шельму». Repeating it builds the menace into a refrain that 'all they know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies знают (только и знают, 'all they do is know')","gloss":"do","note":"Только и знают is an idiom meaning 'all they ever do is'."},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of с (с тех пор, 'since then')","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знают","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"Убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Убью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шельму","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя","gloss":"you rascal"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропустишь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пропустишь","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"let her slip by"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c6-s74","source":"Наверно полагаю, сударь, что со мной завтра длинная падучая приключится.","translation":"\"I'm fairly sure, sir, that tomorrow a long falling-fit will come over me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приключится","title":"«приключиться» — to befall","body":"«приключиться» (perfective) is a slightly old-fashioned 'to happen, befall, come over [someone]', here with the dative-ish «со мной» ('with me'). It lends his prophecy a fated, almost folk-tale colouring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагаю","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приключится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of приключится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приключится","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"длинная","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies падучая","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приключится","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"приключится","lemma":"приключиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагаю","gloss":"will happen"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c6-s75","source":"— Какая такая длинная падучая?","translation":"\"What sort of long falling-fit?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая такая длинная падучая?","title":"«какой такой» — emphatic 'what sort of'","body":"«какая такая» doubles the interrogative «какой» with «такой» for an incredulous, demanding 'what sort of… exactly?'. The two adjectives agree with feminine «падучая». Ivan's suspicion is audible in the colloquial pile-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, interrogative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies падучая","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies какая (какая такая, 'what sort of')","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"длинная","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies падучая","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fit"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c6-s76","source":"— Длинный припадок такой-с, чрезвычайно длинный-с. Несколько часов-с али, пожалуй, день и другой продолжается-с.","translation":"\"A long fit, sir, an extraordinarily long one, sir. It lasts several hours, sir, or maybe a day, even two, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"«али» is a peasant-colloquial variant of «или» ('or'), common in 19th-century rustic and servant speech. It dots Smerdyakov's lines and marks his sub-gentry register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"день и другой продолжается","title":"Imperfective «продолжается» — it lasts","body":"«продолжается» is the imperfective reflexive 'continues, lasts', the «-ся» giving the intransitive/middle sense (the fit goes on by itself). The imperfective is right for a stretched-out, durative state lasting 'several hours… a day, even two'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадок","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to припадок","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies длинный","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with припадок","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to длинный","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate (duration)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to часов","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, 'or')","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Али is a dialectal/colloquial variant of или ('or')."},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжается","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"продолжается","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasts"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"politeness particle attached to продолжается","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c6-s77","source":"Раз со мной продолжалось это дня три, упал я с чердака тогда.","translation":"\"Once it went on with me for some three days — I'd fallen from the loft then.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжалось это дня три","title":"«дня три» — approximation by inversion","body":"Inverting numeral and noun — «дня три» instead of «три дня» — gives an approximate 'some three days, about three days'. The noun stays in the genitive singular «дня» governed by «три»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжалось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжалось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"продолжалось","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective, neuter","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of продолжалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the approximation дня три ('about three days')","gloss":"days","note":"Reversing the noun and numeral (дня три instead of три дня) signals an approximation, 'some three days'."},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies дня, adverbial duration","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, masculine","role":"coordinated with продолжалось","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"the loft"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c6-s78","source":"Перестанет бить, и потом зачнет опять; и я все три дня не мог в разум войти.","translation":"\"The convulsions would stop, and then start up again; and for all those three days I couldn't come to my senses.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зачнет","title":"«зачать» — folk 'to begin'","body":"«зачнёт» (from «зачать» in the sense 'to start') is a rustic, dialectal equivalent of «начнёт» ('will begin'). Smerdyakov's speech is studded with such village forms even as he reaches for refined turns elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестанет бить, и потом зачнет опять","title":"Perfective futures for iteration","body":"«Перестанет… зачнёт» are perfective simple futures ('will stop… will start') used here for a habitual, recurring pattern of the convulsions — a vivid 'gnomic' use of the perfective future to describe what typically happens."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в разум войти","title":"«в разум войти» — to come to one's senses","body":"The idiom «войти в разум» literally 'to enter into reason' means to recover one's wits, come round. After three days of fits Smerdyakov 'couldn't come to his senses'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестанет","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it would stop"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Перестанет","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачнет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачнет","lemma":"зачать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Перестанет","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачнет","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial duration complement of мог","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective, masculine","role":"coordinated with Перестанет","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разум","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"разум","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в (в разум войти, 'come to one's senses')","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c6-s79","source":"За Герценштубе, за здешним доктором, тогда Федор Павлович посылали-с, так тот льду к темени прикладывал да еще одно средство употребил… Помереть бы мог-с.","translation":"\"Fyodor Pavlovich sent then for Herzenstube, the local doctor, sir, and he put ice to my crown and tried some other remedy besides… I might have died, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федор Павлович посылали-с","title":"Honorific plural verb «посылали»","body":"«Фёдор Павлович… посылали» pairs a singular master with a plural past-tense verb — the deferential servant's plural of respect. Combined with «-с», it is Smerdyakov speaking 'up' to his betters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помереть бы мог-с","title":"Conditional «мог бы» — might have died","body":"«Помереть бы мог» is the conditional: past-form «мог» plus particle «бы» plus the folk infinitive «помереть» ('to die') — 'I might have died'. The mobile «бы» has slipped before the verb for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Герценштубе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular, indeclinable","role":"oblique complement of посылали","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктором","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"здешним","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктором","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Герценштубе","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посылали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посылали","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"посылали","lemma":"посылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent","note":"Plural agreement used deferentially for a single referent (servant's formal speech)."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to посылали","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикладывал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прикладывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"льду","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прикладывал","gloss":"ice","note":"Archaic partitive genitive used as direct object (\"some ice\") instead of the accusative."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"темени","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикладывал","gloss":"the crown"},{"surface":"прикладывал","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to посылали","gloss":"applied"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links прикладывал and употребил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies средство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of употребил","gloss":"remedy"},{"surface":"употребил","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прикладывал","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"Помереть","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to die"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to мог","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c6-s80","source":"— Да ведь, говорят, падучую нельзя заранее предузнать, что вот в такой-то час будет. Как же ты говоришь, что завтра придет? — с особенным и раздражительным любопытством осведомился Иван Федорович.","translation":"\"But surely, they say, the falling-sickness can't be foretold in advance, so that it'll come at such-and-such an hour. How then do you say it'll come tomorrow?\" Ivan Fyodorovich inquired with a peculiar and irritated curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предузнать","title":"«предузнать» — to foreknow","body":"«предузнать» (pred- 'before' + узнать 'to find out') is a bookish 'to foresee, foreknow' — that epilepsy cannot be predicted to strike «в такой-то час» ('at such-and-such an hour'). Ivan's objection sets up his growing suspicion that Smerdyakov is play-acting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осведомился","title":"Perfective «осведомился» of the narrator","body":"Outside the dialogue, Dostoevsky's narration uses the perfective «осведомился» ('inquired') — a bookish, slightly formal verb — to clinch Ivan's single act of asking, against the imperfective background of the conversation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с особенным и раздражительным любопытством","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«с… любопытством» — 'with… curiosity' — is the instrumental after «с», naming the manner in which Ivan inquires. The agreeing adjectives «особенным и раздражительным» ride the same instrumental ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (\"they say\")","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"падучую","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предузнать","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предузнать","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"предузнать","lemma":"предузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies час","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"attaches to такой (такой-то \"such-and-such\")","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of предузнать","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоришь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"придет?","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говоришь","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительным","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with особенным","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомился","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb framing the quotation","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c6-s81","source":"— Это точно, что нельзя предузнать-с.","translation":"\"Quite true, sir, that it can't be foretold.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это точно, что нельзя предузнать","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя предузнать» — 'it's impossible to foretell' — is the impersonal modal «нельзя» governing an infinitive, with no subject at all. Smerdyakov slyly concedes the very point that should undercut his prophecy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"clausal complement of точно","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"предузнать","lemma":"предузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"foretell"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to предузнать","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c6-s82","source":"— К тому же ты тогда упал с чердака.","translation":"\"Besides, you fell from the loft that time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты тогда упал с чердака","title":"«с чердака» — genitive after «с» (from off)","body":"«упал с чердака» — 'fell from the loft' — uses «с» + genitive «чердака» for motion down from a surface. The same «с» governs the instrumental elsewhere; here, meaning 'down from', it takes the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"К тому же is a fixed idiom meaning \"besides, moreover.\""},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"the loft"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c6-s83","source":"— На чердак каждый день лазею-с, могу и завтра упасть с чердака. А не с чердака, так в погреб упаду-с, в погреб тоже каждый день хожу-с, по своей надобности-с.","translation":"\"I climb up to the loft every day, sir, so I might fall from it tomorrow as well. And if not from the loft, then I'll tumble into the cellar, sir — I go down to the cellar every day too, sir, about my own business, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лазею","title":"«лазею» — colloquial 'I climb'","body":"«лазею» (standard «лажу/лазаю», from «лазить», multidirectional 'to climb about') is a colloquial present 'I clamber up'. The multidirectional motion verb fits the habitual, daily climbing 'every day'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на чердак… лазею","title":"«на чердак» — accusative of destination","body":"«на чердак» (accusative) marks motion toward — climbing up onto the loft — against «с чердака» (genitive) for coming down. The same «на» would take the prepositional «на чердаке» for static location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по своей надобности","title":"«по надобности» — about one's business","body":"«по своей надобности» is a stiff, dated 'about my own need/business', «надобность» being an archaic 'need'. The reflexive «своей» ties it to the subject — he goes to the cellar daily on his own errands."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердак","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чердак","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лазею","gloss":"the loft"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лазею","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"лазею","lemma":"лазить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climb"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to лазею","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упасть","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"упасть","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упасть","gloss":"the loft"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the following prepositional phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with погреб, complement of упаду (elided)","gloss":"the loft"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упаду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упаду","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"упаду","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tumble"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to упаду","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to хожу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надобности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of надобности","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"надобности","lemma":"надобность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to надобности","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c6-s84","source":"Иван Федорович длинно посмотрел на него.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich gave him a long look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"длинно посмотрел на него","title":"Adverb «длинно» — gave a long look","body":"«длинно посмотрел» turns the adjective «длинный» ('long') into an adverb modifying the perfective «посмотрел» ('looked'): Ivan 'gave him a long look'. The perfective marks one completed, weighted glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c6-s85","source":"— Плетешь ты, я вижу, и я тебя что-то не понимаю, — тихо, но как-то грозно проговорил он, — притвориться, что ли, ты хочешь завтра на три дня в падучей? а?","translation":"\"You're spinning a yarn, I see, and there's something about you I don't understand,\" he said softly, but somehow menacingly. \"Is it that you mean to sham a fit tomorrow, for three days? Eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Плетешь ты","title":"«плести» — to spin a yarn","body":"«плести» literally 'to weave/braid', colloquially means to talk nonsense, spin a tale ('плести небылицы'). «Плетёшь ты» — 'you're spinning a yarn' — is Ivan's blunt accusation that Smerdyakov is fabricating."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притвориться, что ли, ты хочешь","title":"The dubitative particle «что ли»","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial particle of doubt or guesswork tagged onto a question — 'is it that…?', 'or what?'. It softens Ivan's suspicion into a probing 'do you mean to sham, then?' Note «притвориться» ('to pretend, sham') governing the infinitive in «хочешь притвориться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грозно проговорил","title":"«грозно» and perfective «проговорил»","body":"«грозно» ('menacingly') modifies «проговорил», the perfective of «проговорить» ('to utter, get out [words]'). The prefix «про-» frames the whole soft-but-threatening utterance as a single completed speech-act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плетешь","lemma":"плести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spinning a yarn","note":"Плести (\"to weave\") used idiomatically for talking nonsense/spinning a tale."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Плетешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"about you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что-то, adverbial modifier of понимаю (\"somewhat\"), not a second direct object (тебя already fills that slot)","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"attaches to что (что-то \"something\")","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю,","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"attaches to то (как-то \"somehow\"), modifies проговорил","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"attaches to как (как-то \"somehow\")","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"притвориться","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to sham it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase что ли, introduces the question","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"modifies что","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean to"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочешь","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падучей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притвориться","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle, interjection","role":"discourse tag (\"eh?\")","gloss":"eh?"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c6-s86","source":"Смердяков, смотревший в землю и игравший опять носочком правой ноги, поставил правую ногу на место, вместо нее выставил вперед левую, поднял голову и, усмехнувшись, произнес:","translation":"Smerdyakov, who had been looking at the ground and again toying with the toe of his right foot, set the right foot back in place, thrust the left forward instead, raised his head, and, with a smirk, pronounced:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотревший в землю и игравший… носочком","title":"Chained past active participles","body":"«смотревший… и игравший» are two past active participles in «-вший», agreeing with «Смердяков» and replacing a «который»-clause: 'who had been looking… and toying…'. This dense participial setup, before the string of perfective verbs, is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"носочком","title":"«носочек» — the little toe-tip","body":"«носочек» is the diminutive of «носок» ('toe of the foot/shoe'); «играл носочком… ноги» — 'toyed with the toe of his foot'. The fidgeting, the smirk, and the deliberate foot-shuffle compose Smerdyakov's unnerving, theatrical calm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнувшись, произнес","title":"Perfective gerund «усмехнувшись»","body":"«усмехнувшись» is the perfective past деепричастие of «усмехнуться» ('to give a smirk'), a prior completed action attending the main verb «произнёс»: 'having smirked, he pronounced'. The «-я/-вши» gerund packs the smirk neatly into the same clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поставил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"смотревший","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смердяков","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревший","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"игравший","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотревший","gloss":"toying"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies игравший","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"носочком","lemma":"носочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of игравший","gloss":"the toe"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies носочком","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выставил","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставил","gloss":"thrust out"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выставил","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выставил","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставил","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усмехнувшись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"smirking"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставил","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c6-s87","source":"— Если бы я даже эту самую штуку и мог-с, то есть чтобы притвориться-с, и так как ее сделать совсем нетрудно опытному человеку, то и тут я в полном праве моем это средство употребить для спасения жизни моей от смерти; ибо когда я в болезни лежу, то хотя бы Аграфена Александровна пришла к ихнему родителю, не могут они тогда с больного человека спросить: «Зачем не донес?» Сами постыдятся.","translation":"\"Even if I could manage that very trick, sir — that is, to sham it, sir — and since it's no hard thing at all for a practised man to do, I would even then be fully within my rights to use such a means for the saving of my life from death; for when I'm lying ill, then, even if Agrafena Alexandrovna did come to their parent, they cannot then call a sick man to account: 'Why didn't you report it?' They'd be ashamed to, themselves.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы я даже эту самую штуку и мог-с","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… мог»","body":"«Если бы я… и мог» opens a counterfactual conditional — «если бы» plus past-form «мог» — 'even if I could'. Smerdyakov hypothetically grants the faking, then argues himself fully within his rights, a chilling display of legalistic cunning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штуку","title":"«штука» — 'trick'","body":"Colloquial «штука» ('thing, piece') here means a 'trick, stunt' — «эту самую штуку… притвориться» glosses itself as the act of shamming. The breezy word jars against the deadly stakes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, elevated causal conjunction 'for, since', borrowed from Church-Slavonic/biblical register. Smerdyakov reaches for it to dress his self-justification in pseudo-learned solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы Аграфена Александровна пришла","title":"Concessive «хотя бы… пришла»","body":"«хотя бы… пришла» is a concessive conditional — 'even if Agrafena Alexandrovna did come' — again past form plus «бы». It frames a hypothetical that, even if true, could not be held against a sick man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сами постыдятся","title":"«сам» as intensifier + «постыдятся»","body":"«Сами постыдятся» — 'they'd be ashamed themselves' — uses the intensifier «сам(и)» ('-self') and the perfective reflexive «постыдиться» ('to feel ashamed'). The «-ся» verb conveys the inward feeling that would stop them accusing a bedridden man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of мог","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог (even if I could)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штуку","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"штуку","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мог (implied \"do\")","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to мог","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притвориться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"притвориться","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"appositive clause explaining штуку","gloss":"to sham it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to притвориться","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как (\"since\")","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как (\"since\")","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"logical subject of нетрудно","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетрудно","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нетрудно","lemma":"нетрудно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"main predicate of the так-как clause","gloss":"not hard"},{"surface":"опытному","lemma":"опытный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"practised"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of the person, complement of нетрудно","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes main clause (correlative to Если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies употребить (\"in this case\")","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the main clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полном","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause, complement of я","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of средство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"средство","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of употребить","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"употребить","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of праве (\"entitled to use\")","gloss":"to use"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спасения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of употребить","gloss":"the saving"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спасения","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасения","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежу","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes main clause (correlative to когда)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concessive clause of пришла (хотя бы \"even if\")","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ихнему","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular, colloquial","role":"modifies родителю","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"родителю","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришла","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"call to account"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies донес","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies донес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"донес","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of спросить","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of постыдятся","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"постыдятся","lemma":"постыдиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be ashamed"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c6-s88","source":"— Э, черт! — вскинулся вдруг Иван Федорович с перекосившимся от злобы лицом. — Что ты всё об своей жизни трусишь! Все эти угрозы брата Дмитрия только азартные слова и больше ничего.","translation":"\"Eh, the devil!\" Ivan Fyodorovich flared up suddenly, his face twisted with malice. \"Why are you forever quaking over your life! All those threats of brother Dmitri's are just words spoken in the heat of the moment, and nothing more.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинулся… с перекосившимся от злобы лицом","title":"Participle «перекосившимся» of attendant state","body":"«с перекосившимся… лицом» — 'with his face twisted [with malice]' — is the instrumental of accompaniment «с» plus the past active participle «перекосившимся» (from reflexive «перекоситься», 'to become contorted'), agreeing with «лицом». A compact picture of Ivan's flaring rage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трусишь","title":"«трусить» — to quake with fear","body":"«трусить» (imperfective) is 'to be afraid, lose one's nerve, quake'. «Что ты всё… трусишь!» — 'why are you forever quaking!' — the particle «всё» ('continually') stressing Ivan's exasperation at Smerdyakov's endless cowardice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"азартные слова","title":"«азартные слова» — words said in the heat","body":"«азартный» (from «азарт», passion/heat of the moment, ult. French hasard) describes words flung out in a fit of passion, not meant in earnest. Ivan dismisses Dmitri's threats as mere 'words spoken in the heat of the moment'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт!","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, coordinated with Э","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"перекосившимся","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекосившимся","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"лицом.","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинулся","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies трусишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трусишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трусишь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трусишь","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"трусишь","lemma":"трусить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quake"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of угрозы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of угрозы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"угрозы","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of слова","gloss":"threats"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угрозы","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"азартные","lemma":"азартный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"heated"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate nominal, complement of угрозы","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with слова","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c6-s89","source":"Не убьет он тебя; убьет, да не тебя!","translation":"\"He won't kill you; if he kills, it won't be you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убьет, да не тебя!","title":"Contrastive «да не» and clipped syntax","body":"«убьёт, да не тебя» — 'if he kills, it won't be you!' — uses «да» as a folksy contrastive 'but' and the clipped «не тебя» (negated accusative). The terse, elliptical phrasing carries Ivan's grim, almost prophetic insinuation about who the real victim will be."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет (if he kills)","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьет (elided)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c6-s90","source":"— Убьет как муху-с, и прежде всего меня-с. А пуще того я другого боюсь: чтобы меня в их сообществе не сочли, когда что нелепое над родителем своим учинят.","translation":"\"He'll kill me like a fly, sir, and me before anyone else, sir. But there's something worse than that I fear: that I'll be taken for an accomplice of theirs, when they do something monstrous to their parent.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убьет как муху","title":"Comparative «как муху» — accusative simile","body":"«Убьёт как муху» — 'he'll kill me like a fly' — the simile noun «муху» stands in the accusative, matching the unspoken object 'me'. The casual brutality of the image is pure Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы меня в их сообществе не сочли","title":"Purpose/fear clause with «чтобы… не»","body":"«боюсь, чтобы… не сочли» — 'I fear that I'll be taken…' — uses «чтобы… не» plus the past-form «сочли» after a verb of fearing, the irrealis construction for a dreaded outcome. «сочли» is the perfective past of «счесть» ('to deem, count [as]')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что нелепое над родителем своим учинят","title":"«учинить» and «нелепое»","body":"«учинить» is an archaic/officialese 'to perpetrate, commit', and «нелепое» ('something absurd/monstrous') is a coy euphemism for the murder he foresees. The reflexive «своим» ties «родителем» to the brothers — their own father. Smerdyakov names the coming crime only obliquely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll kill"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муху","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"муху","lemma":"муха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Убьет","gloss":"a fly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to муху","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего (\"first of all\")","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Убьет (elided)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to меня","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the phrase пуще того (\"worse than that\"), modifies боюсь","gloss":"worse than"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase пуще того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сочли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сочли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сообществе","gloss":"as part of"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сообществе","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сообществе","lemma":"сообщество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочли","gloss":"complicity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сочли","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause, complement of боюсь","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учинят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of учинят","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"родителем","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of учинят","gloss":"parent"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родителем","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"учинят","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c6-s91","source":"— Почему тебя сочтут сообщником?","translation":"\"Why would you be taken for an accomplice?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему тебя сочтут сообщником?","title":"Instrumental predicate «сообщником»","body":"«сочтут сообщником» — 'they'll deem [you] an accomplice' — puts «сообщником» in the instrumental, the predicate-instrumental required when «счесть/считать» assigns a role or label. Compare «стать монахом», 'to become a monk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочтут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сочтут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сочтут","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be taken for"},{"surface":"сообщником","lemma":"сообщник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сочтут","gloss":"an accomplice"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c6-s92","source":"— Потому сочтут сообщником, что я им эти самые знаки в секрете большом сообщил-с.","translation":"\"I'll be taken for an accomplice because I told them those very signals in great secrecy, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потому сочтут сообщником, что…","title":"Split correlative «потому… что»","body":"Smerdyakov fronts «потому» ('for that reason') and only later supplies «что» ('because'), splitting the causal conjunction «потому что» around the main clause for emphasis: 'I'll be taken for an accomplice — because…'. A pedantic, deliberate rhetorical turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в секрете большом","title":"Inverted adjective «в секрете большом»","body":"Standard order is «в большом секрете»; Smerdyakov inverts to «в секрете большом» ('in great secrecy'), trailing the adjective after its noun. Such inversion, period-flavoured and faintly bookish, weights the word «большом'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сочтут (потому...что \"because\")","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"сочтут","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be taken for"},{"surface":"сообщником","lemma":"сообщник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сочтут","gloss":"an accomplice"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (потому...что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщил","gloss":"secrecy"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секрете","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, deferential (from сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to сообщил","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c6-s93","source":"— Какие знаки? Кому сообщил? Черт тебя побери, говори яснее!","translation":"\"What signals? Whom did you tell? The devil take you — speak plainer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому сообщил?","title":"Dative interrogative «кому»","body":"«Кому сообщил?» — 'whom did you tell?' — «кому» is the dative of «кто», since «сообщить» ('to communicate, tell') takes a dative indirect object (the person told). Ivan's clipped triple question marks his rising alarm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Черт тебя побери","title":"«Чёрт тебя побери» — the devil take you","body":"«Чёрт тебя побери» (побери = imperative of «побрать») is the stock Russian oath 'the devil take you', recurring through Ivan's lines as his patience snaps. «говори яснее» — 'speak plainer' — is the comparative «яснее» of «ясно'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (object of an implied verb)","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you tell"},{"surface":"Черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of побери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"побери","lemma":"побрать","morphology":"verb, imperative (optative use with 3rd-person subject), perfective","role":"main verb of the curse черт побери","gloss":"take","note":"Fixed idiom \"чёрт побери\" (\"the devil take you\") uses an imperative form even though the subject is 3rd-person чёрт."},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following imperative clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"яснее","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"more clearly"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c6-s94","source":"— Должен совершенно признаться, — с педантским спокойствием тянул Смердяков, — что тут есть один секрет у меня с Федором Павловичем.","translation":"\"I must confess outright,\" Smerdyakov drawled with pedantic composure, \"that there's a certain secret between Fyodor Pavlovich and me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с педантским спокойствием тянул","title":"«тянул» — drawled; «педантский»","body":"«тянуть» ('to pull/drag') used of speech means 'to drawl, draw out one's words'; «с педантским спокойствием» — 'with pedantic composure'. The narrator nails Smerdyakov's maddening, deliberate slowness as he confesses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть один секрет у меня с Федором Павловичем","title":"Possessive «у меня» existential","body":"«есть… секрет у меня с Фёдором Павловичем» — 'there's a secret I share with Fyodor Pavlovich' — uses the «у + genitive» possessive frame with «с + instrumental» for the partner. «есть» asserts existence; «у меня» localizes the secret to Smerdyakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence (implied subject \"I\")","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаться","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"признаться,","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Должен","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спокойствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"педантским","lemma":"педантский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спокойствием","gloss":"pedantic"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тянул","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"тянул","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical speech tag","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"Смердяков,","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тянул","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of признаться)","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies секрет","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies секрет","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c6-s95","source":"Они, как сами изволите знать (если только изволите это знать), уже несколько дней, как то есть ночь али даже вечер, так тотчас сызнутри и запрутся.","translation":"\"For several days now, as you yourself are pleased to know (if indeed you are pleased to know it), the moment it's night, or even evening, he locks himself in at once from the inside.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сами изволите знать (если только изволите это знать)","title":"«изволите» — the deferential auxiliary","body":"«изволить» ('to deign, be pleased to') plus an infinitive is the supremely servile politeness verb of the old servant class: «изволите знать» = 'you are pleased to know'. Smerdyakov's parenthetical needling «если только изволите» ('if indeed you are pleased to') laces the deference with sly insolence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сызнутри","title":"«сызнутри» — from the inside","body":"«сызнутри» (from «изнутри», 'from within') is a folk-colloquial reinforced form, 'from the inside'. Fyodor Pavlovich «запрутся» — bolts himself in from within — the locked-door detail on which the whole murder-mechanism will turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так тотчас… и запрутся","title":"Reflexive «запереться» + honorific plural","body":"«запрутся» is the perfective future of reflexive «запереться» ('to lock oneself in'), the «-ся» giving the intransitive 'shut oneself up'. Smerdyakov keeps the master in the respectful plural, so 'he locks himself in' surfaces as a grammatical 'they'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запрутся","gloss":"he","note":"Smerdyakov's servile \"respectful plural\" for his master Fyodor Pavlovich — grammatically plural though referring to one man."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause изволите знать","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies the implied subject (\"you\") of изволите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"are pleased"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изволите","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"are pleased"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adjunct of запрутся","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (\"as soon as\")","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the filler phrase то есть","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть; links ночь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links ночь and вечер","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ночь as subject of есть","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the main clause, modifies запрутся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запрутся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"сызнутри","lemma":"изнутри","morphology":"adverb (dialectal form)","role":"modifies запрутся","gloss":"from inside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тотчас сызнутри to запрутся","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запрутся","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, agrees with Они","gloss":"locks himself in"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c6-s96","source":"Вы каждый раз стали под конец возвращаться рано к себе наверх, а вчера так и совсем никуда не выходили-с, а потому, может, и не знаете, как они старательно начали теперь запираться на ночь.","translation":"\"You've taken of late to going up to your room early every night, and yesterday you didn't go out anywhere at all, sir, and so perhaps you don't even know how carefully he's now begun to lock himself in at night.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы каждый раз стали… возвращаться рано","title":"Phasal «стали» + imperfective + «каждый раз»","body":"«стали… возвращаться рано… каждый раз» — 'you took to coming back early every time' — pairs perfective «стать» with the imperfective infinitive «возвращаться», the imperfective and «каждый раз» marking the new habit. Note: addressing Ivan, he switches to the genuine polite plural «Вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как они старательно начали теперь запираться на ночь","title":"«начали запираться» — onset of a habit","body":"«начали… запираться» again couples the perfective «начать» with the imperfective «запираться» ('to lock oneself in'), since the master has begun a now-nightly practice. The adverb «старательно» ('carefully, diligently') colours the obsessive bolting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of стали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have begun"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase под конец, modifies стали","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"возвращаться","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращаться","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"object of preposition к, modifies возвращаться","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвращаться","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходили","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходили (emphatic так и)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the emphatic phrase так и","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никуда","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходили","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to выходили, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir","note":"Smerdyakov's servile speech tic \"-с\", tacked onto words to sound respectful; here reduced to a separate token."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies знаете","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by потому","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, complement of знаете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"старательно","lemma":"старательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"has begun"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запираться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"запираться","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to lock himself in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запираться","gloss":"the night"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c6-s97","source":"И приди хоть сам Григорий Васильевич, так они, разве что по голосу убедясь, ему отопрут-с.","translation":"\"And were Grigory Vasilyevich himself to come, he'd open to him only after making sure by his voice, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И приди хоть сам Григорий Васильевич","title":"Imperative «приди» as concessive conditional","body":"«И приди хоть сам Григорий Васильевич…» uses a bare imperative «приди» ('let him come / were he to come') for a hypothetical concession — a vivid colloquial substitute for «если бы пришёл». The «хоть» reinforces 'even if'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по голосу убедясь","title":"Gerund «убедясь» — having made sure","body":"«убедясь» is the perfective gerund of «убедиться» ('to make sure, become convinced'), here in its older «-ясь» shape: 'only after making sure by his voice'. «по голосу» ('by the voice') is «по» + dative for the basis of judgement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отопрут","title":"«отпереть/отопрут» — to unlock","body":"«отопрут» is the perfective future of «отпереть» ('to unbolt, open a lock'), the lexical counterpart to «запереться» above. The whole passage turns on this verb — under what conditions the bolted door will be opened."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приди","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative form used conditionally, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (\"were X to come\")","gloss":"were to come"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приди","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the main clause, modifies отопрут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отопрут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase разве что, introduces убедясь","gloss":"only if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase разве что","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голосу","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедясь","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"убедясь","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отопрут","gloss":"having made sure"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отопрут","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"отопрут","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"will open"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to отопрут, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c6-s98","source":"Но Григорий Васильевич не приходит-с, потому служу им теперь в комнатах один я-с — так они сами определили с той самой минуты, как начали эту затею с Аграфеной Александровной, а на ночь так и я теперь, по ихнему распоряжению, удаляюсь и ночую во флигеле, с тем чтобы до полночи мне не спать, а дежурить, вставать и двор обходить, и ждать, когда Аграфена Александровна придут-с, так как они вот уже несколько дней ее ждут, словно как помешанные.","translation":"\"But Grigory Vasilyevich doesn't come, sir, because I alone now wait on him indoors, sir — so he himself arranged it from the very minute he began this scheme with Agrafena Alexandrovna; and for the night I too now withdraw, by his orders, and sleep in the wing, on condition that I not sleep till midnight but keep watch, getting up and going round the yard, and waiting for when Agrafena Alexandrovna may come, sir, since he's been expecting her these several days now, like a man possessed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихнему распоряжению","title":"«ихнему» again — substandard 'their'","body":"«по ихнему распоряжению» ('by their order') reprises the non-standard «ихний» for «их». Smerdyakov's lapses into peasant grammar, even mid-courtly sentence, betray the half-educated servant beneath the airs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы… не спать, а дежурить, вставать и двор обходить","title":"Purpose «с тем чтобы» + infinitive chain","body":"«с тем чтобы… не спать… а дежурить…» is the bookish purpose construction 'on condition that / so as to', the «чтобы» governing a string of infinitives. Because the subject is shared, infinitives (not past forms) are used after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словно как помешанные","title":"«словно как помешанные» — like one possessed","body":"«словно как» piles two comparison words ('as though, like') for folk emphasis, and «помешанный» is 'deranged, mad'. Fyodor Pavlovich waits for Grushenka 'like a man possessed' — the plural «помешанные» is again the respectful plural for the master."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to приходит, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (causal, colloquial for потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"служу","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"I serve"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of служу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнатах","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of служу","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of служу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to я, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes the clause, modifies определили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of определили","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies они","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"определили","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of определили","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on определили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of затею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"затею","lemma":"затея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начали","gloss":"scheme"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфеной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Аграфеной","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровной","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфеной","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying удаляюсь","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the emphatic phrase так и, modifies удаляюсь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удаляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удаляюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking распоряжению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ихнему","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular (dialectal/uneducated)","role":"modifies распоряжению","gloss":"his","note":"Nonstandard dialectal possessive ихний (\"his/their\") instead of их — marks Smerdyakov's low speech register."},{"surface":"распоряжению","lemma":"распоряжение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удаляюсь","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"удаляюсь","lemma":"удаляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"I withdraw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночую","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удаляюсь","gloss":"I sleep"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ночую","gloss":"the wing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы (\"so that\")","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"полночи","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спать","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of спать (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of чтобы","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дежурить","lemma":"дежурить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спать","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"вставать","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спать","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обходить","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"обходить","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спать","gloss":"go round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спать","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждать","gloss":"may come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to придут, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как (\"since\")","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ждут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот уже (\"for ... now\")","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ждут","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждут","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ждут","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-как clause","gloss":"has been expecting"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom словно как (\"just as\")","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom словно как","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помешанные","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (substantive use)","role":"comparison complement to они (via словно как)","gloss":"madmen"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c6-s99","source":"Рассуждают же они так-с: она, говорят, его боится, Дмитрия-то Федоровича (они его Митькой зовут-с), а потому ночью попозже задами ко мне пройдет; ты же, говорит, ее сторожи до самой полночи и больше.","translation":"\"His reasoning, sir, runs thus: she's afraid of him, he says — of Dmitri Fyodorovich (he calls him Mitka, sir) — and so she'll come to me late at night by the back way; and you, he says, are to watch for her till midnight and past.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митькой","title":"«Митька» — the contemptuous diminutive","body":"«Митька» is a pejorative-familiar form of Dmitri (Дмитрий → Митя → Митька), the «-ка» suffix here belittling. That Fyodor Pavlovich calls his own son 'Mitka' tells of the contempt between father and son. Smerdyakov repeats it in the instrumental «Митькой» ('they call him Mitka')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия-то Федоровича","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «Дмитрия-то Фёдоровича» highlights a known topic — 'of Dmitri Fyodorovich, that is' — pinning down whom 'she's afraid of'. This is the topic-marking «-то», distinct from the indefinite «-то» in «кто-то»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задами","title":"«задами» — by the back ways","body":"«задами» (instrumental plural of «зады», the back parts/rear yards of a settlement) is a folk adverbial 'by the back way, round the rear'. Grushenka is expected to slip in unseen «задами», late at night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассуждают","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Рассуждают","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Рассуждают","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Рассуждают","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to так, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies боится","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of боится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is afraid of"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to его, object of боится","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic (clarifying)","role":"attaches to Дмитрия","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зовут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зовут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митькой","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of зовут","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"зовут","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic colloquial (enclitic short form of сударь \"sir\")","role":"attaches to зовут, marks deferential speech","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying пройдет","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"попозже","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"a little later"},{"surface":"задами","lemma":"зады","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"manner/route complement of пройдет","gloss":"by the back way"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"object of preposition ко, complement of пройдет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject она)","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сторожи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (contrastive)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies сторожи","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сторожи","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сторожи","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"watch for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полночи","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"полночи","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сторожи","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полночи (\"and beyond\")","gloss":"beyond"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c6-s100","source":"И если она придет, то ты к дверям подбеги и постучи мне в дверь аль в окно из саду рукой два первые раза потише, этак: раз-два, а потом сейчас три раза поскорее: тук-тук-тук.","translation":"\"And if she comes, then you're to run to the door and knock for me, at the door or at the window from the garden, twice quietly with your hand, like this: first one-two, and then at once three times more quickly: tap-tap-tap.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты к дверям подбеги и постучи","title":"Imperatives «подбеги», «постучи»","body":"«подбеги… постучи» are perfective imperatives ('run up… knock'), the single-completed commands Fyodor Pavlovich drilled into Smerdyakov. The reported instructions chain imperative after imperative, giving the passage its conspiratorial recipe-like rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or'","body":"«аль» (beside «али» seen earlier) is a colloquial 'or' — «в дверь аль в окно» ('at the door or the window'). Such rustic connectives saturate the remembered, quoted speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подбеги","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дверям","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подбеги","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"подбеги","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"постучи","lemma":"постучать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбеги","gloss":"knock"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of постучи","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучи","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links дверь and окно","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучи","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies окно, specifying location","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучи","gloss":"with your hand"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучи","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"потише","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies постучи","gloss":"more softly"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постучи, introduces the illustration","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (illustrative)","role":"part of the illustrative sequence раз-два","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (illustrative)","role":"parallel to раз","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поскорее","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with потише","gloss":"more quickly"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"illustrates поскорее","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"illustrates поскорее","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"illustrates поскорее","gloss":"tap"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c6-s101","source":"Вот, говорят, я и пойму сейчас, что это она пришла, и отопру тебе дверь потихоньку.","translation":"\"Then, he says, I'll understand at once that it's she who has come, and I'll quietly open the door for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и пойму сейчас… и отопру","title":"Perfective futures «пойму», «отопру»","body":"«пойму… отопру» are perfective simple futures ('I'll understand… I'll open'), conjugated like presents but future in sense. They lay out the single decisive acts that the signal will trigger."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — quietly, stealthily","body":"«потихоньку» (from «тихо», with diminutive-adverbial «-оньку») means 'softly, on the quiet, little by little'. It and «потише» nearby give the whole exchange its hushed, furtive air."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойму","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies пойму","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойму (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пойму","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойму","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with пришла (cleft construction)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пойму","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отопру","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойму","gloss":"will open"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отопру","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отопру","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отопру","gloss":"quietly"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c6-s102","source":"Другой знак сообщили мне на тот случай, если что экстренное произойдет: сначала два раза скоро: тук-тук, а потом, обождав еще один раз, гораздо крепче.","translation":"\"He gave me another signal for the case of something urgent happening: first twice in quick succession — tap-tap — and then, after waiting a moment, one more time, much harder.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тот случай, если что экстренное произойдет","title":"«на тот случай, если» — in case","body":"«на тот случай, если…» is the set frame 'for the case that / in case', the demonstrative «тот» pointing forward to the «если»-clause. «что экстренное» — 'something urgent', neuter «что» plus agreeing «экстренное»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обождав еще один раз","title":"Gerund «обождав» — having waited","body":"«обождав» is the perfective gerund of the folk verb «обождать» ('to wait a bit'), 'having waited'. It compresses the timing of the second signal — wait, then 'one more time, much harder'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщили","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"сообщили","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообщили","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, neuter","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"экстренное","lemma":"экстренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сообщили","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical signal-clause","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скоро","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical signal-clause (manner)","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"illustrates скоро","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"illustrates скоро","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обождав","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обождав","lemma":"обождать","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), active, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying the final clause","gloss":"having waited"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of the elliptical knock action","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крепче","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"крепче","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies the elliptical knock action; coordinated with скоро","gloss":"harder"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c6-s103","source":"Вот они и поймут, что нечто случилось внезапное и что оченно надо мне их видеть, и тоже мне отопрут, а я войду и доложу.","translation":"\"Then they'll understand that something sudden has occurred and that I urgently need to see them, and they'll open to me too, and I'll go in and report.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно","title":"«оченно» — rustic 'very'","body":"«оченно» is a peasant-dialect form of «очень» ('very'), recurring in Smerdyakov's speech («оченно надо», «оченно боятся»). It is one of his most consistent class-markers, the village tongue showing through his servant's polish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймут, что нечто случилось внезапное","title":"Reported clause with «что»; split «нечто… внезапное»","body":"«поймут, что… случилось внезапное» — the subordinating «что» reports a fact, while «нечто… внезапное» splits the indefinite pronoun from its adjective ('something… sudden') for weight. «доложу» below is the perfective 'I'll report'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of поймут","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"внезапное","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто (predicate adjective)","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = очень)","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"urgently","note":"Смердяков's dialectal form of очень ('very')."},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicate of impersonal construction","role":"predicate of the что-clause (need)","gloss":"is necessary"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отопрут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отопрут","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"отопрут","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймут","gloss":"will open up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of войду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"войду","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймут","gloss":"will go in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доложу","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войду","gloss":"will report"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c6-s104","source":"Всё на тот случай, что Аграфена Александровна может сама не прийти, а пришлет о чем-нибудь известить; окромя того, Дмитрий Федорович тоже могут прийти, так и о нем известить, что он близко.","translation":"\"All this for the case that Agrafena Alexandrovna may not come herself but send word about something; and besides, Dmitri Fyodorovich may come too, so I'm to give notice of him as well, that he's near.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окромя","title":"«окромя» — folk 'besides'","body":"«окромя» is a dialectal/archaic «кроме» ('besides, apart from'), governing the genitive «того». It marks the homely register and introduces the second contingency — that Dmitri himself might turn up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может сама не прийти, а пришлет","title":"Contrastive «а» — not X but Y","body":"«может… не прийти, а пришлет» — 'may not come herself, but [instead] send word' — hinges on contrastive «а», the mild adversative that pivots from one possibility to its alternative. The reflexive «сама» stresses 'herself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрий Федорович тоже могут прийти","title":"Plural verb «могут» for one person","body":"«Дмитрий Фёдорович… могут прийти» again applies the deferential plural verb «могут» to a single named gentleman. Even Dmitri, the lackey's nemesis, is wrapped in the respectful plural — Smerdyakov never drops his servile grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the sentence (elliptical, 'all this [is] for...')","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (на тот случай, 'for the case')","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Аграфена (emphatic 'herself')","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прийти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"will send"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of известить (part of чем-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"attaches to чем forming чем-нибудь","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"нибудь is the indefinite suffix, чем-нибудь = 'about something or other'."},{"surface":"известить","lemma":"известить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of пришлет","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"окромя","lemma":"окромя","morphology":"preposition (dialectal, = кроме)","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides","note":"окромя is a dialectal/folk variant of кроме, 'besides'."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of окромя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination ('так и', 'so too')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"известить","lemma":"известить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"elliptical directive, parallel to известить (w17)","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of близко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of близко","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"clausal complement of известить","gloss":"is near"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c6-s105","source":"Оченно боятся они Дмитрия Федоровича, так что если бы даже Аграфена Александровна уже пришла, и они бы с ней заперлись, а Дмитрий Федорович тем временем где появится близко, так и тут беспременно обязан я им тотчас о том доложить, постучамши три раза, так что первый-то знак в пять стуков означает: «Аграфена Александровна пришли», а второй знак в три стука — «оченно, дескать, надоть»; так сами по нескольку раз на примере меня учили и разъясняли.","translation":"\"He's terribly afraid of Dmitri Fyodorovich, so that even if Agrafena Alexandrovna had already come and they'd locked themselves in with her, while Dmitri Fyodorovich turned up somewhere near in the meantime, then I'm bound without fail to report it to him at once, knocking three times — so that the first signal, of five knocks, means: 'Agrafena Alexandrovna has come,' and the second signal, of three knocks, means 'it's most urgent, mind'; thus he himself taught me and explained it over and over by example.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы даже… пришла, и… заперлись, а Дмитрий… появится","title":"Layered conditional with «бы»","body":"A long counterfactual: «если бы даже… пришла… и… заперлись» (past + «бы», 'even if she had come and they had locked themselves in') sets the hypothetical scene against which «беспременно обязан я… доложить» states his duty. The «бы» governs the whole chain of past forms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно, надоть","title":"«беспременно» and «надоть» — folk forms","body":"«беспременно» is a rustic «непременно» ('without fail'), and «надоть» a dialectal «надо» ('one must/needs'). Both deepen the village colouring of Smerdyakov's recital of his instructions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"постучамши три раза","title":"Folk gerund «постучамши»","body":"«постучамши» is a non-standard, dialectal perfective gerund of «постучать» ('to knock'), where literary Russian would have «постучав». The «-мши» ending is a marked peasant/colloquial form — 'having knocked three times'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = очень)","role":"modifies боятся","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боятся","gloss":"he","note":"Смердяков uses the deferential plural они for a single social superior (here Fyodor Pavlovich)."},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боятся (бояться governs genitive)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так что with что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms так что with так, introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of пришла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришла (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришла","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (conditional protasis)","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заперлись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of заперлись","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заперлись","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"заперлись","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"had locked themselves in"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появится","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of временем (idiom тем временем)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"временем","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of появится (idiom тем временем, 'meanwhile')","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появится","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"появится","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришла","gloss":"should turn up"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появится","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обязан ('then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обязан","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = непременно)","role":"modifies обязан","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"обязан","lemma":"обязанный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the apodosis (obligated)","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обязан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доложить","gloss":"to him","note":"им refers to Fyodor Pavlovich (deferential plural for a single social superior), consistent with они/сами throughout this passage and the human translation 'report it to him at once' -- not a literal plural 'them'."},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доложить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"доложить","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обязан","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"постучамши","lemma":"постучать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (archaic/dialectal), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on доложить (manner)","gloss":"having knocked","note":"постучамши is a folk/archaic converb form of постучать ('having knocked')."},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучамши","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так что with что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms так что with так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"attaches to первый (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of означает","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стуков","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"стуков","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"означает","lemma":"означать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of означает","gloss":"has come","note":"пришли is the deferential plural verb form used out of respect for a single woman."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знак (b5-c6-s105-w47), parallel signal clause","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стука","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стука","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"стука","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = очень)","role":"modifies надоть","gloss":"very urgent"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"mind you","note":"дескать flags reported/quoted speech, roughly 'so to speak' or 'he says'."},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, = надо), predicate","role":"predicate of the quoted clause (need)","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учили","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies the subject of учили (emphatic 'themselves')","gloss":"himself","note":"сами is another deferential-plural agreement with a singular referent (Fyodor Pavlovich)."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нескольку","gloss":"idiom по нескольку раз"},{"surface":"нескольку","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"pronoun/numeral, dative","role":"modifies раз (idiom по нескольку раз, 'several times')","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of учили","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking примере","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"примере","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of учили","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"учили","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъясняли","lemma":"разъяснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with учили","gloss":"explained"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c6-s106","source":"А так как во всей вселенной о знаках этих знают всего лишь я да они-с, так они безо всякого уже сумления и нисколько не окликая (вслух окликать они очень боятся) и отопрут.","translation":"\"And since in all the wide world only I and he, sir, know of these signals, he'll open up without the least doubt and without calling out at all (he's very much afraid to call out aloud).\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всей вселенной… знают всего лишь я да они","title":"«да» as folksy 'and'","body":"«я да они» joins the subjects with «да» ('and'), the homely coordinator favoured in speech over «и». The hyperbole «во всей вселенной» ('in all the universe') inflates the secrecy: only these two souls know the signals."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сумления","title":"«сумление» — folk 'doubt'","body":"«сумление» is a dialectal/old form of «сомнение» ('doubt'): «безо всякого… сумления» — 'without the least doubt'. «безо» itself is the expanded variant of «без» before a consonant cluster, both archaic-rustic touches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько не окликая","title":"Gerund «окликая» under negation","body":"«нисколько не окликая» — 'not calling out at all' — is the imperfective gerund of «окликать» ('to call out to'), negated and intensified by «нисколько» ('not in the least'). The gerund attends «отопрут»: he'll open 'without calling out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms так как with как ('since')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"forms так как with так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вселенной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вселенной","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вселенной","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знают","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаках","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаках","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знают","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of знаках","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь (idiom всего лишь, 'only')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links я and они","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"he","note":"они refers to Fyodor Pavlovich, not Grigory: he devised the knock code and taught it to Smerdyakov (cf. b5-c6-s105-w65 note), consistent with the они-referent established throughout b5-c6-s103 through b5-c6-s107."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to они (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir","note":"the enclitic -с is Смердяков's servile politeness tag, roughly 'sir'."},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отопрут ('so, then')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отопрут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сумления","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумления","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular (dialectal, = сомнение)","role":"oblique complement of безо","gloss":"doubt","note":"сумление is Смердяков's mispronunciation of сомнение, 'doubt'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окликая","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окликая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"окликая","lemma":"окликать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb (gerund), imperfective","role":"adverbial gerund, coordinated with безо (manner of отопрут)","gloss":"calling out"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окликать","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"окликать","lemma":"окликать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боятся","gloss":"to call out"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боятся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боятся","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"боятся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отопрут","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (так...отопрут)","gloss":"will open up"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c6-s107","source":"Вот эти самые знаки Дмитрию Федоровичу теперь и стали известны.","translation":"\"Now these very signals have become known to Dmitri Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрию Федоровичу теперь и стали известны","title":"Short adjective «известны» + dative","body":"«стали известны Дмитрию Фёдоровичу» — 'became known to Dmitri Fyodorovich' — uses the short predicative adjective «известны» (plural, agreeing with «знаки») with a dative of the person to whom they are known. «стали» + short adjective states the new result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies знаки (intensifier)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of известны","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying стали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (copula)","gloss":"have become"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c6-s108","source":"— Почему известны? Передал ты? Как же ты смел передать?","translation":"\"How have they become known? Did you tell him? How dared you tell?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же ты смел передать?","title":"Indignant «же» + «смел передать»","body":"«Как же ты смел…» — 'how dared you…' — the particle «же» sharpens the rhetorical outrage. «смел передать» pairs the past «смел» (from «сметь», 'to dare') with the perfective infinitive «передать» ('to pass on, betray [the secret]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известны","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"известны","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"Передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Передал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смел","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c6-s109","source":"— От этого самого страху-с. И как же бы я посмел умолчать пред ними-с?","translation":"\"Out of that very same fear, sir. And how could I have dared keep silent before him, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От этого самого страху","title":"Partitive genitive «страху»","body":"«от… страху» uses the old partitive/second genitive in «-у» (instead of «страха»), a form surviving in fixed phrases of emotion and quantity ('out of fear'). The «от» + genitive gives the cause: he betrayed the signals 'out of that very fear'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же бы я посмел умолчать","title":"Conditional «бы» in a rhetorical question","body":"«как же бы я посмел умолчать» — 'how could I have dared keep silent?' — stacks «же» and «бы» on the question word for an emphatic, self-justifying conditional. «умолчать» is 'to keep silent about, suppress'."}],"words":[{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страху, object of the (untokenized) preposition от ('out of this very fear'); от is present in the segment source, not elided","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху (intensifier)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (dialectal ending -у)","role":"governed by elided preposition от ('out of that very fear')","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to страху (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of посмел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have dared"},{"surface":"умолчать","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"to keep silent"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"him","note":"ними cannot refer to the addressee, who is addressed throughout as ты (2nd person); it refers to Dmitri Fyodorovich, the source of the fear established in b5-c6-s105/s106 and confirmed by his threat in b5-c6-s110."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to ними (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c6-s110","source":"Дмитрий Федорович каждый день напирали: «Ты меня обманываешь, ты от меня что скрываешь? Я тебе обе ноги сломаю!»","translation":"\"Dmitri Fyodorovich pressed me every day: 'You're deceiving me, you're hiding something from me? I'll break both your legs!'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напирали","title":"«напирать» — to press, push hard","body":"«напирать на кого-то» literally 'to press/lean on' someone, here 'to press, badger insistently'. The plural «напирали» is once more the deferential plural for Dmitri. The imperfective conveys the daily, relentless pressure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обе ноги сломаю","title":"«обе ноги» — feminine 'both'","body":"«обе ноги» uses «обе», the feminine form of 'both' (masc./neut. «оба»), agreeing with feminine «ноги» ('legs'). «сломаю» is the perfective future 'I'll break' inside Dmitri's quoted threat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напирали","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напирали","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"напирали","lemma":"напирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept pressing"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обманываешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обманываешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обманываешь","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted speech, complement of напирали","gloss":"are deceiving"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрываешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрываешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрываешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скрываешь","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обманываешь","gloss":"are hiding"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сломаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сломаю","gloss":"to you","note":"тебе is dative 'to you'; glossing it as the possessive 'your' collapses the dative-of-possession construction (я тебе ноги сломаю, lit. 'I will break the legs to you') and obscures the case being taught."},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on ноги","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сломаю","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"сломаю","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will break"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c6-s111","source":"Тут я им эти самые секретные знаки и сообщил, чтобы видели по крайности мое раболепие и тем самым удостоверились, что их не обманываю, а всячески им доношу.","translation":"\"So I told him those very secret signals, that he might at least see my servility and thereby be assured I wasn't deceiving him but was reporting to him in every way.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раболепие","title":"«раболепие» — servility, cringing","body":"«раболепие» (from «раб», slave + «лепиться/лепота») is abject servility, slavish fawning — and Smerdyakov names his own cringing as a tactic: he handed over the signals so Dmitri 'might see my servility'. The word lays bare the calculation under the deference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы видели… и удостоверились","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + past forms","body":"«чтобы видели… и… удостоверились» is the purpose clause with «чтобы» governing past-form verbs (the irrealis) — 'so that he might see… and be assured'. Both the deferential plural «видели» and the perfective «удостоверились» hang on the one «чтобы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщил ('then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сообщил","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знаки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки (intensifier, 'very')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"секретные","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies знаки","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сообщил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видели","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообщил","gloss":"would see","note":"deferential plural видели for a single referent (Dmitri)."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайности (idiom по крайности, 'at least')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайности","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видели","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of раболепие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"раболепие","lemma":"раболепие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"servility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удостоверились (idiom тем самым, 'thereby')","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"удостоверились","lemma":"удостовериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with видели","gloss":"would be assured"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманываю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обманываю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обманываю","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удостоверились","gloss":"am deceiving"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всячески","lemma":"всячески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доношу","gloss":"in every way"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доношу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"доношу","lemma":"доносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обманываю","gloss":"am reporting"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c6-s112","source":"— Если думаешь, что он этими знаками воспользуется и захочет войти, то ты его не пускай.","translation":"\"If you think he'll make use of these signals and try to get in, then don't let him in.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если думаешь, что… то ты его не пускай","title":"Conditional «если… то» + imperative","body":"«Если думаешь, что… то… не пускай» wires a real conditional «если… то» to an imperative apodosis: 'if you think… then don't let him in'. «не пускай» is the imperfective negative imperative — the natural aspect for a prohibition ('don't be letting him in')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воспользуется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспользуется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of знаками","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"знаками","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воспользуется","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"воспользуется","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаешь","gloss":"will use"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воспользуется","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to come in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative, 'then')","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пускай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пускай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пускай","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c6-s113","source":"— А когда я сам в припадке буду лежать-с, как же я тогда не пущу-с, если б я даже и мог осмелиться их не пустить-с, зная их столь отчаянными-с.","translation":"\"And when I myself am lying in a fit, sir, how am I then not to let him in, sir, even if I could bring myself to keep him out, sir, knowing them to be so desperate, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я сам в припадке буду лежать-с","title":"Compound future «буду лежать»","body":"«буду лежать» is the imperfective compound future — «быть» conjugated plus the imperfective infinitive «лежать» ('to lie') — naming an ongoing future state: 'when I'll be lying [ill]'. The imperfective suits a durative condition, not a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б я даже и мог осмелиться","title":"Clipped conditional «если б… мог»","body":"«если б… мог осмелиться» shortens «бы» to «б» after the vowel, a normal phonetic variant: 'even if I could bring myself'. «осмелиться» ('to bring oneself, dare') is the reflexive of «сметь», governing the infinitive «не пустить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная их столь отчаянными","title":"Gerund «зная» + instrumental complement","body":"«зная их столь отчаянными» — 'knowing them to be so desperate' — is the present gerund «зная» (from «знать') with «их» as object and the predicate-instrumental «отчаянными» ('desperate'). «столь» is the bookish 'so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежать","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я (emphatic 'myself')","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежать","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of лежать","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"лежать","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to лежать (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пущу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пущу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пущу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пущу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пущу","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (rhetorical question)","gloss":"am I to let in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to пущу (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional (contracted form)","role":"marks conditional mood of мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"осмелиться","lemma":"осмелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bring myself"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пустить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустить","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of осмелиться","gloss":"to let in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to пустить (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустить","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зная","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянными","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"отчаянными","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of зная","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix, archaic)","role":"attaches to отчаянными (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c6-s114","source":"— Э, черт возьми! Почему ты так уверен, что придет падучая, черт тебя побери? Смеешься ты надо мной или нет?","translation":"\"Eh, the devil take it! Why are you so certain the falling-fit will come, devil take you? Are you laughing at me or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смеешься ты надо мной или нет?","title":"Reflexive «смеяться над» + instrumental","body":"«смеяться над кем-то» ('to laugh at, mock someone') governs «над» + instrumental «мной». «смеяться» is a verb that exists only in the «-ся» form. Ivan's blunt 'or not?' demands a straight answer from the evasive Smerdyakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт тебя побери","title":"«чёрт тебя побери» — the recurring oath","body":"Ivan's exasperation keeps erupting in devil-oaths: «Э, чёрт возьми!», «чёрт тебя побери». The drumbeat of «чёрт» ('devil') through his lines measures how completely Smerdyakov has unsettled him — fitting, given the diabolic theme threading Ivan's whole story."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возьми (idiom черт возьми)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the idiom (черт возьми, 'damn it')","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уверен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the falling fit","note":"падучая ('the falling [sickness]') is the period euphemism for epilepsy."},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побери (idiom черт тебя побери)","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of побери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"побери","lemma":"побрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми (idiom, 'devil take you')","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Смеешься","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are laughing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Смеешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Смеешься","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c6-s115","source":"— Как же бы я посмел над вами смеяться, и до смеху ли, когда такой страх? Предчувствую, что будет падучая, предчувствие такое имею, от страху от одного и придет-с.","translation":"\"How could I dare laugh at you, and is it any laughing matter, when there's such fear? I have a foreboding the fit will come, I have such a foreboding — from the fear alone it'll come, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до смеху ли","title":"Partitive genitive in «до смеху ли»","body":"«до смеху ли?» — 'is it any laughing matter?' — uses «до» + the partitive genitive «смеху» (again the «-у» genitive of «смех») plus interrogative «ли». The idiom «до смеху ли, когда…» means 'is laughter even possible, when…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Предчувствую… предчувствие… имею","title":"«предчувствие» — a foreboding","body":"«предчувствовать»/«предчувствие» (pre- + «чувствовать», to feel) is to have a presentiment, a foreboding. Smerdyakov insists he 'has such a foreboding' that the fit will come — the seizure he is, in fact, planning to feign 'from the fear alone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies посмел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional \"как... бы\" with посмел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of над","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition, part of the idiom \"до смеху ли\"","role":"preposition marking смеху","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (colloquial ending -у)","role":"object of до","gloss":"laughing","note":"\"до смеху ли\" is an idiom: \"is it any laughing matter?\""},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with страх","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страх","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"Предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sense"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"there'll be"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the fit","note":"падучая (\"the falling [sickness]\") is the folk name for epilepsy."},{"surface":"предчувствие","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"foreboding"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предчувствие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, restates Предчувствую","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (colloquial ending -у)","role":"object of от","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одного, repeats от for emphasis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to придет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"it'll come"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix (from \"сударь\")","role":"attached to придет","gloss":"sir","note":"the enclitic \"-с\" is servile Old Russian speech, roughly \"sir\"/\"ma'am\"; it appears throughout Smerdyakov's lines."}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c6-s116","source":"— Э, черт! Коли ты будешь лежать, то сторожить будет Григорий. Предупреди заранее Григория, уж он-то его не пустит.","translation":"\"Eh, the devil! If you're lying ill, then Grigory will keep watch. Warn Grigory in advance — he won't let him in.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли ты будешь лежать, то сторожить будет Григорий","title":"Two compound futures «будешь лежать», «будет сторожить»","body":"Ivan answers in kind with two imperfective compound futures: «будешь лежать» ('you'll be lying ill') and «сторожить будет Григорий» ('Grigory will keep watch'). The «коли» is the same folk 'if' Smerdyakov used; word-order puts the new info «Григорий» last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предупреди заранее Григория, уж он-то его не пустит","title":"Imperative «предупреди» + emphatic «он-то»","body":"«Предупреди» is the perfective imperative ('warn'); «уж он-то… не пустит» loads the clause with the assuring particle «уж» and the topic-clitic «-то» on «он» — 'he, for one, won't let him in'. The «-то» singles Grigory out as the reliable guard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, in apposition to Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, colloquial for \"если\"","role":"introduces the conditional clause of лежать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of лежать","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"лежать","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"lying ill"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the conditional, introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сторожить","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (with future будет)","gloss":"keep watch"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сторожить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сторожить","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Предупреди","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"warn"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Предупреди","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Предупреди","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes он-то","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic (-то)","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пустит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates пустит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустит","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let in"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c6-s117","source":"— Про знаки я Григорию Васильевичу без приказания барина не смею никоим образом сообщить-с.","translation":"\"About the signals I daren't tell Grigory Vasilyevich in any way without the master's order, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никоим образом не смею сообщить","title":"Negative «никоим образом» concord","body":"«никоим образом… не смею» — 'in no way do I dare' — pairs the negative «никоим образом» ('by no means', instrumental phrase) with «не смею», the obligatory negative concord. The double negation simply reinforces the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знаки","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"знаки","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщить (fronted)","gloss":"signals"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевичу","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорию","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"приказания","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of без","gloss":"the order"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказания","gloss":"the master's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dare"},{"surface":"никоим","lemma":"никой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom никоим образом, modifies образом","gloss":"in no"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"way","note":"\"никоим образом\" is a set idiom meaning \"in no way at all.\""},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to сообщить","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c6-s118","source":"А касательно того, что Григорий Васильевич их услышит и не пустит, так они как раз сегодня со вчерашнего расхворались, а Марфа Игнатьевна их завтра лечить намереваются.","translation":"\"And as for Grigory Vasilyevich hearing him and not letting him in — why, this very day he's fallen ill since yesterday, and Marfa Ignatyevna means to treat him tomorrow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"касательно","title":"«касательно» — bookish 'concerning'","body":"«касательно (чего-то)» is a formal, chancery-flavoured 'as regards, concerning', governing the genitive. Smerdyakov reaches for such officialese to sound deliberate and lawyerly as he disposes of Ivan's suggestion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхворались","title":"«расхвораться» — to fall properly ill","body":"«расхвораться» (perfective, «-ся») is 'to be taken really ill, fall sick in earnest', the prefix «рас-» intensifying. Conveniently, Grigory «расхворались» (deferential plural) just now — removing the one guard who might foil the plot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Марфа Игнатьевна… намереваются лечить","title":"Plural «намереваются» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«намереваются… лечить» — 'intend to treat' — the verb «намереваться» ('to intend') takes the imperfective infinitive «лечить» ('to treat, doctor'). «намереваются» is again the respectful plural for one woman, Marfa Ignatyevna."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"касательно","lemma":"касательно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of касательно","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of услышит","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of услышит","gloss":"him","note":"deferential plural (\"их\") referring to Dmitri Fyodorovich, the one Grigory might hear/not let in; translation renders it \"him\", not \"them\""},{"surface":"услышит","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause modifying того","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates пустит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустит","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышит","gloss":"lets in"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"introduces the main clause, modifies расхворались","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (deferential plural for a single person)","role":"subject of расхворались","gloss":"he","note":"Smerdyakov uses the polite/deferential plural (они) to refer to a single respected person, Grigory."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom \"как раз\"","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, part of the idiom \"как раз\"","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"so happens","note":"\"как раз\" = \"precisely, as it happens.\""},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расхворались","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнего","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular (substantivized, \"yesterday\")","role":"object of со","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"расхворались","lemma":"расхвораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by так","gloss":"has fallen ill"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of намереваются","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (deferential plural)","role":"direct object of лечить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лечить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"лечить","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намереваются","gloss":"to treat"},{"surface":"намереваются","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective (deferential plural)","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"intends"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c6-s119","source":"Так давеча и условились.","translation":"\"That's what they agreed on just now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«давеча» is a folk-colloquial adverb for 'recently, just now, earlier today', common in 19th-century speech. «Так давеча и условились» — 'that's what they agreed just now' — fixes the arrangement to the very recent past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так давеча и условились","title":"Reflexive «условиться» — to agree","body":"«условиться» (perfective, «-ся») is 'to come to an arrangement, agree on something' — the reciprocal/middle «-ся» implying a mutual settling. The subjectless verb takes the plural for Grigory and Marfa together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies условились","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes условились","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"условились","lemma":"условиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they agreed"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c6-s120","source":"А лечение это у них весьма любопытное-с: настойку такую Марфа Игнатьевна знают-с и постоянно держат, крепкую, на какой-то траве — секретом таким обладают-с.","translation":"\"And this treatment of theirs is a most curious thing, sir: Marfa Ignatyevna knows a certain tincture, sir, and keeps it always on hand — a strong one, made from some herb — it's a secret of hers, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"секретом таким обладают-с","title":"«обладать» + instrumental","body":"«обладать чем-то» ('to possess, command something') governs the instrumental «секретом» — 'she possesses such a secret'. «обладают» is the deferential plural; the inverted «секретом таким» throws emphasis onto the mysterious recipe."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любопытное","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лечение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытное","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"любопытное","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of лечение","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to любопытное","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"настойку","lemma":"настойка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знают (fronted)","gloss":"a tincture"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of настойку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (deferential plural)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to знают","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держат","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"держат","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (deferential plural)","role":"coordinated with знают","gloss":"keeps [it]"},{"surface":"крепкую","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настойку (in apposition)","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking траве","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of траве","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite enclitic (-то)","role":"part of какой-то, modifies траве","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"траве","lemma":"трава","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"herb"},{"surface":"секретом","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обладают","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секретом","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"обладают","lemma":"обладать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (deferential plural)","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"possess [it]"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to обладают","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c6-s121","source":"А лечат они этим секретным лекарством Григория Васильевича раза по три в год-с, когда у того поясница отнимается вся-с, вроде как бы с ним паралич-с, раза по три в год-с.","translation":"And they dose him with this secret medicine of Grigory Vasilyevich's about three times a year, sir, whenever the small of his back gives out on him entirely, sir, as if he'd been struck with a kind of palsy, sir — three times a year, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лекарством Григория Васильевича","title":"Instrumental of means + genitive of possession","body":"«лечат … этим … лекарством» puts the medicine in the instrumental as the means of the cure ('they treat him with this medicine'), while «Григория Васильевича» is a genitive of possession — Grigory's medicine. Two cases stack one possessor onto one instrument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» (a worn-down «сударь», 'sir') is tacked onto word after word — «в год-с… паралич-с». It is Smerdyakov's deferential lackey-speech, obsequious and faintly insolent at once; Garnett renders each as 'sir.' Note how thickly Dostoevsky lays it on to characterise him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у того поясница отнимается","title":"Possessive «у» + reflexive «отнимается»","body":"«у того» (genitive after «у») locates the ailment 'on him,' the Russian way of saying body parts fail a person; «отнимается» is a reflexive/middle «-ся» verb — the lower back 'goes numb, gives out' of itself, with no agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раза по три в год","title":"«по» for distributive frequency","body":"«раза по три в год» means 'about three times a year, each time' — «по» with the accusative numeral spreads the count distributively, and «раза» here is the colloquial approximative ('some three times'). Smerdyakov even repeats it for fussy emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лечат","lemma":"лечить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective (deferential plural)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they dose [him]"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лечат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лекарством","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"секретным","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лекарством","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"лекарством","lemma":"лекарство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лечат","gloss":"medicine"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лекарством","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"Васильевича","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyevich's"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лечат","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, distributive","role":"preposition marking три","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to год","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отнимается","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor, object of у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поясница","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отнимается","gloss":"lower back"},{"surface":"отнимается","lemma":"отниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"gives out"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поясница","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to вся","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вроде","lemma":"вроде","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom \"вроде как бы\"","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom","role":"part of the phrase вроде как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom","role":"part of the phrase вроде как бы","gloss":"as if","note":"\"вроде как бы\" is a colloquial doubled hedge, \"sort of as if.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"паралич","lemma":"паралич","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the comparison","gloss":"a palsy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to паралич","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"restates раза по три в год","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, distributive","role":"preposition marking три","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to год","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c6-s122","source":"Тогда они берут полотенце-с, мочат в этот настой и всю-то ему спину Марфа Игнатьевна трет полчаса-с, досуха-с, совсем даже покраснеет и вспухнет-с, а затем остальное, что в стклянке, дают ему выпить-с с некоторою молитвою-с, не всё, однако ж, потому что часть малую при сем редком случае и себе оставляют-с и тоже выпивают-с.","translation":"Then they take a towel, sir, soak it in this infusion, and Marfa Ignatyevna rubs his whole back with it for half an hour, sir, until it's dry, sir, until it even reddens and swells up, sir; and afterward the rest, what's left in the little bottle, they give him to drink, sir, with a certain prayer, sir — not all of it, however, because they keep a small portion for themselves too on this rare occasion, sir, and drink it down themselves as well, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"берут… мочат… трет… дают","title":"Imperfective present for habitual routine","body":"The whole ritual runs in the imperfective present — «берут, мочат, трет, дают» — because it describes a recurring, customary procedure, not a single event. This is the imperfective's habitual reading, the standing background against which any one occasion would be told in the perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю-то ему спину","title":"Topicalising clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «всю-то» foregrounds 'his whole back' as the salient point — a folksy, emphatic topic marker distinct from the indefinite «кто-то». It gives the line its colloquial, sing-song insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с некоторою молитвою","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«некоторою молитвою» uses the older bookish feminine instrumental in «-ою» rather than modern «-ой» (молитвой). Dostoevsky keeps the long form for solemn or elevated texture; you will meet it throughout the novel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стклянка","title":"«стклянка» — the old form of «склянка»","body":"«в стклянке» is the archaic spelling of «склянка», a small glass vial or bottle (from «стекло», glass). The unsimplified consonant cluster is a period feature; the word means the little medicine-bottle holding the infusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"при сем редком случае","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сем»","body":"«при сем» ('on this occasion') uses «сей», the bookish 19th-century 'this,' here in the prepositional. It lends Smerdyakov's speech a clerkly, mock-formal stiffness — the language of officialdom and church, slightly absurd in his mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of берут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"берут","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"полотенце","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of берут","gloss":"a towel"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to полотенце","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"мочат","lemma":"мочить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with берут","gloss":"soak [it]"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of настой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"настой","lemma":"настой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"infusion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спину","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic (-то)","role":"emphasizes всю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessor, modifies спину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of трет","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трет","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"трет","lemma":"тереть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"rubs"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration complement of трет","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to полчаса","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"досуха","lemma":"досуха","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трет","gloss":"until dry"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to досуха","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покраснеет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"покраснеет","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трет","gloss":"reddens"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспухнет","lemma":"вспухнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покраснеет","gloss":"swells"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to вспухнет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дают","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дают (fronted)","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying остальное","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стклянке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"стклянке","lemma":"склянка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular (dialectal spelling)","role":"object of в","gloss":"the bottle"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дают","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to выпить","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоторою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторою","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"determiner of молитвою","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"молитвою","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"object of с","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to молитвою","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies остальное (contrastive)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause with оставляют","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes однако","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of the conjunction \"потому что\"","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of \"потому что\"","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляют","gloss":"a portion"},{"surface":"малую","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"редком","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of при","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of оставляют","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"оставляют","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to оставляют","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпивают","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"выпивают","lemma":"выпивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оставляют","gloss":"drink [it]"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to выпивают","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c6-s123","source":"И оба, я вам скажу, как не пьющие, так тут и свалятся-с и спят очень долгое время крепко-с; и как проснется Григорий Васильевич, то всегда почти после того здоров-с, а Марфа Игнатьевна проснется, и у нее всегда после того голова болит-с.","translation":"And both of them, I tell you, being people who don't drink, drop right where they are, sir, and sleep a very long while, fast asleep, sir; and when Grigory Vasilyevich wakes, he's nearly always in good health after it, sir, but Marfa Ignatyevna wakes, and afterward her head always aches, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как проснется… то всегда почти здоров","title":"Perfective future for the habitual 'whenever'","body":"«как проснется… здоров» uses a perfective future («проснется») inside a habitual frame — 'whenever he wakes, he's well.' Russian readily lets the perfective future express the typical single completed event that recurs; «то» is the correlative 'then' answering «как»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у нее голова болит","title":"«у неё» + body-part subject for ailments","body":"Headache is framed with «у неё» (genitive) plus the body part as grammatical subject: 'by/at her, the head aches.' Russian routinely puts the sufferer in this «у»-possessive slot rather than making her the subject of 'have.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свалятся","title":"«свалиться» — to drop in a heap","body":"«так тут и свалятся» means they 'keel right over, collapse on the spot' — «свалиться» is expressive and physical, of a body dropping. The «так… и» frame ('just simply…') heightens the abruptness of two non-drinkers felled by the drink."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of свалятся","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, causal (\"being that\")","role":"introduces the participial phrase modifying оба","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates пьющие","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьющие","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"predicate describing оба","gloss":"drinkers"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свалятся","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies свалятся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"свалятся","lemma":"свалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drop off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to свалятся","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with свалятся","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долгое","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"duration complement of спят","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спят","gloss":"soundly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to крепко","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, temporal","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"проснется","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"wakes"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснется","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies здоров","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"здоров","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the main clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to здоров","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проснется","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"проснется","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wakes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor, object of у","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болит","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to болит","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c6-s124","source":"Так вот, если завтра Марфа Игнатьевна свое это намерение исполнят-с, так вряд ли им что услыхать-с и Дмитрия Федоровича не допустить-с. Спать будут-с.","translation":"So then, if tomorrow Marfa Ignatyevna carries out this intention of hers, sir, they're hardly likely to hear anything, sir, or to keep Dmitry Fyodorovich out, sir. They'll be asleep, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Марфа Игнатьевна… исполнят","title":"Honorific plural verb for one person","body":"Marfa is one woman, yet the verb «исполнят» is plural — the deferential plural of respect (Marfa alone is the subject). The other plurals «услыхать… не допустить… спать будут-с», by contrast, are ordinary plurals for both Grigory and Marfa together (both dosed and asleep)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вряд ли им что услыхать","title":"Dative subject with an infinitive of likelihood","body":"«вряд ли им… услыхать» is a subjectless, dative-experiencer construction: 'it's hardly for them to hear anything.' The persons stand in the dative «им» and the predicate is a bare infinitive — a very Russian way to frame possibility without a finite verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спать будут","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«Спать будут» is the analytic imperfective future: future of «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «спать», naming an ongoing state — 'they'll be sleeping.' The inversion (infinitive first) throws the weight onto the sleeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнят","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исполнят","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнят","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"исполнят","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective (deferential plural)","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"carries out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to исполнят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вряд","lemma":"вряд","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom \"вряд ли\"","role":"modifies услыхать","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom \"вряд ли\"","role":"part of the phrase вряд","gloss":"likely","note":"\"вряд ли\" = \"it's unlikely that.\""},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (deferential plural)","role":"experiencer of the вряд ли clause","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, indefinite","role":"direct object of услыхать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"услыхать","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to услыхать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of допустить","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates допустить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допустить","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with услыхать","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to допустить","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate (with future будут)","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of Спать","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix","role":"attached to будут","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c6-s125","source":"— Что за ахинея! И всё это как нарочно так сразу и сойдется: и у тебя падучая, и те оба без памяти! — прокричал Иван Федорович, — да ты сам уж не хочешь ли так подвести, чтобы сошлось? — вырвалось у него вдруг, и он грозно нахмурил брови.","translation":"— What rubbish! And every bit of this falls together at once, as if on purpose: you've got your falling sickness, and those two are out cold! — Ivan Fyodorovich shouted, — or are you yourself trying to set it up so it all falls together? — burst out of him suddenly, and he knit his brows menacingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ахинея","title":"«ахинея» — gibberish, nonsense","body":"«Что за ахинея!» — 'What rubbish/gibberish!' «ахинея» is colloquial for incoherent nonsense, an exclamation of contemptuous disbelief. The «что за…» frame ('what a sort of…') is the standard exclamatory pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как нарочно… и сойдется","title":"Perfective future + emphatic «и»","body":"«как нарочно так сразу и сойдется» uses the perfective future «сойдётся» ('will come together, coincide') for a single completed outcome, with the particle «и» intensifying the suspicious neatness — 'falls together all at once, as if on purpose.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочешь ли так подвести, чтобы сошлось","title":"«не… ли» suspicion + purposive «чтобы»","body":"«не хочешь ли… подвести, чтобы сошлось» pairs the interrogative «ли» (here a suspicious 'surely you don't…?') with a «чтобы»-clause of purpose taking the past-form irrealis «сошлось». Ivan's accusation is built entirely from these two grammatical hinges."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"падучая","title":"«падучая» — the falling sickness","body":"«у тебя падучая» — Smerdyakov's epilepsy. «падучая (болезнь)» is the old popular name for it, literally 'the falling [sickness]'; the substantivised adjective stands for the noun. It is the linchpin of his alibi."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без памяти","title":"«без памяти» — out cold","body":"«те оба без памяти» — the two of them 'unconscious, out cold.' The idiom «без памяти» (literally 'without memory/senses') can mean either insensible or, elsewhere, wildly in love; here, knocked out by the medicine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamative pronoun in Что за ахинея!","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ахинея (idiom что за = 'what kind of')","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"ахинея","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamation Что за ахинея!","gloss":"rubbish"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сойдется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как нарочно ('as if on purpose')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдется (idiom как нарочно, 'as if on purpose')","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдется","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдется","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying сойдется","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сойдется","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"falls together"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor тебя (idiom у + genitive = 'have')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of у, possessor of падучая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"падучая","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (elided verb 'is') in у тебя падучая","gloss":"falling sickness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of оба","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject (elided 'are') in те оба без памяти","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти!","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти!","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of без, predicate complement in те оба без памяти (idiom 'out cold')","gloss":"unconscious"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович,","lemma":"Федорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван (surname)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the contrastive question (idiom да...ли)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic 'yourself')","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь (не...ли question)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies хочешь","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвести","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"подвести","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"set it up"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сошлось","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"сошлось?","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"falls together"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурил","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"нахмурил","lemma":"нахмурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырвалось","gloss":"knit"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нахмурил","gloss":"brows"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c6-s126","source":"— Как же бы я так подвел-с… и для чего подводить, когда всё тут от Дмитрия Федоровича одного и зависит-с, и от одних его мыслей-с… Захотят они что учинить — учинят-с, а нет, так не я же нарочно их приведу, чтобы к родителю их втолкнуть.","translation":"— How would I set anything up, sir… and why would I set it up, when the whole thing depends on Dmitry Fyodorovich alone, sir, and on his thoughts alone, sir… If they want to do something, they'll do it, sir; and if not, then it's hardly I who'll bring them here on purpose to shove them in upon their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же бы я так подвел","title":"Conditional «бы» + particle «же»","body":"«Как же бы я так подвел» combines the irrealis «бы» on a past-form verb ('how would I set it up') with the indignant particle «же» — Smerdyakov's mock-protesting tone. «бы» here leans onto «как же» rather than the verb, as the mobile particle often does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от Дмитрия Федоровича одного и зависит","title":"«зависеть от» + genitive","body":"«всё… от Дмитрия Федоровича одного… зависит» — 'depends on Dmitry Fyodorovich alone.' The verb «зависеть» governs «от» plus the genitive, and the postposed «одного» ('alone') with reinforcing «и» drives home that everything hangs on Dmitry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Захотят они что учинить — учинят","title":"Conditional juxtaposition without «если»","body":"«Захотят… учинить — учинят-с, а нет, так не я…» states a condition by bare juxtaposition: 'if they want to do something, they'll do it.' Both verbs are perfective future; the contrastive «а нет, так» ('and if not, then') and «же» carry the logic with no conjunction at all — terse, folk-syllogistic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"учинить","title":"«учинить» — to perpetrate, do (a deed)","body":"«что учинить… учинят» — 'to do/commit something.' «учинить» is a bookish-legalistic verb for carrying out an act (often a misdeed), heavier than plain «сделать». Its clerkly flavour suits Smerdyakov's affected formality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies подвел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of подвел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подвел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвел","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to подвел","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подводить (для чего = 'why')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"подводить","lemma":"подводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question (parallel to подвел)","gloss":"set up"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зависит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрия ('alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to зависит","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одних","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мыслей ('alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зависит (parallel to Дмитрия)","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to мыслей","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional protasis","gloss":"if they want"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Захотят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (indefinite)","role":"direct object of учинить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"учинить","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Захотят","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"учинят","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (parallel to Захотят)","gloss":"they'll do it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to учинят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"elliptical clause 'if not', coordinated with Захотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumptive 'then', modifies приведу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates emphatic я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приведу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приведу","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of приведу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"приведу","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause не я же...приведу","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of втолкнуть","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"родителю","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of втолкнуть","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of втолкнуть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"втолкнуть","lemma":"втолкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on приведу","gloss":"shove in"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c6-s127","source":"— А зачем ему к отцу проходить, да еще потихоньку, если, как ты сам говоришь, Аграфена Александровна и совсем не придет, — продолжал Иван Федорович, бледнея от злобы, — сам же ты это говоришь, да и я всё время, тут живя, был уверен, что старик только фантазирует и что не придет к нему эта тварь.","translation":"— Then why should he steal in to his father, and on the sly at that, if, as you yourself say, Agrafena Alexandrovna won't come at all, — Ivan Fyodorovich went on, going pale with spite, — you say so yourself, and all this time, living here, I've been certain that the old man is only fantasizing and that this creature won't come to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бледнея от злобы","title":"Imperfective gerund «бледнея»","body":"«бледнея от злобы» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие: 'growing pale with spite' as he speaks — a simultaneous attendant action sharing Ivan's subject. «от злобы» is the genitive of cause after «от». Such gerunds are a hallmark of the narrator's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут живя","title":"Gerund «живя» without prefix","body":"«всё время, тут живя, был уверен» — 'all this time, living here, I was sure.' «живя» is the imperfective gerund of «жить», setting the durative circumstance around the main clause; the inversion «тут живя» is a literary touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тварь","title":"«тварь» — 'creature' as insult","body":"«эта тварь» — Ivan's contemptuous word for Grushenka. «тварь» literally means 'created being, creature' (cf. «творить», to create) but in this register is a scornful 'wretch, vile creature.' The disdain measures his agitation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потихоньку","title":"«потихоньку» — on the sly","body":"«да еще потихоньку» — 'and on the quiet/sly at that.' This adverb (from «тихо», quietly, with the diminutive-softening «по…оньку») means stealthily, by stealth — the furtiveness that bothers Ivan about Dmitry's supposed visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence (transitional)","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of проходить (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go in"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потихоньку","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with проходить","gloss":"on the sly"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говоришь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the inserted 'as you say' clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена (patronymic)","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying совсем не придет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет,","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"бледнея","lemma":"бледнеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of продолжал (subject Иван Федорович)","gloss":"turning pale"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы,","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы,","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледнея","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (emphatic)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause сам же ты это говоришь","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of да и ('and also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был уверен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живя","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"живя","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier ('living here')","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of фантазирует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of фантазирует","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазирует","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"фантазирует","lemma":"фантазировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"is fantasizing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with фантазирует","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c6-s128","source":"Зачем же Дмитрию врываться к старику, если та не придет? Говори! Я хочу твои мысли знать.","translation":"Why should Dmitry break in on the old man if she won't come? Speak! I want to know your thoughts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же Дмитрию врываться","title":"Dative + infinitive 'why should…'","body":"«Зачем же Дмитрию врываться» — 'why should Dmitry break in?' The dative «Дмитрию» with a bare infinitive forms a rhetorical deliberative question; «же» sharpens it. No finite verb is needed — the dative names the one for whom the action is in question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори! Я хочу твои мысли знать.","title":"Imperfective imperative + terse word order","body":"«Говори!» is the imperfective imperative — a blunt 'Speak! / Out with it!' (the perfective «скажи» would point at one fact). In «твои мысли знать» the object is fronted before the infinitive for emphasis, lending Ivan's command its clipped urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врываться","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of врываться (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"врываться","lemma":"врываться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"break in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of врываться","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on врываться","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Speak"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c6-s129","source":"— Сами изволите знать, зачем придут, к чему же тут мои мысли?","translation":"— You're pleased to know yourself why he'll come, so what have my thoughts to do with it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сами изволите знать","title":"«изволите знать» — 'you are pleased to know'","body":"«Сами изволите знать» is high-flown servant deference: «изволить» + infinitive ('to deign/be pleased to') is the obsequious idiom for addressing a superior. With «сами» ('you yourself'), Smerdyakov throws the question politely but pointedly back at Ivan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему же тут мои мысли","title":"«к чему» + «же» — rhetorical dismissal","body":"«к чему же тут мои мысли?» — 'what have my thoughts to do with it?' The set phrase «к чему» ('to what end / what's the point of') with insistent «же» turns the clause into a deflecting rhetorical question; the verb 'are' is silently dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (emphatic)","role":"modifies изволите (emphatic subject)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are pleased"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знать","gloss":"he will come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тут (idiom 'what use... here')","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb ('what use are... here')","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical predicate тут","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c6-s130","source":"Придут по единой ихней злобе али по своей мнительности в случае примерно моей болезни, усомнятся и пойдут с нетерпения искать в комнаты, как вчерашний раз: не прошла ли, дескать, она как-нибудь от них потихоньку.","translation":"He'll come out of his sheer spite, or out of his own suspicion — supposing I were taken ill, say — they'll grow doubtful and rush from impatience to search through the rooms, the way they did yesterday: hasn't she somehow slipped in past them on the quiet, they'll wonder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по единой ихней злобе али по своей мнительности","title":"Substandard «ихней» and «али»","body":"«ихней» is a non-standard, folk inflection of the invariable «их» ('their'), and «али» is the dialectal/archaic 'or' (= «или»). Both mark Smerdyakov's half-educated peasant register; «по… злобе… по… мнительности» is causal «по» + dative, 'out of spite / out of suspiciousness.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своей мнительности","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей»","body":"«по своей мнительности» — 'out of his own suspiciousness,' where «своей» points back to the clause's subject (Dmitry). Using «своей» rather than «его» keeps the suspicion his own and not another's — the precision «свой» exists to mark."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — the hearsay particle","body":"«не прошла ли, дескать, она…» — «дескать» flags reported or imagined speech: 'as if to say, supposedly.' It frames the following words as the brothers' own imagined thought, not Smerdyakov's assertion. Note the «-ли» turning it into an embedded 'whether she hadn't slipped in.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прошла ли… как-нибудь","title":"Embedded «ли» + non-specific «-нибудь»","body":"«не прошла ли… как-нибудь… потихоньку» asks an embedded yes/no question with «ли» ('whether she hadn't passed in'), and «как-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'somehow, by any means at all' — fitting their vague, anxious suspicion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective (deferential)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He'll come"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"единой","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобе","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ихней","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобе (deferential possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Придут","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the alternative coordination ('or')","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мнительности","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Придут","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Придут (idiom 'in case of')","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies болезни (approximation, 'say')","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of болезни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"усомнятся","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Придут","gloss":"they'll doubt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Придут","gloss":"they'll go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нетерпения","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive modifying пойдут","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause (как вчерашний раз)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the reported internal question (не прошла ли...)","gloss":"slipped by"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies прошла","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle (reported-speech marker)","role":"marks internal/reported speech, modifies прошла","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of как-нибудь, modifies прошла","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of как-нибудь, modifies прошла","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"quietly"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c6-s131","source":"Им совершенно тоже известно, что у Федора Павловича конверт большой приготовлен, а в нем три тысячи запечатаны, под тремя печатями-с, обвязано ленточкою и надписано собственною их рукой: «Ангелу моему Грушеньке, если захочет прийти», а потом, дня три спустя подписали еще: «и цыпленочку».","translation":"They know perfectly well, too, that Fyodor Pavlovich has a large envelope made ready, and in it three thousand sealed up under three seals, tied round with a ribbon and inscribed in his own hand: \"To my angel Grushenka, if she will come,\" and then, some three days later, he added: \"and to my little chick.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Им… известно, что…","title":"Dative + short-form predicate «известно»","body":"«Им… известно, что…» — 'it is known to them that…': dative experiencer «им» plus the neuter short-form predicate «известно», a classic impersonal construction. «совершенно тоже» piles on 'perfectly well, too.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запечатаны… обвязано… надписано","title":"Short-form passive participles as result","body":"«три тысячи запечатаны… обвязано ленточкою и надписано собственною их рукой» strings short-form past passive participles stating a result — 'sealed up… tied round… inscribed.' The instrumental «ленточкою / рукой» names the means; «обвязано/надписано» are neuter agreeing with an implicit 'it/the envelope.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три тысячи… под тремя печатями","title":"Numerals governing case","body":"«три тысячи» and «под тремя печатями» show numerals controlling case: «три» takes genitive singular «тысячи», and the whole numeral phrase «тремя печатями» re-declines into the instrumental after «под». A neat double illustration of numeral government."}],"words":[{"surface":"Им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"predicative, neuter","role":"main predicate of the sentence (impersonal 'known')","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приготовлен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor Федора (idiom у + genitive = 'has')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлен (possessive construction)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive приготовлен","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"приготовлен","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of известно","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запечатаны","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive запечатаны","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"запечатаны","lemma":"запечатать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовлен","gloss":"sealed"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking печатями","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies печатями","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"печатями","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of запечатаны","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to печатями","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"обвязано","lemma":"обвязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовлен","gloss":"tied round"},{"surface":"ленточкою","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обвязано ('with a ribbon')","gloss":"with a ribbon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надписано","lemma":"надписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовлен","gloss":"inscribed"},{"surface":"собственною","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of рукой (deferential possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надписано ('in his own hand')","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Ангелу","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted inscription: dative of address ('to my angel')","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ангелу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ангелу","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ангелу (quoted inscription)","gloss":"she wants"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подписали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the genitive time expression 'дня три спустя'","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition, governing genitive дня три","role":"postposition meaning 'later'","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"подписали","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (deferential)","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подписали","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (quoted addition)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цыпленочку","lemma":"цыпленочек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted inscription continuation, in apposition to Грушеньке","gloss":"little chick"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c6-s132","source":"Так вот это-то и сомнительно-с.","translation":"So that's the thing that gives one pause, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот это-то и сомнительно","title":"Emphatic «это-то… и» frame","body":"«это-то и сомнительно» foregrounds 'this is the very thing that's doubtful': the topicalising clitic «-то» on «это» plus the focusing «и» pin attention on the suspicious point, while «сомнительно» is a short-form predicate ('is dubious'). A compact specimen of Russian information-packaging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head adverb of the sentence ('so')","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так (idiom так вот)","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, part of это-то ('this very thing')","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to это","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying сомнительно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сомнительно","lemma":"сомнительный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"doubtful"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential (\"sir\")","role":"deferential particle attached to сомнительно","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c6-s133","source":"— Вздор! — крикнул Иван Федорович почти в исступлении. — Дмитрий не пойдет грабить деньги, да еще убивать при этом отца.","translation":"— Nonsense! — Ivan Fyodorovich cried, almost beside himself. — Dmitry won't go to steal money, and to kill his father on top of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, distraction","body":"«почти в исступлении» — 'almost beside himself / in a frenzy.' «исступление» is a strong, slightly bookish noun for a state of being driven out of one's senses by passion. Dostoevsky returns to it constantly to chart his characters' loss of self-command."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пойдет грабить… да еще убивать","title":"Perfective future of refusal + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Дмитрий не пойдет грабить… убивать» — the perfective future «не пойдёт» ('won't go [and]') with dependent imperfective infinitives «грабить… убивать» naming the purpose of the going. «да еще» ('and what's more') escalates: rob, and kill on top of it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вздор!","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory predicate ('Nonsense!')","gloss":"Nonsense!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the speech-tag clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении (idiom 'beside himself')","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении.","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"грабить","lemma":"грабить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдет","gloss":"to rob"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of грабить","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убивать","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with грабить","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивать (idiom 'при этом' = 'on top of it')","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивать","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c6-s134","source":"Он мог вчера убить его за Грушеньку, как исступленный злобный дурак, но грабить не пойдет!","translation":"He might have killed him yesterday over Grushenka, like a frenzied, spiteful fool, but he won't go to rob!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог вчера убить его","title":"Imperfective «мог» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Он мог вчера убить его» — the imperfective past «мог» ('could/might have') governs the perfective infinitive «убить», expressing a possible completed act in the past. Aspect splits the labour: the modal stays imperfective, the deed is perfective and whole."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленный злобный дурак","title":"«исступлённый» as adjective","body":"«как исступленный злобный дурак» — 'like a frenzied, spiteful fool.' «исступлённый» is the past passive participle of «исступиться» turned full adjective ('maddened, frantic'), stacked with «злобный» (malicious) to paint Dmitry in the heat of passion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но грабить не пойдет","title":"Contrastive «но» + fronted infinitive","body":"«но грабить не пойдет!» sets the concession ('he might have killed') against the firm denial ('but rob — he won't go'). «но» marks the opposition, and fronting «грабить» before «не пойдёт» throws emphatic weight onto the act Ivan refuses to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убить","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause ('like a fool')","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"исступленный","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дурак","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дурак","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the comparison clause","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"грабить","lemma":"грабить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдет","gloss":"to rob"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"will go"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c6-s135","source":"— Им оченно теперь нужны деньги-с, до последней крайности нужны, Иван Федорович. Вы даже не знаете, сколь нужны, — чрезвычайно спокойно и с замечательною отчетливостью изъяснил Смердяков.","translation":"— They're in sore need of money right now, sir, in the last extremity of need, Ivan Fyodorovich. You don't even know how badly they need it, — Smerdyakov explained with extraordinary composure and a remarkable distinctness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оченно","title":"«оченно» — substandard «очень»","body":"«оченно» is a vulgar, peasant variant of «очень» ('very'). Like «ихней» and «али», it tags Smerdyakov's speech as half-educated — the calculating mind dressed in folk grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Им… нужны деньги","title":"Dative of need + «нужны» agreeing","body":"«Им… нужны деньги» — literally 'to them money is needful.' The needer goes in the dative «им», and the predicate adjective «нужны» (plural) agrees with «деньги», the grammatical subject. English's 'they need money' inverts the whole relation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до последней крайности","title":"«до последней крайности» — to the utmost extremity","body":"'In the last extremity of need.' «крайность» is an extreme, a desperate strait; «до последней крайности» is a fixed intensifier — need pushed to its absolute limit. The repetition «нужны… нужны» frames the phrase for stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с замечательною отчетливостью изъяснил","title":"«изъяснить» + «отчётливость»","body":"«изъяснил… с замечательною отчетливостью» — Smerdyakov 'explained with remarkable distinctness.' «изъяснить» is a bookish, slightly archaic 'to explain/expound,' and «отчётливость» is clarity of articulation. The narrator's elevated diction underscores how chillingly composed Smerdyakov is. Note again the archaic instrumental «-ою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of нужны","gloss":"they (for them)"},{"surface":"оченно","lemma":"оченно","morphology":"adverb (dialectal for очень)","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"so much","note":"Smerdyakov's servant-dialect form of очень (\"very\")."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"are needed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to деньги","gloss":"sir","note":"The servile enclitic -с (short for сударь), used throughout by Smerdyakov to address his social betters."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крайности","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"крайности","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"extremity"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"repeats нужны for emphasis","gloss":"in need"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (polite singular)","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second person plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"don't know"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb (archaic/formal for насколько)","role":"introduces the clause of нужны","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спокойно","gloss":"with extraordinary"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изъяснил","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчетливостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замечательною","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отчетливостью","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"отчетливостью","lemma":"отчётливость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"distinctness"},{"surface":"изъяснил","lemma":"изъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изъяснил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c6-s136","source":"Эти самые три тысячи-с они к тому же считают как бы за свои собственные и так сами мне объяснили: «Мне, говорят, родитель остается еще три тысячи ровно должен».","translation":"What's more, they reckon these very three thousand as though they were their own, sir, and they put it to me themselves like this: \"My father,\" they say, \"still owes me exactly three thousand more.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считают как бы за свои собственные","title":"«считать за» + «как бы»","body":"«считают как бы за свои собственные» — 'reckon them as though their own.' «считать за» + accusative means 'count as'; «как бы» ('as if, sort of') hedges it, and the reflexive possessive «свои собственные» ('their very own') points the ownership back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне… родитель остается… должен","title":"Quoted speech: dative «мне» + «должен»","body":"Inside the quotation, «Мне… родитель… три тысячи… должен» — 'my father owes me three thousand.' The creditor stands in the dative «мне», and «должен» (short-form 'owing/obliged') agrees with «родитель». «остаётся… должен» = 'still owes,' the parenthetical «говорят» marking it as reported."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle/adjective, nominative, plural (intensifier)","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (governed by numeral три; case of the whole numeral phrase is accusative, but 2/3/4 force the counted noun into genitive singular)","role":"direct object of считают","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to тысячи","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of к","gloss":"top of that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces к тому","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"считают","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"introduces the phrase бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собственные","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of собственные","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"object of за","gloss":"very own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснили","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они (elided)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснили","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"объяснили","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with считают","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of остается","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"still owes"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (governed by numeral три; case of the whole numeral phrase is accusative, but 2/3/4 force the counted noun into genitive singular)","role":"direct object of остается","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три тысячи","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate reinforcing остается","gloss":"owes"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c6-s137","source":"А ко всему тому рассудите, Иван Федорович, и некоторую чистую правду-с: ведь это почти что наверно так, надо сказать-с, что Аграфена Александровна, если только захотят они того сами, то непременно заставят их на себе жениться, самого барина то есть, Федора Павловича-с, если только захотят-с, — ну, а ведь они, может быть, и захотят-с.","translation":"And on top of all that, consider, Ivan Fyodorovich, a certain plain truth, sir: it's nearly a sure thing, one must say, sir, that Agrafena Alexandrovna, if only she takes it into her own head, will surely make him marry her — the master himself, that is, Fyodor Pavlovich, sir, if only she chooses to, sir — and, well, she just may choose to, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассудите… и некоторую чистую правду","title":"Polite imperative + accusative object","body":"«рассудите… некоторую чистую правду» — 'weigh/consider a certain plain truth.' «рассудите» is the polite/plural imperative in «-ите», and the object stands in the accusative. The opening «А ко всему тому» ('and on top of all that') is dative after «к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это почти что наверно так","title":"Appeal particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь это почти что наверно так» leans on «ведь» — the particle appealing to shared knowledge ('after all, you know it's nearly certain'). It is Smerdyakov's tool for drawing Ivan into complicity, conceding the obvious before pressing his point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только захотят они того сами, то непременно заставят","title":"Conditional «если только… то» + perfective future","body":"«если только захотят… то непременно заставят» is a real conditional: 'if only she chooses to, then she'll surely make him.' Both verbs are perfective future («захотят… заставят»), «то» the correlative 'then,' and «только» narrows it to the single hinge of her wanting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заставят их на себе жениться","title":"Reflexive «себе» + «жениться на»","body":"«заставят их… на себе жениться» — 'make him marry her.' «жениться на» (of a man marrying) governs «на» + prepositional, here the reflexive «себе» pointing back to Grushenka, the would-be wife. «их» (honorific plural) is the one compelled; the causative «заставить» + infinitive frames coercion."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тому","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of ко","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second person plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некоторую","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассудите","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to правду","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что наверно","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почти что","gloss":"(intensifier)"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"for sure"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"a sure thing"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to сказать","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заставят","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"decides"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of захотят","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захотят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes если-clause, introduces заставят","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставят","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"заставят","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (polite, referring to Fyodor Pavlovich)","role":"direct object of заставят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"(idiom with жениться)"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"object of на, idiom жениться на себе","gloss":"her","note":"жениться на себе = \"marry her\" (idiom: жениться на + locative)."},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of заставят","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to их","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to барина","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to Павловича","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"she chooses to"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to захотят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse filler introducing а","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может быть","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"just may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"choose to"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to захотят","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c6-s138","source":"Ведь я только так говорю, что она не придет, а она, может быть, и более того захочет-с, то есть прямо барыней сделаться.","translation":"I'm only saying, after all, that she won't come, but she — she may want even more than that, sir, that is, to become the mistress outright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я только так говорю","title":"«ведь» + «только так» qualification","body":"«Ведь я только так говорю» — 'I'm only saying it just so, after all.' «ведь» again appeals to Ivan's understanding, and «только так» ('merely in that way, idly') downplays the claim — a feint before the sharper suggestion that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"барыней сделаться","title":"Instrumental predicate of «сделаться»","body":"«прямо барыней сделаться» — 'to become the mistress outright.' «сделаться» ('to become'), like «стать/быть», takes its predicate noun in the instrumental «барыней», framing the new role as something assumed. The fronted instrumental sharpens the social leap."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first person singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates придет","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of более","gloss":"than that"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to захочет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (part of то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаться","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"барыней","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of сделаться","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"сделаться","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of захочет","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c6-s139","source":"Я сам знаю, что их купец Самсонов говорили ей самой со всею откровенностью, что это дело будет весьма не глупое, и притом смеялись.","translation":"I know myself that their merchant, Samsonov, told her plainly, with all frankness, that it would be no foolish move at all, and he laughed besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"купец Самсонов говорили… смеялись","title":"Honorific plural for the merchant","body":"«купец Самсонов говорили… смеялись» — the verbs are plural though Samsonov is one man: Smerdyakov's deferential plural again, here extended to a rich merchant. The respect-marking spreads to anyone he ranks above himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это дело будет весьма не глупое","title":"Compound future of «быть» + adjective","body":"«это дело будет весьма не глупое» — 'this affair would be no foolish thing.' «будет» here is the future of «быть» as a copula with a long-form adjective in the nominative; «весьма» ('quite, exceedingly') is bookish, and the litotes «не глупое» understates ('far from stupid')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first person singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies купец","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купец","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (polite singular), imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ей","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking откровенностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies откровенностью","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"откровенностью","lemma":"откровенность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of со","gloss":"frankness"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глупое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third person singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to глупое","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глупое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates глупое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притом","lemma":"притом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural (polite singular), imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c6-s140","source":"А они сами умом очень не глупые-с. Им за голыша, каков есть Дмитрий Федорович, выходить не стать-с.","translation":"And she's no fool herself, sir. There's no reason for her to marry a pauper like Dmitry Fyodorovich, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А они сами умом очень не глупые","title":"Instrumental of respect «умом»","body":"«умом очень не глупые» — 'very far from stupid in mind.' «умом» is an instrumental of respect ('as to the mind, in intellect'), specifying the area in which she is no fool. «они… не глупые» keeps the honorific plural for Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голыш","title":"«голыш» — a penniless man","body":"«за голыша, каков есть Дмитрий Федорович» — 'a pauper such as Dmitry is.' «голыш» (from «голый», bare/naked) is a contemptuous word for someone stripped of money, a have-nothing. The bookish «каков есть» ('such as he is') heightens the dismissal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выходить не стать","title":"«не стать» — 'no call to'","body":"«выходить не стать-с» — there is 'no reason / it does not befit' her to marry such a pauper. «(не) стать» here is an impersonal idiom of fitness or sense, 'it is not worth / not the thing to do'; «выходить (замуж) за» is 'to marry' said of the woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (polite singular, referring to Agrafena)","role":"subject of глупые","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial of respect on глупые","gloss":"in wits"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не глупые","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates глупые","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to глупые","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Им","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (polite singular)","role":"experiencer of выходить не стать","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голыша","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голыша","lemma":"голыш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"a pauper"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause on голыша","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person singular, imperfective","role":"copula in the relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"выходить","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стать, idiom for marrying (of a woman)","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates стать","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to стать","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c6-s141","source":"Так вот теперь это взямши, рассудите сами, Иван Федорович, что тогда ни Дмитрию Федоровичу, ни даже вам-с с братцем вашим Алексеем Федоровичем уж ничего-то ровно после смерти родителя не останется, ни рубля-с, потому что Аграфена Александровна для того и выйдут за них, чтобы всё на себя отписать и какие ни на есть капиталы на себя перевести-с.","translation":"So now, taking all this in, judge for yourself, Ivan Fyodorovich, that in that case neither Dmitry Fyodorovich, nor even you, sir, with your brother Alexei Fyodorovich, would have anything at all left to you after your father's death — not a rouble, sir, because Agrafena Alexandrovna would marry him for the very purpose of signing everything over to herself and transferring to her own name whatever capital there may be, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это взямши","title":"Substandard gerund «взямши»","body":"«это взямши» ('having taken this [in], having considered this') uses the folk/colloquial perfective gerund in «-мши» — non-standard for «взяв». The «-вши/-мши» gerunds mark uneducated or dialectal speech, another stitch in Smerdyakov's idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни Дмитрию… ни даже вам… ничего-то… не останется","title":"Negative concord with stacked «ни»","body":"«ни Дмитрию… ни даже вам… ничего-то ровно… не останется, ни рубля» piles up «ни… ни… ничего… ни рубля» around a single negated verb «не останется» — Russian negative concord, where many negatives reinforce one meaning. The datives «Дмитрию / вам» are the ones left with nothing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего-то ровно… не останется, ни рубля","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не останется» ('there will not be left'), the absent things go in the genitive: «ничего» and «ни рубля» ('not a rouble'). This is the genitive of negation governing the non-existent subject of an existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для того и выйдут… чтобы всё на себя отписать","title":"Purposive «для того… чтобы»","body":"«для того и выйдут… чтобы… отписать… перевести» — 'will marry for the very purpose of signing everything over to herself.' The correlative «для того… чтобы» announces purpose; «чтобы» here takes infinitives «отписать… перевести» since the subject is the same, and «на себя» (reflexive) keeps the transfer to herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взямши","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взямши","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"взямши","lemma":"взять","morphology":"gerund (dialectal for взяв), past, perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying рассудите","gloss":"taking in"},{"surface":"рассудите","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second person plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies рассудите (subject)","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"in that case"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative ни...ни","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of останется","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative ни...ни","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with Дмитрию as indirect object of останется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to вам","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братцем","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братцем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Алексеем","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братцем","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Алексеем","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"of the father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates останется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will be left"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative ни...ни","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ничего","gloss":"a rouble"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to рубля","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the clause of выйдут","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выйдут","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes для того","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"выйдут","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, idiom выйти замуж","gloss":"will marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них, idiom выйти за","gloss":"(marry)"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (polite, referring to Fyodor Pavlovich)","role":"object of за","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of отписать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отписать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of на","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"отписать","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on выйдут","gloss":"sign over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть, part of какие ни на есть","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom какие ни на есть","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom какие ни на есть","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person plural, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom какие ни на есть, modifies капиталы","gloss":"there may be","note":"какие ни на есть = colloquial idiom for \"whatever ... there might be.\""},{"surface":"капиталы","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of перевести","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of на","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"перевести","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отписать","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to перевести","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c6-s142","source":"А помри ваш родитель теперь, пока еще этого нет ничего-с, то всякому из вас по сорока тысяч верных придется тотчас-с, даже и Дмитрию Федоровичу, которого они так ненавидят-с, так как завещания у них ведь не сделано-с… Это всё отменно Дмитрию Федоровичу известно…","translation":"But if your father were to die now, while none of this has happened yet, sir, then each of you would come into a sure forty thousand at once, sir — even Dmitry Fyodorovich, whom they so detest, sir, since they've never drawn up a will, sir… All this is perfectly well known to Dmitry Fyodorovich…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А помри ваш родитель теперь","title":"Imperative form for a hypothetical","body":"«А помри ваш родитель теперь» uses the imperative «помри» not as a command but as a vivid folk conditional — 'should your father just die now.' This imperative-for-conditional is colloquial and lively, conjuring the supposed event for the sake of the consequence that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по сорока тысяч верных придется","title":"Distributive «по» + numeral case","body":"«всякому из вас по сорока тысяч… придется» — 'each of you would come into forty thousand apiece.' Distributive «по» here governs the old dative «сорока» of the numeral; «всякому» (dative) is the recipient, and impersonal «придётся» ('will fall to one') completes the dative-subject frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завещания… не сделано","title":"Genitive of negation + impersonal passive","body":"«завещания у них… не сделано» — 'no will has been drawn up by them.' The negated impersonal passive «не сделано» (neuter short participle) forces its subject «завещание» into the genitive «завещания» — the genitive of negation in an existential-passive frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отменно… известно","title":"«отменно» — perfectly, exceedingly","body":"«Это всё отменно… известно» — 'all this is perfectly/exceedingly well known.' «отменно» (from «отменный», excellent) is a slightly archaic, emphatic 'capitally, perfectly,' coloring Smerdyakov's insinuation that Dmitry knows the stakes exactly."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"помри","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, imperative used as conditional (colloquial), perfective","role":"conditional verb of the если-less clause","gloss":"if ... died","note":"Colloquial construction: an imperative form (помри) used to express an unreal condition, \"if X were to die.\""},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родитель","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родитель","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помри","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помри","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of нет","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"predicate of the пока-clause","gloss":"nothing has happened"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"reinforces нет этого","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to ничего","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the conditional, introduces придется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of придется","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of из","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сорока тысяч","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of по","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"верных","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third person singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come to"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придется","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to тотчас","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрию","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to всякому","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидят","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (polite singular, referring to Agrafena)","role":"subject of ненавидят","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидят","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ненавидят","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third person plural (polite singular), imperfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрию","gloss":"detests"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to ненавидят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (part of так как)","role":"introduces the clause of сделано","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of так как)","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"завещания","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of сделано (negated genitive)","gloss":"a will"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделано","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates сделано","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on придется","gloss":"drawn up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"deferential enclitic particle","role":"attaches to сделано","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"отменно","lemma":"отменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c6-s143","source":"Что-то как бы перекосилось и дрогнуло в лице Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"Something seemed to twist and shudder in Ivan Fyodorovich's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то… перекосилось и дрогнуло","title":"Indefinite «что-то» + reflexive perfectives","body":"«Что-то… перекосилось и дрогнуло в лице» — 'something twisted and shuddered in his face.' «что-то» is the specific-but-unidentified indefinite ('something'), and the «-ся» perfectives «перекосилось, дрогнуло» are middle/intransitive: the change happens of itself, agentless — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's involuntary physical tremors."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы перекосилось","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы перекосилось» — 'seemed to twist, as it were.' «как бы» softens the observation into something the narrator only infers from the face; Dostoevsky uses it constantly to keep inner states at one remove, glimpsed rather than asserted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of перекосилось, part of что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"modifies перекосилось","gloss":"seemed to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(hedging particle)"},{"surface":"перекосилось","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дрогнуло","lemma":"дрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перекосилось","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular (patronymic)","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c6-s144","source":"Он вдруг покраснел.","translation":"He suddenly flushed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг покраснел","title":"Perfective «покраснел» — onset of a state","body":"«вдруг покраснел» — 'he suddenly flushed.' The prefix «по-» on «краснеть» gives the perfective of inception: a single completed reddening, not the ongoing process «краснел». Paired with «вдруг» ('suddenly'), it marks the abrupt, telling change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c6-s145","source":"— Так зачем же ты, — перебил он вдруг Смердякова, — после всего этого в Чермашню мне советуешь ехать? Что ты этим хотел сказать?","translation":"— Then why is it, — he suddenly broke in on Smerdyakov, — that after all this you advise me to go to Chermashnya? What did you mean by that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перебил он… Смердякова","title":"Perfective «перебил» of a single act","body":"«перебил он… Смердякова» — 'he broke in [on] Smerdyakov,' a single completed interruption, hence perfective. The animate object «Смердякова» takes the genitive-form accusative (animacy). The inverted «перебил он» is the standard order for a dialogue tag."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты этим хотел сказать?","title":"Instrumental «этим» of means","body":"«Что ты этим хотел сказать?» — 'what did you mean by that?' «этим» is the instrumental ('by means of that'), the standard way to ask what someone intended by an utterance. «хотел сказать» = imperfective modal + perfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the interrogative clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ты,","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of советуешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical narration verb","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Смердякова,","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перебил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of советуешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"советуешь","lemma":"советовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second person singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"advise"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of советуешь","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел сказать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать, idiom этим сказать","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did mean"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c6-s146","source":"Я уеду, и у вас вот что произойдет, — Иван Федорович с трудом переводил дух.","translation":"If I go away, here's what will happen to you all, — Ivan Fyodorovich could hardly draw his breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я уеду, и у вас вот что произойдет","title":"Perfective futures of consequence","body":"«Я уеду, и у вас… произойдет» — 'I'll leave, and here's what will happen to you all.' Both «уеду» (prefixed perfective of motion 'depart') and «произойдёт» are perfective futures: two single completed events linked as cause and effect. «у вас» localises the consequence on the household."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с трудом переводил дух","title":"«переводить дух» — to catch one's breath","body":"«с трудом переводил дух» — 'could hardly draw his breath.' The idiom «переводить дух» is 'to catch/recover one's breath'; in the imperfective past «переводил» it shows the labouring as an ongoing struggle, registering Ivan's mounting agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уеду","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"произойдет,","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will happen","note":"'что произойдёт' = 'what will happen'; the parser mistagged this verb as a noun."},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переводил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трудом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводил","gloss":"difficulty","note":"'с трудом' = 'with difficulty.'"},{"surface":"переводил","lemma":"переводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was catching","note":"'переводил дух' is an idiom for catching one's breath."},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переводил","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c6-s147","source":"— Совершенно верно-с, — тихо и рассудительно проговорил Смердяков, пристально, однако же, следя за Иваном Федоровичем.","translation":"— Quite right, sir, — Smerdyakov said softly and judiciously, watching Ivan Fyodorovich intently all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако же, следя за Иваном Федоровичем","title":"Imperfective gerund «следя» + «следить за»","body":"«следя за Иваном Федоровичем» — 'watching Ivan Fyodorovich' as a simultaneous circumstance: the imperfective gerund «следя» from «следить», which governs «за» + instrumental «Иваном Федоровичем». «однако же» ('all the same, however') is the concessive linker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо и рассудительно проговорил","title":"Manner adverbs + perfective «проговорил»","body":"«тихо и рассудительно проговорил» — 'said softly and judiciously.' The perfective «проговорить» frames the utterance as a single completed speech-act; the paired adverbs in «-о» characterise its manner. «рассудительно» ('reasonably, sensibly') marks Smerdyakov's chilling composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"Quite"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to верно","gloss":"sir","note":"the archaic clipped '-с' marks servile deference (from сударь)."},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассудительно","lemma":"рассудительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"judiciously"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следя","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следя","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still","note":"'однако же' together = 'all the same.'"},{"surface":"следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c6-s148","source":"— Как совершенно верно? — переспросил Иван Федорович, с усилием сдерживая себя и грозно сверкая глазами.","translation":"— What do you mean, quite right? — Ivan Fyodorovich asked again, holding himself in check with an effort and flashing his eyes menacingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдерживая себя","title":"Gerund «сдерживая» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«с усилием сдерживая себя» — 'holding himself in check with an effort.' The imperfective gerund «сдерживая» gives the simultaneous manner; «себя» is the full reflexive pronoun as object (he restrains himself), distinct from a bound «-ся». «с усилием» = 'with effort,' instrumental of manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грозно сверкая глазами","title":"Gerund «сверкая» + instrumental «глазами»","body":"«грозно сверкая глазами» — 'flashing his eyes menacingly.' Another simultaneous imperfective gerund; «глазами» is the instrumental naming what flashes ('with his eyes'). Such gerund-clusters layer attendant action onto the speech tag in the literary manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"What","note":"here 'как' expresses indignant surprise ('what do you mean'), not a literal 'how.'"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"верно?","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right?"},{"surface":"переспросил","lemma":"переспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked again"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переспросил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усилием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"усилием","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдерживая","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"сдерживая","lemma":"сдерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on переспросил","gloss":"restraining"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдерживая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкая","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"сверкая","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сдерживая","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкая","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c6-s149","source":"— Я говорил, вас жалеючи. На вашем месте, если бы только тут я, так всё бы это тут же бросил… чем у такого дела сидеть-с… — ответил Смердяков, с самым открытым видом смотря на сверкающие глаза Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"— I said it out of pity for you. If I were in your place, if it were only I here, I'd drop the whole thing then and there… rather than sit by such a business, sir… — Smerdyakov answered, looking with the most open of expressions at Ivan Fyodorovich's flashing eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас жалеючи","title":"Folk gerund «жалеючи»","body":"«Я говорил, вас жалеючи» — 'I spoke out of pity for you.' «жалеючи» is the archaic/folk imperfective gerund in «-ючи» (vs. standard «жалея»), giving the cause as a simultaneous attendant feeling. The dialect ending sustains Smerdyakov's faux-simple register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На вашем месте, если бы только тут я, так всё бы это… бросил","title":"Counterfactual with «бы»","body":"«если бы только тут я, так всё бы это… бросил» is an irrealis conditional: 'if only I were here, I'd drop the whole thing.' The particle «бы» on the past-form «бросил» (and again leaning on «всё бы») marks the unreal supposition; «На вашем месте» ('in your place') sets it up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем у такого дела сидеть","title":"Comparative «чем» + infinitive","body":"«всё бы… бросил… чем у такого дела сидеть» — 'I'd drop it all rather than sit by such a business.' «чем» introduces the rejected alternative after an implied 'better/rather,' here a bare infinitive «сидеть». A neat 'rather X than Y' built on the comparative «чем»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на сверкающие глаза","title":"Gerund «смотря» + present active participle","body":"«с самым открытым видом смотря на сверкающие глаза» packs two non-finite forms: the gerund «смотря» ('looking') for Smerdyakov's simultaneous gaze, and the present active participle «сверкающие» ('flashing') modifying Ivan's eyes. Both condense relative clauses, the literary register's stock-in-trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of жалеючи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жалеючи","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"pitying","note":"archaic converb form of жалеть; 'вас жалеючи' = 'out of pity for you.'"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with только тут я","gloss":"were","note":"conditional particle; combined with elided 'was' it gives 'if it were only I here.'"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elided verb in the если clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the если clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier modifying это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of бросил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"there","note":"'тут же' = 'right then and there.'"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"would drop"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause with сидеть","gloss":"rather than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"contrasted with бросил in the чем comparison","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to сидеть","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies открытым","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"открытым","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сверкающие","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"flashing"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of глаза","gloss":"Ivan's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c6-s150","source":"Оба помолчали.","translation":"Both fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оба помолчали","title":"Perfective «помолчали» of bounded duration","body":"«Оба помолчали» — 'both fell silent / stayed silent a while.' The prefix «по-» here gives the delimitative perfective: an action carried on for a bounded stretch and then ended. «Оба» ('both') governs the plural past. A spare, charged narrative beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of помолчали","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"помолчали","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c6-s151","source":"— Ты, кажется, большой идиот и уж конечно… страшный мерзавец! — встал вдруг со скамейки Иван Федорович.","translation":"— You, it seems, are a great idiot, and of course… a terrible scoundrel! — Ivan Fyodorovich rose suddenly from the bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты, кажется, большой идиот","title":"Zero copula + nominative predicate","body":"«Ты… большой идиот и… страшный мерзавец!» has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is zero, so the predicate nouns stay in the nominative «идиот… мерзавец». The parenthetical «кажется» ('it seems') and «уж конечно» ('and of course') stage Ivan's mounting contempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мерзавец","title":"«мерзавец» — scoundrel, villain","body":"«страшный мерзавец» — 'a terrible scoundrel.' «мерзавец» (from «мерзкий», loathsome) is a strong term of moral disgust, far heavier than «идиот». Pairing the two — fool and villain — captures Ivan's confused loathing of a man he half suspects of being his instrument."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал вдруг со скамейки","title":"Inverted dialogue tag «встал… Иван»","body":"«— … — встал вдруг со скамейки Иван Федорович» replaces a plain 'said' with the action itself: the verb «встал» fronts the subject, the standard inversion for a speech tag that also narrates. «со скамейки» ('from the bench') is genitive after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of идиот","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying the sentence","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идиот","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"идиот","lemma":"идиот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"idiot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying мерзавец","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мерзавец","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"мерзавец!","lemma":"мерзавец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with идиот","gloss":"scoundrel!"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамейки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скамейки","lemma":"скамейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c6-s152","source":"Затем тотчас же хотел было пройти в калитку, но вдруг остановился и повернулся к Смердякову.","translation":"He then meant to pass at once through the wicket gate, but suddenly stopped and turned back to Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было пройти","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted intention","body":"«хотел было пройти… но вдруг остановился» — «было» marks an action begun or intended and then checked: 'was about to pass through… but suddenly stopped.' This special particle (frozen neuter past) is precisely the grammar of a movement aborted mid-impulse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся к Смердякову","title":"Reflexive «повернулся» + «к» + dative","body":"«повернулся к Смердякову» — 'turned [round] to Smerdyakov.' The «-ся» verb «повернуться» is intransitive/middle (he turns himself), and «к» governs the dative «Смердякову» for direction toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, past, marking unfulfilled intention","role":"marks the interrupted intention with хотел","gloss":"almost","note":"'хотел было' = 'was about to (but didn't).'"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to pass"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c6-s153","source":"Произошло что-то странное: Иван Федорович внезапно, как бы в судороге, закусил губу, сжал кулаки и — еще мгновение, конечно, бросился бы на Смердякова.","translation":"Something strange happened: Ivan Fyodorovich abruptly, as if in a spasm, bit his lip, clenched his fists, and — one moment more, surely, and he'd have flung himself on Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Произошло что-то странное","title":"Verb-first presentative + «что-то»","body":"«Произошло что-то странное» — 'something strange happened.' Russian fronts the verb «произошло» before the indefinite subject «что-то странное» to present new information (comment before topic). The indefinite «что-то» keeps the event vague, about to be specified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще мгновение… бросился бы на Смердякова","title":"Counterfactual «бы» — the near-act","body":"«еще мгновение… бросился бы на Смердякова» — 'one moment more and he'd have flung himself on Smerdyakov.' The conditional «бросился бы» states what almost but did not happen; «бросаться/броситься на» + accusative is 'to hurl oneself at.' The dash and «конечно» heighten the brink."}],"words":[{"surface":"Произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Произошло","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закусил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закусил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces comparison modifying закусил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"'как бы' = 'as if.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судороге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судороге","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies закусил","gloss":"a spasm"},{"surface":"закусил","lemma":"закусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Произошло","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"губу","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of закусил","gloss":"his lip"},{"surface":"сжал","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Произошло","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"кулаки","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сжал","gloss":"his fists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying бросился","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Произошло","gloss":"would have flung himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of бросился","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c6-s154","source":"Тот по крайней мере это заметил в тот же миг, вздрогнул и отдернулся всем телом назад.","translation":"The other, at any rate, noticed it that very instant, gave a start, and jerked his whole body back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот… это заметил… вздрогнул и отдернулся","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking the other party","body":"«Тот… заметил… вздрогнул и отдёрнулся» — «тот» ('the latter, the other one') picks out Smerdyakov as distinct from Ivan, the device Russian uses to track two same-gender referents without naming them. The chain of perfectives «заметил, вздрогнул, отдёрнулся» moves three quick events forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдернулся всем телом назад","title":"Reflexive «отдёрнулся» + instrumental of body","body":"«отдёрнулся всем телом назад» — 'jerked his whole body back.' «-ся» makes «отдёрнуться» a sharp self-directed recoil, and «всем телом» is an instrumental ('with his whole body') of the bodily means of recoiling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"The other"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере, modifies заметил","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"'по крайней мере' = 'at any rate.'"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдернулся","lemma":"отдёрнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"jerked"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдернулся","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдернулся","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c6-s155","source":"Но мгновение прошло для Смердякова благополучно, и Иван Федорович молча, но как бы в каком-то недоумении, повернул в калитку.","translation":"But the moment passed off safely for Smerdyakov, and Ivan Fyodorovich, in silence but as if in some sort of bewilderment, turned toward the wicket gate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мгновение прошло… благополучно","title":"Perfective «прошло» of a completed interval","body":"«мгновение прошло… благополучно» — 'the moment passed off safely.' The perfective «прошло» closes the dangerous instant as a completed whole. «но» pivots from the averted violence to Ivan's turning away."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы в каком-то недоумении","title":"Hedging «как бы» + indefinite «каком-то»","body":"«как бы в каком-то недоумении» — 'as if in some sort of bewilderment.' «как бы» keeps the state at an inferential distance and «каком-то» (specific-but-unspecified) blurs it further — a doubled vagueness mirroring Ivan's own confusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"благополучно","lemma":"благополучно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"safely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces comparison, modifies повернул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of недоумении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошло","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"the gate"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c6-s156","source":"— Я завтра в Москву уезжаю, если хочешь это знать, — завтра рано утром — вот и всё! — с злобою, раздельно и громко вдруг проговорил он, сам себе потом удивляясь, каким образом понадобилось ему тогда это сказать Смердякову.","translation":"— I'm leaving for Moscow tomorrow, if you want to know, — tomorrow, early in the morning — that's all! — he suddenly brought out, loud and spitefully, spacing the words, and afterward wondered to himself why on earth he had needed to say that to Smerdyakov just then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я завтра в Москву уезжаю","title":"Imperfective present for a fixed future plan","body":"«завтра… уезжаю» — 'I'm leaving tomorrow.' The imperfective present «уезжаю» with «завтра» reads as a scheduled, settled future, exactly as English uses the present continuous for a planned departure. «в Москву» is accusative of motion-toward after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам себе… удивляясь, каким образом понадобилось ему","title":"Gerund «удивляясь» + dative «ему понадобилось»","body":"«сам себе… удивляясь, каким образом понадобилось ему… сказать» — the imperfective gerund «удивляясь» ('wondering to himself') frames the simultaneous reflection, while the embedded clause is impersonal: dative «ему» + «понадобилось» ('it became necessary for him'). «сам себе» reinforces the inward astonishment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раздельно","title":"«раздельно» — spacing out the words","body":"«с злобою, раздельно и громко… проговорил» — he brought it out 'spitefully, distinctly, and loud.' «раздельно» means uttering each word separately, with deliberate spacing — the cadence of someone forcing out a statement against himself. Note again the bookish instrumental «злобою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уезжаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжаю","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжаю","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"уезжаю","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am leaving"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уезжаю","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знать,","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"adverb","role":"elaborates завтра, restating the time of уезжаю","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот и всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё!","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement in the exclamation вот и всё","gloss":"all!"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобою","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of удивляясь","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляясь","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"удивляясь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"wondering"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобилось","gloss":"way","note":"'каким образом' = 'why on earth / in what way.'"},{"surface":"понадобилось","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удивляясь","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понадобилось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on понадобилось","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c6-s157","source":"— Самое это лучшее-с, — подхватил тот, точно и ждал того, — только разве то, что из Москвы вас могут по телеграфу отсюда обеспокоить-с, в каком-либо таком случае-с.","translation":"— That's the very best thing, sir, — the other caught up, exactly as if he'd been waiting for it, — except perhaps that they might trouble you from here, from Moscow, by telegraph, sir, in some such case, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Самое это лучшее","title":"Superlative «самое… лучшее»","body":"«Самое это лучшее-с» — 'the very best thing, sir.' Here «самое» combines with the already-suppletive comparative-superlative «лучшее» (from «хороший») for emphatic 'the very best.' The neuter agrees with an implied «дело/это»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас могут… обеспокоить","title":"«мочь» + perfective infinitive of possibility","body":"«вас могут… обеспокоить» — 'they might trouble you.' The imperfective modal «могут» governs the perfective infinitive «обеспокоить» (a single completed disturbing); «вас» is the accusative object. «по телеграфу» = 'by telegraph,' dative after «по»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лучшее","gloss":"The very"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with лучшее","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лучшее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"с,","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to лучшее","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"as if","note":"'точно и' together = 'exactly as if.'"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подхватил","gloss":"had been waiting"},{"surface":"того,","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elaborates подхватил's speech","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Москвы","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могут","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обеспокоить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеграфу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"телеграфу","lemma":"телеграф","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обеспокоить","gloss":"telegraph"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обеспокоить","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"обеспокоить","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to обеспокоить","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-либо, modifies случае","gloss":"any","note":"the indefinite suffix '-либо' (as in каком-либо) marks 'any/some,' not 'such' — that sense belongs to таком, glossed separately right after it."},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обеспокоить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to случае","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c6-s158","source":"Иван Федорович опять остановился и опять быстро повернулся к Смердякову.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich stopped again and again turned quickly to Smerdyakov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять… опять быстро повернулся","title":"Anaphoric «опять» + reflexive perfective","body":"«опять остановился и опять быстро повернулся к Смердякову» — the doubled «опять» ('again… again') marks the compulsive repetition of Ivan's halting and turning. «остановился» and «повернулся» are «-ся» perfectives of self-directed motion; «к Смердякову» is «к» + dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c6-s159","source":"Но и с тем точно что случилось.","translation":"But something had happened to him too, all of a sudden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но и с тем точно что случилось","title":"«с тем» + impersonal «что случилось»","body":"«Но и с тем точно что случилось» — 'but something had happened to him too.' The demonstrative «с тем» ('with that one' = Smerdyakov) marks who is affected; the impersonal «что случилось» ('something happened') leaves the event indefinite. «точно» here = 'as if, it seemed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"as if","note":"'точно что случилось' idiomatically means 'something suddenly happened.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had happened"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c6-s160","source":"Вся фамильярность и небрежность его соскочили мгновенно; всё лицо его выразило чрезвычайное внимание и ожидание, но уже робкое и подобострастное: «Не скажешь ли, дескать, еще чего, не прибавишь ли», — так и читалось в его пристальном, так и впившемся в Ивана Федоровича взгляде.","translation":"All his familiarity and offhandedness had dropped away in an instant; his whole face expressed an extraordinary attentiveness and expectation, but timid now and fawning: \"Won't you say something more, perhaps, won't you add something,\" was as plainly to be read in his intent gaze, fastened as it was upon Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вся фамильярность… соскочили","title":"Reflexive «соскочили» — fell away of itself","body":"«Вся фамильярность и небрежность… соскочили мгновенно» — 'all his familiarity and offhandedness dropped away in an instant.' The «-ся» perfective «соскочить» is intransitive ('to slip/jump off'), so the manner itself sheds away with no agent. Compound subject takes the plural «соскочили»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не скажешь ли… еще чего, не прибавишь ли","title":"«не… ли» of hopeful entreaty","body":"The imagined plea «Не скажешь ли… еще чего, не прибавишь ли» uses «не… ли» — a tentative, hopeful question ('Won't you say a little more?'). «еще чего» is genitive ('something more'), partitive-ish under the appeal. «дескать» again frames it as inferred inner speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и впившемся… взгляде","title":"Past active participle «впившемся»","body":"«в его пристальном, так и впившемся в Ивана Федоровича взгляде» — 'in his intent gaze, fastened upon Ivan.' «впившемся» is the past active participle of «впиться» ('to fasten/dig into'), declined to agree with «взгляде» (prepositional). The «так и» intensifies — the look positively bored into him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подобострастное","title":"«подобострастный» — servile, fawning","body":"«робкое и подобострастное» — 'timid and fawning.' «подобострастие» is cringing servility, the obsequiousness of an inferior; its sudden appearance on Smerdyakov's face, replacing his offhand «фамильярность», signals that Ivan has unwittingly said something he hungered to hear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фамильярность","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"фамильярность","lemma":"фамильярность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of соскочили","gloss":"familiarity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"небрежность","lemma":"небрежность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with фамильярность","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of фамильярность и небрежность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"соскочили","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had dropped away"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочили","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразило","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to соскочили","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразило","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внимание","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies робкое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"робкое","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внимание","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобострастное","lemma":"подобострастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with робкое","gloss":"fawning"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"Won't"},{"surface":"скажешь","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажешь","gloss":"(question)","note":"'ли' turns the statement into a rhetorical question; it has no direct English equivalent."},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"he seemed to say","note":"archaic reportative particle, roughly 'so to speak.'"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"something more"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажешь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавишь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"прибавишь","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажешь","gloss":"you add"},{"surface":"ли»,","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавишь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"читалось","lemma":"читаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could be read"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляде","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пристальном","lemma":"пристальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляде","gloss":"intent"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies впившемся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"впившемся","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"coordinated with пристальном","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впившемся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"взгляде","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читалось","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c6-s161","source":"— А из Чермашни разве не вызвали бы тоже… в каком-нибудь таком случае? — завопил вдруг Иван Федорович, не известно для чего вдруг ужасно возвысив голос.","translation":"— And from Chermashnya, wouldn't they summon me too… in some such case? — Ivan Fyodorovich suddenly bawled out, his voice rising terribly for no apparent reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А из Чермашни разве не вызвали бы тоже","title":"Conditional «бы» + incredulous «разве»","body":"«разве не вызвали бы тоже» — 'wouldn't they summon me too, surely?' The conditional «вызвали бы» (irrealis «бы» on a plural past) frames a hypothetical, while «разве» adds incredulous challenge. «из Чермашни» is genitive after «из» (motion from)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно возвысив голос","title":"Perfective gerund «возвысив»","body":"«вдруг ужасно возвысив голос» — 'having suddenly raised his voice terribly.' «возвысив» is a perfective past gerund (-в) naming the completed act accompanying «завопил». «не известно для чего» ('for no apparent reason') flags the irrationality of the outburst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил","title":"«завопить» — to let out a yell","body":"«завопил вдруг» — 'suddenly bawled/yelled out.' «завопить» is the inceptive perfective (prefix «за-») of «вопить», to wail or bawl loudly; the prefix catches the sudden onset of the cry. A coarse, unguarded sound from the usually controlled Ivan."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Чермашни","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвали","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызвали","gloss":"wouldn't"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызвали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вызвали","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вызвали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызвали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае, part of каком-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"combines with каком to form indefinite каком-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"каком-нибудь is one indefinite word ('some such'); the tokenizer split it in two."},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае?","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвали","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bawled out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical clause on завопил","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысив","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвысив","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"возвысив","lemma":"возвысить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвысив","gloss":"his voice"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c6-s162","source":"— Тоже-с и из Чермашни-с… обеспокоят-с… — пробормотал Смердяков почти шепотом, точно как бы потерявшись, но пристально, пристально продолжая смотреть Ивану Федоровичу прямо в глаза.","translation":"— From Chermashnya too, sir… they'd trouble you, sir… — Smerdyakov muttered, almost in a whisper, seemingly thrown off, yet intently, intently going on staring straight into Ivan Fyodorovich's eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пристально, пристально продолжая смотреть… прямо в глаза","title":"Reduplication + gerund «продолжая»","body":"«пристально, пристально продолжая смотреть… прямо в глаза» — the repeated «пристально» ('intently, intently') intensifies by reduplication, and the imperfective gerund «продолжая» ('going on') frames the unbroken stare. «смотреть… в глаза» (accusative «в глаза») is 'to look into the eyes.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно как бы потерявшись","title":"Perfective gerund «потерявшись» + hedges","body":"«точно как бы потерявшись» — 'seemingly thrown off, as if at a loss.' «потерявшись» is the perfective past gerund of the «-ся» verb «потеряться» ('to lose one's bearings'), giving the completed prior state; «точно… как бы» doubles the 'as if,' keeping the appearance feigned and uncertain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential suffix attached to Тоже","gloss":"sir","note":"Old-fashioned deferential tic ('-с', from сударь), tacked onto Smerdyakov's words like 'sir'; not a separate word semantically."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Чермашни","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition из","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential suffix attached to Чермашни","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"обеспокоят","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will trouble you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential suffix attached to обеспокоят","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерявшись, part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as though","note":"точно как бы together form 'as though' before the participle потерявшись."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom точно как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"потерявшись","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (reflexive), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"thrown off"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжая","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжая","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал, coordinated with потерявшись","gloss":"going on"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to stare"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смотреть","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c6-s163","source":"— Только Москва дальше, а Чермашня ближе, так ты о прогонных деньгах жалеешь, что ли, настаивая в Чермашню, аль меня жалеешь, что я крюк большой сделаю?","translation":"— Only Moscow is farther off and Chermashnya is nearer, so is it the travel money you're sparing, then, by pressing me toward Chermashnya, or is it me you're sparing, that I'll be making a great detour?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Москва дальше, а Чермашня ближе","title":"Predicative comparatives + contrastive «а»","body":"«Москва дальше, а Чермашня ближе» — 'Moscow is farther, and/but Chermashnya is nearer.' «дальше» and «ближе» are the invariable predicative comparatives; «а» is the contrastive 'and/while' that balances the two clauses against each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о прогонных деньгах жалеешь, что ли… аль меня жалеешь","title":"«жалеть» two ways + «что ли»/«аль»","body":"«о… деньгах жалеешь… аль меня жалеешь» plays on «жалеть»: 'to grudge/spare' money («жалеть о» + prepositional) vs. 'to pity/feel for' a person («жалеть» + accusative «меня»). The colloquial «что ли» ('or what?') and dialectal «аль» (= «или») give the taunt its mocking lilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прогонные деньги","title":"«прогоны» — post-horse travel money","body":"«прогонные деньги» (or «прогоны») were the fee for post-horses, reckoned by distance — the official cost of travel. Ivan jeers that Smerdyakov, by steering him to nearer Chermashnya, may be sparing the master's «прогоны». «крюк» (next clause) is the 'detour' the longer road would cost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Москва","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Москва","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дальше","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of Москва","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Чермашня","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ближе","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of Чермашня","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жалеешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"прогонных","lemma":"прогонный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies деньгах","gloss":"travel"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of жалеешь","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"жалеешь","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are sparing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle, part of что ли","role":"part of the tag phrase что ли modifying жалеешь","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the tag phrase что ли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"настаивая","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жалеешь","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настаивая","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (or)","gloss":"or","note":"аль is a colloquial/dialectal form of или ('or')."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of жалеешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"жалеешь","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жалеешь (first)","gloss":"are sparing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"крюк","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"detour"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крюк","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of жалеешь (second)","gloss":"will make"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c6-s164","source":"— Совершенно верно-с… — пробормотал уже пресекшимся голосом Смердяков, гнусно улыбаясь и опять судорожно приготовившись вовремя отпрыгнуть назад.","translation":"— Quite right, sir… — Smerdyakov muttered, his voice failing now, smiling odiously and again convulsively bracing himself to spring back in time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пресекшимся голосом","title":"Past active participle «пресекшимся»","body":"«пробормотал уже пресекшимся голосом» — 'muttered now in a voice that had broken off.' «пресекшимся» is the past active participle of «пресечься» ('to break off, falter'), in the instrumental agreeing with «голосом» — the means/manner of muttering. A compact, bookish way to say his voice failed him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гнусно улыбаясь и… приготовившись отпрыгнуть","title":"Paired gerunds, imperfective + perfective","body":"«гнусно улыбаясь и… судорожно приготовившись… отпрыгнуть» juxtaposes two gerunds of different aspect: imperfective «улыбаясь» ('smiling,' ongoing) and perfective «приготовившись» ('having braced himself,' completed). Both attach to «пробормотал», showing simultaneous grin and readied recoil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гнусно","title":"«гнусный» — vile, odious","body":"«гнусно улыбаясь» — 'smiling vilely/odiously.' «гнусный» denotes something morally repulsive and base; applied to Smerdyakov's smile it fixes the reader's revulsion at the very moment of his servile triumph. «отпрыгнуть» — to spring back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential suffix attached to верно","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пресекшимся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пресекшимся","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"participle, past, middle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"гнусно","lemma":"гнусно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"odiously"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовившись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовившись","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"приготовившись","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (reflexive), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал, coordinated with улыбаясь","gloss":"bracing himself"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпрыгнуть","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"отпрыгнуть","lemma":"отпрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приготовившись","gloss":"to spring back"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпрыгнуть","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c6-s165","source":"Но Иван Федорович вдруг, к удивлению Смердякова, засмеялся и быстро прошел в калитку, продолжая смеяться.","translation":"But Ivan Fyodorovich, to Smerdyakov's astonishment, suddenly burst out laughing and passed quickly through the wicket gate, still laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к удивлению Смердякова","title":"«к удивлению» + genitive","body":"«к удивлению Смердякова» — 'to Smerdyakov's astonishment.' The set frame «к + dative noun of feeling» ('to one's surprise/joy') takes a following genitive of the person («Смердякова»). A common parenthetical signalling an unexpected turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засмеялся… прошел… продолжая смеяться","title":"Perfective onset + imperfective gerund","body":"«засмеялся и быстро прошел… продолжая смеяться» — the inceptive perfective «засмеялся» ('burst out laughing') and motion perfective «прошёл» move the action; the imperfective gerund «продолжая смеяться» ('still laughing') trails alongside as durative attendant action. Aspect choreographs the whole gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялся","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies удивлению","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засмеялся","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитку","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"wicket gate"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to laugh"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c6-s166","source":"Кто взглянул бы на его лицо, тот наверно заключил бы, что засмеялся он вовсе не оттого, что было так весело.","translation":"Anyone who had glanced at his face would surely have concluded that he was laughing not at all because anything was so amusing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто взглянул бы… тот наверно заключил бы","title":"Correlative «кто… тот» + double «бы»","body":"«Кто взглянул бы на его лицо, тот… заключил бы» — 'whoever had glanced… would have concluded.' The relative «кто» pairs with the correlative «тот» ('the one who… he'), and both clauses carry the conditional «бы»: a generalised counterfactual about any hypothetical onlooker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не оттого, что было так весело","title":"Causal «оттого, что» negated","body":"«засмеялся… вовсе не оттого, что было так весело» — 'laughed not at all because anything was so amusing.' The correlative causal «оттого, что» ('for the reason that') is negated by «вовсе не» ('not at all'); the impersonal «было… весело» ('it was merry') has no subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"anyone who"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause correlating with тот","gloss":"had glanced"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of взглянул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would conclude"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of заключил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засмеялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of весело, part of оттого что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весело","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement in the оттого что clause","gloss":"amusing"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c6-s167","source":"Да и сам он ни за что не объяснил бы, что было тогда с ним в ту минуту.","translation":"And indeed he himself could not for the life of him have explained what came over him at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам он ни за что не объяснил бы","title":"Conditional «бы» + emphatic «ни за что»","body":"«сам он ни за что не объяснил бы» — 'he himself could not for the life of him have explained.' The conditional «объяснил бы» under negation, intensified by «ни за что» ('not for anything'), states an impossibility. «ни за что» feeds the verb's «не» in negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что было тогда с ним","title":"Impersonal «что было с ним»","body":"«что было тогда с ним в ту минуту» — 'what came over him at that moment,' literally 'what was with him.' The impersonal «было с + instrumental» («с ним») is the idiom for an unaccountable state or change in a person, leaving the cause unnamed — apt for Ivan's opaque inner turmoil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, part of ни за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснил","gloss":"anything","note":"ни за что = 'not for anything' / 'for the life of him', an idiom of total inability."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of объяснил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of объяснил","gloss":"was happening"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c6-s168","source":"Двигался и шел он точно судорогой.","translation":"He moved and walked as though wracked by a convulsion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Двигался и шел он точно судорогой","title":"Imperfective process + instrumental of manner","body":"«Двигался и шел он точно судорогой» — 'he moved and walked as though by a convulsion.' The imperfectives «двигался… шёл» render the ongoing process of his motion, and «судорогой» is an instrumental of manner ('with/by a spasm'); «точно» ('as if') keeps it figurative. «шёл» is the unidirectional motion verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двигался","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Двигался","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison судорогой","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"судорогой","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Двигался","gloss":"a convulsion"}]}]}