{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b5-c7","title":{"source":"VII. «С умным человеком и поговорить любопытно»","translated":"\"It's Always Worth While Speaking to a Clever Man\""},"section":"Book V — Pro and Contra","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c7","lines":179},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b5-c7-s1","source":"Да и говорил тоже.","translation":"And speak he did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и говорил тоже","title":"Emphatic «да и» plus topic-fronted verb","body":"The verb «говорил» is pulled to the front and «тоже» tacked on for a wry afterthought; English has to recast it as the emphatic \"And speak he did.\" «Да и» here is not \"yes\" but a colloquial additive — \"and indeed, and what's more.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил","title":"Imperfective past as a fact","body":"The imperfective «говорил» states a general fact — that talking did occur — rather than reporting one completed exchange. It picks up and confirms the preceding heading about its being worth speaking to a clever man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b5-c7-s2","source":"Встретив Федора Павловича в зале, только что войдя, он вдруг закричал ему, махая руками: «Я к себе наверх, а не к вам, до свидания», и прошел мимо, даже стараясь не взглянуть на отца.","translation":"Meeting Fyodor Pavlovich in the hall the moment he came in, he suddenly shouted at him, waving his arms: \"I'm going up to my own room, not in to you — goodbye,\" and walked past, even trying not to glance at his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встретив Федора Павловича… только что войдя","title":"Two perfective gerunds set the scene","body":"«Встретив» (having met) and «войдя» (having come in) are perfective past деепричастия — indeclinable verb-adverbs that compress prior actions sharing Ivan's subject before the main verb «закричал». Stacking them is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative pace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махая руками","title":"Imperfective gerund of accompanying action","body":"«махая» (waving) is the imperfective present gerund in -я, naming an action going on simultaneously with the shouting. The noun «руками» is instrumental — the means by which he waves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я к себе наверх, а не к вам","title":"Contrastive «а» and reflexive «себе»","body":"«а не к вам» pivots on the contrastive «а» (\"and yet, but rather\"), opposing his own room to his father's. «к себе» uses the reflexive «себя» in the dative after «к» — literally \"to my own [place].\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зала","title":"«зала» — the reception hall","body":"The older feminine «зала» (modern «зал») is the large front hall or reception room of a gentry house, the public space one enters first — not a mere corridor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встретив","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричал","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Встретив","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Встретив","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что, modifies войдя","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричал","gloss":"having come in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричал","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"махая","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричал","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of махая","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of the quoted clause","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with себе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания, part of the idiom до свидания","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, idiom до свидания","gloss":"we meet again","note":"до свидания is the fixed idiom for 'goodbye', literally 'until [we] meet again'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стараясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянуть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b5-c7-s3","source":"Очень может быть, что старик слишком был ему в эту минуту ненавистен, но такое бесцеремонное проявление враждебного чувства даже и для Федора Павловича было неожиданным.","translation":"Very likely the old man was simply too hateful to him at that moment, but such an unceremonious display of hostility came as a surprise even to Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком был ему… ненавистен","title":"Short adjective with a dative experiencer","body":"«ненавистен» is the short (predicative) form of «ненавистный» — \"hateful,\" agreeing masculine singular with «старик». The person to whom he is hateful stands in the dative, «ему», a quietly experiencer-centred construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было неожиданным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «было»","body":"After past-tense «было», the predicate adjective «неожиданным» takes the instrumental rather than the nominative — the standard frame for a state ascribed in the past tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесцеремонное","title":"«бесцеремонный» — without ceremony","body":"Literally \"ceremony-less,\" the adjective means brusque, unceremonious, taking no trouble over politeness. Paired with «проявление… чувства» (a display of feeling), it stresses how raw and public Ivan's hostility was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавистен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавистен","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавистен","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ненавистен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ненавистен","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавистен","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ненавистен","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of старик, complement of может быть","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of проявление","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"бесцеремонное","lemma":"бесцеремонный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проявление","gloss":"unceremonious"},{"surface":"проявление","lemma":"проявление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неожиданным","gloss":"display"},{"surface":"враждебного","lemma":"враждебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проявление","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для Федора Павловича","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для, modifying неожиданным","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неожиданным","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of проявление","gloss":"a surprise"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b5-c7-s4","source":"А старик и впрямь, видно, хотел ему что-то поскорей сообщить, для чего нарочно и вышел встретить его в залу; услышав же такую любезность, остановился молча и с насмешливым видом проследил сынка глазами на лестницу в мезонин до тех пор, пока тот скрылся из виду.","translation":"And the old man had evidently meant, in fact, to tell him something in a hurry — that was the very reason he had come out on purpose to meet him in the hall; on hearing such a civility, however, he stopped in silence and, with a mocking look, followed his little son with his eyes up the stairs toward the attic, until the young man had vanished from sight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышав же такую любезность","title":"Perfective gerund with concessive «же»","body":"«услышав» is a perfective past gerund (\"on hearing\"); the particle «же» here marks a contrastive turn — \"but on hearing.\" «любезность» (a civility, a courtesy) is bitterly ironic, since what he heard was a rebuff."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до тех пор, пока тот скрылся","title":"Correlative «до тех пор, пока» and «тот»","body":"«до тех пор, пока» (\"up until the moment that\") is a temporal correlative; «тот» (\"the latter, that one\") tracks the son as topic, a typical demonstrative used to keep referents apart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынка","title":"Diminutive «сынок» — \"his little son\"","body":"«сынка» (acc./gen. of «сынок») is a diminutive of «сын». In the mouth of the narrator describing Fyodor Pavlovich's mocking gaze it is faintly condescending — a sneer dressed as endearment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и впрямь","title":"«и впрямь» — \"and in fact, sure enough\"","body":"A colloquial confirming phrase, \"really, truly, indeed.\" Combined with «видно» (\"evidently, it seems\"), it gives the narrator's voice a folksy, conversational warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom и впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying хотел","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of сообщить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of что-то, direct object of сообщить","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщить","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"which reason"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by для чего","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вышел","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретить","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышав","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любезность","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любезность","lemma":"любезность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of услышав","gloss":"a civility"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешливым","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проследил","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"проследил","lemma":"проследить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"сынка","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проследил","gloss":"his little son","note":"сынок is a mocking diminutive of сын ('son'), fitting Fyodor Pavlovich's sneering tone."},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проследил","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проследил","gloss":"the stairs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мезонин","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мезонин","lemma":"мезонин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проследил","gloss":"the attic"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор, part of the idiom до тех пор пока","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проследил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скрылся","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скрылся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скрылся","lemma":"скрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пор","gloss":"had vanished"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрылся","gloss":"sight"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b5-c7-s5","source":"— Чего это он?","translation":"\"What's the matter with him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего это он?","title":"Genitive «чего» in a clipped question","body":"An elliptical spoken question — literally \"Of what is he [doing] this?\" «Чего» is the genitive of «что», common in such colloquial \"what's he about?\" idioms; «это» adds a here-and-now insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom Чего это он","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in the idiom Чего это он","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the idiom Чего это он","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b5-c7-s6","source":"— быстро спросил он вошедшего вслед за Иваном Федоровичем Смердякова.","translation":"he quickly asked Smerdyakov, who had come in behind Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошедшего вслед за Иваном Федоровичем Смердякова","title":"Past active participle as a compressed clause","body":"«вошедшего» is the past active participle of «войти» (\"who had come in\"), declined accusative to agree with «Смердякова». It packs a whole который-clause — \"Smerdyakov, who had come in behind Ivan\" — into one modifier wrapped around its noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смердякова","title":"Animate accusative","body":"«Смердякова» is the accusative of an animate masculine name, borrowing the genitive ending -а; it is the object of «спросил» — \"asked Smerdyakov.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошедшего","lemma":"вошедший","morphology":"participle, past, active, accusative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies Смердякова","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошедшего, part of the idiom вслед за","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иваном, part of the idiom вслед за","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичем","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иваном","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b5-c7-s7","source":"— Сердятся на что-то-с, кто их разберет, — пробормотал тот уклончиво.","translation":"\"Cross about something, sir — who can make them out,\" the man muttered evasively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердятся на что-то-с","title":"Indefinite «что-то» plus the deferential «-с»","body":"«что-то» is a specific-but-unidentified \"something.\" The clitic «-с» appended to it is the servile «-с» (slovoers), a contraction of «сударь» (\"sir\") that servants and petty clerks attach to mark deference — Smerdyakov's whole social posture in two letters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сердятся… кто их разберет","title":"Plural-of-respect for the master","body":"Smerdyakov speaks of Fyodor Pavlovich in the plural — «сердятся» (\"they are cross\"), «их разберет» (\"make them out\") — the deferential plural a servant uses for a single superior, oily and self-effacing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уклончиво","title":"«уклончиво» — evasively","body":"From «уклоняться» (to dodge, evade). The adverb characterizes Smerdyakov's whole manner — answering while sliding away from any commitment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердятся","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are cross","note":"Plural used deferentially for the singular Fyodor Pavlovich, a servant's mock-respectful way of speaking of his master."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, part of что-то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, oblique complement of на","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of что-то","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential suffix)","role":"deferential suffix attached to то","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of разберет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разберет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"разберет","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"can make out"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"уклончиво","lemma":"уклончиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробормотал","gloss":"evasively"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b5-c7-s8","source":"— А и черт!","translation":"\"Well, the devil take him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А и черт!","title":"«А и черт!» — \"oh, the devil!\"","body":"An exasperated oath. «черт» (devil, deuce) peppers Fyodor Pavlovich's speech; here, with the dismissive «А и», it brushes the matter aside — \"oh, to the devil with it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b5-c7-s9","source":"Пусть сердится!","translation":"Let him be cross!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть сердится!","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"«пусть» plus a present-tense verb forms a third-person command or concession — \"let him be cross.\" It hands the wish over to a subject the speaker cannot order directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердится","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be cross"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b5-c7-s10","source":"Подавай самовар и скорей сам убирайся, живо.","translation":"Bring the samovar and then clear out yourself, and be quick about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подавай самовар и… убирайся, живо","title":"Imperfective imperatives for immediate orders","body":"«Подавай» and «убирайся» are imperfective imperatives. The imperfective command urges an action to begin at once and adds brusqueness — Fyodor Pavlovich barking at his servant. «убирайся» is the reflexive «убираться» — \"clear off, get lost.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"живо","title":"«живо» — \"look lively, be quick\"","body":"An adverb from «живой» (alive) used as a snapped command: \"smartly, at once.\" It caps the string of orders with impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подавай","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Подавай","gloss":"the samovar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убирайся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убирайся (emphatic 'yourself')","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"убирайся","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"clear out"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убирайся","gloss":"quick"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b5-c7-s11","source":"Нет ли чего нового?","translation":"Anything new?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет ли чего нового?","title":"«нет» + genitive in a «ли»-question","body":"A negated-existential question: «Нет ли…?» (\"Is there not…?\") demands the genitive — «чего нового» (genitive of «что-то новое»). The particle «ли» frames it as a tentative yes/no inquiry, hopeful and conspiratorial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of Нет","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b5-c7-s12","source":"Тут начались расспросы именно из таких, на которые Смердяков сейчас жаловался Ивану Федоровичу, то есть всё насчет ожидаемой посетительницы, и мы эти расспросы здесь опустим.","translation":"Here began the very questions of the kind Smerdyakov had just been complaining of to Ivan Fyodorovich — all of them, that is, about the expected visitor — and we shall pass these questions over here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которые Смердяков сейчас жаловался","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«на которые» is the relative «который» governed by «жаловаться на» (to complain about), so it stands in the accusative plural after «на», while agreeing in number with «расспросы». A textbook case of the pronoun taking its own clause's case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти расспросы здесь опустим","title":"Perfective future «опустим»","body":"«опустим» is the perfective verb «опустить» (to omit) conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields future meaning — \"we shall pass over.\" The narrator's editorial \"we\" promises a single, completed omission."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расспросы","title":"«расспросы» — persistent questioning","body":"The prefix рас- and plural give \"a barrage of probing questions\" rather than a single «вопрос». Fyodor Pavlovich's anxious interrogation of his servant about the awaited woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таких","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таких","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun (determiner used pronominally), genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из (elliptical for таких расспросов)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которые (жаловаться на = complain about)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"object of preposition на, relative pronoun referring to таких","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаловался","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаловался","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"жаловался","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on таких (расспросов)","gloss":"was complaining"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"addressee (indirect object) of жаловался","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (fossilized), part of fixed phrase то есть","role":"part of the phrase то есть (that is)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to расспросы, resumed by то есть","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетительницы","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ожидаемой","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies посетительницы","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"посетительницы","lemma":"посетительница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition насчет","gloss":"visitor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of опустим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of расспросы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустим","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустим","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"опустим","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начались, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will omit"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b5-c7-s13","source":"Чрез полчаса дом был заперт, и помешанный старикашка похаживал один по комнатам, в трепетном ожидании, что вот-вот раздадутся пять условных стуков, изредка заглядывая в темные окна и ничего в них не видя, кроме ночи.","translation":"Within half an hour the house was locked up, and the deranged old man paced the rooms alone, in tremulous anticipation that at any moment the five agreed-upon knocks would sound, now and then peering into the dark windows and seeing nothing in them but the night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дом был заперт","title":"Short passive participle: result-state","body":"«был заперт» joins past «был» to the short past-passive participle of «запереть» (to lock) — \"was [stood] locked.\" This periphrastic passive states a resulting condition, not the act of locking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заглядывая… и ничего… не видя","title":"Imperfective gerunds with negative concord","body":"«заглядывая» and «не видя» are imperfective gerunds of attendant action. «ничего не видя» shows Russian negative concord — the negative pronoun «ничего» (itself genitive of negation) co-occurs with «не» on the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помешанный старикашка похаживал","title":"«старикашка» and frequentative «похаживать»","body":"«старикашка» is a pejorative-diminutive \"wretched little old man.\" «похаживал» is a frequentative-iterative of «ходить» — to keep pacing back and forth — capturing his restless, deranged («помешанный») circling of the rooms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пять условных стуков","title":"«условные стуки» — the prearranged knocks","body":"«условный» means \"agreed-upon, conventional, by signal.\" The five secret knocks are the code by which Grushenka would announce herself — a detail loaded with later plot menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез, temporal adjunct of заперт","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive заперт","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заперт","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заперт","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помешанный","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старикашка","gloss":"deranged"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похаживал","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"похаживал","lemma":"похаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперт","gloss":"paced"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun/adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (predicative: alone)","role":"modifies похаживал (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition по, adjunct of похаживал","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трепетном","lemma":"трепетный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"tremulous"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, adjunct of похаживал","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздадутся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, part of fixed phrase вот-вот","role":"part of the phrase вот-вот (any moment now)","gloss":"any moment"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, part of fixed phrase вот-вот","role":"part of the phrase вот-вот (any moment now)","gloss":"any moment"},{"surface":"раздадутся","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидании, introduced by что","gloss":"will sound"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on стуков","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"условных","lemma":"условный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стуков","gloss":"agreed-upon"},{"surface":"стуков","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздадутся","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывая","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"заглядывая","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on похаживал","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглядывая","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"object of preposition в, adjunct of видя","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заглядывая","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видя","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b5-c7-s14","source":"Было уже очень поздно, а Иван Федорович всё не спал и соображал.","translation":"It was already very late, and Ivan Fyodorovich still lay awake, turning things over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё не спал и соображал","title":"Imperfective duratives with intensifying «всё»","body":"«не спал» and «соображал» are imperfectives of ongoing state; «всё» here is the adverbial \"still, all the while,\" stressing the unbroken duration of his wakeful brooding."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соображал","title":"«соображать» — turning things over","body":"More than \"to think\": to reason out, piece together, work something through in the mind. The imperfective conveys Ivan's mind grinding away without resolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, third, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle/adverb","role":"modifies спал (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with Было by а","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спал","gloss":"pondering"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b5-c7-s15","source":"Поздно он лег в эту ночь, часа в два.","translation":"He went to bed late that night, around two o'clock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поздно он лег в эту ночь","title":"Fronted adverb «поздно» for focus","body":"Putting «поздно» (\"late\") first throws the weight onto the lateness — the new, salient point — before the subject and verb. A small instance of Russian's focus-driven word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"часа в два","title":"Approximative inversion «часа в два»","body":"Putting the noun before the preposition — «часа в два» rather than «в два часа» — signals approximation: \"around two o'clock.\" «часа» is genitive singular after «два»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лег","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лег","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went to bed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical time expression (idiom: часа в два = around two o'clock)","gloss":"hour","note":"\"часа в два\" is a colloquial inversion meaning \"at about two o'clock.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два, part of the idiom часа в два","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b5-c7-s16","source":"Но мы не станем передавать всё течение его мыслей, да и не время нам входить в эту душу: этой душе свой черед.","translation":"But we shall not set down the whole course of his thoughts, nor is it the moment for us to enter into that soul: that soul will have its turn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не станем передавать","title":"«стать» as a future auxiliary","body":"«не станем передавать» uses «стать» (\"to begin/set about\") plus an imperfective infinitive as a near-equivalent of the simple future — \"we shall not undertake to convey.\" A common literary variant of the быть-future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не время нам входить","title":"Impersonal «не время» with a dative","body":"«не время нам» is an impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer «нам» in the dative, and an infinitive — \"it is not the time for us to enter.\" This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этой душе свой черед","title":"Dative possessor and reflexive «свой»","body":"Verbless and terse: «этой душе» (dative) \"to that soul\" belongs «свой черед» — \"its own turn.\" «свой» refers back to the soul itself; the missing copula gives the line an oracular, foreshadowing weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (future auxiliary)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"передавать","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станем","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of течение","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"течение","lemma":"течение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передавать","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies течение","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction, part of fixed phrase да и","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, part of фиксed phrase да и","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of the impersonal clause (не время = it is not the time)","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical (dative) subject of входить","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"входить","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of время","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входить","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative of possession, elliptical clause (this soul will have its turn)","gloss":"that soul"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of черед","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"черед","lemma":"черёд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (this soul's turn will come)","gloss":"turn"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b5-c7-s17","source":"И даже если б и попробовали что передать, то было бы очень мудрено это сделать, потому что были не мысли, а было что-то очень неопределенное, а главное — слишком взволнованное.","translation":"And even if we did try to convey something of it, it would be very hard to do, because they were not thoughts at all, but something very indefinite, and — above all — too agitated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и попробовали… то было бы… мудрено","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A full irrealis: «если б… попробовали» (past form + «б») in the protasis, «было бы… мудрено» in the apodosis — \"even if we did try…, it would be hard.\" The reduced «б» for «бы» is colloquial-literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были не мысли, а было что-то","title":"Contrastive «не… а…»","body":"The «не X, а Y» frame corrects rather than merely negates — \"not thoughts, but rather something.\" «а» is the proper conjunction for this replacement contrast, never «но»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мудрено","title":"«мудрено» — \"tricky, hard to do\"","body":"A predicative adverb from «мудрый» (wise): \"intricate, hard to manage.\" Slightly archaic-folksy, it means the task would be cunningly difficult, not merely laborious."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если (even if)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of попробовали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional (short form of бы)","role":"conditional marker of попробовали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попробовали (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"попробовали","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause (protasis) of мудрено","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попробовали","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мудрено","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мудрено","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мудрено","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мудрено","lemma":"мудрено","morphology":"adverb/predicative (short-form adjective), neuter","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on мудрено","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of fixed phrase потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of fixed phrase потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мысли","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate noun of были","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неопределенное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of что-то","role":"subject of неопределенное","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of что-то","role":"subject of неопределенное","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неопределенное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неопределенное","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было, coordinated with мысли","gloss":"indefinite"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies взволнованное (above all)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взволнованное","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"взволнованное","lemma":"взволнованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мысли/неопределенное","gloss":"agitated"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b5-c7-s18","source":"Сам он чувствовал, что потерял все свои концы.","translation":"He felt himself that he had lost all his bearings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потерял все свои концы","title":"Idiom «потерять концы» — to lose the threads","body":"Literally \"lost all his ends\"; the idiom means to lose the threads, to no longer know where anything leads — rendered \"lost all his bearings.\" «свои» (reflexive possessive) keeps the ends his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потерял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"had lost"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of концы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of концы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"концы","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"bearings","note":"\"потерять концы\" is idiomatic for losing one's bearings/thread of thought."}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b5-c7-s19","source":"Мучили его тоже разные странные и почти неожиданные совсем желания, например: уж после полночи ему вдруг настоятельно и нестерпимо захотелось сойти вниз, отпереть дверь, пройти во флигель и избить Смердякова, но спросили бы вы за что, и сам он решительно не сумел бы изложить ни одной причины в точности, кроме той разве, что стал ему этот лакей ненавистен как самый тяжкий обидчик, какого только можно приискать на свете.","translation":"He was tormented, too, by various strange and almost wholly unexpected desires; for instance, sometime after midnight he was suddenly seized by an urgent, unbearable craving to go downstairs, unbolt the door, cross to the lodge, and beat Smerdyakov — yet had you asked him what for, he himself could not have set out a single reason precisely, except perhaps that this lackey had become as hateful to him as the gravest offender one could find anywhere in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мучили его… разные… желания","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The clause opens with verb and object «Мучили его» before the subject «желания» arrives at the end. Fronting the torment, withholding its cause, is an information-structuring choice the free word order allows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг… захотелось сойти вниз","title":"Impersonal «захотелось» + dative","body":"«захотелось» is the reflexive impersonal of «хотеться»: no nominative subject, the wanter «ему» in the dative, and the wish welling up of itself — \"a craving came over him.\" This is the experiencer-first idiom for desires that seize a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросили бы вы за что","title":"Hypothetical «бы» — \"had you asked\"","body":"«спросили бы вы» is a conditional with «бы» fused to the past-form verb — a rhetorical \"were you to ask\" addressed to the reader. The «бы» follows the focused verb, as it likes to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сумел бы изложить ни одной причины","title":"Negated «бы» with «ни одной» in the genitive","body":"«не сумел бы… ни одной причины» combines the conditional «бы» with emphatic «ни одной» (\"not a single\") and the genitive of negation «причины» — three layers of negation underlining his total inability to explain himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей… как самый тяжкий обидчик","title":"«лакей», «обидчик», bookish «тяжкий»","body":"«лакей» (lackey, footman) carries social contempt; «обидчик» is \"one who wrongs/offends.\" «тяжкий» is the elevated doublet of «тяжёлый» (\"grievous, weighty\"), giving \"the gravest offender\" a solemn, almost juridical ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мучили","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Мучили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мучили","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies желания","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies желания","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданные","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"неожиданные","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with странные","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданные","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"желания","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Мучили","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the example clause","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полночи","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночи","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"полночи","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотелось","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer (indirect object) of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"urgently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with настоятельно","gloss":"unbearably"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сойти","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to go down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойти","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойти","gloss":"unlock"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпереть","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"пройти","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойти","gloss":"cross over"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигель","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройти","gloss":"the lodge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"избить","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сойти","gloss":"beat up"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избить","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"conditional main verb of a new clause coordinated by но","gloss":"were to ask"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of спросили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спросили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросили","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сумел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"изложить","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies причины","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изложить","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности, idiom","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, adjunct of изложить (idiom: precisely)","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме, referring to the elided причины","gloss":"that reason"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кроме той (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining той (the reason)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause explaining той","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer (indirect object) of стал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакей","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ненавистен","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"ненавистен","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, marking обидчик","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"superlative marker, modifies тяжкий","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"тяжкий","lemma":"тяжкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обидчик","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison target of ненавистен","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приискать, relative pronoun referring to обидчик","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"main predicate of the relative clause modifying обидчик","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"приискать","lemma":"приискать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приискать","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b5-c7-s20","source":"С другой стороны, не раз охватывала в эту ночь его душу какая-то необъяснимая и унизительная робость, от которой он — он это чувствовал — даже как бы терял вдруг физические силы.","translation":"On the other hand, more than once that night his soul was overcome by a kind of inexplicable and humiliating timidity, from which he — he felt it — even seemed all at once to lose his physical strength.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охватывала… его душу какая-то… робость","title":"Object before subject again","body":"The verb «охватывала» and object «душу» precede the subject «робость», which lands last as the new information. The grammatical subject is the timidity that \"overcame his soul.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которой он… терял… физические силы","title":"Relative «которой» in genitive after «от»","body":"«от которой» is «который» (agreeing feminine with «робость») put in the genitive by the preposition «от» — \"from which.\" The inserted dash-clause «он это чувствовал» breaks in as the narrator's gloss."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"унизительная робость","title":"«робость» — timidity that humiliates","body":"«робость» is shy, fearful timidity; «унизительная» (humiliating, degrading) marks it as something shameful to a proud man like Ivan. The pairing is psychologically pointed."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, fixed adverbial phrase modifying охватывала (on the other hand)","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of охватывала (не раз = more than once)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"охватывала","lemma":"охватывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of охватывала","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of охватывала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular, part of какая-то","role":"determiner of робость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of какая-то","role":"determiner of робость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"необъяснимая","lemma":"необъяснимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies робость","gloss":"inexplicable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"унизительная","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with необъяснимая","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"робость","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of охватывала","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, relative pronoun referring to робость, modifies терял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of терял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (he felt it)","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терял","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"терял","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by от которой","gloss":"was losing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies терял","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"физические","lemma":"физический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"physical"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of терял","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b5-c7-s21","source":"Голова его болела и кружилась.","translation":"His head ached and swam.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голова… болела и кружилась","title":"Reflexive «кружиться» of the spinning head","body":"«кружилась» is the reflexive/middle «кружиться» (to spin, go round) — an intransitive change-of-state in -ся. The single subject «голова» governs both \"ached\" and \"swam.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болела","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of Голова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"болела","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кружилась","lemma":"кружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with болела","gloss":"swam"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b5-c7-s22","source":"Что-то ненавистное щемило его душу, точно он собирался мстить кому.","translation":"Something hateful gnawed at his soul, as though he were about to take revenge on someone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно он собирался мстить кому","title":"Comparative «точно» — \"as though\"","body":"«точно» here is not \"exactly\" but the comparative conjunction \"as if, as though,\" introducing an unreal comparison. «кому» is a bare dative \"to someone\" (colloquial for «кому-то»), the object of «мстить» (to take revenge on)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щемило его душу","title":"«щемить» — a gnawing ache","body":"«щемить» names a dull, pinching, aching sensation, especially of the heart or soul. Used impersonally here — \"something hateful gnawed at his soul\" — it conveys an undefined inner pain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of что-то","role":"subject of щемило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of что-то","role":"subject of щемило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ненавистное","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то (subject of щемило)","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"щемило","lemma":"щемить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gnawed at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щемило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собирался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собирался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"собирался","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by точно","gloss":"were about to"},{"surface":"мстить","lemma":"мстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собирался","gloss":"take revenge"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of мстить","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b5-c7-s23","source":"Ненавидел он даже Алешу, вспоминая давешний с ним разговор, ненавидел очень минутами и себя.","translation":"He hated even Alyosha, recalling the conversation he had had with him earlier that day; at moments he hated himself intensely as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ненавидел он даже Алешу… ненавидел… и себя","title":"Verb-first repetition and reflexive «себя»","body":"Each clause leads with the imperfective «Ненавидел» for emotional drumbeat, the subject «он» deferred. The object «себя» is the reflexive pronoun — he hated his own self."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспоминая давешний… разговор","title":"Imperfective gerund of cause","body":"«вспоминая» (\"recalling\") is an imperfective gerund giving the simultaneous reason for the hatred. «давешний» is a folksy-archaic adjective meaning \"of earlier today, recent.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ненавидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ненавидел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ненавидел","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"давешний","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, modifies разговор","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминая","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ненавидел","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial adjunct of ненавидел (at moments)","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ненавидел, coordinated with Алешу","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b5-c7-s24","source":"О Катерине Ивановне он почти что и думать забыл и много этому потом удивлялся, тем более что сам твердо помнил, как еще вчера утром, когда он так размашисто похвалился у Катерины Ивановны, что завтра уедет в Москву, в душе своей тогда же шепнул про себя: «А ведь вздор, не поедешь, и не так тебе будет легко оторваться, как ты теперь фанфаронишь».","translation":"Of Katerina Ivanovna he had almost forgotten even to think — something he marveled at greatly afterward, the more so since he himself remembered clearly how only yesterday morning, when he had boasted so grandly at Katerina Ivanovna's that he would leave for Moscow tomorrow, he had whispered to himself at that very moment, deep down: \"But that's nonsense — you won't go, and it won't be so easy for you to tear yourself away as you're swaggering now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думать забыл… много… удивлялся","title":"«забыл думать» plus dative object of «удивляться»","body":"«думать забыл» = \"forgot even to think.\" The later «много этому… удивлялся» pairs «удивляться» (to be amazed) with its dative object «этому» (\"at this\"), the verb's required government."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем более что","title":"Bookish connector «тем более что»","body":"«тем более что» (\"the more so since / especially as\") is a literary subordinator introducing an intensifying reason. It threads the long sentence's logic of self-knowledge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь вздор, не поедешь","title":"Particle «ведь» and predictive imperfective future","body":"Inside the remembered whisper, «ведь» appeals to what the speaker already knows (\"why, after all\"). «не поедешь» is the perfective future of «поехать» used as a flat prediction — \"you won't go.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размашисто похвалился… фанфаронишь","title":"«размашисто», «фанфаронить»","body":"«размашисто» means \"with a broad sweep, expansively, grandly.\" «фанфаронить» (from «фанфарон», a braggart) is \"to swagger, show off, brag\" — a borrowed, slightly comic word that Ivan turns on himself in self-mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать (part of почти что)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почти","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивлялся","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of более","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнил","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on удивлялся","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies похвалился","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похвалился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похвалился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies размашисто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"размашисто","lemma":"размашисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похвалился","gloss":"grandly"},{"surface":"похвалился","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"boasted"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похвалился","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уедет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уедет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"уедет","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of похвалился","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уедет","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шепнул","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"шепнул","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похвалился","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of шепнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted clause","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поедешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поедешь","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздор","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of легко","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легко","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"оторваться","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on легко","gloss":"to tear away"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of фанфаронишь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of фанфаронишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies фанфаронишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"фанфаронишь","lemma":"фанфаронить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оторваться","gloss":"are swaggering"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b5-c7-s25","source":"Припоминая потом долго спустя эту ночь, Иван Федорович с особенным отвращением вспоминал, как он вдруг, бывало, вставал с дивана и тихонько, как бы страшно боясь, чтобы не подглядели за ним, отворял двери, выходил на лестницу и слушал вниз, в нижние комнаты, как шевелился и похаживал там внизу Федор Павлович, — слушал подолгу, минут по пяти, со странным каким-то любопытством, затаив дух, и с биением сердца, а для чего он всё это проделывал, для чего слушал — конечно, и сам не знал.","translation":"Recalling that night long afterward, Ivan Fyodorovich would remember with peculiar disgust how he suddenly, every so often, would get up from the sofa and softly, as though terribly afraid of being spied upon, open the door, go out onto the stairs, and listen down into the lower rooms — listen to Fyodor Pavlovich stirring and pacing about down below — listen for a long while, five minutes at a stretch, with a strange sort of curiosity, holding his breath, his heart pounding; and why he kept doing all this, why he was listening, he himself, of course, did not know.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Припоминая потом долго спустя эту ночь","title":"Opening gerund frames the recollection","body":"The whole long sentence is launched by the imperfective gerund «Припоминая» (\"recalling\"), establishing the later vantage point from which Ivan replays the night. «долго спустя» = \"long afterward.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг, бывало, вставал… отворял… выходил… слушал","title":"Iterative «бывало» with a chain of imperfectives","body":"«бывало» is the narrative particle marking a recurring past habit — \"every so often, he would…\" The string of imperfectives «вставал, отворял, выходил, слушал» are all repeated, habitual acts, not single events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы страшно боясь, чтобы не подглядели","title":"Negative purpose with «чтобы… не»","body":"«боясь» is an imperfective gerund (\"being afraid\"); «чтобы… не подглядели» is a negative purpose clause — fearing \"lest he be spied on.\" «чтобы» takes the past-form verb «подглядели», the irrealis it always governs. «как бы» softens it to \"as though.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затаив дух","title":"Perfective gerund idiom «затаив дух»","body":"«затаив» is a perfective past gerund of «затаить» (to hold in, suppress); «затаив дух» = \"holding one's breath.\" The completed gerund frames the prior, set state during which he listened."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минут по пяти","title":"Distributive «по пяти» — five at a stretch","body":"«по пяти» with «минут» is the distributive «по» construction: \"in stretches of five minutes each.\" The archaic dative «пяти» (rather than «пять») is the older norm Dostoevsky uses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Припоминая","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспоминал","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Припоминая","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спустя","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отвращением","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вставал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вставал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies вставал","gloss":"would sometimes"},{"surface":"вставал","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминал","gloss":"would get up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворял","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отворял","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подглядели","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подглядели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подглядели","lemma":"подглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on боясь","gloss":"spy"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подглядели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отворял","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вставал","gloss":"would open"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отворял","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отворял","gloss":"would go out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходил","gloss":"would listen"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нижние","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шевелился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"шевелился","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слушал","gloss":"was stirring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"похаживал","lemma":"похаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шевелился","gloss":"was pacing"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похаживал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похаживал","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шевелился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"would listen"},{"surface":"подолгу","lemma":"подолгу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"for long stretches"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantity phrase modifying подолгу","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пяти","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"затаив","lemma":"затаить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on слушал","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of затаив","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking биением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"биением","lemma":"биение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with затаив","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies биением","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проделывал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проделывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проделывал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проделывал","lemma":"проделывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"kept doing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проделывал","gloss":"he listened"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b5-c7-s26","source":"Этот «поступок» он всю жизнь свою потом называл «мерзким» и всю жизнь свою считал, глубоко про себя, в тайниках души своей, самым подлым поступком изо всей своей жизни.","translation":"That \"act\" he would all his life afterward call \"vile,\" and all his life he reckoned it, deep within himself, in the innermost recesses of his soul, the basest act of his whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"называл «мерзким»… считал… самым подлым поступком","title":"Instrumental complements of «называл» and «считал»","body":"Both «называл» (called) and «считал» (reckoned) take a predicate in the instrumental: «(поступок) мерзким», «самым подлым поступком». Naming and judging \"as something\" puts that something in the instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым подлым поступком изо всей своей жизни","title":"Superlative «самый» plus reflexive «свой»","body":"«самым подлым» is the periphrastic superlative, «самый» declining with the adjective in the instrumental. «изо всей своей жизни» (\"out of his whole life\") uses the reflexive «свой» pointing back to Ivan."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в тайниках души своей","title":"«тайники души» — the soul's hidden recesses","body":"«тайник» is a hidden place, a cache; «в тайниках души» is a set literary phrase, \"in the secret recesses of the soul.\" The postposed «своей» (reflexive possessive) gives it a grave, inward cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying называл","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называл","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"мерзким","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называл","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying считал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with называл","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайниках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тайниках","lemma":"тайник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"recesses"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайниках","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлым","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"подлым","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступком","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"поступком","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считал","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поступком","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b5-c7-s27","source":"К самому же Федору Павловичу он не чувствовал в те минуты никакой даже ненависти, а лишь любопытствовал почему-то изо всех сил: как он там внизу ходит, что он примерно там у себя теперь должен делать, предугадывал и соображал, как он должен был там внизу заглядывать в темные окна и вдруг останавливаться среди комнаты и ждать, ждать — не стучит ли кто.","translation":"Toward Fyodor Pavlovich himself, in those moments, he felt no hatred whatever — he was merely, for some reason, curious with all his might: how was he moving about down there, what could he be doing now in his rooms, and he tried to guess and picture how the old man must be peering into the dark windows down below, then suddenly stopping in the middle of the room and waiting, waiting — to see whether anyone would knock.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не чувствовал… никакой даже ненависти","title":"Negative concord with genitive of negation","body":"«не чувствовал никакой… ненависти» pairs «не» with the negative «никакой» and puts the object «ненависти» in the genitive of negation — \"felt no hatred whatever.\" Russian's triple-marked negation again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предугадывал и соображал, как он должен был","title":"Chained imperfectives of imagining","body":"«предугадывал» (kept guessing in advance) and «соображал» are imperfectives of an ongoing mental effort, leading into indirect questions «как он… ходит… должен делать… заглядывать». The whole is Ivan's mind projecting the scene below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждать, ждать — не стучит ли кто","title":"Embedded «ли»-question of suspense","body":"«не стучит ли кто» is an indirect yes/no question with «ли» — \"whether anyone was knocking.\" The doubled infinitive «ждать, ждать» mimics the old man's endless straining for the signal."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федору","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самому","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненависти","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытствовал","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"любопытствовал","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"was curious"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытствовал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любопытствовал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"direct object clause of любопытствовал","gloss":"moves about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of должен","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"direct object clause of любопытствовал (parallel to ходит)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"be doing"},{"surface":"предугадывал","lemma":"предугадывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любопытствовал","gloss":"tried to guess"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предугадывал","gloss":"tried to figure"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of соображал","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывать","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывать","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"заглядывать","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"peer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темные","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглядывать","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останавливаться","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"останавливаться","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заглядывать","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останавливаться","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливаться","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"repeats ждать for emphasis","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стучит","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"стучит","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ждать","gloss":"is knocking"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стучит","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of стучит","gloss":"anyone"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b5-c7-s28","source":"Выходил Иван Федорович для этого занятия на лестницу раза два.","translation":"Twice Ivan Fyodorovich went out onto the stairs for this occupation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выходил Иван Федорович… на лестницу раза два","title":"Iterative imperfective and «раза два»","body":"«Выходил» is the imperfective for a repeated act; «раза два» (\"a couple of times\") confirms the iteration, with genitive singular «раза» after «два» and inversion for approximation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для этого занятия","title":"Ironic «занятие» — \"occupation\"","body":"«занятие» normally means a worthy occupation or pursuit. Applied to Ivan's furtive eavesdropping, it is dryly ironic — dignifying a shameful act with a respectable noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выходил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занятия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of занятия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"занятия","lemma":"занятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выходил","gloss":"occupation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лестницу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"лестницу","lemma":"лестница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выходил","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies два","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"adverbial (frequency) modifying Выходил","gloss":"twice"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b5-c7-s29","source":"Когда всё затихло и уже улегся и Федор Павлович, часов около двух, улегся и Иван Федорович с твердым желанием поскорее заснуть, так как чувствовал себя страшно измученным.","translation":"When everything had fallen quiet and Fyodor Pavlovich too had at last lain down, around two o'clock, Ivan Fyodorovich also lay down, firmly resolved to fall asleep as quickly as possible, since he felt himself terribly worn out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда всё затихло и… улегся… улегся и Иван","title":"Perfective verbs sequencing the quiet","body":"«затихло» and the repeated «улегся» (from «улечься», to lie down/settle) are perfectives marking discrete completed events — everything fell still, first the father settled, then Ivan. The repetition of «улегся» links the two men in the same act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с твердым желанием поскорее заснуть","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… желанием»","body":"«с твердым желанием» (\"with a firm desire\") is the instrumental after «с» of accompaniment, framing the resolve with which he lay down; «поскорее» is the comparative \"as soon as possible.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of затихло","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of затихло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"затихло","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улегся","gloss":"fell quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улегся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"улегся","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затихло","gloss":"had lain down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улегся","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of улегся","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двух","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"улегся","lemma":"улечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иван","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улегся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желанием","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"желанием","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of улегся","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies заснуть","gloss":"as soon as possible"},{"surface":"заснуть","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желанием","gloss":"to fall asleep"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствовал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on улегся","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измученным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"измученным","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of чувствовал","gloss":"worn out"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b5-c7-s30","source":"И впрямь: заснул он вдруг крепко и спал без снов, но проснулся рано, часов в семь, когда уже рассвело.","translation":"And so indeed he did: he fell asleep all at once, soundly, and slept without dreams, but woke early, around seven o'clock, when day had already broken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заснул… крепко… проснулся… когда уже рассвело","title":"Perfectives for the night's events","body":"«заснул», «проснулся», and impersonal «рассвело» (from «рассвести», to grow light) are all perfectives, each a single completed turn — fell asleep, woke, day broke. «рассвело» is a subjectless weather/light impersonal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"И впрямь","title":"«И впрямь» again — \"and sure enough\"","body":"The colloquial confirming phrase \"and indeed, sure enough\" opens the sentence, the narrator's own folksy voice closing the loop on Ivan's resolve to sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заснул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснул","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснул","gloss":"soundly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снов","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"снов","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семь","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассвело","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассвело","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"рассвело","lemma":"рассвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проснулся","gloss":"had dawned"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b5-c7-s31","source":"Раскрыв глаза, к изумлению своему, он вдруг почувствовал в себе прилив какой-то необычайной энергии, быстро вскочил и быстро оделся, затем вытащил свой чемодан и, не медля, поспешно начал его укладывать.","translation":"Opening his eyes, he suddenly felt within himself, to his own astonishment, a surge of some extraordinary energy; he sprang up quickly and dressed quickly, then dragged out his trunk and, without delay, began hurriedly packing it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раскрыв глаза… вытащил… начал укладывать","title":"Perfective gerund opening a burst of action","body":"«Раскрыв» (perfective gerund, \"having opened his eyes\") sets off a rapid chain of perfectives — «вскочил, оделся, вытащил, начал» — driving the story forward event by event, the energetic counterpart to the night's brooding imperfectives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к изумлению своему","title":"Set phrase «к изумлению своему»","body":"«к изумлению» uses «к» plus the dative in the idiom \"to one's astonishment\"; the postposed reflexive «своему» (\"his own\") is a bookish ordering. Russian builds many such к + dative reaction-phrases (к счастью, к ужасу)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не медля","title":"«не медля» — \"without delay\"","body":"A fossilized negated gerund of «медлить» (to tarry), now read as an adverbial phrase \"without dawdling, at once.\" It reinforces the suddenness of his packing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раскрыв","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Раскрыв","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"изумлению","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of изумлению","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прилив","lemma":"прилив","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"a surge"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of энергии","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of энергии","gloss":"kind of","note":"какой-то is one indefinite word ('some kind of'), split across these two tokens."},{"surface":"необычайной","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies энергии","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"энергии","lemma":"энергия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прилив","gloss":"energy"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оделся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"оделся","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытащил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чемодан","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чемодан","lemma":"чемодан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"trunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies медля","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"медля","lemma":"медлить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"delaying"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укладывать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"укладывать","lemma":"укладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to pack"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b5-c7-s32","source":"Белье как раз еще вчера утром получилось всё от прачки.","translation":"His linen, as it happened, had all come back from the laundress only yesterday morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Белье… получилось всё от прачки","title":"Reflexive «получилось» as middle/passive","body":"«получилось» (reflexive of «получить») works as a middle-voice \"came/was received\" — the linen \"had come back\" of itself. «от прачки» (\"from the laundress\") is genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от прачки","title":"«прачка» — the laundress","body":"A «прачка» is a washerwoman who took in laundry — a small domestic-economy detail anchoring the household's routines, and a comic touch in how neatly fate has cleared Ivan's path."}],"words":[{"surface":"Белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of получилось","gloss":"his linen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifying получилось","gloss":"as it happened"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly","note":"как раз is a set phrase meaning 'as it happened / just'."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получилось","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of получилось","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"получилось","lemma":"получиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come back"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies получилось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прачки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прачки","lemma":"прачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получилось","gloss":"the laundress"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b5-c7-s33","source":"Иван Федорович даже усмехнулся при мысли, что так всё оно сошлось, что нет никакой задержки внезапному отъезду.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich even smiled at the thought that everything had fallen out so neatly, that there was nothing to hold up his sudden departure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что нет никакой задержки внезапному отъезду","title":"«нет» + genitive subject, dative of relation","body":"«нет никакой задержки» is a negated existential: the absent thing «задержки» (delay) stands in the genitive after «нет», with «никакой» for emphasis. «внезапному отъезду» is the dative — nothing to hold up \"the sudden departure.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся… что так всё оно сошлось","title":"Reflexive perfectives «усмехнулся», «сошлось»","body":"«усмехнулся» (gave a smile, smirked) and «сошлось» (came together, fell out) are reflexive perfectives in -ся; «сошлось» is the impersonal middle \"it all worked out\" — circumstances converging of themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнулся","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of мысли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сошлось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сошлось","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мысли","gloss":"had worked out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clausal complement of мысли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мысли, coordinated with сошлось","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of задержки","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"задержки","lemma":"задержка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"hindrance"},{"surface":"внезапному","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отъезду","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"отъезду","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задержки","gloss":"departure"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b5-c7-s34","source":"А отъезд выходил действительно внезапный.","translation":"And his departure really was turning out to be a sudden one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А отъезд выходил действительно внезапный","title":"«а» reopening the topic; «выходил» = \"turned out\"","body":"«А» here is the topic-shifting \"and, now\" reopening the matter of the departure. «выходил» imperfectively means \"was turning out to be,\" with the predicate adjective «внезапный» in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отъезд","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was turning out"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапный","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"внезапный","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of выходил","gloss":"sudden"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b5-c7-s35","source":"Хотя Иван Федорович и говорил вчера (Катерине Ивановне, Алеше и потом Смердякову), что завтра уедет, но, ложась вчера спать, он очень хорошо помнил, что в ту минуту и не думал об отъезде, по крайней мере совсем не мыслил, что, поутру проснувшись, первым движением бросится укладывать чемодан.","translation":"Although Ivan Fyodorovich had said yesterday (to Katerina Ivanovna, to Alyosha, and then to Smerdyakov) that he would leave tomorrow, yet when he had gone to bed the night before, he remembered very well that at that moment he had not even been thinking of leaving — or at least had had no idea whatever that, waking in the morning, his very first move would be to rush to pack his trunk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя… и говорил вчера, … что завтра уедет","title":"Concessive «хотя… и» with reported future","body":"«Хотя… и» is the concessive \"although\" reinforced by «и» (\"even, did\"). The reported speech keeps its original tense: «завтра уедет» — perfective future \"he would leave tomorrow,\" Russian not back-shifting tense as English does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ложась вчера спать","title":"Imperfective gerund «ложась»","body":"«ложась… спать» is the imperfective gerund of «ложиться» — \"as he was lying down to sleep.\" The imperfective gerund fixes the moment within which the remembering happened."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поутру проснувшись, первым движением бросится","title":"Gerund + instrumental of manner + perfective future","body":"«проснувшись» is a perfective gerund (\"on waking\"); «первым движением» is an instrumental of manner (\"as his first move\"); «бросится» is the perfective future of «броситься» (to rush) in reported thought. «поутру» is an archaic-folksy \"in the morning.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying говорил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by Хотя","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерине","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смердякову","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Катерине","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уедет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уедет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"уедет","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ложась","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on помнил","gloss":"going to bed"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложась","gloss":"the night before"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ложась","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезде","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отъезде","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at","note":"по крайней мере is a set phrase meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мыслил","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"imagined"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснувшись","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"проснувшись","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросится","gloss":"waking up"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движением","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"движением","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросится","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"бросится","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мыслил","gloss":"would rush"},{"surface":"укладывать","lemma":"укладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросится","gloss":"to pack"},{"surface":"чемодан","lemma":"чемодан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укладывать","gloss":"his trunk"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b5-c7-s36","source":"Наконец чемодан и сак были готовы: было уже около девяти часов, когда Марфа Игнатьевна взошла к нему с обычным ежедневным вопросом: «Где изволите чай кушать, у себя аль сойдете вниз?» Иван Федорович сошел вниз, вид имел почти что веселый, хотя было в нем, в словах и в жестах его, нечто как бы раскидывающееся и торопливое.","translation":"At last the trunk and the bag were ready: it was already getting on toward nine o'clock when Marfa Ignatyevna came up to him with her usual daily question: \"Where will you be pleased to take your tea — in your room, or will you come down?\" Ivan Fyodorovich came down, his look almost cheerful, though there was about him, in his words and gestures, something as it were scattered and hurried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда Марфа Игнатьевна взошла к нему","title":"Prefixed motion verb «взошла»","body":"«взошла» is the perfective prefixed motion verb «взойти» (вз- \"up\" + -йти), \"came up, ascended\" — she climbed up to his attic room. The prefix supplies both direction and perfective aspect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Где изволите чай кушать… аль сойдете вниз?","title":"Deferential «изволите», folksy «кушать», «аль»","body":"«изволите» (\"will you be pleased to\") is the servant's deferential auxiliary; «кушать» is the polite-folksy verb for eating/drinking used to a master; «аль» is a rustic «или» (\"or\"). The whole line paints Marfa Ignatyevna's humble, old-fashioned speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовы","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"чемодан","lemma":"чемодан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of готовы","gloss":"the trunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сак","lemma":"сак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чемодан","gloss":"the bag"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готовы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"impersonal copula introducing часов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"девяти","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взошла","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взошла","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"взошла","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by когда","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обычным","lemma":"обычный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"ежедневным","lemma":"ежедневный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"daily"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взошла","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволите","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"would you like"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кушать","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"кушать","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of кушать","gloss":"your own room"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, colloquial","role":"links the alternative clause сойдете","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сойдете","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with изволите","gloss":"will you come down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойдете","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"his look"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сошел","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom почти что, modifying веселый","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom почти что","gloss":"almost","note":"почти что together means 'almost'."},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид, predicate adjunct of имел","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of было","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with нем","gloss":"his words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жестах","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with нем","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жестах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of было","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifying раскидывающееся","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"раскидывающееся","lemma":"раскидывающийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, reflexive, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"торопливое","lemma":"торопливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with раскидывающееся","gloss":"hurried"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b5-c7-s37","source":"Приветливо поздоровавшись с отцом и даже особенно наведавшись о здоровье, он, не дождавшись, впрочем, окончания ответа родителя, разом объявил, что чрез час уезжает в Москву, совсем, и просит послать за лошадьми.","translation":"Having greeted his father amiably and even asked after his health with particular attention, he announced, without however waiting for his parent to finish answering, all at once that within the hour he was leaving for Moscow, for good, and asked that the horses be sent for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приветливо поздоровавшись… особенно наведавшись","title":"Two perfective gerunds of prior courtesy","body":"«поздоровавшись» (having greeted) and «наведавшись» (having inquired) are perfective past gerunds chaining the completed civilities before the main verb «объявил». «наведаться о здоровье» = \"to ask after one's health.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дождавшись… окончания ответа","title":"Negated gerund + genitive object","body":"«не дождавшись окончания» is a negated perfective gerund — \"without waiting for the end.\" «дождаться» governs the genitive «окончания ответа», and negation reinforces it: he cut his father off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"просит послать за лошадьми","title":"«послать за» + instrumental","body":"«послать за лошадьми» — \"to send for the horses\" — uses «за» plus the instrumental to mean \"to fetch.\" «лошадьми» is the instrumental plural of «лошадь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приветливо","lemma":"приветливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздоровавшись","gloss":"amiably"},{"surface":"поздоровавшись","lemma":"поздороваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"having greeted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поздоровавшись","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies особенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наведавшись","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"наведавшись","lemma":"наведаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with поздоровавшись","gloss":"having asked"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наведавшись","gloss":"his health"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дождавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"without waiting for"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дождавшись, parenthetical","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"окончания","lemma":"окончание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"the finishing"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окончания","gloss":"of the answer"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответа","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уезжает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжает","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"уезжает","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уезжает","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уезжает","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просит","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объявил","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of просит","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадьми","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лошадьми","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"the horses"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b5-c7-s38","source":"Старик выслушал сообщение без малейшего удивления, пренеприлично позабыв поскорбеть об отъезде сынка; вместо того вдруг чрезвычайно захлопотал, вспомнив как раз кстати одно насущное собственное дело.","translation":"The old man heard the news without the slightest surprise, and, with marked impropriety, quite forgot to grieve over his little son's departure; instead he suddenly fell into an extraordinary bustle, having recalled, just in the nick of time, a pressing piece of business of his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пренеприлично позабыв поскорбеть… вспомнив","title":"Perfective gerunds with the intensive «пре-»","body":"«позабыв» and «вспомнив» are perfective gerunds (\"having forgotten,\" \"having recalled\"). The adverb «пренеприлично» carries the superlative prefix «пре-» (\"most-, exceedingly\"), a favourite Dostoevskian intensifier — \"most improperly.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захлопотал… насущное собственное дело","title":"«захлопотать», «насущный»","body":"«захлопотать» (за- inceptive) means \"to start bustling/fussing about.\" «насущный» — \"vital, of daily necessity\" — famously the word for \"daily\" bread in the Lord's Prayer (хлеб насущный), here applied with comic deflation to his timber deal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard out"},{"surface":"сообщение","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушал","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивления","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"удивления","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушал","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"пренеприлично","lemma":"пренеприлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабыв","gloss":"with shocking impropriety"},{"surface":"позабыв","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выслушал","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"поскорбеть","lemma":"поскорбеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позабыв","gloss":"to grieve"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъезде","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"отъезде","lemma":"отъезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поскорбеть","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"сынка","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отъезде","gloss":"of his little son"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom вместо того","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захлопотал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захлопотал","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"захлопотал","lemma":"захлопотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выслушал","gloss":"fell into a bustle"},{"surface":"вспомнив","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on захлопотал","gloss":"having recalled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifying вспомнив","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of вспомнив","gloss":"in the nick of time"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies дело","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"насущное","lemma":"насущный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"of his own"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнив","gloss":"business"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b5-c7-s39","source":"— Ах ты!","translation":"\"Ah, you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ах ты!","title":"Exclamation «Ах ты!»","body":"A bare interjection of surprise or mock-reproach — \"Ah, you!\" — left grammatically incomplete, as exclamations are. Typical of Fyodor Pavlovich's bouncing, theatrical speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"exclamatory address with Ах","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b5-c7-s40","source":"Экой!","translation":"What a fellow!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экой!","title":"«Экой!» — \"What a fellow!\"","body":"«экой» (variant of «эдакой / какой») is a colloquial exclamatory \"what a…!,\" expressing amazement at someone's behavior. Standing alone it means roughly \"well, what a one you are!\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"what a fellow"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b5-c7-s41","source":"Не сказал вчера… ну да всё равно и сейчас уладим.","translation":"You didn't say so yesterday… well, never mind, we'll settle it now too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сейчас уладим","title":"Perfective future «уладим»","body":"«уладим» is the perfective future of «уладить» (to settle, arrange) — \"we'll sort it out.\" The conjugated perfective gives a confident, single-completed-action sense; «сейчас» means \"right now.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, with ну","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same","note":"всё равно is a set phrase meaning 'never mind / all the same'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying сейчас","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уладим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уладим","lemma":"уладить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll settle"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b5-c7-s42","source":"Сделай ты мне милость великую, отец ты мой родной, заезжай в Чермашню.","translation":"Do me a great kindness, my own dear boy — stop off at Chermashnya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сделай ты мне милость… заезжай в Чермашню","title":"Two imperatives, perfective and imperfective","body":"«Сделай» (perfective, \"do me\") asks for one act; «заезжай» (imperfective imperative of «заезжать») invites him to drop in. «в Чермашню» is accusative of motion-toward after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отец ты мой родной","title":"Wheedling address «отец ты мой родной»","body":"Literally \"you my own dear father,\" but here flung from father to son as cajoling endearment — a folksy term of affection inverting the relationship to coax Ivan. The intrusive «ты» heightens the buttonholing tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сделай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Сделай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Сделай","gloss":"a kindness"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies милость","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты, vocative","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родной","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"own dear"},{"surface":"заезжай","lemma":"заехать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сделай","gloss":"stop off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заезжай","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b5-c7-s43","source":"Ведь тебе с Воловьей станции всего только влево свернуть, всего двенадцать каких-нибудь версточек, и вот она, Чермашня.","translation":"Why, from the Volovya station you've only to turn left, a mere dozen versts or so, and there it is — Chermashnya.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе… только влево свернуть","title":"Dative + infinitive of \"you've only to\"","body":"«тебе… свернуть» is the dative-plus-infinitive of obligation/possibility — \"you have only to turn off.\" The dative «тебе» names the one for whom it's an easy matter; «влево» is \"to the left.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двенадцать каких-нибудь версточек","title":"Diminutive «версточки» minimizing the distance","body":"«версточек» is a coaxing double-diminutive of «верста» — \"a mere dozen little versts.\" The diminutive shrinks the journey to nothing; «каких-нибудь» (\"some… or so\") adds the breezy \"a mere.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свернуть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of свернуть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свернуть","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всего только, modifying свернуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влево","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"влево","lemma":"влево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свернуть","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"свернуть","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двенадцать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on версточек","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of версточек","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of версточек","gloss":"or so","note":"каких-нибудь is one indefinite word ('some, or so'), split across these two tokens."},{"surface":"версточек","lemma":"версточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by двенадцать, adverbial measure phrase modifying свернуть","gloss":"little versts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause вот она","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Чермашня","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b5-c7-s44","source":"— Помилуйте, не могу: до железной дороги восемьдесят верст, а машина уходит со станции в Москву в семь часов вечера — ровно только, чтоб поспеть.","translation":"\"For pity's sake, I can't: it's eighty versts to the railway, and the train leaves the station for Moscow at seven in the evening — just exactly time enough to catch it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте» — \"for pity's sake, come now\"","body":"Imperative of «помиловать» (to have mercy), frozen as a polite-vehement interjection of protest — \"for heaven's sake, I beg you.\" Ivan uses it to wave off the request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"for pity's sake"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Помилуйте","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"железной","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"rail"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of the preposition до","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"восемьдесят","lemma":"восемьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies верст, predicate of the impersonal clause","gloss":"eighty"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by восемьдесят","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"машина","lemma":"машина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уходит","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"уходит","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходит","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходит","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of уходит","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтоб поспеть","gloss":"just enough"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поспеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поспеть","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on только","gloss":"catch it"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b5-c7-s45","source":"— Поспеешь завтра, не то послезавтра, а сегодня сверни в Чермашню.","translation":"\"You'll catch it tomorrow, or the day after — but today turn off to Chermashnya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поспеешь завтра, не то послезавтра","title":"Perfective future «поспеешь» and «не то»","body":"«поспеешь» is the perfective future of «поспеть» (to be in time) — \"you'll make it.\" «не то» is colloquial \"or else, if not\" linking the alternative day. «послезавтра» = \"the day after tomorrow.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверни в Чермашню","title":"Perfective imperative «сверни»","body":"«сверни» (perfective imperative of «свернуть», to turn off) urges one decisive act — \"turn off [today].\" The perfective command suits a single, concrete deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поспеешь","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll make it"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поспеешь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то, coordinating alternatives","gloss":"else","note":"не то is a set phrase meaning 'or else'."},{"surface":"послезавтра","lemma":"послезавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Поспеешь","gloss":"the day after tomorrow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверни","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сверни","lemma":"свернуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поспеешь","gloss":"turn off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверни","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b5-c7-s46","source":"Чего тебе стоит родителя успокоить!","translation":"What does it cost you to set your father's mind at ease!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе стоит родителя успокоить!","title":"Genitive «чего» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Чего тебе стоит… успокоить» — \"what does it cost you to set [him] at ease!\" «Чего» is genitive of «что» after «стоить»; «тебе» is the dative experiencer; «родителя» is the animate accusative object of the infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стоит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does it cost"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоить","gloss":"your father"},{"surface":"успокоить","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to set at ease"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b5-c7-s47","source":"Если бы здесь не дело, я сам давно слетал бы, потому что штука-то там спешная и чрезвычайная, а здесь у меня время теперь не такое…","translation":"If I weren't tied up with business here, I'd have dashed over long ago myself, because the matter there is urgent and pressing, but just now my time isn't my own…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы здесь не дело, я сам давно слетал бы","title":"Counterfactual «бы» with elided verb","body":"A contrary-to-fact conditional: «Если бы здесь не дело [было]…, я… слетал бы» — \"if it weren't for business here, I'd have dashed over.\" The protasis verb is elided; «бы» does the irrealis work in both halves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слетал бы… штука-то… спешная","title":"«слетать», «штука», emphatic «-то»","body":"«слетал бы» — colloquial \"I'd have flown/dashed over\" (a round-trip motion verb used figuratively). «штука» is informal \"thing, business, matter\"; the clitic «-то» on «штука-то» topicalizes it — \"the business, you see.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the если-clause as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates дело","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"business","note":"\"не дело\" = \"[if it] weren't business\"."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слетал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетал","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"слетал","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have dashed over"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks слетал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause (with что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because","note":"\"потому что\" together mean \"because\"."},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спешная","gloss":"matter","note":"colloquial for \"the thing/matter\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"topicalizes штука","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"the enclitic particle «-то» just underscores «штука», with no direct English equivalent."},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешная","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"спешная","lemma":"спешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject штука","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайная","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with спешная","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"sets the scene for время","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of время","gloss":"me","note":"\"у меня\" = \"I have\"."},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates такое","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of время","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b5-c7-s48","source":"Видишь, там эта роща моя, в двух участках, в Бегичеве да в Дячкине, в пустошах.","translation":"You see, there's that copse of mine over there, on two plots, at Begichevo and at Dyachkino, on the wastelands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"там эта роща моя, в двух участках","title":"Verbless possessive and «два» + genitive","body":"«эта роща моя» is a zero-copula present (\"that copse [is] mine\"), the predicate possessive «моя» in the nominative. «в двух участках» — «два» governs the noun, here in the prepositional plural after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роща… в пустошах","title":"«роща», «пустошь»","body":"«роща» is a copse or small wood (the timber he wants to sell); «пустошь» is uncultivated wasteland or fallow ground. Together they sketch the rural property at the heart of the deal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate location, modifies роща","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роща","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роща","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject (existential) with там","gloss":"copse"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of роща","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking участках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies участках","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"участках","lemma":"участок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"further specifies там (location)","gloss":"plots"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Бегичеве","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Бегичеве","lemma":"Бегичево","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with участках","gloss":"Begichevo"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дячкине","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Дячкине","lemma":"Дячкино","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Бегичеве","gloss":"Dyachkino"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустошах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пустошах","lemma":"пустошь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"further specifies the location, coordinated with участках","gloss":"the wastelands"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b5-c7-s49","source":"Масловы, старик с сыном, купцы, всего восемь тысяч дают на сруб, а всего только прошлого года покупщик нарывался, так двенадцать давал, да не здешний, вот где черта.","translation":"The Maslovs — the old man and his son, the merchants — are offering only eight thousand for the timber, and only last year a buyer turned up who'd give twelve, but he wasn't a local man, and there's the rub.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего восемь тысяч дают… двенадцать давал","title":"Numerals governing «тысяча» and aspect of offers","body":"«восемь тысяч» takes the genitive plural «тысяч» (after 5+), while «дают» (imperfective present) describes a standing offer. «давал» (imperfective past) frames last year's offer as an ongoing willingness, not a closed deal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сруб… покупщик нарывался","title":"«на сруб», «нарываться»","body":"«на сруб» means \"for felling\" — the timber priced to be cut. «нарывался» (from «нарываться») colloquially means \"a buyer kept turning up / pressing forward.\" «покупщик» is an old word for «покупатель» (buyer)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот где черта","title":"Idiom «вот где черта» — \"there's the rub\"","body":"«черта» here is \"the catch, the snag, the point\" (literally a line/feature). «вот где черта» = \"that's just where the trouble lies\" — a tic Fyodor Pavlovich repeats through the bargaining."}],"words":[{"surface":"Масловы","lemma":"Маслов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дают","gloss":"the Maslovs"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Масловы","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of старик","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"купцы","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Масловы","gloss":"merchants"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восемь тысяч","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of дают","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"дают","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are offering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сруб","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сруб","lemma":"сруб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дают","gloss":"the timber"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прошлого","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарывался","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"покупщик","lemma":"покупщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нарывался","gloss":"a buyer"},{"surface":"нарывался","lemma":"нарываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дают","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нарывался","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates здешний","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (implied subject покупщик)","gloss":"a local man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of черта","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"the rub","note":"idiom \"вот где черта\" = \"that's the rub/the catch\"."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b5-c7-s50","source":"Потому у здешних теперь сбыту нет: кулачат Масловы — отец с сыном, стотысячники: что положат, то и бери, а из здешних никто и не смеет против них тягаться.","translation":"Because the local men have no market now: the Maslovs throw their weight around — father and son, men worth a hundred thousand — they set the price and you take it, and not one of the locals dares to bid against them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что положат, то и бери","title":"Correlative «что… то» with imperative","body":"«что положат, то и бери» — \"whatever they set, that you take.\" A free-relative correlative: «что» (perfective future «положат», \"they'll set\") answered by «то и бери» (imperfective imperative), the «и» emphatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто и не смеет… тягаться","title":"Negative concord «никто… не»","body":"«никто… не смеет» pairs the negative pronoun «никто» with «не» on the verb — \"no one dares.\" «тягаться» (to vie, contend with) is reflexive; «против них» (\"against them\") takes the genitive after «против»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кулачат… стотысячники","title":"«кулачить», «стотысячник»","body":"«кулачить» — to bully, throw one's weight around like a «кулак» (a grasping rich peasant/profiteer). «стотысячник» is \"a man worth a hundred thousand,\" a coinage for the wealthy Maslovs. Both words drip with Fyodor Pavlovich's grudging contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здешних","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"the local people"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сбыту","lemma":"сбыт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"a market"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"кулачат","lemma":"кулачить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to нет","gloss":"throw their weight around"},{"surface":"Масловы","lemma":"Маслов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of кулачат","gloss":"the Maslovs"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Масловы","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отец","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"стотысячники","lemma":"стотысячник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Масловы","gloss":"men worth a hundred thousand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положат","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"положат","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the correlative что-clause","gloss":"they set"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бери","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бери","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the correlative то-clause","gloss":"you take"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здешних","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of никто","gloss":"the locals"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет (и...не = \"not even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of тягаться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тягаться","lemma":"тягаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to bid/compete"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b5-c7-s51","source":"А Ильинский батюшка вдруг отписал сюда в прошлый четверг, что приехал Горсткин, тоже купчишка, знаю я его, только драгоценность-то в том, что не здешний, а из Погребова, значит, не боится он Масловых, потому не здешний.","translation":"But the Ilyinsky priest suddenly wrote here last Thursday that Gorstkin had arrived — a petty trader too, I know him — only the precious thing about it is that he's not a local man but from Pogrebovo, which means he's not afraid of the Maslovs, because he's not from here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"драгоценность-то в том, что… не здешний","title":"Topic clitic «-то» and «в том, что»","body":"«драгоценность-то» carries the emphatic «-то» highlighting the known topic — \"the precious thing, you see.\" «в том, что…» is the standard \"[lies] in this, that…\" frame introducing the explanatory clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не боится он Масловых","title":"«бояться» + genitive object","body":"«бояться» (a -ся verb meaning \"to fear\") governs the genitive: «боится… Масловых» — \"he's not afraid of the Maslovs.\" Verbs of fearing and avoiding take the genitive in Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчишка","title":"Pejorative «купчишка» — a petty trader","body":"«купчишка» is «купец» (merchant) with the contemptuous diminutive «-ишк-», belittling Gorstkin to \"a wretched little dealer.\" The suffix is pure disdain, not size."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ильинский","lemma":"ильинский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"the Ilyinsky"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отписал","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отписал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отписал","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отписал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверг","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверг","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"четверг","lemma":"четверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отписал","gloss":"Thursday"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of отписал","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"Горсткин","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies купчишка","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"купчишка","lemma":"купчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Горсткин","gloss":"a petty trader"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies драгоценность","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"драгоценность","lemma":"драгоценность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (predicate: в том)","gloss":"the precious thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"topicalizes драгоценность","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of драгоценность","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of здешний","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates здешний","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"a local man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Погребова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Погребова","lemma":"Погребово","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with здешний","gloss":"Pogrebovo"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"which means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates боится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the significat-clause (after значит)","gloss":"he's not afraid"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Масловых","lemma":"Маслов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"the Maslovs"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason for боится","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates здешний","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"reason clause explaining боится","gloss":"from here"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b5-c7-s52","source":"Одиннадцать тысяч, говорит, за рощу дам, слышишь?","translation":"Eleven thousand, he says, I'll give for the copse — do you hear?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одиннадцать тысяч… за рощу дам, слышишь?","title":"Quoted offer: perfective future «дам»","body":"Inside the reported speech, «дам» is the perfective future of «дать» (to give) — \"I'll give.\" «за рощу» (\"for the copse\") uses «за» + accusative of price/exchange. «слышишь?» tags it with an insistent \"do you hear?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рощу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дам","gloss":"the copse"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"separate question tag","gloss":"do you hear"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b5-c7-s53","source":"А пробудет он здесь, пишет батюшка, еще-то всего лишь неделю.","translation":"And he'll only be here, the priest writes, another week all told.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А пробудет он здесь… всего лишь неделю","title":"Perfective future «пробудет» of bounded duration","body":"«пробудет» is the perfective future of «пробыть» (про- = \"through a span\"), \"he'll stay [for the whole of]\" — a duration viewed as a completed whole. «неделю» is the accusative of time-extent (\"for a week\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пишет батюшка","title":"Parenthetical inversion «пишет батюшка»","body":"The reporting clause «пишет батюшка» (\"writes the priest\") is dropped into the middle with verb before subject, the standard Russian framing of quoted/relayed speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пробудет","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will stay"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробудет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробудет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пишет","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пишет","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"topicalizes еще","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробудет","gloss":"a week"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b5-c7-s54","source":"Так вот бы ты поехал, да с ним и сговорился…","translation":"So if you'd go over and come to terms with him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот бы ты поехал, да… сговорился","title":"Optative «бы» — \"if only you'd go\"","body":"«бы ты поехал… сговорился» is the wishing/suggesting use of «бы» with past-form verbs — \"so you might go and come to terms.\" Here «бы» softens a request into a hopeful suggestion. «сговориться» is reflexive — \"to reach an agreement.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the wish idiom вот бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks поехал as a wish","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go over"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговорился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сговорился","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поехал","gloss":"came to terms"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b5-c7-s55","source":"— Так вы напишите батюшке, тот и сговорится.","translation":"\"Then write to the priest, and he'll come to terms.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вы напишите… тот и сговорится","title":"Imperative + correlative «тот»","body":"«напишите» is the polite/plural perfective imperative (\"write [to him]\"); «тот и сговорится» uses the demonstrative «тот» (\"that one, he\") to point back to the priest, with the future reflexive «сговорится» — \"and he'll come to terms.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напишите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напишите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"напишите","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"батюшке","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of напишите","gloss":"to the priest"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сговорится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сговорится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сговорится","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напишите","gloss":"will come to terms"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b5-c7-s56","source":"— Не умеет он, тут штука.","translation":"\"He can't do it — that's the trouble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не умеет он, тут штука","title":"Negated «уметь» and verbless «тут штука»","body":"«Не умеет он» — \"he can't [do it],\" «уметь» being \"to know how.\" «тут штука» is a clipped verbless idiom — \"there's the trouble / that's the catch,\" «штука» again colloquial for \"the thing of it.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates умеет","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate location of штука","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"штука","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject complement in тут-clause","gloss":"the trouble"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b5-c7-s57","source":"Этот батюшка смотреть не умеет.","translation":"That priest hasn't an eye for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотреть не умеет","title":"Infinitive + «не умеет» idiom","body":"«смотреть не умеет» — literally \"doesn't know how to look,\" i.e. has no eye for a bargain, can't appraise. The fronted infinitive «смотреть» throws the focus onto the skill he lacks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of батюшка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умеет","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"to see things","note":"idiom \"уметь смотреть\" = \"to have an eye for things\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates умеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know how"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b5-c7-s58","source":"Золото человек, я ему сейчас двадцать тысяч вручу без расписки на сохранение, а смотреть ничего не умеет, как бы и не человек вовсе, ворона обманет.","translation":"A heart of gold, the man — I'd hand him twenty thousand this minute without a receipt, to keep for me — but he hasn't an eye for anything, it's as if he weren't a man at all; a crow could cheat him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ему сейчас двадцать тысяч вручу","title":"Dative recipient with perfective future «вручу»","body":"«вручу» is the perfective future of «вручить» (to hand over). The recipient «ему» stands in the dative — the indirect object \"to him\" — and «двадцать тысяч» (genitive plural «тысяч») is the thing handed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и не человек вовсе, ворона обманет","title":"Hypothetical «как бы… не» and emphatic word order","body":"«как бы и не человек вовсе» — \"as though he weren't even a man at all,\" «как бы» framing the unreal comparison. In «ворона обманет», «ворона» (a crow) is the nominative subject of «обманет», with the object 'him' (его) elided — stressing the absurdity — \"a crow could cheat him.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Золото человек… без расписки на сохранение","title":"«золото человек», «расписка», «на сохранение»","body":"«Золото человек» — \"a heart of gold\" (lit. \"a gold of a man\"), the noun «золото» used predicatively. «расписка» is a written receipt/IOU; «на сохранение» means \"for safekeeping.\" The idiom paints the priest as utterly trustworthy yet hopelessly unworldly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Золото","lemma":"золото","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (exclamation)","gloss":"a treasure","note":"idiom \"золото человек\" = \"a heart of gold, that man\"."},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, in apposition with Золото","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вручу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вручу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вручу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вручу","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"вручу","lemma":"вручить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would hand over"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расписки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"расписки","lemma":"расписка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вручу","gloss":"a receipt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сохранение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сохранение","lemma":"сохранение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вручу","gloss":"safekeeping"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеет","gloss":"see things"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of смотреть","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates умеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеет","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вручу","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates человек","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied subject он)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ворона","lemma":"ворона","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обманет","gloss":"a crow"},{"surface":"обманет","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умеет","gloss":"would deceive him"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b5-c7-s59","source":"А ведь ученый человек, представь себе это.","translation":"And yet he's an educated man, just imagine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь ученый человек, представь себе это","title":"Particle «ведь» and imperative «представь себе»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared astonishment — \"and yet, after all, an educated man.\" «представь себе» is the perfective imperative \"just imagine,\" with the reflexive «себе» (dative) in the set phrase \"picture to yourself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause ученый человек","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied subject он)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представь","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b5-c7-s60","source":"Этот Горсткин на вид мужик, в синей поддевке, только характером он совершенный подлец, в этом-то и беда наша общая: он лжет, вот черта.","translation":"This Gorstkin looks like a peasant, in a blue full-skirted coat, only in character he's a thorough scoundrel — and that's just where the trouble lies for all of us: he lies, that's the rub.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вид мужик… характером он… подлец","title":"Instrumental of respect «характером»","body":"«на вид» (\"to look at, in appearance\") contrasts with «характером» — the instrumental of respect, \"in character, as to character.\" The instrumental specifies the dimension along which Gorstkin is a scoundrel, against his peasant looks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этом-то и беда… он лжет, вот черта","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «вот» closing the point","body":"«в этом-то и беда» — the clitic «-то» plus «и» pin the emphasis: \"that's exactly where the trouble lies.\" «вот черта» echoes his refrain (\"there's the snag\"), framing the whole speech's rhythm of catches and rubs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Горсткин","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Горсткин","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мужик","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик (\"на вид\" = \"in appearance\")","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (looks like)","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поддевке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"синей","lemma":"синий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поддевке","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"поддевке","lemma":"поддёвка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мужик","gloss":"full-skirted coat"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies характером","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"in character"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершенный","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"a thorough"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate location of беда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"topicalizes этом","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes беда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"the trouble"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"общая","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"he lies"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces черта","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the вот-clause","gloss":"the rub"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b5-c7-s61","source":"Иной раз так налжет, что только дивишься, зачем это он.","translation":"Sometimes he tells such lies you can only wonder what on earth he's at.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Иной раз","title":"«иной раз» — 'sometimes'","body":"A folksy set phrase, literally 'another time / on occasion'. «иной» is the bookish-archaic 'other, some', here colloquialized into the simple adverbial 'now and then'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"налжет","title":"Perfective future «налжёт»","body":"From perfective «налгать» ('to tell a pile of lies'), the present-tense ending gives future-completed meaning — 'he'll go and lie so'. The prefix «на-» adds a sense of accumulated quantity, 'lie up a heap'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что только дивишься","title":"Result clause with «что»","body":"«так … что» frames a consequence — 'lies so [much] that you can only wonder'. The 2nd-person singular «дивишься» is generic 'one', a common impersonal use of the «ты» form in spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies налжет (\"иной раз\" = \"sometimes\")","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налжет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"налжет","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he lies so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивишься","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дивишься","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"you wonder"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic filler","gloss":"on earth"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the embedded clause","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b5-c7-s62","source":"Налгал третьего года, что жена у него умерла и что он уже женат на другой, и ничего этого не было, представь себе: никогда жена его не умирала, живет и теперь и его бьет каждые три дня по разу.","translation":"Two years ago he lied that his wife had died and that he'd already married another, and none of it was so, just imagine: his wife never died at all, she's alive even now and gives him a thrashing once every three days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего года","title":"«третьего года» — 'the year before last'","body":"A fixed genitive time-phrase, literally 'in the third year [back]', i.e. two years ago. Compare the still-current «третьего дня», 'the day before yesterday'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже женат на другой","title":"Short adjective «женат»","body":"«женат» ('married', of a man) is the predicative short form, used only after a copula to state a state. «на другой» is prepositional after «на» — Russian marries 'on' a woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представь себе","title":"Imperative + reflexive «себе»","body":"«представь» is the singular imperative of «представить»; the dative reflexive «себе» ('to yourself') makes the idiom 'just imagine'. The form is intimate «ты», fitting a father to his son."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда жена его не умирала","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"'His wife never died at all' stacks «никогда» ('never') with the obligatory «не» on the verb — Russian requires the negative particle even when a negative adverb is present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по разу","title":"«каждые три дня по разу»","body":"The distributive «по» + «разу» means 'once apiece' over each interval — 'once every three days'. «разу» here is the partitive-flavoured form of «раз». The detail that the wife beats him is pure Dostoevskian grotesque comedy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Налгал","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he lied"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"before last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Налгал","gloss":"year","note":"\"третьего года\" idiomatically means \"two years ago\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умерла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умерла","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"умерла","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Налгал","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женат","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with умерла","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женат","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, narrator's aside","gloss":"was so"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"just imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представь","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умирала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умирала","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"possessive determiner of жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates умирала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умирала","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"ever died"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умирала","gloss":"she's alive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живет","gloss":"even now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with живет","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"каждые","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьет","gloss":"a time"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b5-c7-s63","source":"Так вот и теперь надо узнать: лжет аль правду говорит, что хочет купить и одиннадцать тысяч дать?","translation":"So now too one has to find out whether he's lying or telling the truth when he says he wants to buy and will give eleven thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лжет аль правду говорит","title":"Folk disjunctive «аль»","body":"«аль» is a peasant, archaic variant of «или» ('or'), marking Fyodor Pavlovich's deliberately coarse, folksy speech. The pair 'lies or tells the truth' sets up the embedded yes/no question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что хочет купить и одиннадцать тысяч дать","title":"Numeral + genitive plural «тысяч»","body":"After «одиннадцать» ('eleven', 5-and-up) the counted noun takes the genitive plural «тысяч». «дать» is the perfective infinitive under «хочет», stating the completed intent to hand over the sum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так, modifies надо","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"he's lying"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal","role":"coordinates лжет with говорит","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лжет","gloss":"he's telling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"купить","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to buy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with купить","gloss":"to give"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b5-c7-s64","source":"— Так ведь и я тут ничего не сделаю, у меня тоже глазу нет.","translation":"\"But I can do nothing about it either — I've no eye for it myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"Particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'but you see / after all'. Here it softens Ivan's refusal into 'I can do nothing about it either, you know'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня тоже глазу нет","title":"Genitive of negation: «глазу нет»","body":"Existential «нет» forces its subject into the genitive — «глазу» (here the old genitive-partitive of «глаз») 'there is no eye [for it]'. The «у меня» possessive frames it as 'I haven't the eye'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"глазу","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive/partitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of нет","gloss":"an eye"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"predicate negating глазу","gloss":"there is none"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b5-c7-s65","source":"— Стой, подожди, годишься и ты, потому я тебе все приметы его сообщу, Горсткина-то, я с ним дела уже давно имею.","translation":"\"Stop, wait — you'll do, you will, because I'll tell you all his marks, Gorstkin's, I've had dealings with him a long time now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой, подожди","title":"Stacked imperatives","body":"Two commands in a row: «Стой» ('stop', from «стоять») and «подожди» ('wait', perfective «подождать»). The imperfective «стой» holds a state, the perfective «подожди» asks for one completed act of waiting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"годишься и ты","title":"Reflexive «годишься» + emphatic «и»","body":"«годиться» ('to be of use, do') exists only in the reflexive -ся form. «и ты» here is emphatic 'you too will do' — «и» before a word means 'even / also'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Горсткина-то","title":"Topic-clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» pins down a known topic — 'Gorstkin, that is', circling back to clarify whose 'marks' he'll describe. Note the animate accusative «Горсткина» (= genitive form)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приметы","title":"«приметы» — distinguishing marks","body":"«примета» is a recognisable sign or trait by which one knows a person (or, in folk belief, an omen). 'I'll tell you all his marks' — the tells that betray the man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"годишься","lemma":"годиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Стой","gloss":"you'll do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of годишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сообщу","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообщу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of приметы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"приметы","lemma":"примета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сообщу","gloss":"the marks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приметы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сообщу","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell (you)"},{"surface":"Горсткина","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его, specifying Gorstkin's marks","gloss":"Gorstkin's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"attaches to Горсткина for emphasis","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b5-c7-s66","source":"Видишь: ему на бороду надо глядеть; бороденка у него рыженькая, гаденькая, тоненькая.","translation":"See: you have to watch his beard; his beard is a little reddish thing, mean and thin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему на бороду надо глядеть","title":"Dative + «надо» impersonal","body":"An impersonal necessity construction: dative «ему» ('for him', i.e. about him) plus invariable «надо» plus infinitive — 'one must watch his beard'. No nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бороденка … рыженькая, гаденькая, тоненькая","title":"Pejorative diminutive cascade","body":"«бороденка» (contemptuous diminutive of «борода») plus three -еньк- diminutives — 'reddish, nasty-little, thin-little' — drip scorn onto Gorstkin's beard. The suffixes carry derision, not smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession modifying бороду (his beard), not subject of надо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"the beard"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the second clause, governs глядеть","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"бороденка","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рыженькая","gloss":"the little beard"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive, modifies бороденка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рыженькая","lemma":"рыженький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of бороденка","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"гаденькая","lemma":"гаденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рыженькая","gloss":"nasty"},{"surface":"тоненькая","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рыженькая","gloss":"thin"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b5-c7-s67","source":"Коли бороденка трясется, а сам он говорит да сердится — значит ладно, правду говорит, хочет дело делать; а коли бороду гладит левою рукой, а сам посмеивается — ну, значит надуть хочет, плутует.","translation":"If the beard trembles while he talks and works himself up — well and good, he's telling the truth, he means business; but if he strokes his beard with his left hand and chuckles to himself — then it means he wants to swindle you, he's playing tricks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли бороденка трясется … значит ладно","title":"Folk conditional «коли»","body":"«коли» is the peasant-archaic 'if' (= «если»), pairing with «значит» ('then it means') to build the omen-reading. Both halves run in the imperfective present for a general rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бороду гладит левою рукой","title":"Instrumental of means «левою рукой»","body":"'Strokes the beard with his left hand' — the tool of the action goes in the instrumental. «левою» is the older long -ою feminine instrumental ending (modern «левой»), a 19th-century literary flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмеивается","title":"Reflexive iterative «посмеивается»","body":"From «посмеиваться» ('to chuckle, smirk now and then'), a -ся verb whose «по-…-ива-» pattern paints a low, intermittent action — exactly the sly chuckling that signals a swindle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надуть … плутует","title":"«надуть», «плутовать» — to cheat","body":"«надуть» (literally 'to inflate') is slangy 'to dupe, take in'; «плутовать» is 'to cheat, play the rogue', from «плут» ('rogue'). A pair of low-register words for swindling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, dialectal","role":"introduces the clause of трясется","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бороденка","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трясется","gloss":"the little beard"},{"surface":"трясется","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause introduced by Коли","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сердится","gloss":"he talks"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердится","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"gets angry"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"ладно","lemma":"ладно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause parallel to значит ладно","gloss":"he's telling"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, dialectal","role":"introduces the clause of гладит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of гладит","gloss":"the beard"},{"surface":"гладит","lemma":"гладить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"strokes"},{"surface":"левою","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гладит","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implied subject of посмеивается","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"посмеивается","lemma":"посмеиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гладит","gloss":"chuckles"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"надуть","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to cheat you"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel to значит","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"плутует","lemma":"плутовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"he's playing tricks"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b5-c7-s68","source":"В глаза ему никогда не гляди, по глазам ничего не разберешь, темна вода, плут, — гляди на бороду.","translation":"Never look him in the eyes — you'll make out nothing by his eyes, murky water, the rogue — watch the beard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В глаза ему никогда не гляди","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"A negative command uses the imperfective: «не гляди» ('don't look') — the imperfective is the default for prohibitions. «никогда … не» again shows negative concord, 'never look'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по глазам ничего не разберешь","title":"«по» + dative; generic «ты»","body":"«по глазам» ('by his eyes', dative after «по») plus «ничего … не разберёшь» — generic 2nd-person 'you'll make nothing out'. Two negatives, «ничего» and «не», stand for one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темна вода","title":"«темна вода» — 'murky water'","body":"A biblical-sounding idiom for the unfathomable (from Psalm 17:12, «темна вода во облацех»). Here clipped to mean Gorstkin is opaque, unreadable. «темна» is the short-form adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of гляди","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of гляди","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гляди","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гляди","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"гляди","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разберешь","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разберешь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разберешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разберешь","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you'll make out"},{"surface":"темна","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of вода","gloss":"murky"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of темна","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"плут","lemma":"плут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, refers to him","gloss":"the rogue"},{"surface":"гляди","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляди","gloss":"the beard"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b5-c7-s69","source":"Я тебе к нему записку дам, а ты покажи.","translation":"I'll give you a note to him, and you show it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я тебе к нему записку дам","title":"Two datives: «тебе», «к нему»","body":"«тебе» is the indirect object ('to you'), while «к нему» ('to him', «к» + dative) marks direction. Free word order lets the heavy 'note' fall last as the new information."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"записку","title":"«записка» — a note","body":"A small written note or chit. The diminutive-shaped «-ка» here is lexicalized (no longer felt as 'little'); Fyodor Pavlovich will 'scribble' one as a letter of introduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies записку","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дам","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of покажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"покажи","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дам","gloss":"show it"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b5-c7-s70","source":"Он Горсткин, только он не Горсткин, а Лягавый, так ты ему не говори, что он Лягавый, обидится.","translation":"He's Gorstkin, only he isn't Gorstkin but Lyagavy — but don't you tell him he's Lyagavy, he'll take offense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так ты ему не говори","title":"Discourse «так» + negative imperative","body":"Sentence-initial «так» here is a loose connective 'so, mind you'. «не говори» is the imperfective negative command, 'don't [you] tell him'. The pronoun «ты» is added for pointed emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидится","title":"Reflexive perfective future «обидится»","body":"From «обидеться» ('to take offence'), a -ся verb. Its present-form ending is perfective future — 'he'll take offence'. The -ся marks the inward, self-directed state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Горсткин","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Горсткин","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of second Горсткин","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Горсткин","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Горсткин","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with first Горсткин","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Горсткин","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говори","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говори","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Лягавый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лягавый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"обидится","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"new main clause","gloss":"he'll be offended"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b5-c7-s71","source":"Коли сговоришься с ним и увидишь, что ладно, тотчас и отпиши сюда.","translation":"If you come to terms with him and see it's all right, write here at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли сговоришься … тотчас и отпиши","title":"Conditional + perfective command","body":"Folk «коли» ('if') with two perfective futures/commands: «сговоришься» ('you'll come to terms', reflexive) and the imperative «отпиши» ('write back at once'). Perfective stresses each act as a single completed deal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ладно","title":"«ладно» — 'all right, in order'","body":"A colloquial 'fine, well and good'. Here predicative — 'see that it's all right [a settled deal]'. One of the threads of plain peasant idiom in Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, dialectal","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сговоришься","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the if-clause","gloss":"you come to terms"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговоришься","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сговоришься","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ладно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ладно","lemma":"ладно","morphology":"particle","role":"clausal complement of увидишь","gloss":"it's all right"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпиши","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies отпиши","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отпиши","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"write back"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпиши","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b5-c7-s72","source":"Только это и напиши: «Не лжет, дескать».","translation":"Just write this and no more: 'He's not lying.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только это и напиши","title":"Restrictive «только … и»","body":"The frame «только … и» means 'only this and nothing else' — 'just write this and no more'. «напиши» is the perfective imperative, one finished act of writing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported or quoted speech with a shade of detachment — 'as it were, [he says]'. Built into the message it lets Fyodor dictate the exact words 'He's not lying, see'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of напиши","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, links the coordination","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"напиши","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted content, direct object of напиши","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported-speech marker","role":"modifies the quoted clause Не лжет","gloss":"so he says"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b5-c7-s73","source":"Стой на одиннадцати, одну тысячку можешь спустить, больше не спускай.","translation":"Hold out for eleven; you may come down one thousand, no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой на одиннадцати","title":"«на» + prepositional «одиннадцати»","body":"'Hold out at eleven' — the numeral declines: «одиннадцати» is the prepositional after «на». Russian numbers above 'one' inflect through the cases like nouns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одну тысячку можешь спустить","title":"«тысячку», «спустить»","body":"«тысячку» is the affectionate diminutive of «тысяча» ('a little thousand'), softening the haggling. «спустить» here is trade slang 'to drop [the price], let go a thousand'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одиннадцати","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, prepositional","role":"modifies Стой","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies тысячку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тысячку","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спустить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you may"},{"surface":"спустить","lemma":"спустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"come down"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спускай","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спускай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"спускай","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можешь","gloss":"come down"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b5-c7-s74","source":"Подумай: восемь и одиннадцать — три тысячи разницы.","translation":"Just think: eight and eleven — three thousand difference.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подумай","title":"Perfective imperative «подумай»","body":"'Just think!' — a single, pointed act of reflection, so the perfective «подумать». The bare «ты» imperative keeps the intimate, urging tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"три тысячи разницы","title":"Genitive «разницы»","body":"'Three thousand of difference' — the quantified noun «разницы» stands in the genitive of measure. The whole sum «три тысячи» is itself the genitive-singular-after-«три» construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумай","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"just think"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with одиннадцать","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with восемь","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on разницы","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"разницы","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"of difference"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b5-c7-s75","source":"Эти я три тысячи ровно как нашел, скоро ли покупщика достанешь, а деньги до зарезу нужны.","translation":"Those three thousand are as good as found for me — when will you ever get a buyer, and I need the money desperately.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эти я три тысячи ровно как нашел","title":"Fronted object «эти … три тысячи»","body":"The object is split and thrown to the front for emphasis — 'these three thousand, I [count them] as good as found'. Free case-marked order lets the topic lead while «я» nestles inside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скоро ли покупщика достанешь","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«скоро ли … достанешь» fronts «скоро» and tags «ли» — a rhetorical 'how soon will you ever get [a buyer]?'. «покупщика» is the animate accusative (= genitive form)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до зарезу","title":"«до зарезу» — desperately","body":"A vivid idiom, literally 'to the point of cutting [one's throat]', meaning 'urgently, desperately'. «деньги до зарезу нужны» — 'I need the money like life itself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"just as good as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies нашел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достанешь","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"покупщика","lemma":"покупщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достанешь","gloss":"a buyer"},{"surface":"достанешь","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"separate rhetorical clause","gloss":"will you get"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нужны","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зарезу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зарезу","lemma":"зарез","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular, idiom (до зарезу)","role":"modifies нужны","gloss":"desperately"},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"main predicate of the last clause","gloss":"are needed"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b5-c7-s76","source":"Дашь знать, что серьезно, тогда я сам уж отсюда слетаю и кончу, как-нибудь урву время.","translation":"Let me know it's serious, and then I'll dash over there myself and finish it off — I'll snatch the time somehow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сам уж отсюда слетаю","title":"Intensifier «сам» + perfective «слетаю»","body":"«сам» ('myself, in person') stresses Fyodor's personal involvement. «слетаю» (perfective of «слетать», 'to make a quick round trip, dash there and back') is future here — 'I'll fly over there myself'. The particle «уж» adds resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"урву время","title":"«урвать время» — to snatch time","body":"«урвать» is 'to tear off, grab a piece' — 'I'll snatch the time somehow'. «как-нибудь» ('any old way') pairs the indefinite -нибудь with the grabbing for a hurried, makeshift feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дашь","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let (me) know"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Дашь","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of серьезно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"clausal complement, predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"it's serious"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слетаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слетаю","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетаю","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"слетаю","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll dash over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончу","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слетаю","gloss":"I'll finish it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-нибудь, modifies урву","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как-нибудь, modifies урву","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"урву","lemma":"урвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слетаю and кончу","gloss":"I'll snatch"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of урву","gloss":"the time"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b5-c7-s77","source":"А теперь чего я туда поскачу, если всё это батька выдумал?","translation":"But what's the use of my galloping over there now, if your dad's made the whole thing up?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего я туда поскачу","title":"Rhetorical «чего» + perfective future","body":"Colloquial «чего» ('what for, why') opens a rhetorical question; «поскачу» (perfective «поскакать», 'to gallop off') is future, 'why would I go galloping there'. The whole is dismissive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если всё это батька выдумал","title":"Conditional «если» + perfective past","body":"A real conditional with «если» and the perfective past «выдумал» ('made up, invented') — 'if dad has invented the whole thing'. Perfective marks the fabrication as an accomplished fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батька","title":"«батька» — 'dad, the old man'","body":"A rough, folksy word for father (cf. «батюшка», «отец»). Ivan uses it scornfully of Fyodor Pavlovich — the casual, almost contemptuous register sharpens the contempt under his question."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскачу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поскачу, questions its purpose","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поскачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскачу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"поскачу","lemma":"поскакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should I gallop"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдумал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выдумал (with всё)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"батька","lemma":"батька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдумал","gloss":"dad"},{"surface":"выдумал","lemma":"выдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"made up"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b5-c7-s78","source":"Ну, едешь или нет?","translation":"Well, are you going or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну, едешь или нет?","title":"Imperfective present «едешь» for a plan","body":"The unidirectional motion verb «ехать» in the present, «едешь», asks about an arranged near-future journey — 'are you going [by vehicle] or not?'. Russian uses the present for settled near plans."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"едешь","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you going"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with едешь","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b5-c7-s79","source":"— Э, некогда, избавьте.","translation":"\"Eh, I've no time, spare me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"избавьте","title":"Polite imperative «избавьте»","body":"The -те ending makes a polite/plural command from «избавить» ('to spare, deliver'). Used absolutely it means 'spare me [this], leave me out of it' — a curt brush-off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"некогда","title":"«некогда» — 'no time'","body":"An impersonal negative adverb, 'there's no time'. It governs a dative experiencer (here understood 'I have no time') and an infinitive — part of the family of «не́где, не́куда, не́кому»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate, parallel clause to избавьте","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"избавьте","lemma":"избавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spare me"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b5-c7-s80","source":"— Эх, одолжи отца, припомню!","translation":"\"Eh, do your father this favor — I won't forget it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одолжи отца","title":"Imperative «одолжи» + animate accusative","body":"«одолжи» (imperative of «одолжить», 'do a favour / oblige') takes «отца» — the animate masculine accusative borrowing the genitive form. 'Do your father this favour.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"припомню","title":"Perfective future «припомню»","body":"From «припомнить» ('to recall, bear in mind'), the present-form ending is future — 'I'll remember [the favour]'. A folksy promise of gratitude, half a veiled threat in Fyodor's mouth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"одолжи","lemma":"одолжить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do (him) a favor"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одолжи","gloss":"(my) father"},{"surface":"припомню","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with одолжи","gloss":"I'll remember it"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b5-c7-s81","source":"Без сердца вы все, вот что!","translation":"You've none of you any heart, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Без сердца вы все","title":"«без» + genitive «сердца»","body":"«без сердца» ('without heart, heartless') — the preposition «без» governs the genitive. The omitted copula ('you are all heartless') is normal in the present tense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что","title":"Emphatic tag «вот что»","body":"A clinching demonstrative tag — 'that's what [you are]'. «вот» points emphatically; «что» is the relative neuter. Spoken Russian loves to cap an outburst this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of все","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of все","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with все","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b5-c7-s82","source":"Чего тебе день али два?","translation":"What's a day or two to you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе день али два","title":"Dative of concern «тебе» + «чего»","body":"'What's a day or two to you?' — the dative «тебе» marks the person concerned, with no verb at all (zero-copula impersonal). Folk «али» again stands for «или» ('or')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, questions the value of день/два to тебе","gloss":"what is it"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of Чего","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal","role":"links день and два","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"two"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b5-c7-s83","source":"Куда ты теперь, в Венецию?","translation":"Where are you off to now — Venice?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда ты теперь, в Венецию?","title":"Directional «куда» + «в» accusative","body":"«куда» asks 'whither, to where' (motion, not location). «в Венецию» uses «в» + accusative for motion-toward. The verb of going is dropped, leaving only the direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (going)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Куда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Венецию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Венецию","lemma":"Венеция","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Куда, specifying destination","gloss":"Venice"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b5-c7-s84","source":"Не развалится твоя Венеция в два-то дня.","translation":"Your Venice won't fall to pieces in a couple of days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не развалится твоя Венеция","title":"Reflexive perfective future «развалится»","body":"«развалиться» ('to fall apart, collapse') is a -ся change-of-state verb; the present-form ending gives perfective future — 'your Venice won't collapse'. Negated by «не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в два-то дня","title":"Topic-clitic «-то» on a phrase","body":"«в два-то дня» — the «-то» clitic latches onto «два» to highlight the modest span: 'in a mere couple of days'. «дня» is the genitive singular required after «два»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развалится","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"развалится","lemma":"развалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall to pieces"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Венеция","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Венеция","lemma":"Венеция","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of развалится","gloss":"Venice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphasizes два in два-то дня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of развалится","gloss":"days"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b5-c7-s85","source":"Я Алешку послал бы, да ведь что Алешка в этих делах?","translation":"I'd have sent Alyoshka, only what does Alyoshka know about such matters?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я Алешку послал бы","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"Past-tense «послал» + the particle «бы» builds the irrealis — 'I would have sent [Alyoshka]'. The «бы» here leans toward the front of the clause rather than hugging the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешку","title":"«Алёшка» — pejorative-familiar form","body":"The «-ка» suffix on «Алёша» gives a dismissive, lowly tint — Fyodor speaks of his son almost as of a servant. Russian first names branch into ladders of warmth and contempt; «Алёшка» sits low."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь что Алешка в этих делах","title":"Particles «да ведь»","body":"«да» here is the contrastive 'but', and «ведь» appeals to the obvious — 'but after all, what does Alyoshka [understand] in such affairs?'. A bare rhetorical question, verb omitted."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алешку","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have sent"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood on послал","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"Алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the rhetorical question","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of что (knows)","gloss":"matters"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b5-c7-s86","source":"Я ведь единственно потому, что ты умный человек, разве я не вижу.","translation":"It's solely because you're a clever man — don't I see it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь единственно потому, что ты умный человек","title":"«потому, что» causal","body":"'It's solely because you're a clever man' — «потому что» gives the reason, with «единственно» ('only') sharpening it. The main verb ('I [ask] you') is left unspoken, as so often in agitated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве я не вижу","title":"Rhetorical «разве … не»","body":"«разве» introduces an incredulous question expecting 'yes' — 'don't I see it [of course I do]?'. Paired with «не» it becomes a strong affirmation by double-negative rhetoric."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, head of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"don't (I)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag rhetorical question разве я не вижу (not an adverbial clause on потому)","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b5-c7-s87","source":"Лесом не торгуешь, а глаз имеешь.","translation":"You don't deal in timber, but you've got an eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лесом не торгуешь","title":"Instrumental of object of trade «лесом»","body":"«торговать» ('to deal in, trade') governs the instrumental — «лесом» 'in timber'. 'You don't deal in timber, but you have an eye.' The «а» is the mild contrastive 'but/and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лесом","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of торгуешь","gloss":"in timber"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торгуешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"торгуешь","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имеешь","gloss":"an eye"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торгуешь","gloss":"you've got"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b5-c7-s88","source":"Тут только чтобы видеть: всерьез или нет человек говорит.","translation":"All that's needed here is to see whether the man's talking in earnest or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут только чтобы видеть","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"Elliptical 'all that's needed here is [for one] to see' — «чтобы» + the infinitive «видеть» frames the sole purpose. The main clause is compressed to «тут только»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всерьез или нет человек говорит","title":"Embedded yes/no question","body":"An indirect question without «ли»: 'whether the man speaks in earnest or not'. The disjunction «или нет» does the work, and «человек» sits between the adverb and verb in flexible order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видеть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видеть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"всерьез","lemma":"всерьёз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"in earnest"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with всерьез","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видеть","gloss":"is talking"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b5-c7-s89","source":"Говорю, гляди на бороду: трясется бороденка — значит всерьез.","translation":"I tell you, watch the beard: if the little beard trembles — then he's in earnest.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорю, гляди на бороду","title":"Bare «говорю» + imperative","body":"«Говорю» ('I [tell you]') is a conversational discourse-marker reinforcing the command «гляди» ('watch'). The imperfective «гляди» fits an ongoing, repeated watching."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трясется бороденка — значит всерьез","title":"Verb-first conditional clause","body":"Fronting the verb «трясётся» ('trembles') makes an 'if-then' without «если» — 'should the little beard tremble, then it's earnest'. «значит» supplies the inference. The pejorative «бороденка» recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"гляди","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорю","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороду","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляди","gloss":"the beard"},{"surface":"трясется","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause, parallel to гляди","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"бороденка","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трясется","gloss":"the little beard"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"resumptive clause after трясется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всерьез","lemma":"всерьёз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b5-c7-s90","source":"— Сами ж вы меня в Чермашню эту проклятую толкаете, а?","translation":"\"So you're shoving me off to that cursed Chermashnya yourself, are you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сами ж вы меня … толкаете","title":"Emphatic «сами ж» + «вы»","body":"«сами» ('[you] yourselves') with the clipped particle «ж» (= «же») throws the blame back hard — 'so it's you yourself shoving me'. Ivan uses formal «вы» to his father, the strained distance audible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проклятую","title":"«проклятую» — accursed","body":"«проклятый» ('cursed, damned'), past passive participle of «проклясть», used as an adjective of disgust — 'that cursed Chermashnya'. «эту» is simply the demonstrative «этот» (acc. fem.) in postposition; there is no «-то» clitic here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сами","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of толкаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of толкаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of толкаете","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Чермашню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проклятую","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Чермашню","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"толкаете","lemma":"толкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're shoving"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle after толкаете","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b5-c7-s91","source":"— вскричал Иван Федорович, злобно усмехнувшись.","translation":"cried Ivan Fyodorovich, with a malicious grin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"злобно усмехнувшись","title":"Perfective gerund «усмехнувшись»","body":"«усмехнувшись» is the past adverbial participle (деепричастие) of reflexive «усмехнуться», 'having smirked'. It pins the manner of «вскричал» — 'cried out, with a malicious grin'. A hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнувшись","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"усмехнувшись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"grinning"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b5-c7-s92","source":"Федор Павлович злобы не разглядел или не хотел разглядеть, а усмешку подхватил:","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich either failed to notice the malice or did not wish to, but caught at the grin:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"злобы не разглядел","title":"Genitive of negation «злобы»","body":"Negated «не разглядел» ('did not make out') pushes its object «злоба» ('malice') into the genitive «злобы». The contrast «не хотел разглядеть» ('did not wish to') sharpens Fyodor's deliberate blindness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а усмешку подхватил","title":"Contrastive «а» + accusative object","body":"«а» turns the clause — 'but caught at the grin instead'. «усмешку» is the feminine accusative object of «подхватил» ('seized upon'). The «а» marks the pivot from what he ignored to what he seized."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разглядел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядел","gloss":"the malice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разглядел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with разглядел","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"разглядеть","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to notice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"усмешку","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подхватил","gloss":"the grin"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разглядел","gloss":"caught at"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b5-c7-s93","source":"— Значит, едешь, едешь?","translation":"\"Then you're going, you're going?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"едешь, едешь?","title":"Reduplicated «едешь, едешь»","body":"Doubling the present «едешь» ('you're going') conveys eager, anxious insistence — a spoken-Russian device for pressing emphasis. «Значит» opens it as 'so then, you're going, going?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"едешь","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're going"},{"surface":"едешь","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едешь","gloss":"you're going"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b5-c7-s94","source":"Сейчас тебе записку настрочу.","translation":"I'll scribble you a note this minute.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас тебе записку настрочу","title":"Perfective future «настрочу» + dative","body":"«настрочить» ('to dash off, scribble') is perfective; «настрочу» is its future, 'I'll scribble [it] this minute'. The dative «тебе» is 'for you'. The «на-» prefix again suggests rapid heaping-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настрочу","gloss":"this minute"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of настрочу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of настрочу","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"настрочу","lemma":"настрочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll scribble"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b5-c7-s95","source":"— Не знаю, поеду ли, не знаю, дорогой решу.","translation":"\"I don't know whether I'll go, I don't know — I'll decide on the road.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знаю, поеду ли","title":"Embedded «whether» with «ли»","body":"«поеду ли» fronts the perfective-future verb and tags «ли» to mean 'whether I'll go'. Inside 'I don't know …' it is the standard indirect yes/no question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорогой решу","title":"Instrumental of route «дорогой»","body":"«дорогой» ('on the way, en route') is the bare instrumental of «дорога», used adverbially for the path along which something happens. «решу» is perfective future, 'I'll decide [it] on the road'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поеду","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решу","gloss":"on the road"},{"surface":"решу","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"I'll decide"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b5-c7-s96","source":"— Что дорогой, реши сейчас.","translation":"\"Why on the road? Decide now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что дорогой, реши сейчас","title":"Dismissive «что» + imperative «реши»","body":"Colloquial «что дорогой?» means 'what do you mean, on the road?' — brushing the idea aside. «реши» is the perfective imperative, 'decide [it] now', one finished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"modifies реши","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies реши","gloss":"on the road"},{"surface":"реши","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies реши","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b5-c7-s97","source":"Голубчик, реши!","translation":"My dear boy, decide!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear', literally 'little dove'","body":"An affectionate, wheedling diminutive (from «голубь», 'dove') used to coax. In Fyodor's mouth it is honeyed and self-serving, layering false tenderness over his pressure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"реши","title":"Repeated imperative «реши»","body":"The lone perfective imperative «реши!» ('decide!') hammers the demand. Its bareness — no object, no qualifier — gives the urgent, pleading force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear boy"},{"surface":"реши","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b5-c7-s98","source":"Сговоришься, напиши мне две строчки, вручи батюшке, и он мне мигом твою цидулку пришлет.","translation":"Come to terms with him, write me a couple of lines, hand them to the priest, and he'll send your scrap of a note on to me in a flash.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сговоришься, напиши … вручи","title":"Asyndetic chain of perfective commands","body":"A run of perfectives with no conjunctions: «сговоришься» (future-conditional), then imperatives «напиши» ('write'), «вручи» ('hand over'). Each names one crisp completed step in the plan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вручи батюшке","title":"Dative recipient «батюшке»","body":"«вручить» ('to hand to') governs the dative of the recipient — «батюшке» 'to the priest'. The diminutive-shaped «батюшка» is the respectful word for a parish priest (see culture note)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цидулку","title":"«цидулка» — a scrap of a note","body":"«цидула / цидулка» (from Latin schedula via Polish) is a jocular, slightly dismissive word for a short note or chit. The diminutive «-ка» belittles it further — 'your little scrap of a note'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сговоришься","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to terms"},{"surface":"напиши","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сговоришься","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of напиши","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on строчки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"строчки","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of напиши","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"вручи","lemma":"вручить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напиши","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"батюшке","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вручи","gloss":"to the priest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришлет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пришлет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"мигом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цидулку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"цидулку","lemma":"цидулка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлет","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сговоришься","gloss":"will send"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b5-c7-s99","source":"А затем и не держу тебя, ступай в Венецию.","translation":"And after that I won't hold you back — off you go to Venice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А затем и не держу тебя","title":"Connective «а затем»; «не держу»","body":"«а затем» ('and after that'), with the emphatic «и» on «не держу» ('I won't even hold you'). The imperfective present «держу» states a general willingness, 'I'm not keeping you back'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай в Венецию","title":"Imperative «ступай» + motion «в»","body":"«ступай» (imperative of «ступать», 'to step / go') is an old, slightly folksy 'off you go'. «в Венецию» is «в» + accusative for motion-toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держу","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies держу","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies держу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"держу","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold back","note":"the deterministic parser mistagged this as дерзить (\"be impertinent\"); it is держать (\"to hold\")."},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of держу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держу","gloss":"off you go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Венецию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Венецию","lemma":"Венеция","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступай","gloss":"Venice"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b5-c7-s100","source":"Тебя обратно на Воловью станцию батюшка на своих доставит…","translation":"The priest will get you back to the Volovya station with his own horses…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на своих доставит","title":"Elliptical «на своих» + perfective future","body":"«на своих [лошадях]» — 'with his own [horses]', the noun left understood; «своих» is the reflexive possessive pointing to the priest's own. «доставит» is perfective future, 'will deliver [you]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of доставит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доставит","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станцию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Воловью","lemma":"Воловья","morphology":"proper adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станцию","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станцию","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доставит","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доставит","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своих","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of доставит","gloss":"his own [horses]","note":"elliptical for на своих лошадях, \"with his own horses.\""},{"surface":"доставит","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get [him] there"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b5-c7-s101","source":"Старик был просто в восторге, записку настрочил, послали за лошадьми, подали закуску, коньяк.","translation":"The old man was simply delighted; he scribbled the note, sent for the horses, and had a relish and some brandy brought out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старик был просто в восторге","title":"«в восторге» — prepositional of state","body":"'The old man was simply in raptures' — «в восторге» (в + prepositional) names an emotional state one is 'in'. «просто» ('simply') intensifies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"записку настрочил, послали, подали","title":"Asyndetic perfective narration","body":"A string of perfective pasts with no conjunctions — «настрочил, послали, подали» — drives the action forward event by event: scribbled, sent, served. The shift to plural «послали/подали» ('they sent/served') is an impersonal 'they'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закуску, коньяк","title":"«закуска» and «коньяк»","body":"A «закуска» is a 'bite' or relish taken with drink; «коньяк» is brandy/cognac. Calling for them celebrates the deal — the small ritual of Russian hospitality even at a strained parting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восторге","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восторге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"записку","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of настрочил","gloss":"the note"},{"surface":"настрочил","lemma":"настрочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восторге","gloss":"scribbled"},{"surface":"послали","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восторге","gloss":"they sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадьми","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лошадьми","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of послали","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"подали","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восторге","gloss":"they served"},{"surface":"закуску","lemma":"закуска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подали","gloss":"a relish"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with закуску","gloss":"brandy"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b5-c7-s102","source":"Когда старик бывал рад, то всегда начинал экспансивничать, но на этот раз он как бы сдерживался.","translation":"When the old man was pleased, he always began to expand, but this time he seemed somehow to hold himself in check.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда старик бывал рад","title":"Iterative imperfective «бывал»","body":"«бывал» (imperfective of «быть» with iterative force) means 'used to be, would be' on each such occasion — habitual past. It sets the standing rule against which 'this time' (the next clause) breaks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экспансивничать","title":"«экспансивничать» — to gush","body":"A mock-bookish coinage from the borrowed «экспансивный» ('effusive') plus the colloquial verb-suffix «-ничать» — 'to act expansively, gush'. The narrator's faintly ironic word for Fyodor's overflowing manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он как бы сдерживался","title":"Hedging «как бы» + reflexive","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, somehow') hedges the observation. «сдерживался» is imperfective reflexive «сдерживаться» ('to restrain oneself'), painting an ongoing effort to hold back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"бывал","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начинал","gloss":"used to be"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of бывал","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"экспансивничать","lemma":"экспансивничать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"to gush"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сдерживался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдерживался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдерживался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сдерживался","lemma":"сдерживаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"held himself in check"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b5-c7-s103","source":"Про Дмитрия Федоровича, например, не произнес ни единого словечка.","translation":"About Dmitri Fyodorovich, for instance, he did not utter a single little word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не произнес ни единого словечка","title":"«ни единого» + genitive of negation","body":"Emphatic «ни единого словечка» ('not a single little word') intensifies the negation, and the negated object stands in the genitive «словечка». The diminutive «словечко» heightens 'not even one tiny word'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the sentence","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словечка","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"словечка","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"little word"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b5-c7-s104","source":"Разлукой же совсем не был тронут.","translation":"Nor was he in the least moved by the parting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разлукой же совсем не был тронут","title":"Instrumental agent «разлукой» + short participle","body":"Passive: 'was not in the least moved by the parting'. The agent/cause «разлукой» ('by the parting') stands in the instrumental, and «тронут» is the short passive participle of «тронуть». Fronting «разлукой» topicalizes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разлукой","lemma":"разлука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of тронут","gloss":"by the parting"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Разлукой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тронут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of тронут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тронут","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b5-c7-s105","source":"Даже как бы и не находил, о чем говорить; и Иван Федорович это очень заметил: «Надоел же я ему, однако», — подумал он про себя.","translation":"He even seemed at a loss for anything to talk about; and Ivan Fyodorovich noticed this clearly: \"He's grown sick of me, though,\" he thought to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и не находил, о чем говорить","title":"«о чём» — prepositional after «о»","body":"'Seemed at a loss for anything to talk about'. «о чём» is the interrogative «что» in the prepositional after «о» ('about'). Again the hedging «как бы» softens the narrator's inference."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надоел же я ему","title":"«надоесть» + dative experiencer","body":"«надоел … ему» — 'I've bored him, he's grown sick of me'. «надоесть» governs a dative experiencer («ему», to whom one becomes tiresome). The «же» adds rueful emphasis, «однако» ('though') a second thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подумал он про себя","title":"«про себя» — reflexive 'to oneself'","body":"«про себя» ('inwardly, to himself') uses the reflexive «себя», which always points back to the clause's subject and has no nominative. It frames the line as Ivan's silent thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could find"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of находил","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with находил","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"Надоел","lemma":"надоесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"have become tiresome","note":"the parser mistagged this verb (надоесть, \"to become tiresome to\") as a proper noun."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Надоел","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Надоел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Надоел","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Надоел","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to находил","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b5-c7-s106","source":"Только провожая сына уже с крыльца, старик немного как бы заметался, полез было лобызаться.","translation":"Only when he was already seeing his son off from the porch did the old man bustle a little, as it were, and start forward to kiss him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только провожая сына уже с крыльца","title":"Present gerund «провожая»","body":"«провожая» is the imperfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) of «провожать», 'while seeing off' — simultaneous attendant action sharing Fyodor as subject. It opens the long literary sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"полез было лобызаться","title":"Particle «было» — an aborted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but checked or undone — 'started to [kiss] but [didn't]'. «лобызаться» is the reciprocal -ся verb 'to kiss [each other]', here in archaic register (see vocabulary)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лобызаться","title":"«лобызаться» — to kiss (elevated/ironic)","body":"«лобызать(ся)» is a high, Church-Slavonic-tinged word for kissing (cf. «лобзание»), here faintly ironic for Fyodor's theatrical lunge. The narrator's elevated verb mocks the gesture's insincerity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies провожая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"провожая","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметался","gloss":"seeing off"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провожая","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провожая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of провожая","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметался","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметался","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"заметался","lemma":"заметаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bustled"},{"surface":"полез","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметался","gloss":"started forward"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полез","gloss":"[began to but didn't]"},{"surface":"лобызаться","lemma":"лобызаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полез","gloss":"to kiss"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b5-c7-s107","source":"Но Иван Федорович поскорее протянул ему для пожатия руку, видимо отстраняя лобзания.","translation":"But Ivan Fyodorovich quickly held out his hand for a shake, plainly fending off the embrace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поскорее протянул ему … руку","title":"Comparative-adverb «поскорее» + dative","body":"«поскорее» is the comparative of «скоро» ('quickly') with «по-» softening it to 'rather quickly, hastily'. The dative «ему» is the recipient of the offered hand «руку» (accusative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо отстраняя лобзания","title":"Present gerund «отстраняя»","body":"«отстраняя» (imperfective деепричастие of «отстранять») gives the simultaneous manner — 'plainly fending off the embrace'. «лобзания» (genitive object of warding-off) again carries the elevated Slavonic colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянул","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пожатия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пожатия","lemma":"пожатие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянул","gloss":"a shake"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстраняя","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"отстраняя","lemma":"отстранять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"fending off"},{"surface":"лобзания","lemma":"лобзание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отстраняя","gloss":"the embrace"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b5-c7-s108","source":"Старик тотчас понял и вмиг осадил себя.","translation":"The old man understood at once and instantly reined himself in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас понял и вмиг осадил себя","title":"Perfective pair + reflexive «себя»","body":"Two crisp perfectives, «понял» ('understood') and «осадил» ('reined in'), with the adverbs «тотчас» / «вмиг» ('at once / in a flash'). «осадил себя» uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» — 'reined himself in', from horsemanship imagery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осадил","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"осадил","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"reined in"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of осадил","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b5-c7-s109","source":"— Ну, с богом, с богом!","translation":"\"Well, God be with you, God be with you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с богом","title":"«с» + instrumental «богом»","body":"The preposition «с» ('with') governs the instrumental «богом» (of «бог»). The phrase fossilizes this accompaniment sense into a blessing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богом","gloss":"God"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b5-c7-s110","source":"— повторял он с крыльца.","translation":"he repeated from the porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял он с крыльца","title":"Imperfective «повторял» for repetition","body":"«повторял» (imperfective past) renders the action as ongoing/repeated — 'he kept repeating'. The imperfective is precisely what conveys the calling-out over and over from the porch."}],"words":[{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"the porch"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b5-c7-s111","source":"— Ведь приедешь еще когда в жизни-то?","translation":"\"You'll come again sometime in your life, won't you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь приедешь еще когда в жизни-то","title":"«ведь» + «-то»; perfective future «приедешь»","body":"«ведь» appeals for agreement ('you will, won't you?'), and the topic-clitic «-то» on «в жизни» warms it — 'sometime in your life, you know'. «приедешь» (prefixed motion «приехать») is perfective future, 'you'll arrive [again]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приедешь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"приедешь","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приедешь","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приедешь","gloss":"your life"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on жизни","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b5-c7-s112","source":"Ну и приезжай, всегда буду рад.","translation":"Well, do come — I'll always be glad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приезжай, всегда буду рад","title":"Imperfective imperative + compound future","body":"«приезжай» is the imperfective imperative of «приезжать» — an open, repeatable invitation 'do come'. «буду рад» is the «быть»-future of state, 'I'll always be glad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"приезжай","lemma":"приезжать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рад","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"I'll be"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with приезжай","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b5-c7-s113","source":"Ну, Христос с тобою!","translation":"Well, Christ be with you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тобою","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою»","body":"«тобою» is the full, literary instrumental of «ты» (= «тобой»). The longer ending lends the parting a faintly solemn, old-fashioned ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b5-c7-s114","source":"Иван Федорович влез в тарантас.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich climbed into the tarantass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"влез в тарантас","title":"Prefixed motion «влез» + «в» accusative","body":"«влез» (perfective «влезть», 'climbed in') with «в тарантас» (в + accusative, motion-into) marks one completed act of getting in. The в-/«в» prefix and preposition echo the 'into' direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влез","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"влез","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тарантас","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тарантас","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влез","gloss":"the tarantass"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b5-c7-s115","source":"— Прощай, Иван, очень-то не брани!","translation":"\"Farewell, Ivan — don't be too hard on me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прощай, Иван, очень-то не брани","title":"Imperative «прощай» + «-то» softener","body":"«прощай» (imperfective imperative of «прощать») is the farewell 'forgive / goodbye'. «очень-то не брани» — the «-то» softens 'don't [you] scold me too hard'; «брани» is the negated imperfective imperative of «бранить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брани","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on очень","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брани","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"брани","lemma":"бранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"scold"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b5-c7-s116","source":"— крикнул в последний раз отец.","translation":"the father called out for the last time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул в последний раз отец","title":"Perfective «крикнул»; subject-last order","body":"«крикнул» (perfective «крикнуть') is a single sharp cry, against the earlier iterative «повторял». Placing the subject «отец» last is normal in dialogue tags, throwing weight on the verb of speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the father"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b5-c7-s117","source":"Провожать вышли все домашние: Смердяков, Марфа и Григорий.","translation":"The whole household came out to see him off: Smerdyakov, Marfa, and Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Провожать вышли все домашние","title":"Purpose infinitive «провожать»","body":"The bare infinitive «провожать» states the purpose of «вышли» — 'came out [in order] to see [him] off'. «домашние» is a substantivized adjective, 'the household folk'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Провожать","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вышли","gloss":"to see him off"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of домашние","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"домашние","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to домашние","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердяков","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b5-c7-s118","source":"Иван Федорович подарил всем по десяти рублей.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich gave each of them ten rubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подарил всем по десяти рублей","title":"Distributive «по» + numeral","body":"«по десяти рублей» — the distributive «по» means 'ten rubles apiece' to each. The older dative «десяти» (modern usage often «по десять») and the genitive plural «рублей» after the number show the distributive construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подарил","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"each of them"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of подарил","gloss":"rubles"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b5-c7-s119","source":"Когда уже он уселся в тарантас, Смердяков подскочил поправить ковер.","translation":"When he had already settled into the tarantass, Smerdyakov darted up to set the rug straight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда уже он уселся … Смердяков подскочил поправить","title":"Perfective sequence + purpose infinitive","body":"Two perfectives set the scene then the event: «уселся» ('had settled in', reflexive) and «подскочил» ('darted up'), with the purpose infinitive «поправить» ('to set straight'). The «уже» marks the first action as already complete when the second strikes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уселся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подскочил","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тарантас","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тарантас","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"the tarantass"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"darted up"},{"surface":"поправить","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of подскочил","gloss":"to set straight"},{"surface":"ковер","lemma":"ковёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поправить","gloss":"the rug"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b5-c7-s120","source":"— Видишь… в Чермашню еду…","translation":"\"You see… I'm going to Chermashnya…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видишь… в Чермашню еду","title":"Discourse «видишь» + motion «еду»","body":"«видишь» ('you see') is a conversational opener seeking complicity. «еду» is the present of unidirectional «ехать» for an imminent journey — 'I'm off to Chermashnya'. «в Чермашню» is в + accusative, motion-toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of еду","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm going"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b5-c7-s121","source":"— как-то вдруг вырвалось у Ивана Федоровича, опять как вчера, так само собою слетело, да еще с каким-то нервным смешком.","translation":"— it somehow burst out of Ivan Fyodorovich, again as it had the day before, slipping out of its own accord, and even with a kind of nervous little laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as spontaneous middle","body":"«Вырваться» (here «вырвалось») uses the clitic «-ся/-сь» to make the verb intransitive and self-acting: the words 'tore themselves out' of Ivan, with no one doing it on purpose. This middle-voice «-ся» is exactly what gives the sentence its sense of words escaping against the speaker's will."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Ивана Федоровича","title":"«у» + genitive locates the experiencer","body":"«Вырвалось у Ивана Федоровича» literally is 'it burst out from Ivan Fyodorovich' — the preposition «у» governs the genitive «Ивана Федоровича» and frames him as the source/possessor of the involuntary utterance. The whole impersonal frame keeps Ivan grammatically passive to his own speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смешок","title":"«смешок» — a small, nervous laugh","body":"«Смешок» is «смех» (laughter) with the diminutive suffix «-ок», naming a brief, slight, often uneasy little laugh rather than full laughter. The diminutive here is expressive, not literal: it colours the laugh as twitchy and self-betraying — «нервный смешок»."}],"words":[{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with вчера","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетело","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase собою","gloss":"of its own"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of слетело","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"слетело","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вырвалось","gloss":"slipped out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смешком","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"нервным","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вырвалось","gloss":"little laugh"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b5-c7-s122","source":"Долго он это вспоминал потом.","translation":"He remembered it for a long while afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долго он это вспоминал потом","title":"Fronted «долго» and imperfective of lingering memory","body":"The adverb «долго» (for a long time) is fronted for emphasis, putting the duration first — a topic-comment ordering the free case system permits. The imperfective «вспоминал» fits perfectly: it views the remembering as a drawn-out, repeated process, not a single recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b5-c7-s123","source":"— Значит, правду говорят люди, что с умным человеком и поговорить любопытно, — твердо ответил Смердяков, проникновенно глянув на Ивана Федоровича.","translation":"\"It seems people are right when they say it's worth speaking to a clever man,\" Smerdyakov answered firmly, fixing a penetrating look on Ivan Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с умным человеком","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment after «с»","body":"«С умным человеком» ('with a clever man') is the instrumental case governed by the preposition «с» meaning 'with'. The adjective «умным» agrees with «человеком» in the instrumental, making the case visible twice over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проникновенно глянув","title":"Perfective past gerund «глянув»","body":"«Глянув» is a perfective past «деепричастие» (adverbial participle) in «-в»: 'having shot a glance'. It compresses a prior, completed action sharing Smerdyakov's subject onto the main verb «ответил» — a hallmark of literary narration that ties his look to his answer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проникновенно","title":"«проникновенно» — penetratingly, with feeling","body":"From «проникнуть» (to penetrate), «проникновенно» means with a look or tone that seems to pierce through to the soul — earnest, heartfelt, searching. It loads Smerdyakov's glance with an unsettling intimacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорят","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любопытно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, before поговорить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"проникновенно","lemma":"проникновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянув","gloss":"penetratingly"},{"surface":"глянув","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"fixing a look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ивана","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ивана","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянув","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивана","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b5-c7-s124","source":"Тарантас тронулся и помчался.","translation":"The carriage started off and went racing away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тронулся и помчался","title":"Two perfectives chaining the action forward","body":"«Тронулся» (started off) and «помчался» (went racing) are both perfective: each names a single completed event, and together they advance the narrative step by step. Both also carry «-ся» as motion/change-of-state verbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тарантас","title":"«тарантас» — a springless travelling cart","body":"A «тарантас» was a low, four-wheeled travelling carriage with long flexible side-poles instead of springs, used for long hauls over rough Russian roads. The word evokes the dusty provincial journey Ivan is making away from his father's town."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тарантас","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тронулся","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"тронулся","lemma":"тронуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помчался","lemma":"помчаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тронулся","gloss":"went racing away"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b5-c7-s125","source":"В душе путешественника было смутно, но он жадно глядел кругом на поля, на холмы, на деревья, на стаю гусей, пролетавшую над ним высоко по ясному небу.","translation":"The traveler's soul was in a fog, yet he gazed greedily about him — at the fields, the hills, the trees, at a flock of geese flying high above him across the clear sky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В душе путешественника было смутно","title":"Impersonal state with «было» + neuter predicate","body":"«Было смутно» is an impersonal construction: no nominative subject, just neuter «было» plus the predicative «смутно» ('it was dim/troubled'). The location «в душе путешественника» ('in the traveller's soul') hosts a vague inner weather rather than an agent — a very Dostoevskian way of rendering mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на поля, на холмы, на деревья, на стаю","title":"«на» + accusative for the object of gazing","body":"Each item Ivan looks at takes «на» with the accusative — «глядел на поля, на холмы…». Here «на» marks the goal/target of his gaze, and the piled-up accusatives give the looking its hungry, sweeping rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пролетавшую","title":"Past active participle «пролетавшую»","body":"«Пролетавшую» is an active participle modifying «стаю» (flock), agreeing with it in feminine accusative singular: 'a flock [that was] flying'. It condenses a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier, painting the geese in mid-flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смутно","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"путешественника","lemma":"путешественник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"traveler's"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to смутно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in a fog"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поля","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"поля","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холмы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"холмы","lemma":"холм","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with поля","gloss":"hills"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревья","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"деревья","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with поля","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стаю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стаю","lemma":"стая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with поля","gloss":"a flock"},{"surface":"гусей","lemma":"гусь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies стаю","gloss":"of geese"},{"surface":"пролетавшую","lemma":"пролетать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying стаю","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролетавшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"высоко","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролетавшую","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ясному","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небу","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"небу","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролетавшую","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b5-c7-s126","source":"И вдруг ему стало так хорошо.","translation":"And all at once he felt so well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало так хорошо","title":"Dative subject: 'to him it became so good'","body":"The experiencer stands in the dative «ему», with no nominative subject and the neuter predicate «стало хорошо» — literally 'to him it became so good/well'. This dative-experiencer pattern is how Russian routinely frames a wash of feeling rather than a deliberate act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"well"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b5-c7-s127","source":"Он попробовал заговорить с извозчиком, и его ужасно что-то заинтересовало из того, что ответил ему мужик, но чрез минуту сообразил, что всё мимо ушей пролетело и что он, по правде, и не понял того, что мужик ответил.","translation":"He tried to strike up a conversation with the driver, and something in what the peasant answered interested him terribly, but a minute later he realized that it had all flown past his ears and that, to tell the truth, he had not even understood what the peasant had said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его ужасно что-то заинтересовало","title":"Indefinite «что-то» as the surprising subject","body":"«Что-то» ('something', specific but unidentified) is built from «что» + the clitic «-то», marking a real but unnamed thing that caught his interest. It is the grammatical subject here, while «его» is the accusative object — 'something interested him terribly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из того, что ответил ему мужик","title":"Correlative «то, что» — 'that which'","body":"«Из того, что…» pairs the demonstrative «того» (genitive of «то», after «из») with the relative «что» to mean 'out of that which the peasant answered'. This «то, что» correlative is the standard bookish way to nominalise a whole clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез минуту","title":"«чрез» — archaic/poetic «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the shortened, bookish-poetic variant of «через» ('after, through'), a non-pleophonic form felt as elevated and 19th-century. In everyday speech one says «через минуту»; «чрез» lends the line a literary cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мимо ушей пролетело","title":"Idiom: «мимо ушей» — to go in one ear and out the other","body":"«Пролетело мимо ушей» literally 'flew past the ears' — the set idiom for words not registering at all. The verb «пролетело» also chimes with the geese «пролетавшую» just above and the flight imagery that runs through the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попробовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"попробовал","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попробовал","gloss":"to strike up talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking извозчиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"извозчиком","lemma":"извозчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорить","gloss":"the driver"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовало","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовало (part of что-то)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"заинтересовало","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попробовал","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовало","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сообразил","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попробовал","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пролетело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пролетело","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ушей","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"ушей","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of мимо, modifies пролетело","gloss":"his ears"},{"surface":"пролетело","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразил","gloss":"had flown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по правде, modifies понял","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies не понял","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пролетело","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had said"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b5-c7-s128","source":"Он замолчал, хорошо было и так: воздух чистый, свежий, холодноватый, небо ясное.","translation":"He fell silent; it was fine even so — the air was clean, fresh, a little cold, the sky clear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воздух чистый, свежий … небо ясное","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"These clauses have no verb at all: «воздух чистый» = 'the air [is] clean', «небо ясное» = 'the sky [is] clear'. Russian uses no present-tense 'to be', so the nominative noun simply sits beside its nominative adjective — clipped, sensory, present-moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"холодноватый","title":"«холодноватый» — slightly cold","body":"The suffix «-оват-» on «холодный» softens the adjective to 'somewhat cold, a little chilly'. This attenuating suffix (cf. «сладковатый» slightly sweet) is a precise way to register a faint degree of a quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чистый","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of воздух","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чистый","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"холодноватый","lemma":"холодноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чистый","gloss":"a little cold"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясное","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"ясное","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of небо","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b5-c7-s129","source":"Мелькнули было в уме его образы Алеши и Катерины Ивановны; но он тихо усмехнулся и тихо дунул на милые призраки, и они отлетели: «Будет еще их время», — подумал он.","translation":"The images of Alyosha and Katerina Ivanovna flickered through his mind; but he smiled quietly and quietly blew on the dear phantoms, and they flew off: \"Their time will come yet,\" he thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мелькнули было … но он тихо усмехнулся","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted action","body":"«Мелькнули было» uses the special particle «было» (invariable, distinct from the past of «быть»): an action just begun or about to happen, then arrested — the images 'started to flicker' but he blew them away. It recurs in this chapter (s137 «вошел было»), a fine 19th-century nuance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будет еще их время","title":"Simple future of «быть» — 'their time will come'","body":"«Будет» here is the conjugated future of «быть» functioning existentially: 'there will be their time yet'. The nominative «время» is the thing that 'will be', and the fronted «будет» throws the emphasis onto the certainty of its coming."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"призраки","title":"«милые призраки» — dear phantoms","body":"«Призрак» is a ghost, phantom, or apparition. Calling the mental images of Alyosha and Katerina «милые призраки» ('dear phantoms') turns living people into wraiths Ivan can literally blow away — a chilling foreshadowing of how he is setting them aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мелькнули","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"marks a momentary/interrupted action with Мелькнули","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мелькнули","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of образы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"образы","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Мелькнули","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образы","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеши","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"Ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дунул","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"дунул","lemma":"дунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking призраки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies призраки","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"призраки","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дунул","gloss":"phantoms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отлетели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"отлетели","lemma":"отлететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дунул","gloss":"flew off"},{"surface":"Будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Будет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b5-c7-s130","source":"Станцию отмахали быстро, переменили лошадей и помчались на Воловью.","translation":"They covered the stage quickly, changed horses, and went tearing on toward Volovya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отмахали","title":"«отмахать» — to cover (a distance) briskly","body":"Colloquial «отмахать» means to dash off or knock out a stretch of road quickly (literally 'to wave/swing through'). «Станцию отмахали быстро» = 'they knocked out the post-stage fast', a folksy, vigorous coachman's word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Станцию","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отмахали","gloss":"the stage"},{"surface":"отмахали","lemma":"отмахать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отмахали","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"переменили","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отмахали","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of переменили","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помчались","lemma":"помчаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отмахали","gloss":"went tearing on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Воловью","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Воловью","lemma":"Воловья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помчались","gloss":"Volovya"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b5-c7-s131","source":"«Почему с умным человеком поговорить любопытно, что он этим хотел сказать?","translation":"\"Why is it worth speaking to a clever man — what did he mean by that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он этим хотел сказать?","title":"Instrumental «этим» of means — 'by that'","body":"«Этим» is the instrumental of «это», marking the means: 'what did he mean by that?' The instrumental answers 'by what?', so «хотел сказать этим» = 'wished to say by means of that'. The whole line stages Ivan turning Smerdyakov's words over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать (fronted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b5-c7-s132","source":"— вдруг так и захватило ему дух.","translation":"— it suddenly took his breath away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватило ему дух","title":"Impersonal idiom with dative experiencer","body":"«Захватило дух» is an impersonal expression (neuter verb, no nominative subject) meaning 'it took the breath away'; the affected person stands in the dative «ему». The particle «так и» intensifies it — 'it absolutely took his breath away'."}],"words":[{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватило","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"захватило","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захватило","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватило","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b5-c7-s133","source":"— А я зачем доложил ему, что в Чермашню еду?» Доскакали до Воловьей станции.","translation":"\"And why did I report to him that I was going to Chermashnya?\" They galloped up to the Volovya station.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я зачем доложил ему","title":"Topic-shifting «а» plus fronted «зачем»","body":"The coordinator «а» opens a fresh, contrasting thought ('and as for me…'), while «зачем» (what for, why) is fronted to make the self-reproach the focus. Together they catch Ivan abruptly turning the question on himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доложил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"доложил","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of еду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of еду","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"Доскакали","lemma":"доскакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"galloped up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Доскакали","gloss":"station"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b5-c7-s134","source":"Иван Федорович вышел из тарантаса, и ямщики его обступили.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich climbed out of the carriage, and the drivers crowded around him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ямщики его обступили","title":"Object-first word order","body":"«Ямщики его обступили» places subject «ямщики», then object «его» before the verb 'crowded around'. The free case system lets the object slip in front of the verb without ambiguity, keeping Ivan (the topic) close to the action that envelops him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщики","title":"«ямщик» — a post-coachman","body":"A «ямщик» was a hired coachman of the «ям» postal-relay system, distinct from a private driver. The word is steeped in old Russian road life; here the «ямщики» swarm Ivan touting for the next leg of his trip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тарантаса","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тарантаса","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ямщики","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обступили","gloss":"the drivers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обступили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обступили","lemma":"обступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"crowded around"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b5-c7-s135","source":"Рядились в Чермашню, двенадцать верст проселком, на вольных.","translation":"They began to bargain about Chermashnya — twelve versts by a country road, with hired horses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рядились","title":"Subjectless plural imperfective","body":"«Рядились» ('they were bargaining') drops the subject entirely — understood from the plural ending and context (Ivan and the drivers). The imperfective views the haggling as an ongoing process, and the «-ся» here gives «рядиться» its reciprocal 'bargain with one another' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двенадцать верст","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral","body":"After «двенадцать» the noun takes the genitive plural «верст». Numbers from five up (and compounds, and the teens) govern the genitive plural of what they count, which is why it is «верст» and not «версты»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рядились","lemma":"рядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bargained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Рядились","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on верст","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to Чермашню","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"проселком","lemma":"просёлок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"by a country road"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вольных","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вольных","lemma":"вольный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"part of the phrase на вольных, modifies Рядились","gloss":"hired horses"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b5-c7-s136","source":"Он велел впрягать.","translation":"He told them to harness up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел впрягать","title":"Imperfective infinitive after «велеть»","body":"«Велел впрягать» ('ordered [them] to harness') uses the imperfective infinitive «впрягать», which with verbs of ordering and beginning names the activity to be taken up, without focus on its completion. The unnamed addressee (the drivers) is understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told them"},{"surface":"впрягать","lemma":"впрягать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to harness up"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b5-c7-s137","source":"Вошел было в станционный дом, огляделся кругом, взглянул было на смотрительшу и вдруг вышел обратно на крыльцо.","translation":"He started into the station house, looked about him, glanced at the postmistress, and suddenly stepped back out onto the porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошел было … взглянул было … и вдруг вышел","title":"Twice-repeated «было» of the arrested move","body":"«Вошел было… взглянул было» again uses the particle «было»: he 'started to go in' and 'made as if to glance', actions then cut off by «и вдруг вышел обратно». The doubled «было» mimics his hesitant, half-completed entry before he abruptly retreats."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смотрительшу","title":"«смотрительша» — the postmaster's wife/postmistress","body":"«Смотритель» is the station-master; the suffix «-ша» colloquially makes the feminine, here the postmaster's wife (or the woman keeping the station). The accusative «смотрительшу» shows the animate-feminine ending. The «-ша» suffix is informal and slightly homely in tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started into"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"marks a momentary/interrupted action with Вошел","gloss":"momentarily"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"станционный","lemma":"станционный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вошел","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"огляделся","lemma":"оглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"looked about"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огляделся","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"marks a momentary/interrupted action with взглянул","gloss":"momentarily"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смотрительшу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"смотрительшу","lemma":"смотрительша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"the postmistress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцо","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крыльцо","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the porch"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b5-c7-s138","source":"— Не надо в Чермашню.","translation":"\"No need for Chermashnya.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не надо в Чермашню","title":"Impersonal «не надо» of needlessness","body":"«Не надо» ('no need, one mustn't') is an impersonal predicate of necessity, here negated, with no subject. The terse «не надо в Чермашню» drops even the verb — 'no need [to go] to Chermashnya' — capturing Ivan's sudden reversal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"Chermashnya"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b5-c7-s139","source":"Не опоздаю, братцы, к семи часам на железную дорогу?","translation":"\"I won't be late for the seven o'clock train at the railway, will I, lads?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не опоздаю … ?","title":"Negated question expecting reassurance","body":"«Не опоздаю?» is a perfective simple future ('will I not be late?'). Framing the question in the negative invites a reassuring 'no, you won't' — a common Russian way of asking anxiously for confirmation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братцы","title":"«братцы» — affectionate 'lads, brothers'","body":"«Братцы» is the affectionate-familiar plural of «брат», a warm, folksy term of address to ordinary men ('lads, fellows'). It sets Ivan's tone with the coachmen as easy and good-humoured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опоздаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опоздаю","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be late"},{"surface":"братцы","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"lads"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"семи","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies часам","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of опоздаю","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"железную","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опоздаю","gloss":"railway"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b5-c7-s140","source":"— Как раз потрафим.","translation":"\"We'll make it just right.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потрафим","title":"«потрафить» — to hit it just right","body":"Colloquial-dialectal «потрафить» means to manage to do something exactly right, to time or aim it well. «Как раз потрафим» = 'we'll get you there just right' — the coachman's confident, homely idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потрафим","title":"Perfective future of confident assurance","body":"«Потрафим» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning: 'we will manage it'. The perfective stresses the guaranteed completed result, exactly suited to a promise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies потрафим","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"потрафим","lemma":"потрафить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll make it"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b5-c7-s141","source":"Запрягать, что ли?","translation":"\"Shall we harness up, then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ли?","title":"The hedging particle «что ли»","body":"«Запрягать, что ли?» tacks on «что ли», a colloquial particle that turns a statement into a tentative, half-asking suggestion ('shall we harness up, then?'). It softens the question with a shrug of uncertainty, very characteristic of peasant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запрягать","lemma":"запрягать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"harness up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the tag что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b5-c7-s142","source":"— Впрягай мигом.","translation":"\"Harness up at once.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Впрягай","title":"Singular imperative «впрягай»","body":"«Впрягай» is the imperfective imperative (2nd-person singular) from «впрягать»: the «-й» imperative after a vowel stem. The imperfective command urges the activity itself — 'get harnessing!' — and feels more immediate and pressing than a perfective order would."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"«Мигом» is the frozen instrumental of «миг» ('an instant') used adverbially: 'in a flash, instantly'. Such adverbialised instrumentals («бегом», «шёпотом») are a tidy corner of Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрягай","lemma":"впрягать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"harness up"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Впрягай","gloss":"at once"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b5-c7-s143","source":"Не будет ли кто завтра из вас в городе?","translation":"\"Will any of you be in town tomorrow?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не будет ли кто завтра из вас в городе?","title":"«ли» question with negative framing","body":"The interrogative enclitic «ли» follows the fronted, focused «не будет» to form a polite yes/no question — 'will anyone of you be in town?'. «Будет» is the future of «быть»; the negative framing again softens the ask."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of кто","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b5-c7-s144","source":"— Как не быть, вот Митрий будет.","translation":"\"How could there not be — there, Mitry will.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как не быть","title":"Rhetorical «как не…» — 'of course there will be'","body":"«Как не быть» literally 'how [could there] not be' is a fixed rhetorical retort affirming strongly by way of a negative question — 'why, of course'. The bare infinitive «быть» with «как не» is a lively colloquial pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митрий","title":"«Митрий» — folk form of Дмитрий","body":"«Митрий» is the popular, peasant pronunciation of the name «Дмитрий». The colloquial reshaping marks the speaker as one of the common folk and gives the dialogue its earthy texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the idiom как не быть","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiom как не быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митрий","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"Митрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"Mitry"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b5-c7-s145","source":"— Не можешь ли, Митрий, услугу оказать?","translation":"\"Couldn't you do me a service, Mitry?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не можешь ли … услугу оказать?","title":"Polite request with «не … ли»","body":"«Не можешь ли… оказать услугу?» combines negation with the particle «ли» to make a courteous, tentative request — 'couldn't you do [me] a service?'. The negative-plus-«ли» frame is the standard polite softening in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldn't you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"Митрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitry"},{"surface":"услугу","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оказать","gloss":"a service"},{"surface":"оказать","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b5-c7-s146","source":"Зайди ты к отцу моему, Федору Павловичу Карамазову, и скажи ты ему, что я в Чермашню не поехал.","translation":"\"Call on my father, Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, and tell him that I did not go to Chermashnya.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зайди ты к отцу моему","title":"Perfective imperative + dative goal «к»","body":"«Зайди» is the perfective imperative ('drop in, call on'), and «к отцу моему» uses «к» with the dative to mark the person visited. The added pronoun «ты» after the imperative is emphatic-coaxing, common in spoken urging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зайди","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call on"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Зайди","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зайди","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Зайди","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Чермашню","lemma":"Чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехал","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поехал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b5-c7-s147","source":"Можешь аль нет?","translation":"\"Can you, or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk-poetic 'or'","body":"«Аль» is a dialectal/folk variant of «или» ('or'). «Можешь аль нет?» ('can you or not?') sounds rustic and archaic, marking Mitry and Ivan's exchange as plain peasant talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Можешь (negative alternative)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b5-c7-s148","source":"— Почему не зайти, зайдем; Федора Павловича очень давно знаем.","translation":"\"Why not call on him — we'll call; we've known Fyodor Pavlovich a very long time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему не зайти, зайдем","title":"Bare infinitive of casual assent","body":"«Почему не зайти» uses a bare perfective infinitive in a rhetorical 'why not call in', met by the perfective future «зайдём» ('we'll call'). The infinitive-only construction conveys easy, offhand willingness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень давно знаем","title":"Imperfective present for a state reaching back","body":"«Очень давно знаем» ('we've known [him] a very long time') uses the imperfective present «знаем» for a situation that began in the past and still holds — where English needs a perfect. With «давно», the present tense covers the whole stretch of acquaintance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зайти","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зайти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"head of the rhetorical phrase","gloss":"call in"},{"surface":"зайдем","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with зайти","gloss":"we'll call"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаем","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаем","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"знаем","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we've known"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b5-c7-s149","source":"— А вот тебе и на чай, потому он тебе, пожалуй, не даст…","translation":"\"And here's something for your tea, because he probably won't give you any —\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалуй","title":"Modal «пожалуй» — 'probably, I dare say'","body":"«Пожалуй» here is a modal particle of tentative supposition: 'probably, very likely'. It hedges Ivan's prediction that his father won't pay — 'he probably won't give you any'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот тебе (\"here you are\")","gloss":"here","note":"\"Вот тебе\" is a set idiom for handing something over — \"here, take this.\""},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"object of вот (idiom вот тебе)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links и на чай to вот тебе","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause (colloquial for потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b5-c7-s150","source":"— весело засмеялся Иван Федорович.","translation":"Ivan Fyodorovich laughed merrily.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b5-c7-s151","source":"— А и впрямь не дадут, — засмеялся и Митрий.","translation":"\"And truly he won't,\" Mitry laughed too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А и впрямь не дадут","title":"Indefinite-personal plural 'they won't'","body":"«Не дадут» is a 3rd-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, here standing for 'he/they (in the household) won't give'. Russian uses this bare plural where English reaches for 'one' or a vague 'they'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впрямь","title":"«впрямь» — truly, indeed","body":"«Впрямь» (often «и впрямь») is a colloquial intensifier meaning 'really, indeed, sure enough'. Mitry's «а и впрямь не дадут» heartily confirms Ivan's joke: 'and truly they won't'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь (idiom и впрямь, \"indeed\")","gloss":"indeed","note":"\"И впрямь\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"truly, indeed.\""},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митрий","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Mitry"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b5-c7-s152","source":"— Спасибо, сударь, непременно выполним…","translation":"\"Thank you, sir, we'll be sure to carry it out —\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно выполним","title":"Perfective future of firm promise","body":"«Выполним» (perfective future, 'we will carry it out [to completion]') paired with «непременно» ('without fail') gives a solemn promise. The perfective insists on the finished result, not the trying."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address, coordinated with Спасибо","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выполним","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"выполним","lemma":"выполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll carry out"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b5-c7-s153","source":"В семь часов вечера Иван Федорович вошел в вагон и полетел в Москву.","translation":"At seven in the evening Ivan Fyodorovich got into the railway car and flew off toward Moscow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошел в вагон и полетел в Москву","title":"Two perfectives + «в» accusative of motion","body":"«Вошёл» and «полетел» are perfectives that move the scene on, and «в вагон / в Москву» take «в» with the accusative for motion toward a goal. «Полетел» ('flew off') metaphorically casts the train journey as flight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вагон","title":"«вагон» — railway carriage","body":"«Вагон» (from French/German) is a railway car. Ivan's stepping into the «вагон» seals the modern, mechanical mode of his flight to Moscow, set against the «тарантас» and post-horses of the earlier stages."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вагон","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вагон","lemma":"вагон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the train car"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"flew off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полетел","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b5-c7-s154","source":"«Прочь всё прежнее, кончено с прежним миром навеки, и чтобы не было из него ни вести, ни отзыва; в новый мир, в новые места, и без оглядки!» Но вместо восторга на душу его сошел вдруг такой мрак, а в сердце заныла такая скорбь, какой никогда он не ощущал прежде во всю свою жизнь.","translation":"\"Away with all that was before — done with the old world forever, and let there come from it neither word nor echo; into a new world, to new places, and without a backward glance!\" But instead of rapture, such a darkness suddenly descended upon his soul, and such a grief began to ache in his heart, as he had never felt before in his whole life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не было … ни вести, ни отзыва","title":"«чтобы» + irrealis with genitive of negation","body":"«Чтобы не было… ни вести, ни отзыва» uses «чтобы» (here a willed 'let there be…') plus the negated existential «не было», which forces the genitive «вести, отзыва». The paired «ни… ни…» piles negation on negation in the high rhetorical manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на душу его сошёл … такой мрак … какой никогда он не ощущал","title":"Correlative «такой… какой» and negative concord","body":"The intensifier «такой» ('such') is answered by the relative «какой» ('as'): 'such a darkness as he had never felt'. The relative clause carries negative concord — «никогда… не ощущал» — 'never had not felt', two negatives making one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скорбь","title":"«скорбь» — deep, solemn grief","body":"«Скорбь» is grief of a weighty, almost sacred register — sorrow, anguish, mourning — far heavier than ordinary «грусть». «Заныла такая скорбь» ('such a grief began to ache') gives Ivan's despair a near-liturgical gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory predicate of the phrase","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Прочь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прежнее","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миром","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"миром","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончено","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the wish clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"there be","note":"\"Не было ни X, ни Y\" is the genitive-of-negation construction: \"there was neither X nor Y.\""},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вести","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of было (negation)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"отзыва","lemma":"отзыв","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of было (negation), coordinated with вести","gloss":"echo"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Прочь (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"a world"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новые","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies места","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with мир (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оглядки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"оглядки","lemma":"оглядка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with места (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"looking back"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"descended"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мрак","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заныла","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"заныла","lemma":"заныть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошел","gloss":"began to ache"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of скорбь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"скорбь","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заныла","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of ощущал (negation), refers to скорбь","gloss":"as","note":"Genitive-of-negation: \"скорбь, какой он не ощущал\" = \"grief such as he had never felt.\""},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on скорбь","gloss":"had felt"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b5-c7-s155","source":"Он продумал всю ночь; вагон летел, и только на рассвете, уже въезжая в Москву, он вдруг как бы очнулся.","translation":"He thought it over all night long; the train flew on, and only at daybreak, as he was already entering Moscow, did he suddenly seem to come to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже въезжая в Москву","title":"Imperfective present gerund «въезжая»","body":"«Въезжая» is a present (imperfective) «деепричастие»: 'as he was entering [Moscow]', an action simultaneous with the main clause and sharing its subject. It sets the moment of his 'coming to himself' against the ongoing arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы очнулся","title":"Hedging «как бы» — 'as if'","body":"«Как бы очнулся» ('seemed, as it were, to come to himself') uses «как бы» to soften and qualify — a tentative 'as if'. Note: this «бы» is part of the fixed «как бы» and is not the conditional; it casts a film of unreality over Ivan's awakening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"продумал","lemma":"продумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought over"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of продумал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"вагон","lemma":"вагон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продумал","gloss":"flew on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассвете","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рассвете","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очнулся","gloss":"daybreak"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies въезжая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"въезжая","lemma":"въезжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on очнулся","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of въезжая","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы (\"as if\")","gloss":"as if","note":"\"Как бы\" softens the verb: \"he seemed to come to himself,\" not a flat statement of fact."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продумал","gloss":"came to"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b5-c7-s156","source":"— Я подлец!","translation":"\"I am a scoundrel!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я подлец!","title":"Zero-copula predicate noun in the present","body":"«Я подлец!» = 'I [am] a scoundrel!' — no copula in the present, so the predicate noun «подлец» stands in the nominative beside «я». The bare juxtaposition makes the self-condemnation blunt and absolute."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлец","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, base wretch","body":"«Подлец» is a strong moral term — a base, vile, contemptible man — central to Dostoevsky's vocabulary of self-judgement. Ivan flinging it at himself marks the dawning recognition of his own complicity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b5-c7-s157","source":"— прошептал он про себя.","translation":"he whispered to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» in 'to oneself'","body":"«Про себя» ('to/inside himself, silently') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the clause's subject for any person. «Себя» has no nominative; here it follows «про» in the accusative to mean speaking inwardly."}],"words":[{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of прошептал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b5-c7-s158","source":"А Федор Павлович, проводив сынка, остался очень доволен.","translation":"As for Fyodor Pavlovich, having seen his little son off, he was left very pleased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проводив сынка","title":"Perfective past gerund «проводив»","body":"«Проводив сынка» is a perfective past «деепричастие» in «-в»: 'having seen his son off'. It names the prior, completed action sharing Fyodor Pavlovich's subject before he «остался доволен»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сынка","title":"«сынок» — 'little son', here mockingly fond","body":"«Сынка» (genitive of «сынок») is the diminutive of «сын». The suffix «-ок» can be tender, but on Fyodor Pavlovich's lips toward grown Ivan it rings faintly ironic and proprietary — a possessive 'sonny'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Федор Павлович","title":"Scene-shifting «А»","body":"The opening «А» is the contrastive coordinator marking a turn of topic — 'Now as for Fyodor Pavlovich…'. It hinges the narrative away from Ivan on the train back to the house, with no real opposition, only a shift of focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"проводив","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остался","gloss":"having seen off"},{"surface":"сынка","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проводив","gloss":"his little son"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b5-c7-s159","source":"Целые два часа чувствовал он себя почти счастливым и попивал коньячок; но вдруг в доме произошло одно предосадное и пренеприятное для всех обстоятельство, мигом повергшее Федора Павловича в большое смятение: Смердяков пошел зачем-то в погреб и упал вниз с верхней ступеньки.","translation":"For two whole hours he felt almost happy and kept sipping his cognac; but suddenly a most vexing and most unpleasant circumstance occurred in the house, one that in an instant threw Fyodor Pavlovich into great consternation: Smerdyakov had gone down into the cellar for something and fallen from the top step.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коньячок","title":"«коньячок» — a nice little cognac","body":"«Коньячок» is «коньяк» with the affectionate diminutive «-ок», and «попивал» (the imperfective with «по-») means to sip away contentedly over time. Together they paint Fyodor Pavlovich's cosy, self-indulgent good mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предосадное и пренеприятное","title":"Intensifying prefix «пре-»","body":"«Предосадное» and «пренеприятное» carry the prefix «пре-», which raises an adjective to a superlative-like 'most, exceedingly' (cf. «прекрасный»). Stacked here, they make the 'circumstance' maximally vexing and unpleasant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом повергшее … в смятение","title":"Past active participle «повергшее»","body":"«Повергшее» is a past active participle (perfective) agreeing with neuter «обстоятельство»: 'a circumstance which threw [him]…'. It packs a whole «которое»-clause into one modifier, and governs «в смятение» (accusative of motion into a state)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливым","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"счастливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of чувствовал","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попивал","lemma":"попивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"kept sipping"},{"surface":"коньячок","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попивал","gloss":"his cognac"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with чувствовал","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"предосадное","lemma":"предосадный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"most vexing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пренеприятное","lemma":"пренеприятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with предосадное","gloss":"most unpleasant","note":"The archaic intensifying prefix пре- means \"most/very\" — предосадное = \"most vexing,\" пренеприятное = \"most unpleasant.\""},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of для, modifies пренеприятное","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повергшее","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"повергшее","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство","gloss":"throwing"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повергшее","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смятение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смятение","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"смятение","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергшее","gloss":"consternation"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom зачем-то (\"for some reason\"), modifies пошел","gloss":"for some reason","note":"\"Зачем-то\" is one idiom, \"for some reason/other\" — split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite postfix)","role":"attached to зачем, forms зачем-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"погреб","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"верхней","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ступеньки","gloss":"top"},{"surface":"ступеньки","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b5-c7-s160","source":"Хорошо еще, что на дворе случилась в то время Марфа Игнатьевна и вовремя услышала.","translation":"It was a good thing, at least, that Marfa Ignatyevna happened to be in the yard just then and heard him in time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хорошо еще, что … случилась","title":"Impersonal «хорошо ещё, что…»","body":"«Хорошо ещё, что…» is an impersonal evaluative predicate (no subject, neuter) opening a «что»-clause: 'it was a good thing that…'. «Случилась» here is the perfective with «-ся» meaning 'happened to be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Хорошо","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилась","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"случилась","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Хорошо","gloss":"happened to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовремя","lemma":"вовремя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"in time"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случилась","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b5-c7-s161","source":"Падения она не видела, но зато услышала крик, крик особенный, странный, но ей уже давно известный, — крик эпилептика, падающего в припадке.","translation":"She did not see the fall, but she heard the cry — a peculiar, strange cry, though one long familiar to her — the cry of an epileptic dropping in a fit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но зато услышала","title":"Compensatory «зато» — 'but on the other hand'","body":"«Зато» is a coordinating word meaning 'but to make up for it, on the other hand': she did not see the fall, «но зато услышала» the cry. It offsets a negative with a balancing positive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крик эпилептика, падающего в припадке","title":"Present active participle «падающего»","body":"«Падающего» is a present active participle agreeing with «эпилептика» in masculine genitive singular: 'of an epileptic [who is] falling in a fit'. The participle compresses the relative clause and freezes the action in mid-collapse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей уже давно известный","title":"Dative of the one to whom it is 'known'","body":"«Ей… известный» pairs the short-style adjective «известный» ('known') with the dative «ей» — 'known to her'. The dative names the person to whom the cry is familiar, a neat experiencer construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of видела (negation)","gloss":"the fall"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of видела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но зато (\"but then\")","gloss":"then","note":"\"Но зато\" = \"but then/instead,\" a concessive pairing."},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with видела","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышала","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крик, restates it in apposition","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of известный","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известный","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"известный","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крик, restates it again","gloss":"the cry"},{"surface":"эпилептика","lemma":"эпилептик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"of an epileptic"},{"surface":"падающего","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying эпилептика","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падающего","gloss":"a fit"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b5-c7-s162","source":"Приключился ли с ним припадок в ту минуту, когда он сходил по ступенькам вниз, так что он, конечно, тотчас же и должен был слететь вниз в бесчувствии, или, напротив, уже от падения и от сотрясения произошел у Смердякова, известного эпилептика, его припадок — разобрать нельзя было, но нашли его уже на дне погреба, в корчах и судорогах, бьющимся и с пеной у рта.","translation":"Whether the fit had come over him at the moment he was going down the steps, so that he must of course have tumbled down at once, senseless — or whether, on the contrary, the fit of Smerdyakov, a known epileptic, had been brought on by the fall and the shock — there was no way to make out; but they found him already at the bottom of the cellar, writhing and convulsing, thrashing about, with foam at his mouth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приключился ли с ним припадок … или … произошёл … припадок","title":"«ли… или…» framing an either/or question","body":"The narrator weighs two possibilities with «ли… или…»: the enclitic «ли» on the first clause and «или» joining the alternative — 'whether the fit came on… or, on the contrary…'. This is the embedded 'whether… or' that «ли» builds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разобрать нельзя было","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + infinitive","body":"«Разобрать нельзя было» ('it was impossible to make out') is an impersonal modal: «нельзя» plus infinitive, with past «было», and no subject. It states the sheer undecidability of which came first, the fit or the fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли его … бьющимся","title":"Instrumental present participle «бьющимся»","body":"«Бьющимся» is a present active participle (with «-ся») in the instrumental, agreeing with «его»: they found him 'thrashing'. The instrumental participle after «найти» describes the state in which someone is found — a vivid, compact resultative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в корчах и судорогах","title":"«корчи» и «судороги» — writhings and convulsions","body":"«Корчи» (writhings, contortions) and «судороги» (convulsions, spasms) are the clinical-vivid nouns for the seizure, here in the prepositional after «в». The pairing with «с пеной у рта» ('foam at the mouth') gives a starkly physical picture of the fit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приключился","lemma":"приключиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the disjunctive ли...или clause (logical content of разобрать), not the main verb — нельзя is the true main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"did it happen"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Приключился","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приключился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приключился","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Приключился","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on минуту","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сходил","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минуту","gloss":"was going down"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступенькам","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ступенькам","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сходил","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходил","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что (\"so that\"), introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слететь","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"слететь","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"tumble down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слететь","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесчувствии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесчувствии","lemma":"бесчувствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слететь","gloss":"unconsciousness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the alternative clause","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking падения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"падения","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"the fall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотрясения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сотрясения","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел, coordinated with падения","gloss":"the shock"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the alternative clause","gloss":"resulted"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпилептика","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"эпилептика","lemma":"эпилептик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Смердякова (apposition)","gloss":"epileptic"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of припадок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"разобрать","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to make out"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"дно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the bottom"},{"surface":"погреба","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"of the cellar"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корчах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корчах","lemma":"корча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"convulsions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судорогах","lemma":"судорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with корчах","gloss":"spasms"},{"surface":"бьющимся","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate participle describing его (direct object of нашли)","gloss":"thrashing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пеной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пеной","lemma":"пена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with в корчах/судорогах and бьющимся as a descriptive complement of нашли (\"found him... with foam at his mouth\"), not coordinated with дне","gloss":"foam"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рта","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рта","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пеной","gloss":"mouth"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b5-c7-s163","source":"Думали сначала, что он наверно сломал себе что-нибудь, руку или ногу, и расшибся, но, однако, «сберег господь», как выразилась Марфа Игнатьевна: ничего такого не случилось, а только трудно было достать его и вынести из погреба на свет божий.","translation":"At first they thought he had surely broken something, an arm or a leg, and injured himself badly, but \"the Lord preserved him,\" as Marfa Ignatyevna put it: nothing of the sort had happened, only it was hard to get hold of him and carry him up out of the cellar into the light of God's day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на свет божий","title":"Idiom «на свет божий» — into God's daylight","body":"«На свет божий» ('into God's light/the light of day') is a set expression for bringing something out into the open air and daylight. Carrying Smerdyakov up «из погреба на свет божий» plays the dark cellar against the light above."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сломал себе что-нибудь","title":"Reflexive «себе» + non-specific «что-нибудь»","body":"«Сломал себе что-нибудь» uses the dative reflexive «себе» (broke something 'to/on himself', i.e. one of his own limbs) and «что-нибудь», the non-specific indefinite ('anything at all'). «-нибудь» fits the uncertainty of what, if anything, he broke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думали","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they thought"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Думали","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сломал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сломал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сломал","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"сломал","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Думали","gloss":"had broken"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сломал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (indefinite)","role":"direct object of сломал","gloss":"something","note":"Part of the indefinite pronoun что-нибудь, split across w8/w9."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"что-нибудь","morphology":"particle (indefiniteness marker)","role":"part of the phrase что (что-нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to что-нибудь, specifying it","gloss":"an arm"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with руку","gloss":"a leg"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расшибся","lemma":"расшибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сломал","gloss":"injured himself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сберег","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"сберег","lemma":"сберечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сломал (quoted clause)","gloss":"preserved"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сберег","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразилась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выразилась","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying сберег","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"of the sort"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сломал","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate with было","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to get hold of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with достать","gloss":"carry out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погреба","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"погреба","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свет","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свет","gloss":"God's"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b5-c7-s164","source":"Но попросили у соседей помощи и кое-как это совершили.","translation":"But they asked the neighbors for help and somehow managed it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое-как","title":"«кое-как» — somehow, after a fashion","body":"«Кое-как» means 'somehow or other, with difficulty, anyhow' — getting a thing done clumsily but done. «Кое-как это совершили» ('they somehow managed it') conveys the awkward effort of hauling the convulsing man out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they asked"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"соседей","lemma":"сосед","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попросили","gloss":"the neighbors"},{"surface":"помощи","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase кое-как, modifies совершили","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase кое-как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершили","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросили","gloss":"managed"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b5-c7-s165","source":"Находился при всей этой церемонии и сам Федор Павлович, сам помогал, видимо перепуганный и как бы потерявшийся.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich himself was present at this whole ceremony, himself helping out, visibly frightened and as if at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам Федор Павлович, сам помогал","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'himself'","body":"The emphatic pronoun «сам» ('[he] himself') is doubled — «сам Фёдор Павлович, сам помогал» — stressing that the master in person was there and pitching in. «Сам» agrees like an adjective and underscores the surprise of his hands-on involvement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы потерявшийся","title":"Past active participle «потерявшийся» softened by «как бы»","body":"«Потерявшийся» is a perfective past active participle with «-ся» ('having become lost/bewildered'), here in predicate position and hedged by «как бы» ('as if at a loss'). The reflexive «-ся» gives the change-of-state, inward sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was present"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церемонии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of церемонии","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of церемонии","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"церемонии","lemma":"церемония","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Находился","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Находился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of помогал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"помогал","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Находился","gloss":"was helping out"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перепуганный","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"перепуганный","lemma":"перепугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"predicate adjective describing Федор Павлович","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies потерявшийся","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"потерявшийся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with перепуганный","gloss":"at a loss"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b5-c7-s166","source":"Больной, однако, в чувство не входил: припадки хоть и прекращались на время, но зато возобновлялись опять, и все заключили, что произойдет то же самое, что и в прошлом году, когда он тоже упал нечаянно с чердака.","translation":"The sick man, however, did not come to: the fits, though they let up for a time, kept returning, and everyone concluded that the same thing would happen as the year before, when he had likewise fallen by accident from the attic.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в чувство не входил","title":"Imperfective of a state that won't arrive","body":"«В чувство не входил» ('did not come to / kept not regaining consciousness') uses the imperfective «входил» under negation to stress the continued failure to revive — not a single non-event but a persisting condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и прекращались … но зато возобновлялись","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но зато…»","body":"«Хоть и прекращались… но зато возобновлялись» pairs concessive «хоть и» ('although') with the compensatory «но зато' ('but instead'): the fits 'although they let up… on the other hand kept returning'. Both verbs are imperfective for the repeated alternation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произойдёт то же самое, что и в прошлом году","title":"Perfective future + correlative «то же… что»","body":"«Произойдёт» is a perfective future ('the same thing will happen'), and «то же самое, что и…» is the correlative for 'the same as'. The «и» before «в прошлом году» is the emphatic 'just as', tying the prediction to last year's episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувство","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"his senses"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прекращались","gloss":"the fits"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекращались","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"прекращались","lemma":"прекращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying возобновлялись","gloss":"let up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прекращались","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies возобновлялись","gloss":"then again"},{"surface":"возобновлялись","lemma":"возобновляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входил","gloss":"kept returning"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возобновлялись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заключили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"заключили","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возобновлялись","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заключили","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying произойдет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в прошлом году","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлом","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"the previous"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойдет","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on году","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"by accident"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"the attic"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b5-c7-s167","source":"Вспомнили, что тогда прикладывали ему к темени льду.","translation":"They recalled that back then they had applied ice to the crown of his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прикладывали ему к темени льду","title":"Dative «ему» + partitive genitive «льду»","body":"«Прикладывали ему… льду» pairs the dative «ему» (the affected person) with the partitive genitive «льду» — 'applied [some] ice to him'. The special «-у» partitive on «лёд» names an indefinite quantity, and «к темени» uses «к» + dative for the spot."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темени","title":"«темя» — the crown of the head","body":"«Темя» (here dative «темени») is the crown or top of the head, an anatomical term. It is one of a small set of neuter nouns in «-мя» (cf. «время», «имя») with an irregular declension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомнили","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they recalled"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прикладывали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикладывали","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"прикладывали","lemma":"прикладывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Вспомнили","gloss":"they had applied"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прикладывали","gloss":"to his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"темени","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прикладывали","gloss":"the crown of the head"},{"surface":"льду","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прикладывали","gloss":"ice","note":"Partitive genitive object (\"applied some ice\"), a common construction with mass nouns."}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b5-c7-s168","source":"Ледок в погребе еще нашелся, и Марфа Игнатьевна распорядилась, а Федор Павлович под вечер послал за доктором Герценштубе, который и прибыл немедленно.","translation":"There was still some ice to be found in the cellar, and Marfa Ignatyevna saw to it, while toward evening Fyodor Pavlovich sent for Doctor Herzenstube, who arrived without delay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ледок … нашёлся","title":"Middle «-ся»: 'some ice turned up'","body":"«Нашёлся» is «найти» with «-ся», the middle voice 'was found / turned up [of itself]'. «Ледок» (diminutive of «лёд») as its subject reads as 'a bit of ice happened to be there', no finder named."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распорядилась","title":"«распорядиться» — to give orders, see to it","body":"«Распорядилась» (perfective, with «-ся») means to make the arrangements, give the necessary orders. Marfa «распорядилась» — she took charge of the ice — showing her as the practical hand in the crisis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ледок","lemma":"ледок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашелся","gloss":"some ice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погребе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"погребе","lemma":"погреб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ледок","gloss":"the cellar"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашелся","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"нашелся","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was found"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of распорядилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"распорядилась","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашелся","gloss":"saw to it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашелся","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доктором","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"доктором","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктором","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибыл","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибыл","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Герценштубе","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыл","gloss":"without delay"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b5-c7-s169","source":"Осмотрев больного тщательно (это был самый тщательный и внимательный доктор во всей губернии, пожилой и почтеннейший старичок), он заключил, что припадок чрезвычайный и «может грозить опасностью», что покамест он, Герценштубе, еще не понимает всего, но что завтра утром, если не помогут теперешние средства, он решится принять другие.","translation":"Having examined the patient carefully (he was the most careful and attentive doctor in the whole province, an elderly and most worthy little old man), he concluded that the fit was extraordinary and \"might pose a danger,\" that for the present he, Herzenstube, did not yet understand the whole of it, but that tomorrow morning, if the current remedies did not help, he would resolve to apply others.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Осмотрев больного тщательно","title":"Perfective past gerund opening the sentence","body":"«Осмотрев» is a perfective past «деепричастие» ('having examined'), fronting the completed prior action before the main verb «заключил». «Больного» is a substantivised adjective ('the patient', animate accusative) — an adjective used as a noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самый тщательный … почтеннейший старичок","title":"Two superlatives: «самый» vs «-ейший»","body":"The narrator builds superlatives both ways: periphrastic «самый тщательный» ('the most careful') and the bookish suffixal «почтеннейший» ('most worthy'), from «почтенный» + «-ейш-». The «-ейший» form is the elevated, literary superlative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичок","title":"«старичок» — a dear little old man","body":"«Старичок» is «старик» with the warm diminutive «-ок»: an affectionately rendered 'little old man'. The narrator's choice tints the worthy doctor with fondness — a recurring tonal device for the kindly Herzenstube."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осмотрев","lemma":"осмотреть","morphology":"verb, adverbial participle (gerund), past, active, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заключил","gloss":"having examined"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Осмотрев","gloss":"the patient"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Осмотрев","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доктор","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тщательный","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"тщательный","lemma":"тщательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"careful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внимательный","lemma":"внимательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тщательный","gloss":"attentive"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of губернии","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"пожилой","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичок","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почтеннейший","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пожилой","gloss":"most worthy"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to доктор","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чрезвычайный","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"припадок","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чрезвычайный","gloss":"the fit"},{"surface":"чрезвычайный","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чрезвычайный","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"грозить","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"pose"},{"surface":"опасностью","lemma":"опасность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозить","gloss":"a danger"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"покамест","lemma":"покамест","morphology":"subordinating conjunction / adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"for the present"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Герценштубе","lemma":"Герценштубе","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Herzenstube"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимает","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies завтра (adverbial time phrase)","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помогут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помогут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помогут","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on решится","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"теперешние","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies средства","gloss":"the current"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of помогут","gloss":"remedies"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решится","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"would resolve"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решится","gloss":"to apply"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b5-c7-s170","source":"Больного уложили во флигеле, в комнатке рядом с помещением Григория и Марфы Игнатьевны.","translation":"They laid the sick man down in the outbuilding, in a little room next to the quarters of Grigory and Marfa Ignatyevna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"флигеле … комнатке","title":"«флигель» and the diminutive «комнатка»","body":"A «флигель» is a detached annexe or wing/outbuilding of the main house, where the servants lived. «Комнатке» (prepositional of «комнатка», diminutive of «комната») is a 'little room'; the diminutive makes the servants' quarters feel cramped and modest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Больного уложили","title":"Indefinite-personal plural 'they laid him down'","body":"«Уложили» is a subjectless 3rd-person plural — the indefinite-personal construction — 'they (people) laid him down'. «Больного» is again the substantivised adjective in the animate accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уложили","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"уложили","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laid down"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложили","gloss":"the outbuilding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнатке","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to флигеле","gloss":"a little room"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies комнатке","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещением","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"помещением","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"the quarters"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещением","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Марфы","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Григория","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевны","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфы","gloss":"Ignatyevna's"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b5-c7-s171","source":"Затем Федор Павлович уже весь день претерпевал лишь несчастие за несчастием: обед сготовила Марфа Игнатьевна, и суп сравнительно с приготовлением Смердякова вышел «словно помои», а курица оказалась до того пересушенною, что и прожевать ее не было никакой возможности.","translation":"After that Fyodor Pavlovich endured all day nothing but one misfortune after another: Marfa Ignatyevna cooked the dinner, and the soup, by comparison with Smerdyakov's making, came out \"like dishwater,\" while the chicken turned out so dried up that there was no possibility of chewing it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несчастие за несчастием","title":"«X за X-ом» — one after another","body":"«Несчастие за несчастием» ('one misfortune after another') is the distributive pattern: noun in nominative/accusative + «за» + the same noun in the instrumental. It conveys a relentless succession — exactly the cascade of disasters befalling Fyodor Pavlovich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сравнительно с приготовлением Смердякова","title":"Instrumental of comparison after «сравнительно с»","body":"«Сравнительно с приготовлением» ('by comparison with [Smerdyakov's] cooking') uses «с» + instrumental «приготовлением». The construction sets the dishwater-soup against Smerdyakov's accustomed standard, a sly reminder of how the household leans on him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словно помои","title":"«помои» — slops, dishwater","body":"«Помои» (plural only) is dirty washing-up water / kitchen slops fed to pigs. Quoting Fyodor Pavlovich's verdict that the soup came out «словно помои» ('like slops') renders his coarse, fastidious disgust in his own words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прожевать её не было никакой возможности","title":"Genitive of negation under «не было»","body":"«Не было никакой возможности» ('there was no possibility at all') forces the genitive «возможности» after negated «не было», and «никакой» piles on negative concord. The whole frame is impersonal — no subject, just the absence of any way to chew the chicken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies претерпевал","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of претерпевал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весь день","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of претерпевал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"претерпевал","lemma":"претерпевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастие","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"несчастие","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of претерпевал","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастием","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"несчастием","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несчастие","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"обед","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сготовила","gloss":"the dinner"},{"surface":"сготовила","lemma":"сготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with претерпевал","gloss":"cooked"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сготовила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суп","lemma":"суп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"the soup"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно с","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сравнительно с","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"сравнительно с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase сравнительно с","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приготовлением","lemma":"приготовление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сравнительно с","gloss":"the making"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приготовлением","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сготовила","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison, marking помои","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помои","lemma":"помои","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"complement of вышел","gloss":"dishwater"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"курица","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"the chicken"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того... что","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до того... что, marking того","gloss":"to such a degree"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"до того... что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того... что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пересушенною","lemma":"пересушенный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of оказалась","gloss":"dried up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause correlating with до того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прожевать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прожевать","lemma":"прожевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on возможности","gloss":"to chew"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прожевать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of возможности","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (negated existential)","gloss":"possibility"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b5-c7-s172","source":"Марфа Игнатьевна на горькие, хотя и справедливые, упреки барина возражала, что курица и без того была уже очень старая, а что сама она в поварах не училась.","translation":"To her master's bitter, though just, reproaches Marfa Ignatyevna retorted that the chicken had been very old to begin with, and that she herself had never trained as a cook.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на горькие, хотя и справедливые, упрёки барина возражала","title":"Fronted prepositional object + concessive insert","body":"The whole prepositional phrase «на… упрёки барина» ('to her master's reproaches') is fronted before the verb «возражала», topicalising what she answered to. The parenthetical «хотя и справедливые» ('though just') concedes a point mid-phrase, between the adjectives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в поварах не училась","title":"«в поварах» — instrumental-style 'as a cook'","body":"«В поварах не училась» ('had not trained as a cook') uses «в» + prepositional plural «поварах», the idiom for being or training in a role/profession (cf. «служить в солдатах»). It is a folk-flavoured way of saying she was never schooled in the cook's trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возражала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упреки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"горькие","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies упреки","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase хотя и справедливые","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя и","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"справедливые","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with горькие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"упреки","lemma":"упрёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возражала","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упреки","gloss":"her master's"},{"surface":"возражала","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"retorted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of старая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"курица","lemma":"курица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of старая","gloss":"the chicken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и без того","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase и без того","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"и без того","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase и без того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"и без того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase и без того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старая","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of возражала","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of училась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of училась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поварах","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"поварах","lemma":"повар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of училась","gloss":"a cook","note":"Idiom: учиться в поварах = \"to train as a cook.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies училась","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"училась","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with старая","gloss":"had trained"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b5-c7-s173","source":"К вечеру вышла другая забота: доложили Федору Павловичу, что Григорий, который с третьего дня расхворался, как раз совсем почти слег, отнялась поясница.","translation":"Toward evening another worry arose: Fyodor Pavlovich was informed that Grigory, who had fallen ill two days before, had now taken almost entirely to his bed — his lower back had given out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доложили Федору Павловичу","title":"Indefinite-personal plural + dative addressee","body":"«Доложили» is again a subjectless 3rd-plural ('it was reported, they informed'), with the recipient in the dative «Фёдору Павловичу». This is the neutral way to report news to someone without naming the messenger."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григорий, который … расхворался","title":"Relative «который» clause","body":"«Григорий, который… расхворался» tucks a «который»-clause (set off by commas) around the news of Grigory's illness; «который» agrees with «Григорий» in masculine singular and is nominative as the subject of its own clause. «Расхвораться» (with «рас-» + «-ся») means to fall thoroughly ill."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнялась поясница","title":"Middle «-ся»: the back 'gave out'","body":"«Отнялась поясница» ('his lower back gave out / went numb') uses «отняться» with «-ся» in its intransitive, change-of-state sense — a body part losing power of itself. «Поясница» is the nominative subject of this small impersonal-feeling clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"доложили","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышла","gloss":"they informed"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложили","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слег","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слег","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расхворался","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расхворался","gloss":"yesterday","note":"Idiom с третьего дня = \"since the day before yesterday.\""},{"surface":"расхворался","lemma":"расхвораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Григорий","gloss":"had fallen ill"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies слег","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слег","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"слег","lemma":"слечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of доложили","gloss":"had taken to his bed"},{"surface":"отнялась","lemma":"отняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слег","gloss":"had given out"},{"surface":"поясница","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отнялась","gloss":"his lower back"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b5-c7-s174","source":"Федор Павлович окончил свой чай как можно пораньше и заперся один в доме.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich finished his tea as early as he could and shut himself up alone in the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно пораньше","title":"«как можно» + comparative — 'as … as possible'","body":"«Как можно пораньше» ('as early as possible') is the fixed «как можно» + comparative construction. «Пораньше» is the comparative «раньше» softened by «по-» ('a bit earlier'); the pattern recurs in s178 «как можно скорее»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заперся один в доме","title":"Reflexive «запереться» — shut oneself in","body":"«Заперся» is «запереть» with «-ся», the reflexive 'locked/shut himself in'. The «-ся» turns the action back on the subject, sealing Fyodor Pavlovich alone in the house in tense expectation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окончил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"окончил","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чай","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окончил","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно, modifies пораньше","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"как можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"пораньше","lemma":"пораньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies окончил","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заперся","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with окончил","gloss":"shut himself up"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun/adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заперся","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заперся","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b5-c7-s175","source":"Был он в страшном и тревожном ожидании.","translation":"He was in a terrible and anxious state of expectation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он в страшном и тревожном ожидании","title":"Inverted «был он» for narrative weight","body":"Putting «был» before the subject «он» is a deliberate literary inversion that opens the clause on the state itself — 'In a terrible expectation was he'. The free word order lets Dostoevsky front the mood and trail the subject after it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тревожном","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with страшном","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"state of waiting"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b5-c7-s176","source":"Дело в том, что как раз в этот вечер ждал он прибытия Грушеньки уже почти наверно; по крайней мере получил он от Смердякова, еще рано поутру, почти заверение, что «они уж несомненно обещали прибыть-с».","translation":"The fact was that on that very evening he was expecting Grushenka's arrival as almost a certainty; at the very least he had received from Smerdyakov, early in the morning, all but an assurance that \"they had undoubtedly promised to come, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждал он прибытия Грушеньки","title":"Genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«Ждать» characteristically takes the genitive of the thing awaited: «ждал… прибытия Грушеньки» ('awaited Grushenka's arrival'). «Прибытия» is genitive both as the object of «ждать» and head of the possessive «Грушеньки»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушеньки","title":"«Грушенька» — the diminutive of Аграфена","body":"«Грушенька» is the tender diminutive (Аграфена → Груша → Грушенька) of the woman both Fyodor Pavlovich and Dmitry desire. The «-енька» suffix saturates her name with affection and longing — the very lure drawing the old man to the window."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обещали прибыть-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to «прибыть» (a contraction of old «сударь», 'sir') is the deferential 'sir-particle' Smerdyakov sprinkles through his speech. Quoted here, «прибыть-с» marks his oily, servile register — and Dostoevsky uses it to characterise him throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate is в том)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause (idiom «дело в том, что»)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждал/получил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies вечер","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies вечер","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (coordinated with получил)","gloss":"was expecting"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере, modifies получил","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom «по крайней мере» = 'at the very least.'"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (coordinated with ждал)","gloss":"had received"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"as early as"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поутру","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заверение","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"заверение","lemma":"заверение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"an assurance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обещали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обещали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несомненно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обещали","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"обещали","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заверение (introduced by что)","gloss":"had promised"},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of обещали","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"attached to прибыть, deferential particle","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic servile speech marker '-с' (roughly 'sir'), normally suffixed directly onto the verb («прибыть-с»); the tagger split it into its own token."}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b5-c7-s177","source":"Сердце неугомонного старичка билось тревожно, он ходил по пустым своим комнатам и прислушивался.","translation":"The restless little old man's heart beat anxiously; he wandered through his empty rooms and listened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неугомонного старичка","title":"«неугомонный» + «старичок» — the restless old fellow","body":"«Неугомонный» means restless, never-quieting, irrepressible; coupled with the diminutive «старичок» it paints Fyodor Pavlovich as a fidgety, lecherous 'little old man'. The pairing carries the narrator's faintly mocking affection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходил по пустым своим комнатам","title":"«по» + dative of wandering through","body":"«Ходил по… комнатам» uses «по» with the dative plural to express moving about over/through a space — pacing 'around his empty rooms'. «Ходил» is the multidirectional motion verb, fitting his aimless to-and-fro."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of билось","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"неугомонного","lemma":"неугомонный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичка","gloss":"restless"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сердце","gloss":"little old man's"},{"surface":"билось","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies билось","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to билось","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"пустым","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies комнатам","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of комнатам","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"listened"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b5-c7-s178","source":"Надо было держать ухо востро: мог где-нибудь сторожить ее Дмитрий Федорович, а как она постучится в окно (Смердяков еще третьего дня уверил Федора Павловича, что передал ей где и куда постучаться), то надо было отпереть двери как можно скорее и отнюдь не задерживать ее ни секунды напрасно в сенях, чтобы чего, боже сохрани, не испугалась и не убежала.","translation":"He had to keep his ears open: Dmitry Fyodorovich might be lying in wait for her somewhere, and the moment she knocked at the window (Smerdyakov had assured Fyodor Pavlovich two days before that he had told her where and how to knock), the door had to be opened as quickly as possible, and she must on no account be kept waiting even a needless second in the entryway, lest — God forbid — she take fright and run off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо было держать ухо востро","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + idiom","body":"«Надо было» ('it was necessary') is an impersonal predicate of obligation with no subject; the implied 'he' would stand in the dative. «Держать ухо востро» is the set idiom 'to keep one's ear sharp / be on the alert', with «востро» an old short-form adverb ('sharp')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно скорее и отнюдь не задерживать","title":"Emphatic negation «отнюдь не»","body":"«Отнюдь не задерживать» ('on no account to detain') uses the categorical negator «отнюдь не», far stronger than plain «не» — 'by no means, absolutely not'. It heightens the urgency of not keeping Grushenka waiting a needless second."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы … не испугалась и не убежала","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis for purpose","body":"«Чтобы… не испугалась и не убежала» is the purpose construction: «чтобы» plus the past-tense form, which carries the irrealis (the hidden «бы» fused into «чтобы»). It states the feared outcome to be prevented — 'lest she take fright and run off'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the entry passage","body":"«Сени» (here prepositional «в сенях») is the cold entrance-passage or vestibule of a traditional Russian house, between the porch and the heated rooms. It is the threshold space where Grushenka must not be left to hesitate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"he had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"past auxiliary with Надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"держать","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of держать","gloss":"his ear"},{"surface":"востро","lemma":"востро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держать","gloss":"sharp","note":"Idiom «держать ухо востро» = 'to be on one's guard.'"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to держать","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies сторожить","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies сторожить","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"сторожить","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"lie in wait for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сторожить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of постучится","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of постучится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"постучится","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by как","gloss":"knocks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучится","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уверил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies третьего","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom третьего дня, modifies дня","gloss":"third","note":"Idiom «третьего дня» = 'the day before yesterday' (lit. 'of the third day')."},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уверил (temporal)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"уверил","lemma":"уверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had assured"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уверил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверил","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постучаться","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with где","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"постучаться","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of передал","gloss":"to knock"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative marker introducing the надо-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to unlock"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отпереть","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно скорее, modifies скорее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно скорее","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпереть","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задерживать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"задерживать","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отпереть (depends on надо)","gloss":"keep waiting"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задерживать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секунды","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"секунды","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задерживать","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задерживать","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of задерживать","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of испугалась","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object anticipated by испугалась","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"parenthetical interjection (with сохрани)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"depends on боже","gloss":"forbid","note":"Idiom «боже сохрани» = 'God forbid.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"purpose clause introduced by чтобы, modifying задерживать","gloss":"take fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убежала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убежала","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with испугалась","gloss":"run off"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b5-c7-s179","source":"Хлопотливо было Федору Павловичу, но никогда еще сердце его не купалось в более сладкой надежде: почти ведь наверно можно было сказать, что в этот раз она уже непременно придет!..","translation":"It was a fretful business for Fyodor Pavlovich, but never yet had his heart bathed in a sweeter hope: this time one could say almost for certain that she would surely come!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хлопотливо было Федору Павловичу","title":"Dative-subject impersonal of feeling/effort","body":"«Хлопотливо было Фёдору Павловичу» ('it was a fretful business for Fyodor Pavlovich') is a textbook dative-experiencer construction: neuter predicate «хлопотливо было», no nominative subject, the affected person in the dative. Russian frames his harried state without making him the grammatical agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда ещё … не купалось в более сладкой надежде","title":"Negative concord + analytic comparative «более»","body":"«Никогда ещё… не купалось» shows negative concord (the «ни»-adverb «никогда» still needs «не» on the verb). «В более сладкой надежде» uses the attributive comparative «более сладкой» ('sweeter'), the analytic comparative declined with its noun in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти ведь наверно … она уже непременно придёт!","title":"Appealing particle «ведь» + perfective future","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared certainty ('after all, surely'), coaxing the reader into Fyodor Pavlovich's hope, while «придёт» is the perfective future of «прийти' — a single, sure arrival. The stacked «почти… наверно… непременно» almost overinsists, betraying his anxious wishfulness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хлопотливо","lemma":"хлопотливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause (dative experiencer Федору Павловичу)","gloss":"a fretful business"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Хлопотливо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Хлопотливо","gloss":"for Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies купалось","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom никогда еще, modifies никогда","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of купалось","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies купалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"купалось","lemma":"купаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause, contrasted with Хлопотливо","gloss":"had bathed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сладкой","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"сладкой","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надежде","gloss":"sweeter"},{"surface":"надежде","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of купалось","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause after the colon","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"would come"}]}]}