{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b6-c1","title":{"source":"I. Старец Зосима и его гости","translated":"Father Zossima and His Visitors"},"section":"Book VI — The Russian Monk","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c1","lines":68},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b5-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b6-c1-s1","source":"Когда Алеша с тревогой и с болью в сердце вошел в келью старца, то остановился почти в изумлении: вместо отходящего больного, может быть уже без памяти, каким боялся найти его, он вдруг его увидал сидящим в кресле, хотя с изможженным от слабости, но с бодрым и веселым лицом, окруженного гостями и ведущего с ними тихую и светлую беседу.","translation":"When Alyosha, his heart full of anxiety and pain, entered the elder's cell, he stopped almost in astonishment: instead of a dying invalid, perhaps already past consciousness, as he had feared to find him, he suddenly saw him sitting in an armchair — his face worn out with weakness, yet alert and cheerful — surrounded by visitors and carrying on a quiet, luminous conversation with them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидящим… окруженного… ведущего","title":"A chain of participles framing the scene","body":"Alyosha «увидал его сидящим» (saw him sitting), then «окруженного гостями» (surrounded by guests) and «ведущего… беседу» (carrying on a conversation). The present active participle «сидящим» and «ведущего» (in -щий) and the past passive «окруженного» (in -нный) all agree with «его», packing three subordinate descriptions into one breath — the hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидал его сидящим","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «увидал»","body":"After verbs of perception like «увидать», the thing seen takes an instrumental complement describing its state: «увидал его сидящим» — saw him as-sitting. The same instrumental governs «с… бодрым и веселым лицом», marking the face as the means/manner of his appearance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келья","title":"A monk's cell","body":"«келья» is the small private room of a monk in a monastery — not a prison cell but a place of solitary prayer and sleep. The word recurs throughout the chapter as the stage on which Zossima's final conversation unfolds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходящий","title":"«Отходящий» — the dying one","body":"«отходящий больной», literally 'the departing invalid', uses «отходить» in its solemn sense of 'to pass away, to depart this life'. It is gentler and more spiritual than «умирающий» and sets the churchly tone around Zossima's deathbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тревогой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тревогой","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болью","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тревогой","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies болью","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifying остановился","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келью","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изумлении","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"изумлении","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больного","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"отходящего","lemma":"отходящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies больного","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of вместо","gloss":"an invalid"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть, modifying больного","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"consciousness","note":"Idiom «без памяти» = 'unconscious.'"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of найти, referring back to больного","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying больного","gloss":"had feared"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"сидящим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of увидал","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидящим","gloss":"an armchair"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive contrast хотя...но","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом (elliptical), modifies изможженным","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"изможженным","lemma":"изможденный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слабости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слабости","lemma":"слабость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изможженным","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бодрым","lemma":"бодрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"alert"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бодрым","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с (w44), modifying его","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"окруженного","lemma":"окружить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies его (w33), describing the elder","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"гостями","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of окруженного","gloss":"by guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведущего","lemma":"ведущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with окруженного","gloss":"carrying on"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of ведущего","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тихую","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседу","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светлую","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тихую","gloss":"luminous"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ведущего","gloss":"conversation"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b6-c1-s2","source":"Впрочем, встал он с постели не более как за четверть часа до прихода Алеши; гости уже собрались в его келью раньше и ждали, пока он проснется, по твердому заверению отца Паисия, что «учитель встанет несомненно, чтоб еще раз побеседовать с милыми сердцу его, как сам изрек и как сам пообещал еще утром».","translation":"He had, however, risen from his bed no more than a quarter of an hour before Alyosha's arrival; the visitors had gathered in his cell earlier and were waiting for him to wake, on Father Paissy's firm assurance that \"the teacher will surely rise, to converse once more with those dear to his heart, as he himself declared and as he himself promised this very morning.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждали, пока он проснется","title":"«пока» + perfective: waiting until","body":"The conjunction «пока» with a perfective future verb («проснется» — will wake) means 'until' a single completed event occurs; the waiting («ждали», imperfective) is the ongoing background against which that awaited point stands out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«Изрек» — pronounced, in a lofty key","body":"«изречь» (perfective; «изрек» he uttered) is a bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavored verb for solemn pronouncement, far above neutral «сказал». Father Paissy's quoted assurance is studded with this elevated register, marking the reverence with which the elder's words are received."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to встал","gloss":"However"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had risen"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his bed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom не более как, modifies встал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не более как","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверть","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"the arrival"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прихода","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собрались","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of келью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собрались","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with собрались","gloss":"were waiting"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проснется","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проснется","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждали","gloss":"would wake"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заверению","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"твердому","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies заверению","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"заверению","lemma":"заверение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"assurance"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заверению","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встанет","gloss":"the teacher"},{"surface":"встанет","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заверению (introduced by что)","gloss":"would rise"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встанет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of побеседовать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom еще раз, modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom еще раз, modifies побеседовать","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"побеседовать","lemma":"побеседовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on встанет","gloss":"to converse"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милыми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"милыми","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition с (w40)","gloss":"those dear"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of милыми","gloss":"to the heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies сердцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of изрек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject of изрек","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifying встанет","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of пообещал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided subject of пообещал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пообещал","lemma":"пообещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изрек","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пообещал","gloss":"in the morning"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b6-c1-s3","source":"Обещанию же этому, да и всякому слову отходящего старца, отец Паисий веровал твердо, до того, что если бы видел его и совсем уже без сознания и даже без дыхания, но имел бы его обещание, что еще раз восстанет и простится с ним, то не поверил бы, может быть, и самой смерти, всё ожидая, что умирающий очнется и исполнит обетованное.","translation":"In this promise — and indeed in every word of the dying elder — Father Paissy believed so firmly that, had he seen him even wholly insensible and not so much as breathing, yet had his promise that he would rise once more and take his leave of him, he would perhaps not have believed even in death itself, but would have gone on expecting that the dying man would come to and fulfill what he had foretold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы видел… но имел бы… то не поверил бы","title":"An elaborate counterfactual with «бы»","body":"The whole sentence is one contrary-to-fact conditional: «если бы видел… то не поверил бы». Each verb is a past-tense form plus the particle «бы», Russian's only irrealis mood — 'had he seen… he would not have believed'. The mobile «бы» leans on «если» and recurs with each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякому слову… веровал","title":"«Веровать» governs the dative","body":"«веровать кому/чему» (to believe in, to have faith in) takes its object in the dative: «обещанию… да и всякому слову… веровал». The dative here marks the thing trusted, and the archaic «веровать» (rather than «верить») keeps the religious coloring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без сознания… без дыхания… самой смерти","title":"Genitive after «без»; dative «самой смерти» with «поверить»","body":"«без сознания» and «без дыхания» (without consciousness, without breathing) show the genitive that «без» always governs. «самой смерти» is not a genitive of negation but the dative governed by «поверить/веровать» (to give credence to) — 'would not believe even death itself'; the segment contains no genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обетованное","title":"«Обетованное» — that which was foretold/promised","body":"«исполнит обетованное» uses the substantivized past passive participle «обетованный», a Church-Slavonic word (cf. «земля обетованная», the Promised Land). It is grander than the plain «обещанное» and steeps the sentence in scriptural solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обещанию","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative object of веровал","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Обещанию","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Обещанию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да и)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слову","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Обещанию, dative object of веровал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"отходящего","lemma":"отходящий","morphology":"participle, present, active, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"departing"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слову","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, part of idiom 'до того, что' (to such a degree that)","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause resolved by то ... поверил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of видел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks видел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без сознания","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сознания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сознания","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дыхания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дыхания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"дыхания","lemma":"дыхание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сознания","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"had had"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks имел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обещание","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обещание","lemma":"обещание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восстанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстанет","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"восстанет","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обещание","gloss":"would rise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простится","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанет","gloss":"would take leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простится","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes the conditional, introduces the main clause with поверил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis, introduced by то","gloss":"would have believed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks поверил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, idiom 'может быть' modifying поверил","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom 'может быть'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies самой смерти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative object of поверил","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидая","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверил","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очнется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умирающий","lemma":"умирающий","morphology":"participle, present, active, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"subject of очнется","gloss":"the dying man"},{"surface":"очнется","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидая","gloss":"would come to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполнит","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with очнется","gloss":"would fulfill"},{"surface":"обетованное","lemma":"обетованный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнит","gloss":"what was promised"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b6-c1-s4","source":"Поутру же старец Зосима положительно изрек ему, отходя ко сну: «Не умру прежде, чем еще раз не упьюсь беседой с вами, возлюбленные сердца моего, на милые лики ваши погляжу, душу мою вам еще раз изолью».","translation":"And in the morning the elder Zossima had said to him plainly, as he lay down to sleep: \"I shall not die before I have once more drunk my fill of conversation with you, beloved of my heart, and gazed upon your dear faces, and poured out my soul to you yet again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лики","title":"Archaic, elevated diction","body":"Father Zossima speaks in a deliberately churchly, archaic register. лик (here plural лики) is the solemn word for 'face/countenance', distinct from everyday лицо; изречь ('изрек') means to 'pronounce/utter' in a lofty way; упьюсь is from упиться, literally 'to drink one's fill', here 'to drink in / take my fill of conversation'. These Church Slavonic flavored words mark his saintly speech throughout the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не умру прежде, чем еще раз не упьюсь","title":"Expletive «не» after «прежде чем»","body":"«прежде чем… не упьюсь» carries an extra, untranslated «не» — an old expletive negation common after 'before' in literary Russian. It does not negate: 'before I have once more drunk my fill'. Both «умру» and «упьюсь» are perfective futures, projecting single completed acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возлюбленные сердца моего","title":"«Возлюбленные» — beloved","body":"«возлюбленный» is the high, scriptural word for 'beloved' (as in the Gospel's 'my beloved Son'), well above colloquial «любимый». Addressed to his guests as «возлюбленные сердца моего» (beloved of my heart), it gives Zossima's farewell the cadence of a benediction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отходя ко сну","title":"«Отходя ко сну» — as he lay down to sleep","body":"A bookish gerund phrase, «отходить ко сну» is the elevated idiom for 'going to sleep / retiring to bed'. The archaic dative «ко сну» (instead of plain «спать») echoes liturgical language and quietly foreshadows the other «отход» — his approaching death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Поутру","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of изрек","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отходя","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изрек","gloss":"as he lay down"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сну","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходя","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умру","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"shall die"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умру, part of 'прежде чем'","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упьюсь, part of 'прежде чем'","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упьюсь","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"pleonastic negation after 'прежде чем', does not negate the meaning","gloss":"(no lit. meaning)","note":"Pleonastic 'не' after 'прежде чем' — the clause means 'before I have drunk my fill,' not 'before I have not.'"},{"surface":"упьюсь","lemma":"упиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by чем","gloss":"have drunk my fill"},{"surface":"беседой","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упьюсь","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies беседой","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возлюбленные","lemma":"возлюбленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (vocative)","role":"in apposition to вами, addressing the listeners","gloss":"beloved ones"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возлюбленные","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лики","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лики","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"лики","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of погляжу","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лики","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"погляжу","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умру","gloss":"shall gaze"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изолью","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изолью","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изолью","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"изолью","lemma":"излить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умру","gloss":"shall pour out"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b6-c1-s5","source":"Собравшиеся на эту последнюю, вероятно, беседу старца были самые преданные ему друзья с давних лет.","translation":"Those who had gathered for what was, in all likelihood, the elder's last conversation were the friends most devoted to him from years long past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Собравшиеся… были","title":"A participle standing in for a whole clause","body":"«Собравшиеся… друзья» — 'those who had gathered' — is a substantivized past active participle (from «собраться», -вш- + reflexive -ся) doing the work of a «которые собрались» relative clause. Russian routinely compresses such clauses into a single declined participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые преданные ему друзья","title":"Superlative «самые» + dative complement","body":"«самые преданные» forms the superlative ('the most devoted') with «самый», which agrees in case and number. The adjective «преданный» (devoted) governs a dative object, «ему» — devoted to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собравшиеся","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"participle, past, active, nominative, plural, perfective (substantivized)","role":"subject of были","gloss":"those who had gathered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседу","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies последнюю беседу","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of на, complement of Собравшиеся","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беседу","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking Собравшиеся to друзья","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies преданные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"преданные","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преданные","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, complement of были","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"давних","lemma":"давний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"long-past"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies друзья (oblique, 'from years long past')","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b6-c1-s6","source":"Их было четверо: иеромонахи отец Иосиф и отец Паисий, иеромонах отец Михаил, настоятель скита, человек не весьма еще старый, далеко не столь ученый, из звания простого, но духом твердый, нерушимо и просто верующий, с виду суровый, но проникновенный глубоким умилением в сердце своем, хотя видимо скрывал свое умиление до какого-то даже стыда.","translation":"There were four of them: the hieromonks Father Joseph and Father Paissy, and the hieromonk Father Mikhail, warden of the skete, a man not yet very old and far from so learned, of humble origin, but firm in spirit, unshakably and simply believing, severe in appearance yet pierced by a deep tenderness in his heart, though he visibly hid that tenderness almost to the point of shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"духом твердый… с виду суровый","title":"Bare-noun phrases of respect and aspect","body":"«духом твердый» (firm in spirit) uses a bare instrumental of respect — instrumental telling in what respect he is firm; «с виду суровый» (severe in appearance) uses «с» + genitive for the same kind of qualification. Such terse case-phrases let Dostoevsky pile up a character sketch without verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проникновенный глубоким умилением","title":"Short adjectives and the instrumental of cause","body":"«нерушимо и просто верующий» chains adverbs onto a participle; more strikingly, «проникнутый/проникновенный глубоким умилением» pairs a passive sense with the instrumental «умилением», naming what pierces him. Instrumental of means/cause animates these clipped portrait-clauses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«Умиление» — tender contrition","body":"A key Orthodox spiritual term, «умиление» denotes a melting, tearful tenderness of heart before the divine — humility and compunction fused with love. It has no single English equivalent ('tenderness', 'emotion' all fall short) and recurs as the emotional keynote of this chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement in the existential construction with было четверо","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, existential 'there were'","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"иеромонахи","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to четверо","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонахи","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Joseph"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонахи","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to четверо (the third of the four)","gloss":"hieromonk"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"настоятель","lemma":"настоятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец Михаил","gloss":"warden"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настоятель","gloss":"of the skete"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Михаил, head of the description that follows","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ученый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ученый","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звания","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"звания","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"простого","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звания","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of твердый","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"нерушимо","lemma":"нерушимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верующий","gloss":"unshakably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верующий","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"верующий","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"participle, present, active, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'с виду' (in appearance), modifies суровый","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom 'с виду'","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"суровый","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"проникновенный","lemma":"проникновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умилением","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникновенный","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникновенный (via в)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of скрывал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying человек, introduced by хотя","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умиление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"умиление","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite 'какого-то', determiner of стыда","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какого-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывал","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b6-c1-s7","source":"Четвертый гость был совсем уже старенький, простенький монашек, из беднейшего крестьянского звания, брат Анфим, чуть ли даже не малограмотный, молчаливый и тихий, редко даже с кем говоривший, между самыми смиренными смиреннейший и имевший вид человека, как бы навеки испуганного чем-то великим и страшным, не в подъем уму его.","translation":"The fourth visitor was a quite aged, very plain little monk, of the poorest peasant stock, Brother Anfim, almost barely literate, silent and quiet, scarcely speaking to anyone, the humblest among the most humble, and bearing the look of a man who had been, as if forever, frightened by something great and terrible that was beyond the reach of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"между самыми смиренными смиреннейший","title":"Superlative reinforced by 'самый'","body":"Russian forms the superlative in two ways: with самый + adjective (самыми смиренными, 'the most humble') and with the suffixed form -ейш-/-айш- (смиреннейший, 'humblest'). Here Dostoevsky stacks both — literally 'humblest among the very humblest' — for emphasis, which we render 'the humblest among the most humble.' The diminutives старенький, простенький, монашек add a tender, affectionate shading hard to carry into English."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старенький, простенький, монашек","title":"A cluster of affectionate diminutives","body":"«старенький» (dear old), «простенький» (plain little), «монашек» (little monk), and «крестьянского звания» all soften into the diminutive/expressive register: the -еньк- and -ек suffixes carry pity and warmth, not literal smallness. They tint Brother Anfim with the narrator's tenderness before we learn a thing he does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"редко даже с кем говоривший","title":"Past active participle compressing a clause","body":"«редко… с кем говоривший» (who rarely spoke with anyone) is a past active participle from imperfective «говорить», standing for «который редко говорил». It agrees with «монашек» and, like «имевший вид» and «испуганного», loads the portrait with stacked participial modifiers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в подъем уму его","title":"«Не в подъем» — beyond his capacity","body":"The colloquial idiom «не в подъем» means 'too heavy to lift, beyond one's strength'; applied to «уму его» (his mind, dative) it means the great and terrible thing was past what his mind could lift or grasp. The homely peasant phrase fits the simple monk it describes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking гость to монашек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старенький","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"старенький","lemma":"старенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"простенький","lemma":"простенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старенький","gloss":"plain little"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of был","gloss":"little monk"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звания","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"беднейшего","lemma":"беднейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звания","gloss":"poorest"},{"surface":"крестьянского","lemma":"крестьянский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звания","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"звания","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to монашек","gloss":"Brother"},{"surface":"Анфим","lemma":"Анфим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Anfim"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'чуть ли не' (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'чуть ли не'","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малограмотный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малограмотный, part of 'чуть ли не'","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малограмотный","lemma":"малограмотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"barely literate"},{"surface":"молчаливый","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with малограмотный","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливый","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоривший","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с кем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of говоривший","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"говоривший","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"participle, past, active, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смиренными","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies смиренными","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"смиренными","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смиреннейший","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"смиреннейший","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"humblest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имевший","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"participle, past, active, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смиреннейший, modifies брат","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имевший","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы' (as if), modifies испуганного","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы'","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуганного","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"испуганного","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"participle, past, passive, genitive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of испуганного, part of 'чем-то'","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun чем-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"великим","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чем-то","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великим, modifies чем-то","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в подъем, idiom 'не в подъем' (beyond the grasp of)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom 'не в подъем'","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подъем","lemma":"подъём","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем-то, idiom 'не в подъем' (beyond the grasp)","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подъем","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уму","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b6-c1-s8","source":"Этого как бы трепещущего человека старец Зосима весьма любил и во всю жизнь свою относился к нему с необыкновенным уважением, хотя, может быть, ни с кем во всю жизнь свою не сказал менее слов, как с ним, несмотря на то, что когда-то многие годы провел в странствованиях с ним вдвоем по всей святой Руси.","translation":"This man, as if forever trembling, the elder Zossima loved greatly, and throughout his whole life he treated him with extraordinary reverence, though he had perhaps, in all his life, exchanged fewer words with him than with anyone else, despite the fact that at one time he had spent many years wandering together with him, the two of them, across all of holy Russia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни с кем… не сказал менее слов","title":"Negative concord: «ни… не»","body":"«ни с кем… не сказал» requires both pieces — the ни-word «ни с кем» (with no one) and the verbal «не» — Russian's obligatory double negation. The comparative «менее слов» (fewer words) then governs a genitive object, «слов»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"относился к нему с… уважением","title":"«Относиться к» + dative; «с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«относиться к кому» (to treat / regard someone) fixes the dative «к нему», while the manner of treatment is given by «с» + instrumental, «с необыкновенным уважением» (with extraordinary reverence). The two cases together carry the whole relationship."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы', modifies трепещущего","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom 'как бы'","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"трепещущего","lemma":"трепещущий","morphology":"participle, present, active, accusative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"относился","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уважением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважением","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"уважением","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of сказал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, idiom 'может быть' (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps","note":"'может быть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, idiom 'может быть'","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с кем (ни ... кем = 'no one')","gloss":"not... any"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (comparative)","role":"introduces the comparative phrase 'как с ним'","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал (comparative)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition 'несмотря на' marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition 'несмотря на'","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, antecedent of the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of провел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the indefinite adverb 'когда-то', modifies провел","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the indefinite adverb 'когда-то'","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of провел (temporal accusative)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"провел","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"had spent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странствованиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"странствованиях","lemma":"странствование","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провел","gloss":"wanderings"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"accompaniment complement of провел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдвоем","lemma":"вдвоём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провел","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Руси","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Руси","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Руси","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"Русь","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провел","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b6-c1-s9","source":"Было это уже очень давно, лет пред тем уже сорок, когда старец Зосима впервые начал иноческий подвиг свой в одном бедном, малоизвестном костромском монастыре и когда вскоре после того пошел сопутствовать отцу Анфиму в странствиях его для сбора пожертвований на их бедный костромской монастырек.","translation":"This had been very long ago, some forty years before, when the elder Zossima first began his monastic labor in a poor, little-known monastery near Kostroma, and when soon afterward he set out to accompany Father Anfim on his wanderings to collect alms for their poor little Kostroma monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет пред тем уже сорок","title":"Numeral + genitive plural, and scrambled word order","body":"«сорок лет» (forty years) puts the noun in the genitive plural «лет», as all numerals five and above demand. Dostoevsky splits the phrase — «лет пред тем уже сорок» — letting the words drift for rhythm, since the case endings hold the sense together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел сопутствовать","title":"«Пошел» + infinitive: set out to","body":"«пошел сопутствовать» pairs the perfective motion verb «пойти» with an infinitive to mean 'set out to accompany'. «сопутствовать» itself takes a dative object, «отцу Анфиму» — to accompany Father Anfim."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монастырек","title":"«Монастырек» — the poor little monastery","body":"«монастырек», a diminutive of «монастырь», conveys not size but humble poverty and affection — 'their poor little Kostroma monastery'. It quietly underscores the destitution that sent the monks out to «сбор пожертвований» (collecting alms)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иноческий подвиг","title":"«Подвиг» — spiritual labor, not 'exploit'","body":"«иноческий подвиг» means the ascetic 'labor' or 'struggle' of monastic life (from «инок», monk). «подвиг» here is a false friend: not a heroic 'feat' but the patient discipline of prayer and self-denial — the technical Orthodox sense of ascesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, subject это, predicate давно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of Было","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time adjunct modifying давно","gloss":"years","note":"'лет ... сорок' is an inverted approximation construction meaning 'some forty years.'"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"that (time)"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорок","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"впервые","lemma":"впервые","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"for the first time"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"иноческий","lemma":"иноческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies монастыре","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"бедном","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыре","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"малоизвестном","lemma":"малоизвестный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедном","gloss":"little-known"},{"surface":"костромском","lemma":"костромской","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастыре","gloss":"Kostroma"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал (via в)","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"сопутствовать","lemma":"сопутствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to accompany"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сопутствовать","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Анфиму","lemma":"Анфим","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Anfim"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странствиях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"странствиях","lemma":"странствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сопутствовать","gloss":"wanderings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies странствиях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сбора","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сбора","lemma":"сбор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies странствиях","gloss":"the collecting"},{"surface":"пожертвований","lemma":"пожертвование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies сбора","gloss":"of alms"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырек","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of монастырек","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырек","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"костромской","lemma":"костромской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырек","gloss":"Kostroma"},{"surface":"монастырек","lemma":"монастырёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сбора (via на)","gloss":"little monastery"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b6-c1-s10","source":"Все, и хозяин и гости, расположились во второй комнате старца, в которой стояла постель его, комнате, как и было указано прежде, весьма тесной, так что все четверо (кроме Порфирия-послушника, пребывавшего стоя) едва разместились вокруг кресел старца на принесенных из первой комнаты стульях.","translation":"All of them, both host and guests, had settled in the elder's second room, the one in which his bed stood — a room, as has already been noted, exceedingly cramped, so that all four of them (save for Porfiry the novice, who remained standing) could barely fit themselves around the elder's chair, on chairs brought in from the first room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой стояла постель его","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«в которой стояла постель» — the relative «который» agrees with its antecedent «комната» in feminine gender but takes the prepositional case its own clause requires, governed by «в». The repeated «комнате, …весьма тесной» then resumes the noun appositively for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пребывавшего стоя","title":"Participle + gerund: «пребывавшего стоя»","body":"«Порфирия… пребывавшего стоя» nests two non-finite forms: the past active participle «пребывавшего» (who remained), agreeing with «Порфирия», and the frozen gerund «стоя» (standing) functioning adverbially. «стоя» is one of the few gerunds that has lexicalized into a plain adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расположились","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, links хозяин and гости","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Все","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Все","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"расположились","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"второй","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположились","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в, oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of постель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to комнате (w9)","gloss":"a room"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указано","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of указано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"указано","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on комнате (w16)","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указано","gloss":"previously"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тесной","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"тесной","lemma":"тесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"descriptive predicate on комнате (w16)","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces так что result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of четверо","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четверо","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of разместились","gloss":"the four"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Порфирия","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"Порфирия","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of кроме","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"послушника","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Порфирия","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"пребывавшего","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Порфирия","gloss":"who remained"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies пребывавшего","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разместились","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"разместились","lemma":"разместиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"fit themselves"},{"surface":"вокруг","lemma":"вокруг","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разместились","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"принесенных","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стульях","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесенных","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"стульях","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of на","gloss":"chairs"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b6-c1-s11","source":"Начало уже смеркаться, комната освещалась от лампад и восковых свеч пред иконами.","translation":"Dusk was already beginning to fall; the room was lit by the icon-lamps and the wax candles before the icons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начало смеркаться… освещалась","title":"Impersonal «смеркаться» and reflexive passive","body":"«Начало смеркаться» is a subjectless impersonal — neuter «начало» with no nominator, 'it began to grow dark'. Then «комната освещалась от лампад» uses the -ся verb as an imperfective passive: the room 'was being lit', agent unexpressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"impersonal main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Начало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"смеркаться","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начало","gloss":"to grow dark"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of освещалась","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"освещалась","lemma":"освещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"second main clause","gloss":"was lit"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лампад","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лампад","lemma":"лампада","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of освещалась","gloss":"the icon-lamps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восковых","lemma":"восковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies свеч","gloss":"wax"},{"surface":"свеч","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лампад","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иконами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"иконами","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"complement of пред","gloss":"the icons"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b6-c1-s12","source":"Увидав Алешу, смутившегося при входе и ставшего в дверях, старец радостно улыбнулся ему и протянул руку.","translation":"Catching sight of Alyosha, who had grown abashed at the entrance and halted in the doorway, the elder smiled at him joyfully and held out his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав Алешу, смутившегося… и ставшего","title":"Gerund opening + two past participles on the object","body":"«Увидав» is a perfective past gerund ('having caught sight of'), sharing the elder's subject and naming the prior act. Its object «Алешу» then trails two agreeing past active participles, «смутившегося» (who had grown abashed) and «ставшего в дверях» (who had halted) — a tight participial bundle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбнулся","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смутившегося","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Алешу","gloss":"who had grown abashed"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"входе","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смутившегося","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ставшего","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with смутившегося","gloss":"and halted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ставшего","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулся","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with улыбнулся","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b6-c1-s13","source":"— Здравствуй, тихий, здравствуй, милый, вот и ты. И знал, что прибудешь.","translation":"\"Greetings, gentle one, greetings, dear one, here you are too. I knew you would come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал, что прибудешь","title":"Dropped subject and perfective future «прибудешь»","body":"Both verbs drop their pronouns — «(я) знал, что (ты) прибудешь» — since the endings already mark person. «прибудешь» is a perfective future (from «прибыть»), and its bookish flavor ('you would arrive/come') colors the elder's quiet, prophetic certainty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тихий, милый","title":"Adjectives as terms of endearment","body":"«Здравствуй, тихий, здравствуй, милый» uses bare adjectives as forms of address — 'gentle one', 'dear one'. «тихий» (quiet, gentle, meek) is one of Dostoevsky's keywords for Alyosha's nature, and addressing him by it makes the greeting itself a small benediction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуй","lemma":"здравствуй","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"greetings"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Здравствуй","gloss":"gentle one"},{"surface":"здравствуй","lemma":"здравствуй","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Здравствуй","gloss":"greetings"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Здравствуй","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the вот и ты phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject я elided)","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прибудешь","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"you would come"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b6-c1-s14","source":"Алеша подошел к нему, склонился пред ним до земли и заплакал.","translation":"Alyosha went up to him, bowed down before him to the ground, and began to weep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел… склонился… и заплакал","title":"Three perfectives chaining the action","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «подошел» (went up), «склонился» (bowed down), «заплакал» (began to weep) — advance the narrative event by event. «заплакал» shows the inceptive за- prefix, marking the onset of weeping, while «склонился» carries the reflexive -ся."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"склонился","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"bowed down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"began to weep"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b6-c1-s15","source":"Что-то рвалось из его сердца, душа его трепетала, ему хотелось рыдать.","translation":"Something was tearing loose from his heart, his soul was trembling, he longed to sob.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему хотелось рыдать","title":"Dative-subject construction «ему хотелось»","body":"«ему хотелось рыдать» is the classic impersonal: no nominative subject, the experiencer «ему» in the dative, and the reflexive «хотелось» neuter — 'he felt a longing to sob'. This dative-of-experience frames an inner state as something happening to Alyosha rather than something he does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рвалось… трепетала","title":"Imperfective past for surging inner process","body":"«рвалось», «трепетала», «хотелось» are all imperfective pasts, holding the moment open as ongoing process rather than completed event — the soul 'was trembling', something 'was tearing loose'. The imperfective is the natural aspect for Dostoevsky's interior turbulence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of рвалось (part 1 of что-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, part of что-то","role":"subject of рвалось (part 2 of что-то)","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"рвалось","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was tearing loose"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвалось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трепетала","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"трепетала","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвалось","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рвалось","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"рыдать","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to sob"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b6-c1-s16","source":"— Что ты, подожди оплакивать, — улыбнулся старец, положив правую руку свою на его голову, — видишь, сижу и беседую, может, и двадцать лет еще проживу, как пожелала мне вчера та добрая, милая, из Вышегорья, с девочкой Лизаветой на руках.","translation":"\"Come now, do not weep over me yet,\" the elder smiled, laying his right hand on his head, \"you see, I am sitting up and conversing; perhaps I shall live another twenty years yet, as that kind, dear woman from Vyshegorye wished me yesterday, with the little girl Lizaveta in her arms.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"положив правую руку свою на его голову","title":"Gerund «положив»; reflexive «свою» vs «его»","body":"«положив» is a perfective past gerund — 'having laid' — describing the elder's act attendant on his smiling. Note the deliberate contrast: «руку свою» (his own hand, reflexive «свой» pointing back to the subject) versus «его голову» (the other's — Alyosha's — head)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подожди оплакивать","title":"Imperative + imperfective infinitive","body":"«подожди оплакивать» — 'wait, don't weep over me yet' — pairs a perfective imperative «подожди» with the imperfective infinitive «оплакивать», which views the weeping as a drawn-out process to be postponed. «Что ты» is a soft colloquial check: 'come now, what's this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase with ты","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressed in the exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"оплакивать","lemma":"оплакивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подожди","gloss":"to weep over me"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"положив","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбнулся","gloss":"laying"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положив","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положив","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause following видишь","gloss":"I am sitting up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сижу and беседую","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беседую","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"conversing"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies проживу","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживу","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживу","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"проживу","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall live"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожелала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пожелала","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to проживу","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пожелала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелала","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добрая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожелала","gloss":"kind woman"},{"surface":"милая","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добрая","gloss":"dear woman"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Вышегорья","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Вышегорья","lemma":"Вышегорье","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of из, modifies добрая","gloss":"Vyshegorye"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девочкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"девочкой","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies добрая","gloss":"the little girl"},{"surface":"Лизаветой","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девочкой","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies девочкой (via на)","gloss":"arms"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b6-c1-s17","source":"Помяни, господи, и мать, и девочку Лизавету! (Он перекрестился).","translation":"\"Remember, O Lord, both the mother and the little girl Lizaveta!\" (He crossed himself.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помяни, господи","title":"Imperative «помяни» and the vocative «господи»","body":"«Помяни, господи» — 'Remember, O Lord' — is a liturgical petition: imperative «помяни» (from «помянуть», to commemorate in prayer) with «господи», the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «господь». «господи» is direct address, set apart from the clause's grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помяни","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"O Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative, links мать and девочку","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Помяни","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мать","gloss":"the little girl"},{"surface":"Лизавету","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девочку","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"перекрестился","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed himself"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b6-c1-s18","source":"Порфирий, дар-то ее снес, куда я сказал?","translation":"\"Porfiry, did you carry her gift to where I told you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дар-то ее снес","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"In «дар-то ее снес», the hyphenated «-то» is the emphatic topic clitic, flagging 'her gift' as the known thing now in question — roughly 'that gift of hers, did you take it…'. It is distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»; here it simply spotlights an already-shared topic in conversational speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Порфирий","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снес","gloss":"the gift"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to дар","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"'-то' here is an informal emphatic/definiteness particle, roughly 'that gift, you know.'"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дар","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"снес","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you carry"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying снес","gloss":"to where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on куда","gloss":"told you"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b6-c1-s19","source":"Это он припомнил о вчерашних шести гривнах, пожертвованных веселою поклонницей, чтоб отдать «той, которая меня бедней».","translation":"He was recalling the six grivnas of the day before, given by the cheerful pilgrim woman, to be handed over \"to her who is poorer than I.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"той, которая меня бедней","title":"Correlative «той, которая» + comparative","body":"«той, которая меня бедней» combines the demonstrative «той» (dative, 'to her') with a «который» relative clause: 'to her who is poorer than I'. The predicative comparative «бедней» (= беднее) governs its standard of comparison directly in the genitive, «меня»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of припомнил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was recalling"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гривнах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вчерашних","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies гривнах","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"шести","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies гривнах","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"гривнах","lemma":"гривна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of припомнил","gloss":"grivnas"},{"surface":"пожертвованных","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying гривнах","gloss":"donated"},{"surface":"веселою","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поклонницей","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"поклонницей","lemma":"поклонница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of пожертвованных","gloss":"pilgrim woman"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of отдать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying пожертвованных","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бедней","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"comparison complement of бедней","gloss":"than I"},{"surface":"бедней","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"relative clause on той","gloss":"poorer"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b6-c1-s20","source":"Такие жертвы происходят как епитимии́, добровольно на себя почему-либо наложенные, и непременно из денег, собственным трудом добытых.","translation":"Such offerings are made as penances, voluntarily laid upon oneself for some reason or other, and invariably out of money earned by one's own labor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"добровольно на себя… наложенные","title":"Reflexive «себя» + past passive participle","body":"«на себя… наложенные» pairs the reflexive pronoun «себя» (back to the implied bearer) with the past passive participle «наложенные» (laid on), describing the penances as self-imposed. «из денег… добытых» adds a second participle, «добытых» (earned/obtained), in the genitive after «из»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of жертвы","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of происходят","gloss":"offerings"},{"surface":"происходят","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are made"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking епитимии́","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"епитимии́","lemma":"епитимья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of как","gloss":"penances"},{"surface":"добровольно","lemma":"добровольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наложенные","gloss":"voluntarily"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of на, modifying наложенные","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-либо","morphology":"adverb, part of почему-либо","role":"modifies наложенные (part 1)","gloss":"for whatever"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"почему-либо","morphology":"particle, part of почему-либо","role":"modifies наложенные (part 2)","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"наложенные","lemma":"наложить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies епитимии́","gloss":"imposed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходят","gloss":"invariably"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денег","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of происходят","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трудом","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument complement of добытых","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"добытых","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"earned"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b6-c1-s21","source":"Старец послал Порфирия еще с вечера к одной недавно еще погоревшей нашей мещанке, вдове с детьми, пошедшей после пожара нищенствовать.","translation":"The elder had sent Porfiry the evening before to a townswoman of ours who had recently been burned out of her home, a widow with children who, after the fire, had taken to begging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погоревшей… вдове… пошедшей… нищенствовать","title":"Two past active participles agreeing with «мещанке/вдове»","body":"The dative «мещанке» / «вдове» (the recipient of «послал… к») trails two agreeing past active participles: «погоревшей» (who had been burned out) and «пошедшей… нищенствовать» (who had taken to begging). Russian threads the woman's whole story through participles hung on one dative noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мещанка","title":"«Мещанка» — a townswoman of the petty-burgher class","body":"A «мещанин/мещанка» belonged to the «мещанство», the lowest urban tax-paying estate — small townsfolk below the merchants. The word fixes the widow's exact social rank: a poor townswoman, not a peasant, reduced to begging after the fire that burned her out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"Порфирия","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вечера","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"the evening before"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мещанке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies мещанке","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погоревшей","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погоревшей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"погоревшей","lemma":"погореть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мещанке","gloss":"burned out"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мещанке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мещанке","lemma":"мещанка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"townswoman"},{"surface":"вдове","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мещанке","gloss":"a widow"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies вдове","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"пошедшей","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вдове","gloss":"who had taken"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пожара","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пожара","lemma":"пожар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошедшей","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"нищенствовать","lemma":"нищенствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошедшей","gloss":"to beg"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b6-c1-s22","source":"Порфирий поспешил донести, что дело уже сделано и что подал, как приказано ему было, «от неизвестной благотворительницы».","translation":"Porfiry hastened to report that the matter was already done and that he had handed it over, as he had been instructed, \"from an unknown benefactress.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поспешил донести, что… и что подал","title":"Reported speech with «что»; impersonal «как приказано»","body":"«донести, что… и что подал» reports Porfiry's words with the subordinator «что» (that, plain fact). «как приказано ему было» is a short-form passive participle used impersonally — 'as he had been ordered' — with the agent «ему» in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благотворительница","title":"«Благотворительница» — benefactress","body":"«благотворительница» (feminine of «благотворитель») is the bookish word for a charitable giver, from «благо» (good) + «творить» (to do/make) — literally 'doer of good'. Porfiry delivers the gift «от неизвестной благотворительницы», preserving the donor's humble anonymity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Порфирий","lemma":"Порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поспешил","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"донести","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделано","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сделано","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделано","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of донести","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделано","gloss":"he had given it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приказано","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"приказано","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подал","gloss":"he had been told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приказано","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приказано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благотворительницы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"неизвестной","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благотворительницы","gloss":"an unknown"},{"surface":"благотворительницы","lemma":"благотворительница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подал","gloss":"benefactress"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b6-c1-s23","source":"— Встань, милый, — продолжал старец Алеше, — дай посмотрю на тебя. Был ли у своих и видел ли брата?","translation":"\"Rise, dear one,\" the elder went on to Alyosha, \"let me look at you. Have you been to your family, and did you see your brother?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был ли у своих и видел ли брата","title":"Yes/no questions with the particle «ли»","body":"Twice the elder forms a question with the enclitic «ли», fronting the focused verb: «Был ли у своих… видел ли брата». «ли» makes a neutral, slightly formal yes/no question — 'Have you been…? Did you see…?' «у своих» means 'at your family's' («свои» = one's own people)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встань… дай посмотрю","title":"Imperatives «встань» and «дай (по)смотрю»","body":"«Встань» is a perfective imperative ('rise'); «дай посмотрю» is the idiomatic 'let me look' — imperative «дай» followed by a first-person perfective future «посмотрю», a common way to frame a self-directed request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встань","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Встань","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of продолжал","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Встань","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question (subject ты elided)","gloss":"were you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle for Был","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своих","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"your family"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle for видел","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"your brother"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b6-c1-s24","source":"Алеше странно показалось, что он спрашивает так твердо и точно об одном только из братьев, — но о котором же: значит, для этого-то брата, может быть, и отсылал его от себя и вчера, и сегодня.","translation":"It struck Alyosha as strange that he asked so firmly and precisely about one brother only — but which one: it meant, then, that it was for the sake of this particular brother that he had perhaps sent him away from himself, both yesterday and today.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеше странно показалось, что…","title":"Impersonal «странно показалось» with dative","body":"«Алеше странно показалось, что…» is an impersonal: dative experiencer «Алеше», the neuter predicate «странно показалось» (it seemed strange), and a «что»-clause as the logical subject. The construction reports the impression as something that befell Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для этого-то брата","title":"Emphatic «-то» pinning the topic","body":"«для этого-то брата» — 'for the sake of this very brother' — uses the topic clitic «-то» to underline «этого брата» as the crucial, newly-realized referent. The same insistent «-то» colors Alyosha's dawning suspicion that everything pointed to this one brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of показалось","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спрашивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивает","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивает","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивает","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьев","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of из, modifying одном","gloss":"the brothers"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивает (elided repetition)","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies котором","gloss":"though","note":"Emphatic particle underscoring the puzzled repetition, roughly \"but which one, though.\""},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that meant"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брата","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to этого","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle -то, giving \"this very brother.\""},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying отсылал (part of может быть)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom может быть)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отсылал","lemma":"отсылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"had been sending"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отсылал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of отсылал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (и...и = both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсылал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вчера","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b6-c1-s25","source":"— Одного из братьев видел, — ответил Алеша.","translation":"\"I saw one of my brothers,\" Alyosha answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одного из братьев видел","title":"Partitive «одного из» and fronting for focus","body":"«Одного из братьев» — 'one of the brothers' — uses «из» + genitive plural for the partitive, with «одного» in the animate accusative (= genitive). Fronting the object before «видел» throws the weight onto 'one' — only one, in answer to the elder's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьев","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of из, modifying Одного","gloss":"my brothers"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quote","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b6-c1-s26","source":"— Я про того, вчерашнего, старшего, которому я до земли поклонился.","translation":"\"I mean the one from yesterday, the elder one, to whom I bowed down to the ground.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про того… которому я… поклонился","title":"«Про» + accusative; «который» in the dative","body":"«про того» uses «про» + accusative to mean 'about/concerning that one'. The relative «которому… поклонился» puts «который» in the dative because «поклониться» (to bow to) governs a dative object — bowed to whom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (mean)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of про","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"from yesterday"},{"surface":"старшего","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies того","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause verb modifying того","gloss":"bowed down"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b6-c1-s27","source":"— Того я вчера лишь видел, а сегодня никак не мог найти, — сказал Алеша.","translation":"\"Him I saw only yesterday, but today I could not find him anywhere,\" said Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак не мог найти","title":"Negative concord «никак… не»","body":"«никак не мог найти» — 'could not find him at all / anywhere' — shows negative concord again: the ни-adverb «никак» reinforces the verbal «не», both required. The contrastive «а» links the two halves ('yesterday I saw him, but today…'), Russia's mild topic-shifting 'and/but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b6-c1-s28","source":"— Поспеши найти, завтра опять ступай и поспеши, всё оставь и поспеши.","translation":"\"Hasten to find him; go again tomorrow and make haste, leave everything and make haste.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поспеши… ступай… поспеши, всё оставь","title":"A cascade of imperatives","body":"The elder fires a chain of imperatives: «поспеши» (make haste, perfective), «ступай» (go, an old imperfective imperative of motion), «оставь» (leave). The mix of aspects and the threefold «поспеши» lend his urging an insistent, almost prophetic rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ступай","title":"«Ступай» — go!, an old-fashioned command","body":"«ступай» (from «ступать», to step) is an archaic, folksy imperative for 'go / be off', warmer and more peremptory than neutral «иди». In the elder's mouth it carries paternal command — the speech of an old man urging a younger on his way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поспеши","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hasten"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Поспеши","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступай","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступай","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Поспеши","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспеши","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поспеши","gloss":"make haste"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поспеши","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспеши","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поспеши","gloss":"make haste"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b6-c1-s29","source":"Может, еще успеешь что-либо ужасное предупредить.","translation":"\"Perhaps you may still be in time to forestall something terrible.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успеешь… предупредить","title":"«Успеть» + perfective infinitive: be in time to","body":"«успеешь… предупредить» — perfective future «успеешь» ('you will manage / be in time') plus the perfective infinitive «предупредить» (to forestall). The pairing names a single decisive act caught just in time. «что-либо ужасное» = 'something terrible', the indefinite «-либо» leaving it ominously vague."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker (idiom может быть)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успеешь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"успеешь","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you may be in time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-либо","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of compound pronoun что-либо, direct object of предупредить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"что-либо","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of compound pronoun что-либо, direct object of предупредить","gloss":"something","note":"что + либо form the single indefinite pronoun \"что-либо\" (\"something\"); the two tokens together mean \"something.\""},{"surface":"ужасное","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-либо","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"предупредить","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успеешь","gloss":"forestall"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b6-c1-s30","source":"Я вчера великому будущему страданию его поклонился.","translation":"\"Yesterday I bowed down before his great future suffering.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"великому будущему страданию его поклонился","title":"Dative object of «поклониться» fronted for weight","body":"«поклониться» governs the dative, so «великому будущему страданию его» (his great future suffering) stands in the dative — the thing bowed to. Fronting the long dative phrase before the verb is rhetorical inversion, letting the strange object of the bow land with full emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страданию","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"будущему","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страданию","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"страданию","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страданию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed down"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b6-c1-s31","source":"Он вдруг умолк и как бы задумался.","translation":"He suddenly fell silent and seemed to sink into thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы задумался","title":"Inceptive «задумался» and softening «как бы»","body":"«задумался» (perfective, reflexive) marks the onset of thought — 'sank into thought' — the за- prefix giving an inceptive sense. «как бы» ('as if, as it were') is a favorite Dostoevsky hedge, softening the assertion and recurring all through the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умолк","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умолк","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"умолк","lemma":"умолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"задумался","lemma":"задуматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умолк","gloss":"sank into thought"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b6-c1-s32","source":"Слова были странные.","translation":"The words were strange.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слова были странные","title":"Long-form predicate adjective in the past","body":"«Слова были странные» keeps the long-form adjective «странные» in the nominative as predicate after «были». A short form («странны») would feel more clipped and absolute; the long form here states a settled quality — the words simply 'were strange'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of странные","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странные","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b6-c1-s33","source":"Отец Иосиф, свидетель вчерашнего земного поклона старца, переглянулся с отцом Паисием.","translation":"Father Joseph, who had witnessed the elder's bow to the ground the day before, exchanged glances with Father Paissy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулся с отцом Паисием","title":"Reciprocal -ся + «с» + instrumental","body":"«переглянулся с отцом Паисием» — 'exchanged glances with Father Paissy'. The reflexive -ся on «переглянуться» gives reciprocal meaning ('glanced at each other'), and «с» + instrumental «отцом Паисием» names the partner in the exchange."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свидетель вчерашнего земного поклона","title":"Appositive noun stacked with genitives","body":"«свидетель… земного поклона старца» strings genitives in a chain — witness of the bow, of the elder — the genitive doing its core 'of' work twice over. The whole noun phrase sits in apposition to «Отец Иосиф», a compact way to add background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переглянулся","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Joseph"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклона","gloss":"the day before's"},{"surface":"земного","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклона","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"поклона","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поклона","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"переглянулся","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged glances"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянулся","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисием","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Paissy"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b6-c1-s34","source":"Алеша не вытерпел.","translation":"Alyosha could not restrain himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не вытерпел","title":"«Не вытерпел» — could not hold back","body":"«вытерпеть» is to endure or hold out; the perfective past with «не» — «не вытерпел» — means he 'failed to endure', i.e. could not restrain himself, and broke in. The terse one-line sentence captures the snap of Alyosha's self-control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытерпел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпел","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could not bear it"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b6-c1-s35","source":"— Отец и учитель, — проговорил он в чрезвычайном волнении, — слишком неясны слова ваши… Какое это страдание ожидает его?","translation":"\"Father and teacher,\" he uttered in extreme agitation, \"your words are too obscure to me... What suffering is it that awaits him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком неясны слова ваши","title":"Short adjective «неясны» as predicate","body":"«неясны» is the short-form predicate adjective ('are unclear') — bookish and absolute in flavor, agreeing in plural with «слова». Russian uses the short form precisely here for a stated, present-tense quality: 'your words are too obscure'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Отец","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"he uttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"extreme"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясны","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"неясны","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"are obscure"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of неясны","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of страдание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ожидает","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"ожидает","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидает","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b6-c1-s36","source":"— Не любопытствуй.","translation":"\"Do not be inquisitive.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не любопытствуй","title":"Negated imperfective imperative: a standing prohibition","body":"«Не любопытствуй» — 'do not be inquisitive' — is «не» + an imperfective imperative, the normal form for a general prohibition or rule of conduct (as against a one-off perfective command). It reads as a gentle, abiding admonition rather than a single 'don't!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытствуй","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"любопытствуй","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be curious"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b6-c1-s37","source":"Показалось мне вчера нечто страшное… словно всю судьбу его выразил вчера его взгляд.","translation":"\"Something dreadful appeared to me yesterday... as though his gaze yesterday expressed his entire destiny.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Показалось мне вчера нечто страшное","title":"Impersonal «показалось» with dative experiencer","body":"«Показалось мне… нечто страшное» — 'something dreadful appeared to me' — fronts the verb, then the dative «мне», then the indefinite subject «нечто страшное». «нечто» is the bookish indefinite 'something', and the neuter «показалось» agrees with it as the grammatical subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словно","title":"«Словно» — as though","body":"«словно всю судьбу его выразил… его взгляд» uses «словно», a literary comparative conjunction meaning 'as though, as if', slightly more poetic than «как будто». It introduces the visionary simile in which a single glance seems to hold a man's entire fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Показалось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Показалось","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Показалось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразил","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"his entire"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразил","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выразил","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the словно-clause","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразил","gloss":"gaze"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b6-c1-s38","source":"Был такой у него один взгляд… так что ужаснулся я в сердце моем мгновенно тому, что уготовляет этот человек для себя.","translation":"\"He had such a look about him... that in an instant I was horrified in my heart at what this man is preparing for himself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужаснулся я… тому, что уготовляет","title":"«Ужаснуться» + dative; embedded «что»-clause","body":"«ужаснулся… тому, что…» — 'was horrified at that which…'. The reflexive «ужаснуться» governs the dative «тому», a correlative pointing forward to the «что»-clause «что уготовляет этот человек». «уготовляет» is an archaic verb for 'prepares'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уготовляет","title":"«Уготовлять» — to prepare (lofty)","body":"«уготовлять/уготовать» is a Church-Slavonic-flavored verb for 'to prepare, make ready' (cf. liturgical «уготови путь» — prepare the way). Far above plain «готовить», it lends a fateful, scriptural weight to what the brother «уготовляет… для себя» — prepares for himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был (у него = he had)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies взгляд","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause with ужаснулся (так что)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужаснулся","lemma":"ужаснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I was horrified"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ужаснулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужаснулся","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужаснулся","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужаснулся","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уготовляет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уготовляет","lemma":"уготовлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"is preparing"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уготовляет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of уготовляет","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b6-c1-s39","source":"Раз или два в жизни видел я у некоторых такое же выражение лица… как бы изображавшее всю судьбу тех людей, и судьба их, увы, сбылась.","translation":"\"Once or twice in my life I have seen in certain people that same expression of face... as though it portrayed the whole destiny of those people, and their destiny, alas, came to pass.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы изображавшее всю судьбу","title":"Past active participle «изображавшее» with «как бы»","body":"«как бы изображавшее всю судьбу» is a past active participle (from imperfective «изображать») agreeing with neuter «выражение» — 'as though portraying their whole destiny'. The hedge «как бы» again tempers the vision, and «сбылась» (came true, reflexive) closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судьба их… сбылась","title":"Reflexive «сбылась» — came to pass","body":"«сбыться» (perfective, reflexive) means 'to come true, be fulfilled', used of fates, dreams, and prophecies; the -ся marks the middle, self-acting sense — destiny realizes itself. The interjection «увы» (alas) gives the elder's reflection its mournful undertone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видел (frequency expression)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"coordinated with Раз","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have seen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоторых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у","gloss":"certain people"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражение","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такое","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"of face"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изображавшее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"изображавшее","lemma":"изображать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying выражение","gloss":"portraying"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изображавшее","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies судьбу","gloss":"people's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбылась","gloss":"the destiny"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical modifying сбылась","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"сбылась","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came to pass"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b6-c1-s40","source":"Послал я тебя к нему, Алексей, ибо думал, что братский лик твой поможет ему.","translation":"\"I sent you to him, Alexei, for I thought your brotherly countenance would help him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо думал, что… поможет","title":"Archaic «ибо»; «помочь» + dative","body":"«ибо» is the bookish, period conjunction for 'for, because', far more elevated than «потому что» and typical of the elder's speech. The reported clause «братский лик твой поможет ему» puts «ему» in the dative, since «помочь» takes a dative object — help to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sent"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Послал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Послал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Послал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Послал","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поможет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"братский","lemma":"братский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лик","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поможет","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лик","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"поможет","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"would help"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поможет","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b6-c1-s41","source":"Но всё от господа и все судьбы наши.","translation":"\"But all is from the Lord, and all our destinies as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё от господа и все судьбы наши","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«всё от господа» and «все судьбы наши» have no verb at all — Russian omits the present-tense 'to be', so 'all [is] from the Lord, and all our destinies [are too]'. The bare nominatives and the elliptical second clause give the sentence an aphoristic, scriptural compactness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elided verb \"is\")","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of судьбы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with всё","gloss":"destinies"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of судьбы","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b6-c1-s42","source":"«Если пшеничное зерно, падши в землю, не умрет, то останется одно; а если умрет, то принесет много плода».","translation":"\"'Except a grain of wheat fall into the ground and die, it remaineth alone; but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"падши в землю, не умрет","title":"Archaic gerund «падши» and conditional «если… не умрет»","body":"«падши» is an old perfective gerund of «пасть» (to fall), 'having fallen' — the Church-Slavonic form behind modern «упав». The conditional «если… не умрет, то останется» pairs «если/то» with perfective futures, the Gospel's stark either-or rendered in Slavonic dignity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пшеничное","lemma":"пшеничный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зерно","gloss":"of wheat"},{"surface":"зерно","lemma":"зерно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"a grain"},{"surface":"падши","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past gerund, active, perfective","role":"adverbial gerund clause modifying зерно's action","gloss":"having fallen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падши","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it remains"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of останется, agreeing with the elided subject зерно (\"remains alone\", not the grammatical subject)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принесет","gloss":"it dies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принесет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"принесет","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останется","gloss":"it brings forth"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плода","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"плода","lemma":"плод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесет","gloss":"fruit"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b6-c1-s43","source":"Запомни сие.","translation":"\"Remember this.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Запомни сие","title":"«Сие» — this, in the high register","body":"«сие» is the archaic, bookish demonstrative for 'this' (neuter of «сей»), a hallmark of 19th-century elevated and ecclesiastical Russian. The terse imperative «Запомни сие» ('remember this') rings like a scriptural injunction — exactly the register Zossima keeps."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Запомни","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic demonstrative meaning \"this.\""}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b6-c1-s44","source":"А тебя, Алексей, много раз благословлял я мысленно в жизни моей за лик твой, узнай сие, — проговорил старец с тихою улыбкой.","translation":"\"And you, Alexei, I have many times blessed in my thoughts throughout my life for your countenance — know this,\" the elder said with a quiet smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много раз благословлял я мысленно… узнай сие","title":"Inversion and the archaic «сие»","body":"«благословлял я» inverts verb before subject pronoun for solemn rhetorical weight, and the imperfective «благословлял» views the blessing as repeated over a lifetime ('many times… have blessed'). «узнай сие» closes with the perfective imperative and the bookish «сие» (this)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of благословлял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of благословлял","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"благословлял","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have blessed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благословлял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мысленно","lemma":"мысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благословлял","gloss":"in my thoughts"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благословлял","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лик","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of за","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лик","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"узнай","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословлял","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узнай","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic demonstrative meaning \"this.\""},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quote","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тихою","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b6-c1-s45","source":"— Мыслю о тебе так: изыдешь из стен сих, а в миру пребудешь как инок.","translation":"\"This is how I think of you: you shall go forth from these walls, yet in the world you shall abide as a monk.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изыдешь из стен сих, а в миру пребудешь","title":"Church-Slavonic futures «изыдешь… пребудешь»","body":"«изыдешь» ('thou shalt go forth', from Slavonic «изыти») and «пребудешь» ('shalt abide', from «пребыть») are archaic prophetic futures, with «сих» (these, gen. pl. of «сей») and «в миру» (in the world, the special locative of «мир»). The whole prophecy is pitched in Scripture's cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мыслю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мыслю","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"изыдешь","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мыслю","gloss":"you shall go forth"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стен","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стен","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of изыдешь","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стен","gloss":"these","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic demonstrative meaning \"these.\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребудешь","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"пребудешь","lemma":"пребыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изыдешь","gloss":"you shall abide"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicate инок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of пребудешь","gloss":"a monk"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b6-c1-s46","source":"Много будешь иметь противников, но и самые враги твои будут любить тебя.","translation":"\"You shall have many adversaries, but your very enemies, too, will love you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самые враги твои будут любить","title":"«Самые» as intensifier; compound future","body":"Here «самые» does not form a superlative but intensifies — 'your very enemies'. «будут любить» is the compound imperfective future (future of «быть» + infinitive), naming an ongoing future state of loving, fittingly continuous rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иметь","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of иметь","gloss":"you shall"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"противников","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"adversaries"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies враги","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of враги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иметь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b6-c1-s47","source":"Много несчастий принесет тебе жизнь, но ими-то ты и счастлив будешь, и жизнь благословишь, и других благословить заставишь — что важнее всего.","translation":"\"Life will bring you many misfortunes, but it is through them that you will be happy, and will bless life, and will make others bless it — which is the most important thing of all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ими-то ты и счастлив будешь","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «и»; short adjective «счастлив»","body":"«ими-то ты и счастлив будешь» loads the line with emphasis: the instrumental «ими» (through them) marked by «-то», and the intensifying particle «и» ('it is precisely through them'). «счастлив» is the short-form predicate adjective with «будешь» — 'you will be happy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"других благословить заставишь","title":"«Заставить» + infinitive: to make someone do","body":"«других благословить заставишь» — 'you will make others bless' — uses «заставить» + bare infinitive for causation, with «других» (others) as the ones compelled. The fronted infinitive «благословить» before «заставишь» gives the clause its rhetorical lift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"quantifies несчастий; part of the direct object of принесет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"несчастий","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принесет (partitive genitive after Много)","gloss":"misfortunes"},{"surface":"принесет","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of принесет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принесет","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of счастлив","gloss":"through them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to ими","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of счастлив","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies счастлив","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"счастлив","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with будешь","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking ты and счастлив","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of благословишь","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"благословишь","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесет","gloss":"will bless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благословить","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on заставишь","gloss":"to bless"},{"surface":"заставишь","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принесет","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важнее, referring back to the whole statement","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"важнее","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of что","gloss":"more important"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of важнее","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b6-c1-s48","source":"Ну вот ты каков.","translation":"\"Well, that is the kind of man you are.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну вот ты каков","title":"The interrogative-turned-exclamative «каков»","body":"«каков» is the short predicative form of «какой» ('what sort/of what kind'), here exclamative: «вот ты каков» — 'that's the kind of man you are'. It rounds off the prophecy with a warm, summing flourish, «ну вот» softening it into intimate speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каков","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of каков","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"what you're like"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b6-c1-s49","source":"Отцы и учители мои, — умиленно улыбаясь, обратился он к гостям своим, — никогда до сего дня не говорил я, даже и ему, за что был столь милым душе моей лик сего юноши.","translation":"\"My fathers and teachers,\" he turned to his guests, smiling tenderly, \"never until this day have I told anyone, not even him, why the countenance of this youth has been so dear to my soul.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умиленно улыбаясь, обратился он","title":"Present gerund «улыбаясь» + inverted subject","body":"«умиленно улыбаясь» is an imperfective present gerund of attendant circumstance — 'smiling tenderly' as he turned — sharing the subject of «обратился он» (note the inverted verb-then-pronoun). «обратиться к» governs the dative «к гостям своим»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что был столь милым… лик сего юноши","title":"Predicate instrumental «милым» and archaic «сего»","body":"«был… милым» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after past «был» — the bookish norm for a past state ('was dear'). «сего юноши» (of this youth) uses the archaic genitive «сего» (from «сей»), and «столь» ('so') is the elevated counterpart of «так»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отцы","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of учители","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause modifying обратился","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гостям","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of гостям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have told"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему, part of даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что, forms за что (why)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of за; за что = why, introduces the clause of был","gloss":"why","note":"'за что' is a fixed idiom meaning 'why'."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking лик and милым","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милым","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, modifies лик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of милым","gloss":"to the soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноши","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лик","gloss":"of the youth"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b6-c1-s50","source":"Теперь лишь скажу: был мне лик его как бы напоминанием и пророчеством.","translation":"\"Only now will I say it: his face was to me as if a remembrance and a prophecy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был мне лик его как бы напоминанием","title":"Predicate instrumental «напоминанием… пророчеством»","body":"«был… как бы напоминанием и пророчеством» — the predicate nouns 'reminder' and 'prophecy' stand in the instrumental after «был», Russian's rule for a predicate noun in the past tense. The dative «мне» marks for whom the face was so, and «как бы» softens the metaphor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking лик and напоминанием","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if","note":"'как бы' = 'as if, something like'."},{"surface":"напоминанием","lemma":"напоминание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (with как бы)","gloss":"a remembrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пророчеством","lemma":"пророчество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with напоминанием","gloss":"a prophecy"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b6-c1-s51","source":"На заре дней моих, еще малым ребенком, имел я старшего брата, умершего юношей, на глазах моих, всего только семнадцати лет.","translation":"\"At the dawn of my days, while still a small child, I had an elder brother who died a youth, before my very eyes, only seventeen years of age in all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел я старшего брата, умершего юношей","title":"Past active participle + predicate instrumental «юношей»","body":"«умершего юношей» is a past active participle (from «умереть») agreeing with «брата» — 'who died a youth'. «юношей» is a predicate instrumental: the state in which he died, not as object but as 'while a youth'. «на глазах моих» = before my eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На заре дней моих","title":"«На заре дней моих» — at the dawn of my days","body":"A poetic, biblical-sounding idiom: «заря» (dawn) figuratively for the earliest time of life. The elevated possessive order «дней моих» (rather than «моих дней») heightens the lyricism as Zossima opens the story of his childhood."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"заре","lemma":"заря","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"the dawn"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies заре","gloss":"of days"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малым","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"малым","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенком","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"ребенком","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental predicative describing я","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"старшего","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"умершего","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying брата","gloss":"who died"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of умершего","gloss":"as a youth"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of умершего","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семнадцати лет (in all)","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семнадцати","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"семнадцати","lemma":"семнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"appositive modifying брата (age)","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b6-c1-s52","source":"И потом, проходя жизнь мою, убедился я постепенно, что был этот брат мой в судьбе моей как бы указанием и предназначением свыше, ибо не явись он в жизни моей, не будь его вовсе, и никогда-то, может быть, я так мыслю, не принял бы я иноческого сана и не вступил на драгоценный путь сей.","translation":"\"And afterward, as I passed through my life, I gradually became convinced that this brother of mine had been in my destiny something like a sign and a foreordaining from on high, for had he not appeared in my life, had he not existed at all, never, perhaps — so I think — would I have taken the monastic vows or entered upon this precious path.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не явись он… не будь его вовсе","title":"Imperative-form conditionals: «не явись… не будь»","body":"«не явись он… не будь его вовсе» is a striking literary construction: an imperative form used with conditional sense — 'had he not appeared… had he not existed at all'. «не будь его» also shows the genitive of negation, the absent subject «его» in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не принял бы я… и не вступил на… путь сей","title":"Conditional «бы»; archaic «сей»","body":"The main clause is the counterfactual result: «не принял бы я… не вступил» — 'I would not have taken… would not have entered', past forms + «бы». «путь сей» (this path) again uses the bookish «сей», keeping the elder's confession in its raised register; «ибо» is the archaic 'for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убедился","gloss":"passing through"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проходя","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became convinced"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убедился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking брат and указанием (clausal complement of убедился)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"указанием","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предназначением","lemma":"предназначение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with указанием","gloss":"a foreordaining"},{"surface":"свыше","lemma":"свыше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указанием и предназначением","gloss":"from on high"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of явись","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явись","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, conditional (archaic imperative form), singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying был","gloss":"had he appeared","note":"Archaic use of the imperative form to mark an unreal condition: 'had he not appeared'."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явись","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явись","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, conditional (archaic imperative form), imperfective","role":"conditional clause parallel to явись","gloss":"had existed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of будь (existential genitive)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мыслю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequence clause","gloss":"would have taken"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"conditional auxiliary of принял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иноческого","lemma":"иноческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сана","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"сана","lemma":"сан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял (genitive under negation)","gloss":"vows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вступил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"драгоценный","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путь","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b6-c1-s53","source":"То первое явление было еще в детстве моем, и вот уже на склоне пути моего явилось мне воочию как бы повторение его.","translation":"\"That first manifestation came while I was still in my childhood, and now, here at the close of my path, there has appeared to me before my very eyes, as it were, a repetition of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явилось мне воочию… повторение","title":"Impersonal-flavored «явилось мне» with dative","body":"«явилось мне… повторение» — 'a repetition appeared to me' — fronts the verb, then the dative experiencer «мне», then the subject «повторение», so the vision is framed as befalling the elder. «воочию» (with one's own eyes) is a bookish adverb heightening the visionary tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на склоне пути моего","title":"«На склоне пути» — at the close of the path","body":"«склон» literally a 'slope, decline'; «на склоне пути моего» figuratively 'at the downward end of my path', i.e. near death — paired against «в детстве моем» (in my childhood). The image of life as a path with a beginning and a sloping end frames the elder's whole reminiscence."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of явление","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies явление","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"явление","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"manifestation"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, copula linking явление and в детстве","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детстве","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause with явилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking склоне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"склоне","lemma":"склон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилось","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies склоне","gloss":"of the path"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with было","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of явилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"воочию","lemma":"воочию","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"повторение","lemma":"повторение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of явилось","gloss":"a repetition"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies повторение","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b6-c1-s54","source":"Чудно это, отцы и учители, что, не быв столь похож на него лицом, а лишь несколько, Алексей казался мне до того схожим с тем духовно, что много раз считал я его как бы прямо за того юношу, брата моего, пришедшего ко мне на конце пути моего таинственно, для некоего воспоминания и проникновения, так что даже удивлялся себе самому и таковой странной мечте моей.","translation":"\"It is a marvel, my fathers and teachers, that without being so very like him in face, but only somewhat, Alexei seemed to me so akin to him in spirit that many times I took him as if directly for that youth, my brother, come to me at the end of my path mysteriously, for the sake of some remembrance and insight, so that I even marveled at myself and at such a strange fancy of mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не быв столь похож на него","title":"Negated past gerund «не быв»","body":"«не быв столь похож на него лицом» — 'without being so very like him in face' — uses «быв», the perfective past gerund of «быть», negated. «похож» is a short adjective (similar), «на него» its complement, and «лицом» an instrumental of respect (like him in face). A markedly bookish chain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал я его… за того юношу","title":"«Считать за» + accusative: to take someone for","body":"«считал я его… за того юношу» means 'I took him for that youth' — «считать за» + accusative names what one mistakes/takes a person to be. «пришедшего ко мне» trails a past active participle on «юношу», and «как бы» keeps hedging the strange identification."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мечта / проникновение","title":"«Мечта» (here: fancy) and «проникновение»","body":"«мечта» usually means 'dream, daydream', but «таковой странной мечте моей» here leans toward 'strange fancy/notion'. «проникновение» is 'penetration, deep insight' — spiritual seeing-through. Both, with bookish «таковой» ('such'), keep the passage in an elevated, contemplative key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чудно","lemma":"чудно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of это; main clause","gloss":"it's a marvel"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Чудно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцы (vocative)","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of казался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быв","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быв","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying казался (Алексей understood)","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похож","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"похож","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быв","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похож","gloss":"in face"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with столь (elliptical: похож)","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of казался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of казался, part of до того...что","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"схожим","lemma":"схожий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of казался","gloss":"akin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схожим (refers to брата)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"духовно","lemma":"духовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схожим","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считал (result clause)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies за того юношу","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юношу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юношу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"юношу","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал (object of за)","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to юношу","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пришедшего","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying брата","gloss":"who had come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедшего","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришедшего","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the path"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пути","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришедшего","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминания","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"некоего","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспоминания","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"воспоминания","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"remembrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проникновения","lemma":"проникновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with воспоминания","gloss":"insight"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of так что, introduces the clause of удивлялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так что result clause","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of удивлялся","gloss":"at myself"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifier modifying себе","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечте","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"странной","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечте","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"мечте","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of удивлялся","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечте","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b6-c1-s55","source":"Слышишь ли сие, Порфирий, — обратился он к прислуживавшему его послушнику.","translation":"\"Do you hear this, Porfiry,\" he turned to the novice who waited upon him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышишь ли сие… прислуживавшему его послушнику","title":"«ли» question; participle + dative «послушнику»","body":"«Слышишь ли сие» forms a yes/no question with the particle «ли» and the archaic «сие» (this). «обратился к… прислуживавшему… послушнику» puts the dative after «обратиться к», with «прислуживавшему» a past active participle ('who waited upon') agreeing with «послушнику»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying Слышишь","gloss":"question particle"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышишь","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic form of 'это'."},{"surface":"Порфирий","lemma":"порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прислуживавшему","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying послушнику","gloss":"who attended"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислуживавшему","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"послушнику","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обратился","gloss":"novice"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b6-c1-s56","source":"— Много раз видел я на лице твоем как бы огорчение, что я Алексея больше люблю, чем тебя.","translation":"\"Many times I have seen on your face something like chagrin that I love Alexei more than you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексея больше люблю, чем тебя","title":"Comparative «больше… чем» with the verb","body":"«больше люблю… чем тебя» compares the degree of an action: «больше» ('more') modifying «люблю», with «чем» introducing the second term «тебя». The accusatives «Алексея» (animate, = genitive form) and «тебя» mark both as direct objects of loving."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огорчение","title":"«Огорчение» — chagrin, hurt","body":"«огорчение» is grief or chagrin, a hurt of the feelings — milder than «горе» (deep sorrow) but real. Zossima reads «как бы огорчение» (something like chagrin) on Porfiry's face, gently naming the novice's wounded jealousy before consoling it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"огорчение","lemma":"огорчение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"chagrin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining огорчение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (explains огорчение)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of тебя","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю (comparison)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b6-c1-s57","source":"Теперь знаешь, почему так было, но и тебя люблю, знай это, и много раз горевал, что ты огорчаешься.","translation":"\"Now you know why it was so; but I love you too, know that, and many times I have grieved that you are aggrieved.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горевал, что ты огорчаешься","title":"Same-root play: «горевал… огорчаешься»","body":"Dostoevsky pairs cognates of «горе» (grief): «горевал» (I grieved) and «огорчаешься» (you are aggrieved/upset) — the reflexive «огорчаться» meaning to take something to heart. «знай это» is a perfective imperative aside, 'know that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люблю (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of горевал","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"горевал","lemma":"горевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаешь","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of огорчаешься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of огорчаешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"огорчаешься","lemma":"огорчаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of горевал","gloss":"are upset"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b6-c1-s58","source":"Вам же, милые гости, хочу я поведать о сем юноше, брате моем, ибо не было в жизни моей явления драгоценнее сего, более пророческого и трогательного.","translation":"\"And to you, dear guests, I wish to tell of this youth, my brother, for there has been in my life no manifestation more precious than this, none more prophetic and more moving.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было… явления драгоценнее сего","title":"Genitive of negation + comparative governing genitive","body":"«не было… явления» is the genitive of negation: with negated «не было», the absent subject «явления» stands in the genitive. Then the comparatives «драгоценнее сего, более пророческого» take their standard in the genitive too — 'than this', «сего» being the archaic 'this'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вам же, милые гости","title":"Dative «Вам» fronted, marked by «же»","body":"«Вам же, милые гости» opens with the dative «вам» (to you), the indirect object of «поведать», thrown to the front and stressed by the particle «же» — turning to address the guests in contrast to Porfiry just before. «поведать о сем юноше» uses «о» + prepositional with archaic «сем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural (formal)","role":"dative object of поведать","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Вам","gloss":"(emphasis)","note":"же here is the contrastive/topic-marking particle ('as for you'), not the conjunction 'and'; glossing it 'and' teaches a false lexical equivalence with и. Elsewhere in this same batch (e.g. b6-c1-s64-w17) же is correctly glossed '(emphasis)' rather than assigned a borrowed English conjunction."},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies гости","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Вам (vocative use)","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поведать","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноше","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей ('this'); сем is its locative/prepositional form."},{"surface":"юноше","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о, oblique object of поведать","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to юноше","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брате","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause (existential 'there was')","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"явления","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"manifestation"},{"surface":"драгоценнее","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies явления","gloss":"more precious"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison, complement of драгоценнее","gloss":"than this"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пророческого","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пророческого","lemma":"пророческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with драгоценнее, modifies явления","gloss":"prophetic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трогательного","lemma":"трогательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пророческого","gloss":"moving"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b6-c1-s59","source":"Умилилось сердце мое, и созерцаю всю жизнь мою в сию минуту, како бы вновь ее всю изживая…","translation":"\"My heart has melted with tenderness, and in this very minute I behold my whole life, as though living it all over again...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Умилилось сердце мое, и созерцаю","title":"Reflexive «умилилось»; archaic «како бы… изживая»","body":"«Умилилось сердце мое» (my heart melted with tenderness) uses the reflexive «умилиться»; the present «созерцаю» (I behold) is bookish. The phrase «како бы вновь ее всю изживая» is steeped in archaism — Slavonic «како» for «как» and the gerund «изживая» ('living through'), shifting into a near-liturgical voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сию минуту","title":"«В сию минуту» — at this very minute","body":"«сию» is the archaic accusative feminine of «сей» (this), in the set time-phrase «в сию минуту» — 'at this present minute'. Such frozen «сей»-phrases survive in elevated and legal Russian and mark the elder's continuing high register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умилилось","lemma":"умилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has melted with tenderness"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Умилилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"созерцаю","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with Умилилось","gloss":"I behold"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцаю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в, adverbial on созерцаю","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"како","lemma":"како","morphology":"adverb (archaic)","role":"introduces manner clause with бы...изживая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase како...изживая (irrealis marker)","gloss":"(as though)"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изживая","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изживая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ее","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"изживая","lemma":"изживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause, coordinated with созерцаю","gloss":"living through","note":"'како бы...изживая' = 'as though living it all over again'."}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b6-c1-s60","source":"Здесь я должен заметить, что эта последняя беседа старца с посетившими его в последний день жизни его гостями сохранилась отчасти записанною.","translation":"Here I must note that this last conversation of the elder with the guests who visited him on the final day of his life was preserved in part in writing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохранилась отчасти записанною","title":"Reflexive «сохранилась» + predicate participle «записанною»","body":"«сохранилась… записанною» blends a reflexive verb ('was preserved') with a predicate past passive participle in the instrumental, «записанною» ('[as] written down') — the instrumental giving the state in which it was preserved. The -ою ending is the older, fuller instrumental form, in keeping with the narrator's measured voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посетившими его… гостями","title":"Past active participle in the instrumental","body":"«с… посетившими его… гостями» — 'with the guests who visited him' — a past active participle «посетившими» agreeing with the instrumental «гостями» after «с». This is the narrator's own register, dense with participles, framing the chapter's documentary claim that the talk was set down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"predicate adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сохранилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последняя","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседа","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"беседа","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сохранилась","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беседа","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"посетившими","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies гостями","gloss":"who visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посетившими","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в, adverbial on посетившими","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гостями","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of с","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"сохранилась","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was preserved"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записанною","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"записанною","lemma":"записанный","morphology":"passive participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of сохранилась","gloss":"written down"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b6-c1-s61","source":"Записал Алексей Федорович Карамазов некоторое время спустя по смерти старца на память.","translation":"It was written down by Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov some time after the elder's death, from memory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Записал","title":"Verb first, for emphasis","body":"The perfective past «записал» (wrote down / recorded) is fronted ahead of its subject «Алексей Федорович Карамазов», throwing the rhetorical weight onto the act of recording. The free word order — possible only because the case endings keep subject and object apart — is a hallmark of Russian literary rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Записал","title":"Perfective: a single completed act","body":"«Записал» is the perfective of «записывать»; it views the writing-down as one finished whole — Alyosha set the whole thing down once and for all. A perfective past here moves the narrative forward against the imperfective background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алексей Федорович Карамазов","title":"The full naming triad","body":"The respectful, formal mode of address is first name plus patronymic — «Алексей Фёдорович» means 'Alexei, son of Fyodor', the -ович suffix marking descent from Fyodor. Giving the full triad (name + patronymic + surname) lends the sentence a documentary, almost notarial weight, fitting for attributing a manuscript."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по смерти старца","title":"«по» + locative = 'after'","body":"Here «по смерти» means 'after the death', a bookish use of «по» with the old prepositional/locative sense of 'following upon'. «Старец» is the elder-monk Zossima, the spiritual director whose memory Alyosha is preserving."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на память","title":"«на память» — from memory","body":"The set phrase «на память» here means 'from memory' (recording it as he remembered it), framing the whole text that follows as a fallible recollection rather than a transcript — a frame the next sentence makes explicit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Записал","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote down"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Записал","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексей","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"postposition","role":"governs время, adverbial on Записал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of по","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking память","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"memory"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b6-c1-s62","source":"Но была ли это вполне тогдашняя беседа, или он присовокупил к ней в записке своей и из прежних бесед с учителем своим, этого уже я не могу решить, к тому же вся речь старца в записке этой ведется как бы беспрерывно, словно как бы он излагал жизнь свою в виде повести, обращаясь к друзьям своим, тогда как, без сомнения, по последовавшим рассказам, на деле происходило несколько иначе, ибо велась беседа в тот вечер общая, и хотя гости хозяина своего мало перебивали, но всё же говорили и от себя, вмешиваясь в разговор, может быть, даже и от себя поведали и рассказали что-либо, к тому же и беспрерывности такой в повествовании сем быть не могло, ибо старец иногда задыхался, терял голос и даже ложился отдохнуть на постель свою, хотя и не засыпал, а гости не покидали мест своих.","translation":"But whether this was the conversation precisely as it took place that day, or whether he added to it in his record some of the earlier conversations with his teacher as well, I am no longer able to determine; moreover, the whole of the elder's speech in this record is set down as if continuously, as though he were laying out his life in the form of a narrative, addressing his friends — whereas, without a doubt, judging by the accounts that followed, in reality it happened somewhat otherwise, for the conversation that evening was a general one, and though the guests rarely interrupted their host, they did, all the same, speak for themselves, breaking into the conversation, and perhaps even told and related something of their own as well; and besides, there could have been no such continuity in this narration, for the elder would sometimes grow short of breath, lose his voice, and even lie down to rest upon his bed, though without falling asleep, while the guests did not leave their places.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была ли это","title":"«ли» frames an indirect question","body":"The enclitic «ли» turns the opening into a 'whether' question — 'whether this was the conversation precisely as it took place'. It fronts the focused word «была» and is markedly more literary than a bare question intonation; it threads through the long sentence's uncertainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"присовокупил","title":"Bookish perfective verb","body":"«Присовокупил» ('appended, added on') is an elevated, chancery-flavoured perfective — far more formal than the everyday «прибавил». The narrator's archaic-bookish register colours the whole reflection on his sources."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"учителем своим","title":"Instrumental after «с», and reflexive «свой»","body":"«С учителем своим» — 'with his own teacher' — shows the instrumental governed by «с» (with), while «свой» ('one's own') points back to the clause's subject, marking the teacher as Zossima himself rather than someone else's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу решить","title":"Genitive of negation: «этого… не могу решить»","body":"The object «этого» stands in the genitive, drawn there by the negated verb «не могу решить» ('I cannot decide this'). Negation routinely pulls an object, especially an abstract one, from accusative into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы беспрерывно, словно как бы он излагал","title":"«как бы» / «словно» — the hedging 'as if'","body":"The narrator piles up «как бы» ('as it were') and «словно как бы» ('as though, as if') to soften every claim about the manuscript's form. «Бы» here is the irrealis particle lending the comparison its hypothetical, non-committal tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведется","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as passive","body":"«Ведётся» ('is conducted / is carried on') is the verb «вести» plus the clitic «-ся», here giving an imperfective passive: the speech 'is set down' without naming an agent. This middle/passive «-ся» keeps the focus on the text rather than on who wrote it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к друзьям своим","title":"Imperfective gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«Обращаясь» ('addressing, turning to') is an imperfective деепричастие in -я, expressing an action simultaneous with the main verb — Zossima lays out his life 'while addressing his friends'. The gerund shares the main subject and condenses a whole clause into one adverbial form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated subordinator meaning 'for / because', much loftier than the neutral «потому что». It appears twice here, knitting the narrator's reasoning into a single period-flavoured chain typical of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя гости… мало перебивали, но всё же говорили","title":"Contrastive «хотя… но»","body":"«Хотя» ('although') opens a concessive clause answered by «но всё же» ('but all the same'). Russian frequently doubles the concession with an explicit «но», where English would drop it — a structure that gives the narrator's qualifications their careful, balanced feel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"быть не могло","title":"Genitive of negation with impersonal absence","body":"«Беспрерывности такой… быть не могло» — 'there could have been no such continuity' — puts «беспрерывности» in the genitive, the obligatory case of a negated existential. The construction is impersonal: there is no nominative subject, only the genitive of the thing that fails to exist."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в повествовании сем","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«Сем» is the prepositional of «сей» ('this'), the bookish demonstrative of 19th-century and ecclesiastical Russian, here postposed for solemnity: 'in this narration'. A speaker would say «в этом»; «сей» marks elevated, written register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задыхался","title":"«задыхаться» — to gasp for breath","body":"The imperfective «задыхался» ('kept gasping, would grow short of breath') paints the dying elder's recurring breathlessness as an ongoing condition during the talk. Its imperfective aspect suits the repeated, habitual picture the narrator is building."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поведали и рассказали","title":"«поведать» — to relate, recount","body":"«Поведали» (from «поведать», 'to make known, recount') is a solemn, somewhat archaic synonym paired with the plain «рассказали» for rhetorical fullness. The doubling is a deliberately bookish flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to беседа","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the interrogative alternative","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогдашняя","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тогдашняя","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседа","gloss":"of that day"},{"surface":"беседа","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присовокупил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"присовокупил","lemma":"присовокупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second disjunct, coordinated with была","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking записке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"записке","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"record"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of записке","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесед","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бесед","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"бесед","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of из","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учителем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"учителем","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of учителем","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of решить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"determine"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(moreover)","note":"'к тому же' is a fixed idiom meaning 'moreover, besides'."},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ведется","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking записке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"записке","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"record"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies записке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведется","lemma":"вестись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the к тому же-clause","gloss":"is set down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведется","gloss":"continuously"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of излагал","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of излагал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"излагал","lemma":"излагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying ведется (словно как бы)","gloss":"were laying out"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of излагал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"повести","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of виде","gloss":"of a tale"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on излагал","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзьям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"друзьям","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of к","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of друзьям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда как","gloss":"(whereas)"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of без","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказам","gloss":"judging by"},{"surface":"последовавшим","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"modifies рассказам","gloss":"that followed"},{"surface":"рассказам","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of по","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase на деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase на деле","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как-clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"велась","lemma":"вестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of ибо-clause","gloss":"was carried on"},{"surface":"беседа","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велась","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of велась","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"общая","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing беседа","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перебивали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of перебивали","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перебивали","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of хозяина","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебивали","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"перебивали","lemma":"перебивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"(nevertheless)"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause, coordinated with велась","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от себя","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase от себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of от","gloss":"their own behalf"},{"surface":"вмешиваясь","lemma":"вмешиваться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорили","gloss":"breaking in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"(perhaps)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поведали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от себя","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase от себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of от","gloss":"their own behalf"},{"surface":"поведали","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with говорили","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказали","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поведали","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-либо","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-либо","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"что-либо","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что-либо","gloss":"(something)"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(moreover)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"беспрерывности","lemma":"беспрерывность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"continuity"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беспрерывности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking повествовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"повествовании","lemma":"повествование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"narration"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies повествовании","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задыхался","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of ибо-clause","gloss":"grew short of breath"},{"surface":"терял","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задыхался","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of терял","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ложился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ложился","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with терял","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"отдохнуть","lemma":"отдохнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ложился","gloss":"to rest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of на","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of засыпал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя и","gloss":"(though)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засыпал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"засыпал","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"хотя-clause modifying ложился","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of покидали","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покидали","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of а-clause, coordinated with задыхался","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of покидали (genitive of negation)","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мест","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b6-c1-s63","source":"Раз или два беседа прерывалась чтением Евангелия, читал отец Паисий.","translation":"Once or twice the conversation was interrupted by a reading from the Gospel; it was Father Paissy who read.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беседа прерывалась чтением","title":"Instrumental of means + passive «-ся»","body":"«Прерывалась» is the imperfective «-ся» passive ('was being interrupted'), and «чтением» ('by a reading') stands in the instrumental as the means by which the interruption happened. Instrumental-of-means plus reflexive passive is a compact, characteristically Russian way to leave the agent unstated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"читал отец Паисий","title":"Inverted word order: verb then subject","body":"«Читал отец Паисий» places the verb before its subject — 'read Father Paissy' — a topic-comment inversion that, after a semicolon, supplies the new information (who did the reading) in the stressed final slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with два, adverbial on прерывалась","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"coordinated with Раз, adverbial on прерывалась","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"беседа","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прерывалась","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"прерывалась","lemma":"прерываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was interrupted"},{"surface":"чтением","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of прерывалась","gloss":"by a reading"},{"surface":"Евангелия","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чтением","gloss":"of the Gospel"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b6-c1-s64","source":"Замечательно тоже, что никто из них, однако же, не полагал, что умрет он в самую эту же ночь, тем более что в этот последний вечер жизни своей он, после глубокого дневного сна, вдруг как бы обрел в себе новую силу, поддерживавшую его во всю длинную эту беседу с друзьями.","translation":"It is remarkable, too, that not one of them, however, supposed that he would die that very night, the more so since on this last evening of his life he, after a deep daytime sleep, suddenly seemed to find in himself a new strength, which sustained him through this whole long conversation with his friends.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечательно тоже, что","title":"Impersonal predicate + «что»-clause","body":"«Замечательно» ('it is remarkable') is an impersonal neuter predicate with no nominative subject, completed by a «что»-clause reporting the fact. This subjectless 'it is X that…' frame is the ordinary Russian way to comment on a state of affairs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто из них… не полагал","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не»","body":"«Никто… не полагал» — 'no one supposed' — keeps the verbal «не» even though «никто» is already negative; Russian requires this double negation (negative concord), where the ни-word and «не» together carry a single negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умрет он","title":"Perfective future = a single completed event","body":"«Умрёт» is the simple (perfective) future of «умереть» — conjugated like a present but pointing forward to one completed act, 'he would die'. No auxiliary is needed; the future sits in the ending alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поддерживавшую его","title":"Past active participle «поддерживавшую»","body":"«Поддерживавшую» is a past active participle in -вш- from imperfective «поддерживать» ('which sustained / kept sustaining'), agreeing with «силу» in feminine accusative. It folds a whole «которая»-clause into a single bookish modifier — a staple of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрел в себе новую силу","title":"Reflexive «себя»: 'in himself'","body":"«В себе» ('in himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the subject «он» for any person and has no nominative form. «Обрёл» is a perfective, slightly elevated 'found / acquired'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрел","title":"«обрести» — to find, attain","body":"«Обрёл» (past of «обрести») is a solemn, somewhat archaic 'found / acquired', weightier than the everyday «нашёл». It often carries spiritual overtones — 'attained' a new strength — fitting the elder's last evening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательно","morphology":"predicate adverb/adjective, neuter","role":"predicate, head of the sentence","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Замечательно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полагал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of полагал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of из, modifies никто","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полагал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полагал","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of что-clause","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагал","gloss":"would die"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"all the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тем более что","gloss":"(the more)","note":"'тем более что' = 'all the more so since'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрел","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of обрел","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сна","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"глубокого","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сна","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"дневного","lemma":"дневной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сна","gloss":"daytime"},{"surface":"сна","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of после","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"обрел","lemma":"обрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of что-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"complement of в","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обрел","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"поддерживавшую","lemma":"поддерживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"which sustained"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддерживавшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседу","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседу","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"длинную","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседу","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беседу","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of во","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзьями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"друзьями","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of с","gloss":"friends"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b6-c1-s65","source":"Это было как бы последним умилением, поддержавшим в нем неимоверное оживление, но на малый лишь срок, ибо жизнь его пресеклась вдруг…","translation":"It was as though a final access of tenderness, sustaining in him an incredible animation — but only for a brief span, for his life broke off all at once...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это было как бы последним умилением","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «было»","body":"After past-tense «было», the predicate noun «умилением» takes the instrumental rather than the nominative — 'it was, as it were, a final tenderness'. The instrumental frames the state as a passing role, the natural complement of «быть» in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поддержавшим","title":"Perfective past active participle","body":"«Поддержавшим» (from perfective «поддержать») is a past active participle in instrumental, agreeing with «умилением»: 'which sustained'. The perfective stem gives the sustaining a completed, bounded sense, against s64's imperfective «поддерживавшую»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пресеклась","title":"Change-of-state «-ся»: 'broke off'","body":"«Пресеклась» — 'broke off, was cut short' — is the perfective «-ся» verb «пресечься», where the clitic marks an intransitive change of state happening to the subject «жизнь». The bookish «пресечься» is loftier than a plain «оборвалась»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиление","title":"«умиление» — a tender, melting emotion","body":"«Умиление» names a specifically Orthodox-tinged feeling: a soft, melting tenderness of the heart, often religious, with no exact English word. Dostoevsky reaches for it at moments of spiritual grace, here describing the dying elder's last access of warmth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неимоверное","title":"«неимоверный» — incredible, beyond belief","body":"«Неимоверное» ('incredible, prodigious') is a bookish intensifier — literally 'beyond what one could credit' — marking the elder's animation as almost miraculous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это to умилением","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as though)"},{"surface":"последним","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умилением","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"access of tenderness"},{"surface":"поддержавшим","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies умилением","gloss":"sustaining"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"неимоверное","lemma":"неимоверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оживление","gloss":"incredible"},{"surface":"оживление","lemma":"оживление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поддержавшим","gloss":"animation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of было, parallel to умилением","gloss":"span"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пресеклась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пресеклась","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пресеклась","lemma":"пресечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of ибо-clause","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пресеклась","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b6-c1-s66","source":"Но об этом после.","translation":"But of that, later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но об этом после","title":"Verbless sentence; «об этом» in the prepositional","body":"A complete, verbless sentence — 'But of this, later' — relying on «об этом» (the prepositional after «о/об», 'about this') and the adverb «после». Such terse, copula-free lines let the narrator drop a foreshadowing hint and move on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of об","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b6-c1-s67","source":"Теперь же хочу уведомить, что предпочел, не излагая всех подробностей беседы, ограничиться лишь рассказом старца по рукописи Алексея Федоровича Карамазова.","translation":"For now I wish to make known that I have chosen, without setting out all the particulars of the conversation, to confine myself to the elder's narrative alone, following the manuscript of Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не излагая всех подробностей","title":"Negated gerund + genitive object","body":"«Не излагая» is an imperfective gerund ('not setting out') describing how the narrator proceeds; under its negation the object «всех подробностей» appears in the genitive plural rather than the accusative — the genitive of negation reaching even into a non-finite clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предпочел… ограничиться","title":"Reflexive «-ся» infinitive after «предпочел»","body":"«Предпочёл… ограничиться» — 'preferred to confine myself' — pairs a perfective past with the «-ся» infinitive «ограничиться» ('to limit oneself'), where the clitic gives the verb its reflexive, self-directed sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по рукописи","title":"«по» + dative — 'following, according to'","body":"«По рукописи» means 'following / according to the manuscript', the preposition «по» governing the dative «рукописи». This 'by way of, in accordance with' sense of «по» frames the narrative as faithfully tracking Alyosha's written text."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"For now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"уведомить","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to make known"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предпочел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"предпочел","lemma":"предпочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уведомить","gloss":"I have chosen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies излагая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"излагая","lemma":"излагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предпочел","gloss":"setting out"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of подробностей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробностей","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of излагая","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"беседы","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подробностей","gloss":"of the conversation"},{"surface":"ограничиться","lemma":"ограничиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предпочел","gloss":"to confine myself"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"рассказом","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограничиться","gloss":"the narrative"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказом","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукописи","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"рукописи","lemma":"рукопись","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказом","gloss":"the manuscript"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукописи","gloss":"Alexei's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich's"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov's"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b6-c1-s68","source":"Будет оно короче, да и не столь утомительно, хотя, конечно, повторяю это, многое Алеша взял и из прежних бесед и совокупил вместе.","translation":"It will be shorter, and not so wearisome, though, of course — I repeat this — much of it Alyosha took from the earlier conversations as well and joined together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будет оно короче, да и не столь утомительно","title":"Short-form predicate comparatives","body":"«Короче» ('shorter') and the implied 'wearisome' use predicative comparative forms — «короче» being the invariable -е comparative of «короткий». These short, predicate-only forms are the bookish, compact way to compare, sitting after the future «будет»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и","title":"«да и» — folksy additive 'and besides'","body":"«Да и» joins clauses with an easy, slightly colloquial 'and what's more / and besides'. The conjunction «да» (here additive, not 'yes') gives the narrator's aside a conversational warmth amid the bookish frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял… и совокупил","title":"Paired perfectives moving the summary forward","body":"«Взял… и совокупил» ('took… and joined together') chains two perfective pasts, each a single completed act, summarising what Alyosha did with the earlier conversations. «Совокупил» is a notably bookish 'combined, joined together'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алеша","title":"«Алёша» — the affectionate diminutive","body":"After the formal full name in s61, the narrator now slips into «Алёша», the warm diminutive of Алексей. The shift from triad to pet-name is itself characterisation — intimacy and fondness for the novel's hero."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to короче","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of короче","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"короче","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"утомительно","lemma":"утомительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with короче","gloss":"wearisome"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with взял","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies повторяю","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical remark before взял","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторяю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"much of it"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из прежних бесед","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесед","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бесед","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"бесед","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совокупил","lemma":"совокупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"joined together"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совокупил","gloss":"together"}]}]}