{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b6-c2","title":{"source":"II. Из жития в бозе преставившегося иеросхимонаха старца Зосимы, составлено с собственных слов его Алексеем Фёдоровичем Карамазовым","translated":"Notes on the Life of the Deceased Priest and Monk, the Elder Zossima, Taken from His Own Words by Alexey Fyodorovitch Karamazov"},"section":"Book VI — The Russian Monk","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c2","lines":312},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b6-c2-s1","source":"В Петербурге, в кадетском корпусе, пробыл я долго, почти восемь лет, и с новым воспитанием многое заглушил из впечатлений детских, хотя и не забыл ничего.","translation":"In Petersburg, in the cadet corps, I remained a long while, nearly eight years, and under that new schooling I smothered much of what my childhood had left in me, though I forgot nothing of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробыл я долго","title":"Verb-first inversion for narrative weight","body":"The perfective «пробыл» (stayed through) is fronted before the subject «я», throwing the time-span into focus — a deliberate rhetorical inversion typical of the elder's solemn, memoir-like voice. Free word order lets the new information lead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"многое заглушил из впечатлений детских","title":"Perfective of a completed inner change","body":"«заглушил» (smothered, drowned out) is perfective, presenting the dulling of childhood feeling as a single accomplished result, against which «не забыл ничего» (forgot nothing) stands in pointed contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корпусе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кадетском","lemma":"кадетский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies корпусе","gloss":"cadet"},{"surface":"корпусе","lemma":"корпус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробыл","gloss":"corps"},{"surface":"пробыл","lemma":"пробыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remained"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пробыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробыл","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восемь","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to долго","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспитанием","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитанием","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"воспитанием","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглушил","gloss":"schooling"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заглушил","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"заглушил","lemma":"заглушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробыл","gloss":"I smothered"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлений","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"впечатлений","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглушил","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"детских","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies впечатлений","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заглушил","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b6-c2-s2","source":"Взамен того принял столько новых привычек и даже мнений, что преобразился в существо почти дикое, жестокое и нелепое.","translation":"In exchange I took on so many new habits, and even new opinions, that I was made over into a creature almost savage, cruel, and absurd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"преобразился в существо почти дикое","title":"Reflexive -ся: a change of state","body":"«преобразился» carries the reflexive «-ся», marking an intransitive change of state — 'was transformed / turned into' — rather than an action done to an object. The «в + accusative» «в существо» names what he turned into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелепое","title":"«нелепый» — absurd, preposterous","body":"«нелепый» means 'absurd, ungainly, senseless'. Paired here with «дикое» (savage) and «жестокое» (cruel), it is a recurring Dostoevskian self-judgment — the buffoonish ugliness of a soul out of true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взамен","lemma":"взамен","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"In exchange"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Взамен","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took on"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on привычек","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies привычек","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"привычек","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"habits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мнений","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мнений","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with привычек","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of преобразился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"преобразился","lemma":"преобразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I was made over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of преобразился","gloss":"a creature"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дикое","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"дикое","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"жестокое","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дикое","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дикое","gloss":"absurd"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b6-c2-s3","source":"Лоск учтивости и светского обращения вместе с французским языком приобрел, а служивших нам в корпусе солдат считали мы все как за совершенных скотов, и я тоже.","translation":"I acquired a veneer of courtesy and polished manners, together with the French tongue, yet the soldiers who served us in the corps we all reckoned no better than perfect brutes — and I no less than the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Лоск учтивости","title":"«лоск» — a veneer, a gloss","body":"«лоск» literally is the sheen of polish on a surface; figuratively, a thin social 'veneer'. «Учтивость» is old-fashioned, courtly 'courtesy'. The phrase frames refinement as mere surface — gloss over savagery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считали мы все как за совершенных скотов","title":"«считать за» — to reckon as","body":"«считать кого-то за кого-то» means 'to take/reckon someone as'; the object «солдат» (soldiers, animate genitive-accusative plural) and «скотов» (brutes) both take animate accusative forms. The fronted «солдат» is the topic, with «считали мы все» following — a marked, topic-first order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лоск","lemma":"лоск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приобрел","gloss":"A veneer"},{"surface":"учтивости","lemma":"учтивость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Лоск","gloss":"of courtesy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светского","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обращения","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"обращения","lemma":"обращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with учтивости","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрел","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"французским","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языком","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"приобрел","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I acquired"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"служивших","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies солдат","gloss":"who served"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of служивших","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корпусе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корпусе","lemma":"корпус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служивших","gloss":"the corps"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"the soldiers"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приобрел","gloss":"we reckoned"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как за","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скотов","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"совершенных","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скотов","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"скотов","lemma":"скот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"brutes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with мы","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b6-c2-s4","source":"Я-то, может быть, больше всех, ибо изо всех товарищей был на всё восприимчивее.","translation":"I most of all, perhaps, for of all my comrades I was the most susceptible to every influence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то, может быть, больше всех","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «я-то» singles out and stresses a known topic: 'I, for my part / I above all'. It is the emphatic clitic, distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то», and gives the confession its self-accusing weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, elevated conjunction meaning 'for, because', far more solemn than «потому что». It pervades Zossima's speech, lending it a Scriptural, sermon-like register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всё восприимчивее","title":"Predicative comparative","body":"«восприимчивее» is the invariable predicative comparative ('more susceptible') in -ее. Coupled with «изо всех товарищей» (genitive 'of all my comrades'), it functions as an absolute superlative — the most susceptible of all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies больше","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate over Я, parallel to восприимчивее","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восприимчивее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of товарищей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восприимчивее","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восприимчивее","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восприимчивее","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"восприимчивее","lemma":"восприимчивый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective with был","gloss":"most susceptible"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b6-c2-s5","source":"Когда вышли мы офицерами, то готовы были проливать свою кровь за оскорбленную полковую честь нашу, о настоящей же чести почти никто из нас и не знал, что она такое есть, а узнал бы, так осмеял бы ее тотчас же сам первый.","translation":"When we came out as officers, we stood ready to spill our blood for the wounded honor of our regiment, while of honor in its true sense scarcely one of us so much as knew what the thing was — and had he learned it, he would have been the first to jeer at it on the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о настоящей же чести почти никто из нас и не знал","title":"Particle «же» plus negative concord","body":"The contrastive particle «же» pivots the thought ('but of true honour…'), while «почти никто… не знал» shows negative concord: the negative pronoun «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. The added «и» ('even') intensifies the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а узнал бы, так осмеял бы ее тотчас же","title":"Conditional «бы» without «если»","body":"Two past-tense verbs plus «бы» form a counterfactual conditional — 'had he learned it, he would have mocked it' — with the «если» left unspoken, a compact 19th-c. turn. «бы» leans on the verb in each clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышли","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on готовы","gloss":"we came out"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"офицерами","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышли","gloss":"as officers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause, precedes готовы","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"готовы","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готовы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"проливать","lemma":"проливать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готовы","gloss":"to spill"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проливать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"оскорбленную","lemma":"оскорблённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"полковую","lemma":"полковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"regimental"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проливать","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of честь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чести","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чести","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies настоящей","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with готовы","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional protasis","gloss":"had he learned"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of узнал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the apodosis, modifies осмеял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"осмеял","lemma":"осмеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis, coordinated with узнал","gloss":"would have jeered at"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of осмеял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of осмеял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies первый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осмеял","gloss":"the first"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b6-c2-s6","source":"Пьянством, дебоширством и ухарством чуть не гордились.","translation":"Of our drinking, our debauchery, our swagger we were all but proud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пьянством, дебоширством и ухарством чуть не гордились","title":"Instrumental governed by «гордиться»","body":"The verb «гордиться» (to be proud) takes its object in the instrumental, so the three vices «пьянством, дебоширством, ухарством» all stand in that case. They are fronted before the verb for emphasis, opening the sentence with the very things they boasted of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ухарством","title":"«ухарство» — reckless bravado","body":"«Ухарство» is the swaggering, devil-may-care bravado of a «ухарь», a dashing daredevil. Together with «дебоширство» (debauchery, brawling) it paints the swaggering dissipation of young officers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьянством","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гордились","gloss":"our drinking"},{"surface":"дебоширством","lemma":"дебоширство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Пьянством","gloss":"our debauchery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ухарством","lemma":"ухарство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Пьянством","gloss":"our swagger"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"all but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордились","lemma":"гордиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we were proud"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b6-c2-s7","source":"Не скажу, чтобы были скверные; все эти молодые люди были хорошие, да вели-то себя скверно, а пуще всех я.","translation":"I will not say we were wicked; all these young men were good fellows, only they carried themselves wickedly, and I worst of all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да вели-то себя скверно","title":"«да» plus emphatic «-то»","body":"Here «да» is the folksy coordinating 'but/and only', and «вели-то» carries the emphatic clitic «-то» highlighting the verb against the preceding concession ('good fellows — only they behaved badly'). The colloquial layering is part of the elder's plain, intimate tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"а пуще всех я","title":"«пуще» — (all the) more so","body":"«Пуще» is an archaic, folk-flavoured comparative meaning 'more, worse'; «пуще всех» = 'most of all'. It belongs to the warm vernacular register Dostoevsky gives his holy man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to скверные","gloss":"we were"},{"surface":"скверные","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of хорошие","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошие","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"хорошие","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with скверные","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вели","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with хорошие","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes вели","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вели","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"скверно","lemma":"скверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вели","gloss":"wickedly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"elliptical predicate over я, coordinated with вели","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пуще","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b6-c2-s8","source":"Главное то, что у меня объявился свой капитал, а потому и пустился я жить в свое удовольствие, со всем юным стремлением, без удержу, поплыл на всех парусах.","translation":"The chief thing was that a capital of my own had fallen to me, and so I set about living for my own pleasure, with all the headlong eagerness of youth, without rein, and went sailing on at full sail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня объявился свой капитал","title":"«у меня» possession plus reflexive «свой»","body":"Russian states possession with «у + genitive»: «у меня объявился… капитал» = 'a capital of mine appeared / fell to me'. «Свой» is the reflexive possessive, 'one's own', pointing back to the subject — money that was now his own to spend."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поплыл на всех парусах","title":"«на всех парусах» — at full sail","body":"An idiom: 'under full sail', i.e. headlong, at full speed. With «без удержу» ('without restraint') it dramatizes the young officer's plunge into pleasure, «жить в свое удовольствие» (to live for one's own enjoyment)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустился я жить","title":"«пуститься» + infinitive: to set off doing","body":"The reflexive perfective «пуститься» ('to set out, dash off') plus an infinitive means 'to launch into doing something'. The «-ся» marks the inchoative, self-directed plunge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the sentence","gloss":"The chief thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"pleonastic subject, resumed by что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"I had"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"объявился","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитал","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявился","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with объявился","gloss":"I set about"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пустился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствие","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стремлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стремлением","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"юным","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стремлением","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"стремлением","lemma":"стремление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удержу","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"удержу","lemma":"удерж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поплыл","gloss":"restraint"},{"surface":"поплыл","lemma":"поплыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"second main verb, coordinated with пустился","gloss":"I went sailing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парусах","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of парусах","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"парусах","lemma":"парус","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поплыл","gloss":"sail"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b6-c2-s9","source":"Но вот что дивно: читал я тогда и книги, и даже с большим удовольствием; Библию же одну никогда почти в то время не развертывал, но никогда и не расставался с нею, а возил ее повсюду с собой: воистину берег эту книгу, сам того не ведая, «на день и час, на месяц и год».","translation":"But here is the strange part: I read books in those days too, and with great pleasure at that; yet the Bible alone I almost never opened in that time, though I never parted from it either, but carried it everywhere about with me — verily I kept that book, without myself knowing it, \"against the day and the hour, against the month and the year\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Библию же одну никогда почти… не развертывал, но никогда и не расставался с нею","title":"Imperfective for habit and repeated non-action","body":"Both «развертывал» (opened) and «расставался» (parted) are imperfective, fitting a recurring habit over a long stretch of time — almost never opening it, yet never once parting from it. The particle «же» again sets the Bible off as the contrastive topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам того не ведая","title":"Imperfective gerund «не ведая»","body":"«ведая» is the present (imperfective) gerund «деепричастие» of the archaic «ведать» (to know), so «сам того не ведая» = 'without himself knowing it', describing a simultaneous attendant state. «Того» is genitive of negation as the object of the negated knowing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, in truth","body":"«Воистину» is a solemn Church-Slavonic adverb, 'verily, truly', best known from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе!». It marks the elevated, almost liturgical pitch of the elder's reflection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"is strange"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"explanatory clause after the colon","gloss":"I read"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of читал","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of читал","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"Библию","lemma":"библия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развертывал","gloss":"the Bible"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Библию","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Библию","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развертывал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of развертывал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развертывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"развертывал","lemma":"развёртывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расставался","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расставался","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расставался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расставался","lemma":"расставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развертывал","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расставался","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"возил","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развертывал","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"повсюду","lemma":"повсюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возил","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of повсюду","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies берег","gloss":"verily"},{"surface":"берег","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with возил","gloss":"I kept"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книгу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of берег","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ведая","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ведая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведая","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on берег","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берег","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the month"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the year"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b6-c2-s10","source":"Прослужив этак года четыре, очутился я наконец в городе К., где стоял тогда наш полк.","translation":"Having served in this fashion some four years, I came at last to the town of K., where our regiment was then quartered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прослужив этак года четыре","title":"Perfective past gerund «прослужив»","body":"«Прослужив» is the perfective past gerund «деепричастие» in -в, 'having served', marking an action completed before the main verb «очутился». It must share the main clause's subject — the same 'I'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"года четыре","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «года четыре» instead of «четыре года» — signals an approximation, 'about four years'. With 2–4 the counted noun stands in the genitive singular «года»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"очутился","title":"«очутиться» — to find oneself somewhere","body":"«Очутиться» (perfective, reflexive) means to end up or find oneself in a place, often suddenly or as if by chance — fitting the providential drift of the narrative toward the town of K."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прослужив","lemma":"прослужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on очутился","gloss":"Having served"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года четыре (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of Прослужив","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"К.","lemma":"к.","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to городе","gloss":"of K."},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on городе","gloss":"was quartered"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of полк","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"полк","lemma":"полк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"regiment"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b6-c2-s11","source":"Общество городское было разнообразное, многолюдное и веселое, гостеприимное и богатое, принимали же меня везде хорошо, ибо был я отроду нрава веселого, да к тому же и слыл не за бедного, что в свете значит немало.","translation":"The town society was varied, crowded, and gay, hospitable and rich, and I was well received everywhere, for I was of a cheerful nature from my birth, and besides was reputed not to be poor — which counts for no little thing in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Общество городское было разнообразное, многолюдное и веселое","title":"Long-form adjectives as predicate, with быть","body":"Here the string of attributes stands in the long (declined) nominative form after past «было», rather than the short predicative form — a stylistic choice that gives the description a fuller, more pictorial weight. «Городское» is post-posed after its noun for rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слыл не за бедного","title":"«слыть за» — to be reputed as","body":"«Слыть (за) кого-то» = 'to have the reputation of being'. «Отроду нрава веселого» ('of a cheerful disposition from birth', genitive of quality) and this reputation together explain his easy welcome in society «в свете»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разнообразное","gloss":"the society"},{"surface":"городское","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Общество","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to разнообразное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"разнообразное","lemma":"разнообразный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of было","gloss":"varied"},{"surface":"многолюдное","lemma":"многолюдный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разнообразное","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разнообразное","gloss":"gay"},{"surface":"гостеприимное","lemma":"гостеприимный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разнообразное","gloss":"hospitable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богатое","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with разнообразное","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to было (impersonal 'they received')","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нрава","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нрава","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отроду","lemma":"отроду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"from birth"},{"surface":"нрава","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (genitive of quality)","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"веселого","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нрава","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому, part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"к тому же is a fixed idiom meaning 'besides, moreover.'"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же, modifies слыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слыл","lemma":"слыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to был","gloss":"was reputed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бедного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедного (слыть за = 'be reputed as')","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыл","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of значит","gloss":"the world","note":"свет here means 'the (social) world/society,' not literal light."},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"немало","lemma":"немало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"a great deal"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b6-c2-s12","source":"Вот и случилось одно обстоятельство, послужившее началом всему.","translation":"And then a certain circumstance befell that became the beginning of everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послужившее началом всему","title":"Past active participle + predicate instrumental","body":"«послужившее» is the past active participle of «послужить», agreeing with neuter «обстоятельство» — 'a circumstance that became'. With «послужить» the predicate «началом» ('beginning') stands in the instrumental, and «всему» is dative ('to everything')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"befell"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"послужившее","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"that became"},{"surface":"началом","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужившее","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of послужившее","gloss":"of everything"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b6-c2-s13","source":"Привязался я к одной молодой и прекрасной девице, умной и достойной, характера светлого, благородного, дочери почтенных родителей.","translation":"I grew attached to a young and lovely girl, clever and worthy, of a bright and noble character, the daughter of respectable parents.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Привязался я к одной молодой и прекрасной девице","title":"Reflexive «привязаться» + dative","body":"«Привязаться к кому» (reflexive perfective) means 'to grow attached to'; the «-ся» marks the inner, self-directed feeling, and «к + dative» «к девице» names the person. Verb-first «привязался я» again throws the new event forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умной и достойной, характера светлого, благородного","title":"Cascade of agreeing genitives","body":"All the qualifiers agree with «девице»/«дочери» in case: «умной, достойной» are dative-feminine like «девице», while «характера светлого, благородного» is a genitive-of-quality phrase ('of a bright, noble character'). The piling of agreeing adjectives is characteristically literary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Привязался","lemma":"привязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew attached"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Привязался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies девице","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девице","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасной","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодой","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"девице","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Привязался","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"умной","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девице","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достойной","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with умной","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies девице (genitive of description)","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"светлого","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with светлого","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девице","gloss":"the daughter"},{"surface":"почтенных","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies родителей","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"родителей","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дочери","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b6-c2-s14","source":"Люди были немалые, имели богатство, влияние и силу, меня принимали ласково и радушно.","translation":"They were people of consequence, possessed of wealth, influence, and power, and they received me kindly and warmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Люди были немалые","title":"«немалые люди» — people of consequence","body":"«Немалые» (literally 'not small') is litotes for 'considerable, of weight'. The phrase, with «имели богатство, влияние и силу», marks the girl's family as socially powerful — a gap of standing that will sting his pride."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ласково и радушно","title":"«радушно» — with open-hearted warmth","body":"«Радушный» (from «рад», glad) means cordial, warmly hospitable; «ласково» is tender, affectionate. The pair stresses how kindly he was received — heightening, by contrast, the cruelty he will repay them with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of немалые","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to немалые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"немалые","lemma":"немалый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of были","gloss":"of consequence"},{"surface":"имели","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"богатство","lemma":"богатство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имели","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with богатство","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатство","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радушно","lemma":"радушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ласково","gloss":"warmly"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b6-c2-s15","source":"И вот покажись мне, что девица расположена ко мне сердечно, — разгорелось мое сердце при таковой мечте.","translation":"And it now seemed to me that the girl was tenderly disposed toward me — and my heart took fire at such a fancy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вот покажись мне, что девица расположена ко мне","title":"Imperative form as vivid past («покажись»)","body":"«Покажись» looks like a 2nd-person imperative but here is a lively narrative device — the 'dramatic imperative' used for a sudden, unexpected past event ('and then it suddenly seemed to me'). It mimics speech, giving the memory immediacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разгорелось мое сердце при таковой мечте","title":"«разгореться» and bookish «таковой»","body":"«Разгорелось» (caught fire, blazed up) renders the metaphor of the heart taking flame. «Таковой» is an archaic, bookish variant of «такой» ('such'), tinting the line with elevated, old-fashioned diction."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покажись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"покажись","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed","note":"Colloquial skaz form standing in for показалось ('it seemed')."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покажись","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расположена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расположена","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"расположена","lemma":"расположенный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of девица (zero-copula construction)","gloss":"disposed"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположена","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сердечно","lemma":"сердечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расположена","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"разгорелось","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to покажись","gloss":"took fire"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of разгорелось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечте","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"мечте","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорелось","gloss":"fancy"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b6-c2-s16","source":"Потом уж сам постиг и вполне догадался, что, может быть, вовсе я ее и не любил с такою силой, а только чтил ее ум и характер возвышенный, чего не могло не быть.","translation":"Afterward I came to grasp for myself, and saw quite plainly, that perhaps I had not loved her with such force at all, but only honored her mind and her lofty character — as indeed I could not but do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего не могло не быть","title":"Double negation = strong affirmation","body":"«Не могло не быть» literally 'could not not be' is an emphatic affirmative: 'as could not but be so'. «Чего» is genitive of negation, the object of the negated verb, here also functioning as a relative tying back to the whole preceding clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"постиг и вполне догадался","title":"Two perfectives of sudden realization","body":"«Постиг» (grasped, comprehended) and «догадался» (guessed, figured out) are both perfective, presenting the later insight as a finished mental event. They move the reflection forward against the imperfective backdrop of his former feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постиг","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постиг","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the implied subject of постиг","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"постиг","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постиг","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть, modifies любил","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is the fixed idiom 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"had loved"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любил","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтил","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтил","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ум","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"возвышенный","lemma":"возвышенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"be","note":"чего не могло не быть is a double negative meaning 'as indeed it could not but be.'"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b6-c2-s17","source":"Себялюбие, однако же, помешало мне сделать предложение руки в то время: тяжело и страшно показалось расстаться с соблазнами развратной, холостой и вольной жизни в таких юных летах, имея вдобавок и деньги.","translation":"Self-love, however, held me back from making her an offer of my hand at that time: it seemed hard and frightening to part with the temptations of a dissolute, single, and unfettered life in years so young, and with money in the bargain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Себялюбие","title":"«себялюбие» — self-love, egoism","body":"A transparent compound of «себя» (self) + «любить» (to love), 'self-love, selfishness' — a key word in Zossima's moral lexicon and the named cause that keeps him from proposing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжело и страшно показалось расстаться","title":"Impersonal predicate with dative experiencer","body":"«Тяжело и страшно показалось… расстаться» is an impersonal construction: the neuter predicate adverbs «тяжело, страшно» plus an infinitive, with the experiencer ('to me') understood in the dative. Russian frames inner states this subjectless way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея вдобавок и деньги","title":"Gerund «имея» framing circumstance","body":"«Имея» is the imperfective present gerund «деепричастие» of «иметь», 'having', adding an attendant circumstance — 'and having money besides'. It shares the subject of the main clause and stacks one more reason for his hesitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Себялюбие","lemma":"себялюбие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of помешало","gloss":"self-love"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помешало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"помешало","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hindered"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of помешало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помешало","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"offer"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложение","gloss":"of (my) hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of помешало","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тяжело","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to помешало","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"расстаться","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on показалось","gloss":"to part"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазнами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"соблазнами","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расстаться","gloss":"temptations"},{"surface":"развратной","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"холостой","lemma":"холостой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with развратной","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вольной","lemma":"вольный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with развратной","gloss":"unfettered"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies соблазнами","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking летах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of летах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"юных","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies летах","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"летах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies расстаться","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on расстаться","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"вдобавок","lemma":"вдобавок","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"in addition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b6-c2-s18","source":"Намеки, однако ж, я сделал. Во всяком случае, отложил на малое время всякий решительный шаг.","translation":"Hints, though, I did let drop. In any case, I put off any decisive step for a little while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намеки, однако ж, я сделал.","title":"Fronted object for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «намеки» (hints) is moved to the very front, ahead of subject and verb, focusing on the thing done: 'hints, though, I did drop'. Free case-marked word order lets the object become the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"однако ж","title":"«однако ж» — however (with reinforcing «ж»)","body":"«Однако» means 'however, yet'; the clipped particle «ж» (a reduced «же») reinforces the contrast. The pairing is a hallmark of the elder's spoken, slightly archaic rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намеки","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"hints"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let drop"},{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"отложил","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложил","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шаг","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"решительный","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шаг","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отложил","gloss":"step"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b6-c2-s19","source":"А тут вдруг случись командировка в другой уезд на два месяца.","translation":"And just then a posting fell to me, all at once, to another district for two months.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А тут вдруг случись командировка","title":"Dramatic imperative «случись» for sudden event","body":"Like «покажись» earlier, «случись» is the imperative-shaped narrative form used for an abrupt twist of fate — 'and just then a posting suddenly came up'. The contrastive «а» and «вдруг» heighten the unexpected turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случись","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"случись","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened","note":"Colloquial skaz form standing in for случилась ('happened')."},{"surface":"командировка","lemma":"командировка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of случись","gloss":"a posting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уезд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уезд","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"уезд","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies командировка","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случись","gloss":"months"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b6-c2-s20","source":"Возвращаюсь я через два месяца и вдруг узнаю, что девица уже замужем, за богатым пригородным помещиком, человеком хоть и старее меня годами, но еще молодым, имевшим связи в столице и в лучшем обществе, чего я не имел, человеком весьма любезным и сверх того образованным, а уж образования-то я не имел вовсе.","translation":"I return after the two months and learn of a sudden that the girl is already married — to a wealthy landowner from the outskirts, a man somewhat older than I in years, yet still young, with connections in the capital and in the best society, which I had not, a most amiable man and, beyond that, an educated one, while of education I had none whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возвращаюсь я… и вдруг узнаю","title":"Historic present for vividness","body":"The present-tense imperfectives «возвращаюсь» and «узнаю» narrate a past event as if it were unfolding now — the 'historic present', pulling the reader into the moment of the blow. The «-сь» on «возвращаюсь» is the reflexive 'return'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уже замужем","title":"«замужем» — (a woman) married","body":"«Замужем» (literally 'behind a husband') is the fixed adverb for a woman being married; a man uses «женат». The blunt «уже замужем» delivers the shock that drives the whole episode."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имевшим связи в столице… чего я не имел","title":"Past active participle and relative «чего»","body":"«Имевшим» is the past active participle ('who had'), agreeing with «человеком» (instrumental). The clause «чего я не имел» uses «чего» (genitive of negation) as a relative referring back to those advantages he himself lacked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвращаюсь","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause, coordinated with узнаю","gloss":"I return"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Возвращаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяца","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Возвращаюсь","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаю","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замужем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замужем","gloss":"the girl"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замужем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"замужем","lemma":"замужем","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of узнаю","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиком","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"богатым","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещиком","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"пригородным","lemma":"пригородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещиком","gloss":"outskirts"},{"surface":"помещиком","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замужем","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещиком","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старее, part of the idiom хоть и (although)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"старее","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, comparative, indeclinable","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of comparison with старее","gloss":"than me"},{"surface":"годами","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of старее","gloss":"in years"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодым","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"имевшим","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человеком","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имевшим","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столице","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связи","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лучшем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with столице","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of second имел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of second имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying связи в столице и в обществе","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человеком (w17)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любезным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любезным","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"amiable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of образованным","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"образованным","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with любезным","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second имел, emphasizes образования","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of second имел","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle, modifies образования","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of second имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies second имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with first имел, second main verb of the contrast","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second имел","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b6-c2-s21","source":"Так я был поражен этим неожиданным случаем, что даже ум во мне помутился.","translation":"I was so stunned by this unlooked-for turn that my very mind grew clouded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так я был поражен… что даже ум во мне помутился","title":"«так… что» correlative + short passive participle","body":"«Так… что» sets up a 'so… that' result clause. «Поражен» is the short-form past passive participle of «поразить» ('struck, stunned'), joining «был» to state his condition; «помутился» (clouded over) carries reflexive «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive поражен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случаем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случаем","gloss":"unlooked-for"},{"surface":"случаем","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помутился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помутился","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of помутился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"помутился","lemma":"помутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"grew clouded"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b6-c2-s22","source":"Главное же в том заключалось, что, как узнал я тогда же, был этот молодой помещик женихом ее уже давно и что сам же я встречал его множество раз в ихнем доме, но не примечал ничего, ослепленный своими достоинствами.","translation":"And the chief of it lay in this — that, as I then learned, this young landowner had been her betrothed already for a long while, and that I myself had met him countless times in their house and noticed nothing, blinded as I was by my own merits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был этот молодой помещик женихом ее уже давно","title":"Predicate instrumental «женихом»","body":"After past «был», the predicate noun «жених» ('betrothed, fiancé') stands in the instrumental «женихом» — the regular way Russian frames a role or state in the past: 'had been her betrothed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ослепленный своими достоинствами","title":"Short past passive participle + instrumental of cause","body":"«Ослепленный» (blinded) is a past passive participle agreeing with the implied 'I'; its agent/cause «своими достоинствами» ('by my own merits') stands in the instrumental, as agents of passives do. «Своими» is the reflexive possessive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ихнем доме","title":"«ихний» — colloquial 'their'","body":"Standard Russian uses invariable «их» for 'their'; «ихний» is a non-standard, colloquial possessive that declines («в ихнем доме»). Dostoevsky lets it slip into the elder's homely, vernacular voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключалось","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Главное","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"заключалось","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical как-clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женихом","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of помещик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помещик","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женихом","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"женихом","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женихом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of заключалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встречал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"встречал","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause, parallel to был","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of множество","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ихнем","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"their","note":"ихнем is a nonstandard colloquial form of их ('their')."},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречал","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примечал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примечал","lemma":"примечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of примечал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ослепленный","lemma":"ослепить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies the implied subject of примечал","gloss":"blinded"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of достоинствами","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"достоинствами","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of ослепленный","gloss":"merits"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b6-c2-s23","source":"Но вот это-то по преимуществу меня и обидело: как же это, все почти знали, а я один ничего не знал?","translation":"But this above all was what wounded me: how could it be that nearly everyone knew, and I alone knew nothing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то по преимуществу меня и обидело","title":"Emphatic «-то» plus reinforcing «и»","body":"«Это-то… и обидело» wraps the subject in two emphasizers: the clitic «-то» pins down the topic and «и» before the verb means 'precisely this is what wounded me'. A characteristic way of laying stress without raising the voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все почти знали, а я один ничего не знал","title":"Contrastive «а» and negative concord","body":"The mild contrastive «а» ('whereas') pivots between the two clauses, and «ничего… не знал» shows negative concord — «ничего» (genitive) demands «не» on the verb. The structure sharpens the wound: everyone vs. he alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes это-то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидело, part of вот это-то","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes это (это-то)","gloss":"precisely","note":"The enclitic -то glued onto это is a pure emphasis marker, not a separate word ('this very thing')."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преимуществу","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"преимуществу","lemma":"преимущество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom по преимуществу modifying обидело","gloss":"all","note":"по преимуществу is a fixed idiom meaning 'above all, chiefly'."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обидело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes обидело","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обидело","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes as topic of the question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies все","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"contrasted with знал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with знали","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b6-c2-s24","source":"И почувствовал я вдруг злобу нестерпимую.","translation":"And of a sudden I felt an unbearable spite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злобу нестерпимую","title":"«злоба нестерпимая» — unbearable spite","body":"«Злоба» is malice, rancorous spite (stronger and uglier than mere «гнев», anger); «нестерпимый» is 'unbearable, past enduring'. The post-posed adjective lends a heavy, almost biblical cadence to the sudden surge of hatred."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"злобу","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"нестерпимую","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобу","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b6-c2-s25","source":"С краской в лице начал вспоминать, как много раз почти высказывал ей любовь мою, а так как она меня не останавливала и не предупредила, то, стало быть, вывел я, надо мною смеялась.","translation":"With the color rising in my face I began to recall how many times I had all but declared my love to her, and since she had neither stopped me nor warned me off, then — so I concluded — she had been laughing at me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как она меня не останавливала и не предупредила, то… вывел я","title":"«так как… то» with a telling aspect switch","body":"«Так как… то» is a 'since… then' causal frame. Note the aspect pairing: imperfective «не останавливала» ('kept not stopping me', a repeated non-action) beside perfective «не предупредила» ('never once warned me'), the contrast English cannot show directly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть… надо мною","title":"«стало быть» and archaic «надо мною»","body":"«Стало быть» ('therefore, so') is a colloquial discourse marker of conclusion, here in the inserted aside «вывел я» ('I concluded'). «Надо мною» is the archaic full form of «надо мной» ('over me'), object of «смеяться над» (to laugh at) — a period-flavoured variant."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краской","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"краской","lemma":"краска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies краской","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of высказывал","gloss":"times","note":"In 'много раз' the quantifier много governs genitive plural; раз is the (zero-ending) genitive plural form, not accusative singular."},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказывал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"высказывал","lemma":"высказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминать","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of высказывал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высказывал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as","note":"так как together means 'since, because'."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останавливала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of останавливала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останавливала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останавливала","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так как clause","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предупредила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предупредила","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останавливала","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so","note":"стало быть is a fixed parenthetical phrase meaning 'consequently, that is to say'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"at","note":"надо is the variant of над used before мною for euphony."},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялась","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вывел (subject она)","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b6-c2-s26","source":"Потом, конечно, сообразил и припомнил, что нисколько она не смеялась, сама же, напротив, разговоры такие шутливо прерывала и зачинала на место их другие, — но тогда сообразить этого я не смог и запылал отомщением.","translation":"Later, of course, I worked it out and remembered that she had not laughed in the least, but on the contrary had broken off such talk with a jest and turned it to other subjects — yet at the time I could not work this out, and burned with the thirst for revenge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разговоры такие шутливо прерывала и зачинала на место их другие","title":"Imperfective for her habitual gentleness","body":"«Прерывала» (kept breaking off) and «зачинала» (would start up) are imperfective, picturing a repeated, characteristic behaviour — she habitually turned such talk aside with a jest. «Зачинать» is an archaic, folk variant of «начинать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда сообразить этого я не смог","title":"Genitive of negation «этого»","body":"Under the negated «не смог сообразить», the object shifts to the genitive «этого» ('couldn't work this out') rather than accusative «это» — the genitive of negation at work with an abstract object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запылал отомщением","title":"«запылать» + «отомщение»","body":"«Запылать» ('to blaze up') continues the fire imagery of his heart; «отомщение» is an elevated, bookish word for vengeance (beside the plainer «месть»). The instrumental «отомщением» names what he blazed with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразил","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying сообразил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сообразил","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеялась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеялась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнил","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерывала","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прерывала","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of разговоры","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шутливо","lemma":"шутливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прерывала","gloss":"jokingly"},{"surface":"прерывала","lemma":"прерывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause contrasted with смеялась","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачинала","lemma":"зачинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прерывала","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на место, marking место","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зачинала","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies место","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зачинала","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смог","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сообразить","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смог","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообразить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смог","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final contrast clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запылал","lemma":"запылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смог","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"отомщением","lemma":"отомщение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запылал","gloss":"revenge"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b6-c2-s27","source":"Вспоминаю с удивлением, что отомщение сие и гнев мой были мне самому до крайности тяжелы и противны, потому что, имея характер легкий, не мог подолгу ни на кого сердиться, а потому как бы сам искусственно разжигал себя и стал наконец безобразен и нелеп.","translation":"I recall with wonder that this revenge of mine and this anger were to my own self burdensome and loathsome in the extreme, for, being of an easy temper, I could not stay angry at anyone for long, and so I went on as it were artificially stoking myself up, until in the end I grew monstrous and absurd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отомщение сие и гнев мой были мне самому… тяжелы и противны","title":"Short adjectives «тяжелы и противны» + dative experiencer","body":"«Тяжелы» and «противны» are short-form predicate adjectives ('burdensome, loathsome'), the bookish predicative form. The experiencer «мне самому» stands in the dative — 'to my own self' — framing the feeling impersonally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сие","title":"«сей/сие» — this (archaic)","body":"«Сие» is the neuter of the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), a bookish, period-elevated alternative to «это». It is one of the surest marks of 19th-c. literary and ecclesiastical register in Zossima's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея характер легкий, не мог подолгу… сердиться","title":"Gerund «имея» giving the reason","body":"The present gerund «имея» ('having', sharing the main subject) supplies the cause — 'being of an easy temper'. «Сердиться» (to be angry) is one of the verbs existing only in the reflexive «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспоминаю","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вспоминаю","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тяжелы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отомщение","lemma":"отомщение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тяжелы","gloss":"revenge"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отомщение","gloss":"this","note":"сие is an archaic form of 'this'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отомщение (subject of тяжелы)","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнев","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжелы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of тяжелы","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крайности","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"idiom до крайности modifying тяжелы","gloss":"the extreme"},{"surface":"тяжелы","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective of the что-clause (with были)","gloss":"burdensome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"противны","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with тяжелы","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"легкий","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характер","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"подолгу","lemma":"подолгу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of сердиться","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"сердиться","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"stay angry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разжигал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying разжигал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы means 'as if, as it were'."},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the elided subject (я) of разжигал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"искусственно","lemma":"искусственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разжигал","gloss":"artificially"},{"surface":"разжигал","lemma":"разжигать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"stoked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of разжигал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разжигал","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безобразен","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"безобразен","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелеп","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безобразен","gloss":"absurd"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b6-c2-s28","source":"Выждал я время и раз в большом обществе удалось мне вдруг «соперника» моего оскорбить будто бы из-за самой посторонней причины, подсмеяться над одним мнением его об одном важном тогда событии — в двадцать шестом году дело было — и подсмеяться, говорили люди, удалось остроумно и ловко.","translation":"I bided my time, and once, in a large company, I managed of a sudden to insult my \"rival\" on a wholly extraneous pretext, mocking some opinion of his about a matter then of importance — it was in the year twenty-six that this happened — and the mockery, people said, came off cleverly and adroitly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удалось мне вдруг… оскорбить","title":"Impersonal «удалось» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Удаться» is an impersonal verb: 'it succeeded for me to…', i.e. 'I managed to'. The doer goes in the dative «мне» and the action in the infinitive «оскорбить» — a subjectless construction where English needs a personal subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остроумно и ловко","title":"«остроумно и ловко» — wittily and deftly","body":"«Остроумный» ('sharp-witted, clever') and «ловкий» ('deft, adroit, slick') together praise the cruelty of his mockery — a worldly skill he later sees as shameful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выждал","lemma":"выждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bided"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Выждал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Выждал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удалось","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of удалось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оскорбить","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбить","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соперника","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"оскорбить","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking причины","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посторонней","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"посторонней","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"extraneous"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition из-за","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"подсмеяться","lemma":"подсмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with оскорбить","gloss":"mock"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнением","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мнением","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"мнением","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсмеяться","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мнением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies событии","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"важном","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies событии","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важном","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"событии","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of the preposition об, modifying мнением","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of the compound numeral двадцать шестом","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"шестом","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies году","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause (дело было = it happened)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подсмеяться","lemma":"подсмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of удалось (w42)","gloss":"mocking","note":"Same lexeme as w22 подсмеяться (tagged perfective there); подсмеяться is the perfective partner of подсмеиваться, so both occurrences must agree as perfective."},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (people said)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject подсмеяться (w39)","gloss":"came off"},{"surface":"остроумно","lemma":"остроумно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалось","gloss":"cleverly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ловко","lemma":"ловко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with остроумно","gloss":"adroitly"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b6-c2-s29","source":"Затем вынудил у него объяснение и уже до того обошелся при объяснении грубо, что вызов мой он принял, несмотря на огромную разницу между нами, ибо был я и моложе его, незначителен и чина малого.","translation":"Then I wrung an explanation from him and, in the giving of it, behaved so coarsely that he accepted my challenge in spite of the vast difference between us, for I was both younger than he, of small consequence, and of a low rank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо был я и моложе его, незначителен и чина малого","title":"Comparative «моложе» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Моложе» is the regular (consonant-mutating д→ж) predicative comparative of «молодой» ('younger'), not suppletive, and «его» is the genitive of comparison ('than he'). «Чина малого» is a genitive-of-quality phrase, 'of small rank'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынудил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вынудил","lemma":"вынудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrung"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынудил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"объяснение","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынудил","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom до того ... что, modifying обошелся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom до того ... что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошелся, part of до того ... что","gloss":"such a degree","note":"до того ... что means 'to such an extent that'."},{"surface":"обошелся","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объяснении","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"объяснении","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошелся","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"грубо","lemma":"грубо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обошелся","gloss":"coarsely"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of принял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вызов","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-result clause","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking разницу","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"on","note":"несмотря на together means 'despite, in spite of'."},{"surface":"огромную","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разницу","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"разницу","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition между, modifying разницу","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the ибо-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"links моложе, незначителен, чина малого","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"моложе","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with незначителен","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of моложе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"незначителен","lemma":"незначительный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with моложе","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чина","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of был","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чина","gloss":"low"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b6-c2-s30","source":"Потом уж я твердо узнал, что принял он вызов мой как бы тоже из ревнивого ко мне чувства: ревновал он меня и прежде, немножко, к жене своей, еще тогда невесте; теперь же подумал, что если та узнает, что он оскорбление от меня перенес, а вызвать на поединок не решился, то чтобы не стала она невольно презирать его и не поколебалась любовь ее.","translation":"Afterward I learned for certain that he had accepted my challenge partly out of a jealous feeling toward me as well: he had been jealous of me even before, a little, on account of his wife, then still his betrothed; and now he reasoned that, should she learn he had borne an insult from me without resolving to call me out, she might come unwillingly to despise him, and her love might be shaken.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если та узнает… то чтобы не стала… презирать его и не поколебалась любовь ее","title":"«чтобы» + past form for feared outcome","body":"After the verb of reasoning, «чтобы» governs past-form verbs «не стала», «не поколебалась» to express a willed/feared result — 'so that she might not come to despise him'. This is «чтобы» as fused «что + бы», the irrealis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ревновал он меня и прежде, немножко, к жене своей","title":"«ревновать к» and reflexive «своей»","body":"«Ревновать кого к кому» means 'to be jealous of someone over someone'. «Своей» (reflexive possessive) correctly points to his own wife. «Немножко» is an affectionate diminutive of «немного» ('a little bit')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невольно презирать","title":"«невольно» — involuntarily","body":"«Невольно» ('against one's will, involuntarily', from «воля», will) captures a contempt she could not help feeling — a fine moral shade Dostoevsky uses to map the husband's anxious reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had accepted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вызов","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вызов","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying из ... чувства","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из ... чувства","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ревнивого","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревнивого","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"ревновал","lemma":"ревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause after the colon","gloss":"had been jealous"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ревновал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ревновал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ревновал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with прежде","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жене","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ревновал","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жене","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невесте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"невесте","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to жене","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнал","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of узнает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перенес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перенес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оскорбление","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перенес","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"перенес","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнает","gloss":"borne"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вызвать","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"call out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединок","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поединок","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвать","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перенес","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стала","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause (subject она)","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирать","gloss":"unwillingly"},{"surface":"презирать","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поколебалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поколебалась","lemma":"поколебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"be shaken"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поколебалась","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b6-c2-s31","source":"Секунданта я достал скоро, товарища, нашего же полка поручика.","translation":"A second I procured quickly — a comrade, a lieutenant of our own regiment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Секунданта я достал скоро","title":"Animate accusative + fronted object","body":"«Секунданта» is the animate masculine accusative (= genitive form), object of «достал», placed first for emphasis: 'a second I procured quickly'. «Нашего же полка поручика» is a genitive phrase, 'a lieutenant of our own regiment'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Секунданта","lemma":"секундант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"direct object of достал","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of достал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"достал","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"procured"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"товарища","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"in apposition to Секунданта","gloss":"comrade"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of полка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашего","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"полка","lemma":"полк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поручика","gloss":"regiment"},{"surface":"поручика","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"in apposition to товарища","gloss":"lieutenant"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b6-c2-s32","source":"Тогда хоть и преследовались поединки жестоко, но была на них как бы даже мода между военными — до того дикие нарастают и укрепляются иногда предрассудки.","translation":"Though duels were then prosecuted harshly, there was nonetheless something almost of a fashion in them among the military — to such a pitch do savage prejudices sometimes grow up and take firm root.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и преследовались поединки жестоко","title":"Imperfective passive in «-ся»","body":"«Преследовались» is an imperfective passive formed with «-ся»: 'duels were (being) prosecuted'. Russian prefers this reflexive passive for ongoing/habitual states over a participial one. «Хоть и» = 'although'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовались","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовались","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"преследовались","lemma":"преследоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"were prosecuted"},{"surface":"поединки","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of преследовались","gloss":"duels"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преследовались","gloss":"harshly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential 'there was'), governs мода","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мода","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"it were","note":"как бы = 'as it were, something like'."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мода","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мода","lemma":"мода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a fashion"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking военными","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"военными","lemma":"военный","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мода","gloss":"the military"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase до того ('to such a pitch'), modifies нарастают","gloss":"such a pitch"},{"surface":"дикие","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies предрассудки","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"нарастают","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"grow up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"укрепляются","lemma":"укрепляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нарастают","gloss":"take firm root"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарастают and укрепляются","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"предрассудки","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нарастают and укрепляются","gloss":"prejudices"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b6-c2-s33","source":"Был в исходе июнь, и вот встреча наша назавтра, за городом, в семь часов утра — и воистину случилось тут со мной нечто как бы роковое.","translation":"It was the close of June, and our meeting was set for the morrow, outside the town, at seven in the morning — and verily there befell me then something as it were fated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исходе июнь","title":"«в исходе» — at the close of","body":"«В исходе (месяца)» is a bookish idiom, 'at the end / close of'. «Исход» also means 'outcome, exodus' (cf. the biblical book), giving the time-marker a faint solemnity before the fated meeting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину случилось тут со мной нечто как бы роковое","title":"«роковое» — fated, fateful","body":"«Роковой» (from «рок», fate/doom) means 'fateful, fatal'. With «воистину» (verily) and «как бы» (as it were), the elder marks this as the providential turning-point of his life — the moment grace breaks in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исходе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исходе","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"июнь","lemma":"июнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"June"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"встреча","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb 'was'","gloss":"our meeting"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встреча","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, modifies встреча","gloss":"for the morrow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городом","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"городом","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"verily"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"there befell"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"fated"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b6-c2-s34","source":"С вечера возвратившись домой, свирепый и безобразный, рассердился я на моего денщика Афанасия и ударил его изо всей силы два раза по лицу, так что окровавил ему лицо.","translation":"Coming home in the evening, savage and ugly of mood, I flew into a rage at my orderly Afanasy and struck him twice across the face with all my strength, so that I bloodied his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С вечера возвратившись домой, свирепый и безобразный","title":"Past gerund «возвратившись» framing the act","body":"«Возвратившись» is the perfective past gerund «деепричастие» ('having returned'), setting the prior circumstance; «свирепый и безобразный» are predicate adjectives describing his state as he did it. The gerund and main verb share the 'I' subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударил его изо всей силы… так что окровавил ему лицо","title":"Dative «ему» of the affected person","body":"«Окровавил ему лицо» uses the dative «ему» where English says 'his face' — the dative names the person affected by the action on a body part. «Изо всей силы» ('with all his strength') intensifies the perfective blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратившись","gloss":"the evening"},{"surface":"возвратившись","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past adverbial participle (gerund), perfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying рассердился","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратившись","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"свирепый","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я, predicate of рассердился","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безобразный","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свирепый","gloss":"hideous"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew into a rage"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking денщика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of денщика","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"денщика","lemma":"денщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердился","gloss":"orderly"},{"surface":"Афанасия","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to денщика","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассердился","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"my strength"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of окровавил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"окровавил","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударил","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession with лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окровавил","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b6-c2-s35","source":"Служил он у меня еще недавно, и случалось и прежде, что ударял его, но никогда с такою зверскою жестокостью.","translation":"He had served me only a short while, and it had happened before too that I struck him, but never with such brutish cruelty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случалось и прежде, что ударял его","title":"Impersonal «случалось» + iterative imperfective","body":"«Случалось, что…» ('it happened that…', impersonal) plus the imperfective «ударял» ('used to strike') expresses a repeated past habit. The aspect quietly tells us this was not the first time — only the worst."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с такою зверскою жестокостью","title":"«зверская жестокость» — brutish cruelty","body":"«Зверский» (from «зверь», beast) means 'bestial, brutish'. «Такою» is the archaic instrumental of «такая». The phrase brands the violence as sub-human — the very savagery his upbringing bred in him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had served"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Служил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Служил","gloss":"me","note":"у меня = 'in my employ'."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Служил","gloss":"a short while"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случалось","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ударял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ударял","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of случалось","gloss":"I struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударял","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестокостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жестокостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"зверскою","lemma":"зверский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жестокостью","gloss":"brutish"},{"surface":"жестокостью","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"cruelty"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b6-c2-s36","source":"И верите ли, милые, сорок лет тому минуло времени, а припоминаю и теперь о том со стыдом и мукой.","translation":"And will you believe it, my dear ones, forty years have gone by since then, yet even now I recall it with shame and torment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И верите ли, милые","title":"Particle «ли» of appeal + vocative «милые»","body":"«Верите ли» uses the interrogative enclitic «ли» to turn the verb into a direct appeal — 'will you believe it?'. «Милые» ('my dear ones') is a term of address (a vocative use of the nominative), breaking the frame to speak to his listeners."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорок лет тому минуло времени","title":"«тому назад» idiom and genitive «времени»","body":"«Сорок лет тому (назад)» is the standard 'forty years ago'. «Минуло времени» pairs the impersonal perfective «минуло» ('has passed') with a partitive genitive «времени» — 'so much time has gone by'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"noun, vocative-like accusative, plural","role":"address to the listeners","gloss":"dear ones"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of минуло (with сорок)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуло","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"минуло","lemma":"минуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have gone by"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of минуло","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"припоминаю","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I recall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припоминаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыдом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыдом","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припоминаю","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мукой","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыдом","gloss":"torment"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b6-c2-s37","source":"Лег я спать, заснул часа три, встаю, уже начинается день.","translation":"I lay down to sleep, slept some three hours, get up — the day is already breaking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лег я спать, заснул часа три, встаю, уже начинается день","title":"Aspect shift: perfective acts, then historic present","body":"Two perfectives «лег… заснул» (lay down, fell asleep) move the night forward as completed events, then «встаю… начинается» switch to the imperfective historic present to freeze us in the waking moment. «Часа три» (genitive sg. after 'three', inverted) = 'about three hours'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лег","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Лег","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Лег","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"встаю","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лег","gloss":"I get up"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинается","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начинается","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"is breaking"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинается","gloss":"the day"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b6-c2-s38","source":"Я вдруг поднялся, спать более не захотел, подошел к окну, отворил — отпиралось у меня в сад, — вижу, восходит солнышко, тепло, прекрасно, зазвенели птички.","translation":"I rose all at once, wanted no more sleep, went to the window, opened it — mine looked out upon the garden — and I see the sun coming up, warm, lovely, the little birds breaking into song.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отпиралось у меня в сад","title":"Reflexive intransitive «отпираться»","body":"«Отпиралось» (with «-ся») is the intransitive 'it opened / gave onto' — the window 'opened onto the garden'. The «-ся» turns the transitive 'to open' into a middle, subjectless statement about the window itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восходит солнышко… зазвенели птички","title":"Diminutives «солнышко», «птички»","body":"«Солнышко» (dear little sun) and «птички» (little birds) are affectionate diminutives that flood the dawn with tenderness. The shift in his perception of the world — suddenly precious — mirrors the spiritual thaw beginning in him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"opened it"},{"surface":"отпиралось","lemma":"отпираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause describing окну","gloss":"looked out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпиралось","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпиралось","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to поднялся","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"восходит","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"is rising"},{"surface":"солнышко","lemma":"солнышко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of восходит","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"тепло","lemma":"тепло","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with восходит","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with восходит","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"зазвенели","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вижу","gloss":"burst into song"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of зазвенели","gloss":"the little birds"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b6-c2-s39","source":"Что же это, думаю, ощущаю я в душе моей как бы нечто позорное и низкое?","translation":"What is this, I think — why do I feel in my soul something shameful and base?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же это, думаю, ощущаю я в душе моей","title":"Particle «же» of puzzled emphasis","body":"«Что же это» — the modal particle «же» adds insistent perplexity, 'what on earth is this that I feel?'. «Думаю» is the historic present of inner speech; the line opens his self-interrogation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечто позорное и низкое","title":"«позорное и низкое» — shameful and base","body":"«Позорный» ('shameful, disgraceful', from «позор») and «низкий» ('low, base') name the moral self-disgust now rising in him. «Нечто» ('something') keeps it as yet unnamed, a felt unease before he identifies its cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ощущаю","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"ощущаю","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I feel"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощущаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущаю","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ощущаю","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"позорное","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"низкое","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позорное","gloss":"base"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b6-c2-s40","source":"Не оттого ли, что кровь иду проливать?","translation":"Is it because I am going to spill blood?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не оттого ли, что кровь иду проливать?","title":"«не… ли» tentative question + «оттого что»","body":"«Не оттого ли, что…» is a softened self-question — 'is it not because…?' — with the enclitic «ли» marking the doubt. «Иду проливать» pairs the motion verb «идти» with an infinitive of intent: 'I am going to spill'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of иду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of проливать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"I am going"},{"surface":"проливать","lemma":"проливать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of иду","gloss":"to spill"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b6-c2-s41","source":"Нет, думаю, как будто и не оттого.","translation":"No, I think, it seems not on that account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто и не оттого","title":"«как будто» — as if / it seems","body":"«Как будто» ('as if, seemingly') hedges the answer, and «и не оттого» ('not on that account either') continues the negative concord of his probing. The clipped, verbless reply mimics the rhythm of thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to думаю","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase как будто","gloss":"if","note":"как будто = 'it seems, as if'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"for that reason"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b6-c2-s42","source":"Не оттого ли, что смерти боюсь, боюсь быть убитым?","translation":"Is it because I fear death, fear being killed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что смерти боюсь, боюсь быть убитым","title":"«бояться» + genitive; instrumental «убитым»","body":"«Бояться» governs the genitive, so 'fear death' is «боюсь смерти». «Быть убитым» uses «убитым», the instrumental of the past passive participle «убитый» ('killed'), as the predicate of the infinitive «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убитым","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"убитым","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b6-c2-s43","source":"Нет, совсем не то, совсем даже не то…","translation":"No, not that at all, not that in the least…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не то, совсем даже не то…","title":"Emphatic negation with «совсем» and «даже»","body":"«Совсем не то» = 'not that at all'; repeating it with «даже» ('even') drives the denial home. «То» (that) is the neuter demonstrative used as a bare pro-form for the suspected cause he keeps rejecting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to то","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b6-c2-s44","source":"И вдруг сейчас же и догадался, в чем было дело: в том, что я с вечера избил Афанасия!","translation":"And of a sudden, that very instant, I guessed what the matter was: it was that the evening before I had beaten Afanasy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вдруг сейчас же и догадался, в чем было дело","title":"Perfective «догадался» — the sudden realization","body":"«Догадался» (perfective, 'I guessed / it dawned on me') marks the instantaneous arrival of insight, reinforced by «вдруг», «сейчас же» and emphatic «и». «В чём было дело» = 'what the matter was'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избил Афанасия","title":"«избить» — to beat (thoroughly)","body":"The prefix «из-» on «избить» intensifies — to beat severely, beat black and blue — heavier than plain «бить». The perfective seals it as the one decisive deed his conscience now seizes on."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"of a sudden"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"that very instant"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I guessed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дело","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of избил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of избил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избил","gloss":"the evening before"},{"surface":"избил","lemma":"избить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had beaten"},{"surface":"Афанасия","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of избил","gloss":"Afanasy"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b6-c2-s45","source":"Всё мне вдруг снова представилось, точно вновь повторилось: стоит он предо мною, а я бью его с размаху прямо в лицо, а он держит руки по швам, голову прямо, глаза выпучил как во фронте, вздрагивает с каждым ударом и даже руки поднять, чтобы заслониться, не смеет — и это человек до того доведен, и это человек бьет человека!","translation":"It all rose up before me again of a sudden, as though it were happening anew: he stands before me, and I strike him full across the face with all my swing, while he holds his arms straight at the seams, his head erect, his eyes bulging as if on parade, flinching at every blow and not daring even to lift a hand to shield himself — and this is a man brought to such a pass, and this is a man beating a man!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит он предо мною, а я бью его… а он держит руки по швам","title":"Historic present and the hinge «а»","body":"The whole vision unfolds in the imperfective historic present («стоит», «бью», «держит», «вздрагивает»), as if happening again before his eyes. The repeated «а» is the contrastive hinge — 'he stands… and I strike… and he holds…' — building the unbearable tableau."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"держит руки по швам… как во фронте","title":"«руки по швам», «во фронте» — at attention","body":"«Держать руки по швам» (hands at the seams of the trousers) and «как во фронте» (as on parade / standing to) are military-drill images: Afanasy stands rigidly at attention even while being struck, the soldier's trained submission that makes the cruelty more terrible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это человек до того доведен, и это человек бьет человека","title":"Short passive «доведён» + the resounding repetition","body":"«Доведён» is the short past passive participle of «довести» ('brought to such a state'). The hammering «человек бьёт человека» ('a man beats a man') turns grammar into ethics — the bare nouns insist on a shared humanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of представилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of представилось","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представилось","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представилось","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"представилось","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вновь","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторилось","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"повторилось","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with представилось","gloss":"it were happening"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to повторилось","gloss":"he stands"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бью","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бью","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"размаху","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бью","gloss":"full swing"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бью","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"держит","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of держит","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking швам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"швам","lemma":"шов","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держит","gloss":"his sides","note":"держать руки по швам = military idiom, 'stand at attention with arms at one's sides'."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держит","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies голову","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпучил","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"выпучил","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"bulged"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of фронте","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фронте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"фронте","lemma":"фронт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпучил","gloss":"parade"},{"surface":"вздрагивает","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"flinches"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ударом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ударом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"ударом","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрагивает","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднять","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поднять","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"поднять","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to lift"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заслониться","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"заслониться","lemma":"заслониться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поднять","gloss":"shield himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate demonstrative, 'this is'","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доведен","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведен","gloss":"such a pass"},{"surface":"доведен","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стоит","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate demonstrative, 'this is'","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бьет","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"бьет","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"is beating"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бьет","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b6-c2-s46","source":"Экое преступление!","translation":"What a crime!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экое преступление!","title":"«экое» — what a…! (expressive)","body":"«Экой/экое» is a colloquial, emphatic exclamatory determiner, 'what a…!, such a…!', more vivid and folk-coloured than «какое». Here it bursts out in self-condemnation: 'What a crime!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Экое","lemma":"экий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b6-c2-s47","source":"Словно игла острая прошла мне всю душу насквозь.","translation":"It was as though a sharp needle had passed clean through my whole soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Словно игла острая прошла мне всю душу насквозь","title":"Simile «словно» + dative «мне»","body":"«Словно» ('as if, like') opens the simile of a sharp needle. «Прошла мне… душу» uses the dative «мне» for the person pierced, with «насквозь» ('right through'). Post-posed «игла острая» heightens the image's gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"игла","lemma":"игла","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"a needle"},{"surface":"острая","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игла","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession with душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошла","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошла","gloss":"clean through"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b6-c2-s48","source":"Стою я как ошалелый, а солнышко-то светит, листочки-то радуются, сверкают, а птички-то, птички-то бога хвалят…","translation":"I stand there as one dazed, while the sun is shining, the little leaves rejoicing and glittering, and the little birds — the little birds are praising God…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а солнышко-то светит, листочки-то радуются… а птички-то, птички-то","title":"Emphatic «-то» over a chain of diminutives","body":"Each subject takes the emphatic clitic «-то», spotlighting it: 'the sun, mind you, is shining; the leaves, see, rejoice…'. The repetition «птички-то, птички-то» is incantatory, the world itself rebuking him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Стою я как ошалелый","title":"«ошалелый» — dazed, stupefied","body":"«Ошалелый» (from «ошалеть», to go dazed/half-crazed) means stunned out of one's wits. It captures his stupor as the radiant garden — «листочки» (little leaves), «птички» (little birds) — praises God around his guilt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I stand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ошалелый","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ошалелый","lemma":"ошалелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"one dazed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"солнышко","lemma":"солнышко","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of светит","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes солнышко","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"светит","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стою","gloss":"is shining"},{"surface":"листочки","lemma":"листочек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of радуются","gloss":"the little leaves"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes листочки","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"радуются","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стою","gloss":"are rejoicing"},{"surface":"сверкают","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радуются","gloss":"glittering"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хвалят","gloss":"the little birds"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes птички","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хвалят, coordinated with птички","gloss":"the little birds"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes птички","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хвалят","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"хвалят","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with радуются","gloss":"are praising"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b6-c2-s49","source":"Закрыл я обеими ладонями лицо, повалился на постель и заплакал навзрыд.","translation":"I covered my face with both my palms, threw myself down on the bed, and wept aloud, sobbing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Закрыл я… повалился на постель и заплакал навзрыд","title":"Chain of perfectives for swift action","body":"Three perfectives «закрыл… повалился… заплакал» drive the collapse forward as quick, completed events. The «за-» on «заплакал» is inceptive — 'burst into tears'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзрыд","title":"«навзрыд» — sobbing convulsively","body":"«Навзрыд» is an adverb meaning to weep with great heaving sobs, uncontrollably. It marks the full breaking-open of the hardened officer — the tears of repentance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Закрыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of Закрыл","gloss":"with palms"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Закрыл","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"повалился","lemma":"повалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Закрыл","gloss":"threw myself down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повалился","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повалился","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"навзрыд","lemma":"навзрыд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"sobbing aloud","note":"An adverb meaning \"wailing/sobbing violently,\" not a noun."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b6-c2-s50","source":"И вспомнил я тут моего брата Маркела и слова его пред смертью слугам: «Милые мои, дорогие, за что вы мне служите, за что меня любите, да и стою ли я, чтобы служить-то мне?»","translation":"And I remembered then my brother Markel, and his words before his death to the servants: \"My dear ones, my darlings, why do you serve me, why do you love me — and am I even worthy that anyone should serve me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и стою ли я, чтобы служить-то мне?","title":"Particle «ли» of self-doubt + «чтобы»","body":"«Стою ли я» uses «ли» for an anguished yes/no self-question ('am I even worthy?'). «Чтобы служить мне» is a «чтобы»-clause of result/worth, and «-то» on «служить» lends a wistful, intimate stress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Милые мои, дорогие","title":"«милые, дорогие» — terms of tender address","body":"Markel addresses the household servants with words of endearment ('my dear ones, my darlings') — a social inversion at the heart of the novel's ethic: the master begging the servants' love. These are vocative-style endearments in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вспомнил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Маркела","lemma":"Маркел","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Markel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with брата","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слова","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"слугам","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of слова","gloss":"to the servants"},{"surface":"Милые","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address opening the quotation","gloss":"dear ones"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Милые","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дорогие","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Милые","gloss":"darlings"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of служите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of служите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of служите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"служите","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"do you serve"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служите","gloss":"do you love"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любите","gloss":"am I worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"(question particle)","note":"Marks the clause as a yes/no question; has no separate English equivalent."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"служить","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стою","gloss":"to serve"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on служить","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The clitic \"-то\" adds emphasis (\"serve me, that is\") and has no separate English word."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of служить","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b6-c2-s51","source":"— «Да, стою ли», — вскочило мне вдруг в голову.","translation":"— \"Yes, am I worthy\" — it leapt of a sudden into my head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Да, стою ли», — вскочило мне вдруг в голову","title":"Idiom «вскочить в голову» + dative","body":"«Вскочило мне в голову» — the perfective «вскочить» ('to leap up') in the idiom 'it leapt into my head', with the dative «мне» for the person. A more violent variant of «прийти в голову» (to occur to one), it conveys the suddenness of the thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"am I worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"вскочило","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вскочило","gloss":"into my"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочило","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b6-c2-s52","source":"В самом деле, чем я так стою, чтобы другой человек, такой же, как я, образ и подобие божие, мне служил?","translation":"Truly, by what do I so deserve that another man, just such as I, the image and likeness of God, should serve me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем я так стою, чтобы… мне служил?","title":"Instrumental «чем» of means + «чтобы» clause","body":"«Чем я стою» uses the instrumental of «что» — 'by what / in virtue of what do I deserve'. «Чтобы… служил» is a «чтобы»-clause with a past-form verb expressing the deserved outcome that another should serve him."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of стою","gloss":"truth","note":"\"В самом деле\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"indeed/truly.\""},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стою","gloss":"by what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобие","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with образ","gloss":"likeness"},{"surface":"божие","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подобие","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of служил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"should serve"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b6-c2-s53","source":"Так и вонзился мне в ум в первый раз в жизни тогда этот вопрос.","translation":"Thus did this question pierce into my mind for the first time in my life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и вонзился мне в ум… этот вопрос","title":"Idiom «вонзиться в ум» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«Так и вонзился» — the reflexive perfective «вонзиться» ('to lodge, drive into') with «так и» ('it just plunged right in') and the dative «мне». The metaphor of the question piercing his mind echoes the needle of s47."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзился","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вонзился","lemma":"вонзиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вонзился","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ум","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзился","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзился","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вонзился","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b6-c2-s54","source":"«Матушка, кровинушка ты моя, воистину всякий пред всеми за всех виноват, не знают только этого люди, а если б узнали — сейчас был бы рай!»","translation":"\"Little mother, blood of my blood, verily each one is guilty before all and for all — only people do not know it, and were they to know it, paradise would be here at once!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Матушка, кровинушка ты моя","title":"«матушка», «кровинушка» — endearments","body":"«Матушка» (dear mother) and «кровинушка» ('little drop of my blood', from «кровь») are doubly diminutive terms of deepest tenderness — Markel's words to his mother. «Кровинушка» is an almost untranslatable cherishing of one's own kin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а если б узнали — сейчас был бы рай","title":"Conditional «если б… был бы»","body":"A counterfactual: «если б узнали» (past + reduced «бы») in the protasis, «был бы рай» (past + «бы») in the apodosis — 'if they knew, there would at once be paradise'. The clipped «б» is the colloquial form of «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Матушка","lemma":"матушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the quotation","gloss":"little mother"},{"surface":"кровинушка","lemma":"кровинушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Матушка","gloss":"blood of my blood"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of моя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"every one"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to виноват","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знают","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying узнали","gloss":"would","note":"\"Б\" is the short form of the conditional particle \"бы.\""},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on был","gloss":"were to know"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks был as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"paradise"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b6-c2-s55","source":"«Господи, да неужто же и это неправда, — плачу я и думаю, — воистину я за всех, может быть, всех виновнее, да и хуже всех на свете людей!»","translation":"\"Lord, can this too be untrue\" — I weep and think — \"verily I am perhaps more guilty than all, and worse than all the people on earth!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да неужто же и это неправда","title":"Particles «неужто» and «же» of incredulity","body":"«Неужто» (a folk variant of «неужели») expresses astonished doubt — 'can it really be that…?' — and «же» heightens the appeal. The cluster of particles carries the trembling wonder of the moment of belief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я за всех, может быть, всех виновнее","title":"Comparative «виновнее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Виновнее» is the predicative comparative of «виновный» ('more guilty'), with «всех» as genitive of comparison ('than all'). The doubling «за всех… всех виновнее» fuses Markel's 'for all' with 'guiltier than all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"Господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be","note":"\"Неужто\" is a particle expressing incredulous surprise, not a verb."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of неужто","gloss":"untrue"},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I weep"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачу","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновнее","gloss":"verily"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновнее","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновнее","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms idiom with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"\"Может быть\" together is the idiom \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновнее","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"виновнее","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"more guilty"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with виновнее","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b6-c2-s56","source":"И представилась мне вдруг вся правда, во всем просвещении своем: что я иду делать?","translation":"And all the truth rose up before me of a sudden, in its full enlightenment: what am I going to do?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представилась мне вдруг вся правда… что я иду делать?","title":"Reflexive «представиться» + dative + historic present","body":"«Представилась мне» — the reflexive «представиться» ('to present itself / appear') with dative «мне», 'all the truth rose up before me'. The question «что я иду делать?» shifts to the historic present of horror."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во всем просвещении своем","title":"«просвещение» — illumination","body":"«Просвещение» normally means 'enlightenment, education', but here it bears its older, spiritual sense of 'illumination' (cf. the light of «свет»). The truth appears 'in its full illumination' — a near-mystical clarity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представилась","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of представилась","gloss":"before me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правда","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of представилась","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просвещении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of просвещении","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"просвещении","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представилась","gloss":"enlightenment"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies просвещении","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of иду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of иду","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b6-c2-s57","source":"Иду убивать человека доброго, умного, благородного, ни в чем предо мной не повинного, а супругу его тем навеки счастья лишу, измучаю и убью.","translation":"I am going to kill a man, a good man, clever and noble, in no way guilty before me, and by that I shall rob his wife of happiness forever, torment her and kill her too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иду убивать человека… ни в чем предо мной не повинного","title":"Negative concord «ни в чём… не повинного»","body":"«Ни в чём… не повинного» piles «ни» on the verb's «не»: 'in no way guilty before me'. «Повинный» is a bookish 'guilty/culpable', and «предо мной» the archaic full form of «передо мной»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"счастья лишу, измучаю и убью","title":"Perfective futures of dreadful resolve","body":"«Лишу… измучаю… убью» are perfective verbs conjugated as simple futures — single completed acts to come: 'I shall rob… torment… kill'. «Лишить» governs the genitive «счастья» ('deprive of happiness')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am going"},{"surface":"убивать","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Иду","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убивать","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"умного","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доброго","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"благородного","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доброго","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the ни...не construction","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинного","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинного","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинного","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доброго","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лишу","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лишу","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишу","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of лишу","gloss":"of happiness"},{"surface":"лишу","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Иду","gloss":"shall deprive"},{"surface":"измучаю","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лишу","gloss":"shall torment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лишу","gloss":"shall kill"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b6-c2-s58","source":"Лежал я так на постели ничком, лицом в подушку и не заметил вовсе как и время прошло.","translation":"I lay thus face down on the bed, my face in the pillow, and never noticed at all how the time went by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ничком, лицом в подушку","title":"«ничком» — face down","body":"«Ничком» is the adverb for lying prone, face downward (opposite of «навзничь», on one's back). The posture of abandon and prostration matches the inward collapse into repentance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заметил вовсе как и время прошло","title":"Negation reinforced by «вовсе»","body":"«Не заметил вовсе» — «вовсе» ('at all, entirely') strengthens the negation, 'never noticed at all'. The embedded «как… время прошло» ('how the time passed') uses perfective «прошло» for the completed lapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лежал","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Лежал","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"ничком","lemma":"ничком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лежал","gloss":"face down"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ничком","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лицом","gloss":"pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Лежал","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошло","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before время","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"passed"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b6-c2-s59","source":"Вдруг входит мой товарищ, поручик, за мной, с пистолетами: «А, говорит, вот это хорошо, что ты уже встал, пора, идем».","translation":"Of a sudden my comrade the lieutenant comes in for me, with the pistols: \"Ah,\" says he, \"that's good, that you're already up — it's time, let's go.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вдруг входит мой товарищ… за мной, с пистолетами","title":"Historic present «входит» + comitative «с»","body":"«Входит» is the historic present, bringing the lieutenant into the room before our eyes. «За мной» ('to fetch me') and «с пистолетами» ('with the pistols', instrumental after «с») set the scene of the imminent duel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот это хорошо, что ты уже встал… идем","title":"First-person exhortative «идём»","body":"«Идём» (let's go) is the 1st-person-plural present of «идти» used as a hortative imperative — Russian often uses the bare present/future for 'let's…'. «Пора» ('it's time') is an impersonal predicate. The dialogue's clipped immediacy contrasts with the elder's measured narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of товарищ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"comrade"},{"surface":"поручик","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to товарищ","gloss":"the lieutenant"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the quotation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"there now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the quotation","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"пора","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to хорошо","gloss":"it's time"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to пора","gloss":"let's go"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b6-c2-s60","source":"Заметался я тут, совсем потерялся, вышли мы, однако же, садиться в коляску: «Погоди здесь время, — говорю ему, — я в один миг сбегаю, кошелек забыл».","translation":"I grew flustered then, lost myself altogether; we went out, all the same, to take our seats in the carriage. \"Wait here a moment,\" I say to him, \"I'll run back in a flash — I've forgotten my purse.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметался я тут, совсем потерялся","title":"Inceptive «за-» + reflexive verbs","body":"«Заметался» (began to dash about in agitation) shows the inceptive prefix «за-» plus reflexive «-ся»; «потерялся» ('lost myself, got flustered') likewise. Both render his sudden inner turmoil as the moment of decision arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Погоди здесь время… я в один миг сбегаю, кошелек забыл","title":"Imperative «погоди» + perfective «сбегаю»","body":"«Погоди» is the perfective imperative of «погодить» ('wait a moment'), softer and more colloquial than «подожди». «Сбегаю» is a perfective future ('I'll dash back'), and «в один миг» = 'in an instant'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметался","lemma":"заметаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew flustered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Заметался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заметался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерялся","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"потерялся","lemma":"потеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заметался","gloss":"lost myself"},{"surface":"вышли","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заметался","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вышли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садиться","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"садиться","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вышли","gloss":"to take our seats"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляску","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"коляску","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of садиться","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"Погоди","lemma":"погодить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to садиться","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Погоди","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial accusative complement of Погоди","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбегаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегаю","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"сбегаю","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Погоди","gloss":"I'll run back"},{"surface":"кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"my purse"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегаю","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b6-c2-s61","source":"И вбежал один в квартиру обратно, прямо в каморку к Афанасию: «Афанасий, говорю, я вчера тебя ударил два раза по лицу, прости ты меня», — говорю.","translation":"And I ran back alone into the lodging, straight to the little closet where Afanasy was: \"Afanasy,\" I say, \"yesterday I struck you twice across the face — forgive me,\" I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежал … обратно","title":"Perfective of a prefixed motion verb","body":"«Вбежал» is the perfective past of «вбегать/вбежать» (to run in), the prefix «в-» giving 'into' and the perfective marking the single, completed dash back into the lodging. Prefixed motion verbs collapse the directional pair into an ordinary aspect pair, so the narration moves event by event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорю","title":"Narrative present «говорю»","body":"Zossima's oral tale keeps inserting «говорю» ('I say') in the present tense around past-tense action — a vivid storyteller's device that pulls the listener into the scene. The present here belongs to an imperfective verb, the only aspect that forms a present at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прости ты меня","title":"Imperative with an emphatic «ты»","body":"«Прости» is the perfective imperative 'forgive', and the otherwise redundant pronoun «ты» is thrown in for warmth and insistence ('do forgive me'). The plea «прости меня» recurs as a refrain through this whole confession scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adjectival complement of вбежал","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежал","gloss":"the lodging"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вбежал","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каморку","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"каморку","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежал","gloss":"the little room"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афанасию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Афанасию","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of каморку","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"Афанасий","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the quotation","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ударил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ударил","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прости","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b6-c2-s62","source":"Он так и вздрогнул, точно испугался, глядит — и вижу я, что этого мало, мало, да вдруг, так, как был, в эполетах-то, бух ему в ноги лбом до земли: «Прости меня!» — говорю.","translation":"He started so, as though taking fright, and stares — and I see that this is not enough, not enough, and of a sudden, just as I was, in my epaulets, I went down at his feet, my forehead to the ground: \"Forgive me!\" I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздрогнул … обомлел","title":"«вздрогнуть» — to start, shudder","body":"«Вздрогнул» is the perfective of «вздрагивать/вздрогнуть», a single involuntary flinch or shudder of the body. Dostoevsky favors these instantaneous-reaction perfectives to register a character's shock in one stroke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно испугался","title":"«точно» = 'as if'","body":"Here «точно» does not mean 'exactly' but introduces a comparison, 'as though, as if' (= «как будто»): 'as though he had taken fright'. This comparative «точно» recurs in the segment («точно как давеча я»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бух ему в ноги лбом до земли","title":"Onomatopoeic verbal interjection «бух»","body":"«Бух» is an expressive 'verbal interjection' standing in for a perfective verb of sudden violent motion ('down I went / flop'). Russian uses such sound-words (бух, хвать, прыг) to make an action land with a thud in colloquial narration; «лбом» is instrumental ('with my forehead')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в эполетах-то","title":"«-то» highlighting the epaulets","body":"«Эполеты» are the officer's gold shoulder-boards, emblem of his rank and pride; the clitic «-то» spotlights the detail ('in my epaulets, mind you'). The image sharpens the scandal: a uniformed officer prostrate before his own servant."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a short while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a homely, now-archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, just earlier today'. Its folk flavor suits Zossima's plain spoken voice and recurs in this chapter («после давешнего моего с ним поступка»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"had taken fright"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"stares"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вздрогнул","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мало","gloss":"not enough"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бух","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бух","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эполетах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эполетах","lemma":"эполет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"epaulets"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on эполетах","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"The clitic \"-то\" here just adds emphasis (\"in my very epaulets\")."},{"surface":"бух","lemma":"бух","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeic predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"plopped down","note":"\"Бух\" is an expressive interjection imitating a sudden thud, used here as a vivid verb-substitute."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бух","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бух","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"лбом","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бух","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лбом","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to бух","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прости","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b6-c2-s63","source":"Тут уж он и совсем обомлел: «Ваше благородие, батюшка барин, да как вы… да стою ли я…» — и заплакал вдруг сам, точно как давеча я, ладонями обеими закрыл лицо, повернулся к окну и весь от слез так и затрясся, я же выбежал к товарищу, влетел в коляску, «вези» кричу.","translation":"At that he was utterly overcome: \"Your honor, little father, my master, how can you… and am I even worthy…\" — and of a sudden he burst into tears himself, just as I had a moment before, covered his face with both his palms, turned to the window, and shook all over with weeping, while I rushed out to my comrade, sprang into the carriage, and shouted \"Drive on!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да стою ли я…","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Стою ли я…» ('am I even worthy…') uses the enclitic «ли» to form a yes/no question, the focused verb «стою» ('am worth') fronted before it. The half-finished, self-doubting question is more literary and plaintive than a bare intonation question would be."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежал … влетел в коляску","title":"Prefixed motion verbs in a rush","body":"«Выбежал» (ran out, «вы-» = out) and «влетел» (flew/sprang in, «в-» = into) are perfective prefixed motion verbs chaining the swift exit. The directional prefixes turn the bare motion pair into perfectives that snap one completed move to the next."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я же выбежал","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"Here «же» is not 'too' but a light contrastive 'as for me / while I', pivoting from Afanasy's weeping to the narrator's own action. This unstressed «же» is one of Russian's quiet hinges of focus and contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обомлел","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обомлел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обомлел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes совсем обомлел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обомлел","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"обомлел","lemma":"обомлеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was overcome"},{"surface":"Ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of благородие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"благородие","lemma":"благородие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address (title)","gloss":"Honor"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to благородие (address)","gloss":"little father"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to батюшка","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation with вы","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"am I worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою (question particle)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обомлел","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заплакал (emphasizes subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase точно как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase точно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (заплакал)","gloss":"a moment before"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (заплакал)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental modifier of закрыл","gloss":"with palms"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакал","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрыл","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies затрясся (quantifies elided subject он)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of затрясся","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и, modifies затрясся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"затрясся","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрясся","gloss":"rushed out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"товарищу","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"my comrade"},{"surface":"влетел","lemma":"влететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежал","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляску","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"коляску","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влетел","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"вези","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted command, direct object of кричу","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влетел","gloss":"I shout"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b6-c2-s64","source":"«Видал, — кричу ему, — победителя — вот он пред тобою!»","translation":"\"Have you seen,\" I shout to him, \"a conqueror? Here he is before you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"победителя — вот он пред тобою","title":"Accusative of the animate object «победителя»","body":"«Видал … победителя» puts the animate masculine noun in the accusative, which for animates borrows the genitive ending «-а» (победитель → победителя). The dash then resets it as nominative «вот он» ('here he is'), a vivid spoken break in the syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред тобою","title":"Bookish «пред» for «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, non-pleophonic doublet of «перед» ('before, in front of'), and «тобою» the fuller instrumental of «ты». Both lend a solemn, almost scriptural ring fitting Zossima's exalted mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"did you see"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Видал","gloss":"I shout"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"победителя","lemma":"победитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Видал","gloss":"a conqueror"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (verb elided)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b6-c2-s65","source":"Восторг во мне такой, смеюсь, всю дорогу говорю, говорю, не помню уж, что и говорил.","translation":"Such rapture is in me that I laugh, and talk the whole way, talk and talk — I no longer recall what it was I said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восторг во мне такой","title":"Zero copula and fronted predicate","body":"'Such rapture is in me' has no verb: present-tense 'to be' is simply absent in Russian, so «восторг … такой» stands as a copula-less nominal sentence. Fronting «восторг» foregrounds the emotion as the topic before the comment unfolds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорю, говорю","title":"Imperfective repetition for an ongoing flood","body":"The doubled imperfective present «говорю, говорю» paints talking as a continuous, unbounded process — 'I talk and talk' — exactly the durative meaning only the imperfective can carry. Reduplication intensifies the sense of a flood of speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторг","title":"«восторг» — rapture, ecstasy","body":"«Восторг» is no mild delight but rapture, a near-religious transport — a key word in Dostoevsky for the soul's sudden upsurges of joy. It marks the spiritual pitch of Zossima's conversion morning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восторг","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (copula elided)","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"modifies Восторг","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Восторг","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated clause (result of Восторг)","gloss":"I laugh"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying говорю","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"I talk"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the preceding говорю","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I recall"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"I said"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b6-c2-s66","source":"Смотрит он на меня: «Ну, брат, молодец же ты, вижу, что поддержишь мундир».","translation":"He looks at me: \"Well, brother, you're a fine fellow — I see you'll uphold the uniform.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодец же ты","title":"«молодец» — a fine fellow","body":"«Молодец» is warm praise — 'good lad, well done, a fine fellow' — applied to either sex. The particle «же» adds insistence ('what a fine fellow you are!'), the comrade's hearty approval."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поддержишь мундир","title":"Perfective future «поддержишь»","body":"«Поддержишь» is the perfective of «поддерживать/поддержать»; conjugated with present-tense endings it yields future meaning — 'you will uphold (the uniform)'. The perfective frames it as a settled, accomplished prospect, the honor of the regiment secured."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Смотрит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with ты","gloss":"a fine fellow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молодец","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молодец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Смотрит","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поддержишь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поддержишь","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"you'll uphold"},{"surface":"мундир","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержишь","gloss":"the uniform"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b6-c2-s67","source":"Так приехали мы на место, а они уже там, нас ожидают.","translation":"So we arrived at the place, and they were already there, waiting for us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они уже там, нас ожидают","title":"Genitive/accusative «нас» and clause-final position","body":"«Нас ожидают» ('they await us') puts the object pronoun «нас» before the verb, neutral in Russian's free order, while «они уже там» sets the topic. The simple imperfective «ожидают» renders the standing situation of waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приехали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехали","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ожидают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидают","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ожидают","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ожидают","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приехали","gloss":"are waiting"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b6-c2-s68","source":"Расставили нас, в двенадцати шагах друг от друга, ему первый выстрел — стою я пред ним веселый, прямо лицом к лицу, глазом не смигну, любя на него гляжу, знаю, что сделаю.","translation":"They set us up twelve paces apart, his the first shot — I stand before him cheerful, full face to him, not so much as blinking an eye, gazing at him with love, for I know what I shall do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денщик / на барьере","title":"The duel and the orderly","body":"A «денщик» (here the servant Afanasy) was a soldier-servant assigned to an officer. The duel vocabulary is specific: «секундант» = second, «барьер» = the line a duellist must not cross, and «стоя на барьере» = standing at the barrier. Zossima's begging forgiveness «на барьере» is shocking precisely because the barrier was the place of deadly seriousness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в двенадцати шагах","title":"Numeral governing case, then re-declined","body":"«В двенадцати шагах друг от друга» ('twelve paces apart') shows the numeral phrase itself put into the prepositional after «в», so both «двенадцати» and «шагах» take prepositional endings. The whole counted phrase re-declines as a unit once a preposition governs it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему первый выстрел","title":"Dative of the one whose turn it is","body":"«Ему первый выстрел» — 'his (lit. to-him) the first shot' — uses a bare dative to assign whose turn it is, with no verb at all. This terse dative-of-possession/attribution is idiomatic and clipped, suiting the tense duelling ground."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глазом не смигну","title":"Instrumental + negated perfective future for emphatic negation","body":"«Глазом не смигну» ('I shall not blink so much as an eye') uses the instrumental «глазом» as the means and a negated perfective future for an emphatic 'I won't budge'. The construction reads as a vivid present-of-determination in this storytelling stream."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любя на него гляжу","title":"Gerund «любя» — 'lovingly, while loving'","body":"«Любя» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «любить», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «гляжу»: 'I gaze at him while loving (him)'. The gerund must share the main subject, here the narrator, and condenses the whole moral paradox — gazing at the man he is about to spare with love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расставили","lemma":"расставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they placed"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Расставили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of Расставили","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase друг от друга","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг от друга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of the phrase друг от друга","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession modifying выстрел","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выстрел","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"выстрел","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (verb elided)","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"I stand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стою","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"веселый","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of стою","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом (idiom face to face)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"глазом","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смигну","gloss":"an eye"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смигну","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смигну","lemma":"смигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"I won't blink"},{"surface":"любя","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"modifies гляжу (manner)","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляжу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смигну","gloss":"I gaze"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стою","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"I shall do"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b6-c2-s69","source":"Выстрелил он, капельку лишь оцарапало мне щеку да за ухо задело.","translation":"He fired, and only just grazed my cheek with it and nicked my ear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"капельку лишь оцарапало мне щеку","title":"Impersonal verb with dative + accusative","body":"«Оцарапало мне щеку» is impersonal (neuter «-о», no nominative subject — the bullet is unstated): 'it grazed my cheek for me', with «мне» dative of the affected person and «щеку» accusative of what is grazed. This subjectless framing makes the wound something that simply happens to the body."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку","title":"Diminutive adverb «капельку»","body":"«Капельку» (literally 'a little drop') is a diminutive of «капля» used adverbially to mean 'just a tiny bit, ever so slightly'. The expressive diminutive softens the wound to a mere scratch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выстрелил","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he fired"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выстрелил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of оцарапало (degree)","gloss":"just barely"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оцарапало","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"оцарапало","lemma":"оцарапать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выстрелил","gloss":"grazed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of оцарапало","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"щеку","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оцарапало","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задело","gloss":"the ear"},{"surface":"задело","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выстрелил","gloss":"nicked"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b6-c2-s70","source":"«Слава богу, кричу, не убили человека!» — да свой-то пистолет схватил, оборотился назад, да швырком, вверх, в лес и пустил: «Туда, кричу, тебе и дорога!»","translation":"\"Thank God,\" I shout, \"no man has been killed!\" — and I snatched up my own pistol, turned about, and with a fling sent it up and into the wood: \"Off you go,\" I shout, \"and good riddance to you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой-то пистолет схватил","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» = my own","body":"«Свой» means 'one's own', pointing back to the clause's subject: «свой пистолет» is the narrator's own pistol, not someone else's. The clitic «-то» highlights it ('my own pistol'), heightening the contrast with the opponent's shot just taken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Туда тебе и дорога","title":"Idiom «туда и дорога»","body":"«Туда тебе и дорога» is a set idiom, 'good riddance, that's where it belongs'. Zossima flings it at the pistol he hurls into the wood — a comic, exuberant farewell to the whole machinery of the duel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убили человека","title":"Genitive vs accusative under negation","body":"Note «не убили человека» — the negated object «человека» is animate, so accusative and genitive coincide in form, but the negation here lends the sweeping 'not a single man' sense the genitive of negation specializes in. Under negation a definite object can shift to the genitive, deepening the absolute 'no man killed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamatory idiom with богу","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Слава","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I shout"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"was killed"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пистолет","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes свой","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"оборотился","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"turned about"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборотился","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"швырком","lemma":"швырок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пустил (manner)","gloss":"with a fling"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лес","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустил","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оборотился","gloss":"sent it flying"},{"surface":"Туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory directive","gloss":"off you go"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I shout"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement in the idiom тебе дорога","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дорога","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal (idiom, good riddance)","gloss":"good riddance"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b6-c2-s71","source":"Оборотился к противнику: «Милостивый государь, говорю, простите меня, глупого молодого человека, что по вине моей вас разобидел, а теперь стрелять в себя заставил.","translation":"I turned to my opponent: \"My dear sir,\" I say, \"forgive me, a foolish young man, that through my own fault I have given you offense, and now have forced you to fire upon me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стрелять в себя заставил","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«В себя» ('at myself') is the reflexive pronoun «себя», which refers back to the subject in any person and has no nominative. It contrasts with the verbal clitic «-ся»: «себя» is a full object — 'forced (you) to fire at me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по вине моей","title":"«по» + dative for cause","body":"«По вине моей» ('through my fault') uses «по» governing the dative «вине» to express cause or grounds. The possessive «моей» follows the noun, a slightly elevated, formal word order suited to the apology's register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оборотился","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"противнику","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Оборотился","gloss":"my opponent"},{"surface":"Милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"глупого","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разобидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вине","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"вине","lemma":"вина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разобидел","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вине","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разобидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разобидел","lemma":"разобидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заставил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"to fire"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of стрелять","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разобидел","gloss":"forced you"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b6-c2-s72","source":"Сам я хуже вас в десять крат, а пожалуй, еще и того больше.","translation":"I myself am ten times worse than you — and likely more than that besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в десять крат","title":"Archaic «крат» — times, -fold","body":"«Крат» is an archaic, bookish word for 'times' (as in «во сто крат», 'a hundredfold'), surviving today mainly in «многократно». 'Ten times worse' in this old idiom lends Zossima's self-abasement a solemn, almost liturgical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже вас","title":"Comparative «хуже» + genitive of comparison","body":"«Хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» ('bad' → 'worse'), and the thing compared, «вас», stands in the genitive ('worse than you'). This bare-comparative-plus-genitive is the tight, idiomatic alternative to «чем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хуже","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective (copula elided), head of the clause","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крат","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies крат","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"крат","lemma":"крат","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with хуже","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b6-c2-s73","source":"Передайте это той особе, которую чтите больше всех на свете».","translation":"Convey this to the person you honor above all others on earth.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Передайте это","title":"Polite imperative «передайте»","body":"«Передайте» is the perfective imperative of «передавать/передать» with the polite/plural «-те»: 'convey this'. The perfective fits a single, definite act of passing the message on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"той особе, которую чтите","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«Которую чтите» — the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent «особе» in feminine gender but takes the accusative its own clause demands, as the object of «чтите» ('whom you honor'). The correlative «той … которую» frames the whole 'the person whom…' structure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтите","title":"Elevated «чтить» — to revere","body":"«Чтить» ('to honor, revere, hold sacred') is a lofty verb, weightier than ordinary «уважать» ('respect'); it shades toward veneration. Its solemnity dignifies the lady for whose sake the duel was fought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Передайте","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"convey"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Передайте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"особе","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Передайте","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чтите","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"чтите","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on особе","gloss":"you honor"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"depends on всех","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of больше","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of больше всех","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b6-c2-s74","source":"Только что я это проговорил, так все трое они и закричали: «Помилуйте, — говорит мой противник, рассердился даже, — если вы не хотели драться, к чему же беспокоили?»","translation":"No sooner had I uttered this than all three of them cried out together: \"For pity's sake,\" says my opponent, growing even angry, \"if you did not wish to fight, why did you trouble us?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что я это проговорил","title":"«только что» + perfective = 'no sooner had'","body":"«Только что … проговорил» pairs 'just / no sooner' with the perfective past «проговорил» to fix the precise completed instant the words left his mouth, setting up the sudden outcry. The perfective, against the imperfective background, is what moves the narrative click by click."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так все трое они и закричали","title":"Numeral «трое» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Все трое» uses the collective numeral «трое» (a special set, 'a group of three', for persons), and the «так … и» frame ('so they up and shouted') colloquially dramatizes the sudden unanimous cry. Collective numerals like «двое, трое, четверо» count people as a band."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте!» — for pity's sake","body":"Literally an imperative 'have mercy', «помилуйте» is here a conversational exclamation of protest or remonstrance — 'good heavens! for pity's sake! come now!' The same root «милость/помиловать» runs from this drawing-room cry to the liturgical «Господи, помилуй»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к чему же беспокоили","title":"«к чему» + insistent «же»","body":"«К чему же …?» ('why on earth / to what end…?') joins the interrogative «что» under «к» (dative «чему») with the indignant particle «же», sharpening the opponent's exasperation. «Же» supplies the spoken emphasis English would carry by stress alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as soon"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies они","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричали","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"for pity's sake"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of противник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"growing angry"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying беспокоили","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"драться","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокоили","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"беспокоили","lemma":"беспокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did you trouble us"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b6-c2-s75","source":"— «Вчера, — говорю ему, — еще глуп был, а сегодня поумнел», — весело так ему отвечаю.","translation":"— \"Yesterday,\" I say to him, \"I was still a fool, but today I have grown wiser,\" — I answer him so merrily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глуп был … поумнел","title":"Short adjective «глуп» vs perfective «поумнел»","body":"«Глуп» is the short (predicative) form of «глупый» — 'I was foolish', stating a temporary past state — set against the perfective «поумнел» ('grew wiser'), which names the completed change. The «по-» here marks 'become more clever', the inceptive result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вчера … а сегодня","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting two days","body":"«Вчера … а сегодня …» uses «а», the gentle contrastive 'and/but', to hinge yesterday against today without sharp opposition. This «а» is the constant, almost untranslatable pivot of Russian antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глуп","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (subject я elided)","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to глуп","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поумнел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"поумнел","lemma":"поумнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глуп был","gloss":"grew wiser"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечаю","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I answer"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b6-c2-s76","source":"«Верю про вчерашнее, говорит, но про сегодняшнее трудно заключить по вашему мнению».","translation":"\"As to yesterday I believe you,\" says he, \"but as to today it is hard to judge by your opinion.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про вчерашнее … про сегодняшнее","title":"Substantivized neuter adjectives","body":"«Вчерашнее» and «сегодняшнее» are neuter adjectives used as nouns — 'the matter of yesterday / of today' — governed by «про» ('about') in the accusative. Russian readily turns an adjective into a noun this way, naming an abstract 'the X-thing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трудно заключить","title":"Impersonal predicate «трудно» + infinitive","body":"«Трудно заключить» ('it is hard to conclude') is an impersonal construction: the invariable neuter predicative «трудно» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject. Such 'it-is-hard/easy-to' frames are a staple of Russian's subjectless syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вчерашнее","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Верю","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сегодняшнее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сегодняшнее","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Верю","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнению","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мнению","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b6-c2-s77","source":"— «Браво, — кричу ему, в ладоши захлопал, — я с вами и в этом согласен, заслужил!»","translation":"— \"Bravo,\" I shout to him, clapping my hands, \"in that too I agree with you — I've earned it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ладоши захлопал","title":"Idiom «хлопать в ладоши» — to clap","body":"«Захлопать в ладоши» is the set phrase for clapping the hands (literally 'to start clapping into the palms'), the «за-» marking the onset of the action. Zossima's hand-clapping makes his joyous bravado almost childlike."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслужил","title":"Perfective «заслужил» — I've earned it","body":"«Заслужил» is the perfective past of «заслуживать/заслужить» ('to deserve, earn'), used here absolutely and self-mockingly: 'I've got my deserts'. The perfective frames the merited rebuke as a completed fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Bravo"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I shout"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричу","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладоши","gloss":"(idiom clap hands)"},{"surface":"ладоши","lemma":"ладоши","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of захлопал","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"захлопал","lemma":"захлопать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clapped"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of согласен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласен","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with я","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласен","gloss":"I've earned it"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b6-c2-s78","source":"— «Будете ли, милостивый государь, стрелять, или нет?»","translation":"— \"Will you fire, my dear sir, or will you not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будете ли … стрелять, или нет?","title":"Compound future + question particle «ли»","body":"«Будете … стрелять» is the imperfective compound future (future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive), and the enclitic «ли» turns it into a pointed yes/no question: 'Are you going to fire, or not?' The imperfective future asks about the act as such, not a single completed shot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (auxiliary)","gloss":"will you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Будете (question particle)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main infinitive complement of Будете","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Будете","gloss":"or not"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b6-c2-s79","source":"— «Не буду, говорю, а вы, если хотите, стреляйте еще раз, только лучше бы вам не стрелять».","translation":"— \"I will not,\" I say, \"and you, if you wish, may fire once more, only it would be better for you not to fire.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не буду … стреляйте","title":"Negated future and an imperative","body":"«Не буду» is the elliptical negated compound future ('I will not [fire]'), the infinitive dropped as understood, set against the imperative «стреляйте» ('fire, then'). The clipped «не буду» is the natural Russian way to decline an action outright."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше бы вам не стрелять","title":"Conditional «бы» + dative for soft advice","body":"«Лучше бы вам не стрелять» — 'it would be better for you not to fire' — combines the irrealis particle «бы» with a dative subject «вам» and an infinitive, the standard frame for gentle, hypothetical advice. The «бы» keeps it a wished-for rather than asserted outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will","note":"elliptical: understood as 'will [fire again]'"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, interrupts the quotation ('I say')","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стреляйте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"стреляйте","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with буду","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стреляйте","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the бы-clause","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"conditional particle modifying лучше","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of стрелять","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стрелять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of лучше","gloss":"to fire"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b6-c2-s80","source":"Кричат и секунданты, особенно мой: «Как это срамить полк, на барьере стоя, прощения просить; если бы только я это знал!»","translation":"The seconds too are shouting, mine especially: \"What is this — to disgrace the regiment, standing at the barrier and begging pardon! Had I but known of this!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"срамить полк","title":"«срамить» — to shame, disgrace","body":"«Срамить» ('to bring shame on, disgrace'), from «срам» ('shame, disgrace'), is a forceful, somewhat old-fashioned verb. The second's outrage is that begging pardon at the barrier brings «срам» upon the whole «полк» (regiment)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на барьере стоя","title":"Gerund «стоя» — 'while standing'","body":"«Стоя» is the imperfective present gerund of «стоять», 'while standing (at the barrier)', describing the circumstance of the disgrace. The gerund shares the subject of «срамить» and packs the attendant action into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только я это знал","title":"Counterfactual «если бы»","body":"«Если бы только я это знал!» is a counterfactual wish built from «если бы» plus past-tense «знал» — 'if only I had known!'. The exclamatory «только» heightens the second's regret that he ever agreed to this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кричат","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are shouting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секунданты ('too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"секунданты","lemma":"секундант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Кричат","gloss":"the seconds"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мой","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to секунданты (elliptical for 'мой секундант')","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies срамить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun anticipating the infinitive clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"срамить","lemma":"срамить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"to disgrace"},{"surface":"полк","lemma":"полк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of срамить","gloss":"the regiment"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барьере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барьере","lemma":"барьер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"the barrier"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of срамить (manner)","gloss":"standing","note":"gerund of стоять 'to stand', not стоить 'to cost'"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object (genitive) of просить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with срамить","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of знал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал ('if only')","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если бы-clause","gloss":"had known"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b6-c2-s81","source":"Стал я тут пред ними пред всеми и уже не смеюсь: «Господа мои, говорю, неужели так теперь для нашего времени удивительно встретить человека, который бы сам покаялся в своей глупости и повинился, в чем сам виноват, публично?»","translation":"Then I stood before them, before them all, and was laughing no longer: \"My good gentlemen,\" I say, \"is it really so strange for our age to meet a man who would himself repent of his folly and own publicly the wrong of which he is guilty?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред ними пред всеми","title":"Repeated preposition «пред … пред»","body":"Russian often repeats a preposition before each element of an emphatic phrase: «пред ними пред всеми» ('before them, before them all'). The doubling, with the archaic «пред», gives a deliberate, weighty cadence as Zossima squares himself before the company."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели … удивительно","title":"Particle «неужели» — 'is it really?'","body":"«Неужели» is a modal particle voicing astonished disbelief, 'is it really, can it possibly be that…'. It opens Zossima's rhetorical challenge with a note of wonder rather than a flat question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека, который бы сам покаялся","title":"Relative clause with conditional «бы»","body":"«Который бы … покаялся … и повинился» uses «который» plus the irrealis «бы» and past forms to describe a hypothetical, sought-for kind of man — 'a man who would repent…'. The «бы» turns the relative clause from fact into desideratum."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покаялся … повинился","title":"«покаяться» and «повиниться» — to repent, confess fault","body":"«Покаяться» carries the religious weight of 'to repent' (cf. «покаяние», repentance/penance), while «повиниться» is 'to own one's guilt, confess a fault' (from «вина»). The pairing fuses sacramental repentance with plain owning-up — the very nerve of the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I stood"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Стал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of Стал, in apposition to ними","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"am laughing"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Господа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('I say')","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies удивительно","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивительно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивительно","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the question (main clause)","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of удивительно","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покаялся","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of покаялся","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покаялся (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"покаялся","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause (modifies человека)","gloss":"repented"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупости","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покаялся","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повинился","lemma":"повиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покаялся","gloss":"owned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the чем-clause","gloss":"is guilty"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повинился","gloss":"publicly"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b6-c2-s82","source":"— «Да не на барьере же», — кричит мой секундант опять.","translation":"— \"But not at the barrier!\" shouts my second again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не на барьере же","title":"Stacked particles «да … же»","body":"«Да не на барьере же!» loads three little words onto one retort: opening «да» ('but, why'), the negation «не», and insistent «же» — 'but not at the barrier, for heaven's sake!'. This particle-clustering is exactly the texture of heated Russian speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на барьере","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барьере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барьере","lemma":"барьер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb","gloss":"the barrier"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies барьере (emphatic)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouts"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секундант","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"секундант","lemma":"секундант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричит","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричит","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b6-c2-s83","source":"«То-то вот и есть, — отвечаю им, — это-то вот и удивительно, потому следовало бы мне повиниться, только что прибыли сюда, еще прежде ихнего выстрела, и не вводить их в великий и смертный грех, но до того безобразно, говорю, мы сами себя в свете устроили, что поступить так было почти и невозможно, ибо только после того, как я выдержал их выстрел в двенадцати шагах, слова мои могут что-нибудь теперь для них значить, а если бы до выстрела, как прибыли сюда, то сказали бы просто: трус, пистолета испугался и нечего его слушать.","translation":"\"That is just it,\" I answer them, \"that is just what is strange, for I ought to have owned my fault the moment I arrived here, before they had fired their shot, and not led them into a great and mortal sin; but we have so monstrously,\" I say, \"arranged ourselves in the world that to have acted so was almost impossible, since only after I have withstood their shot at twelve paces can my words mean anything now to them — whereas had I spoken before the shot, the moment I arrived here, they would simply have said: a coward, he took fright at the pistol, there's no need to listen to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То-то вот и есть … это-то вот и удивительно","title":"Emphatic «-то … вот и» frame","body":"«То-то вот и есть» and «это-то вот и удивительно» pile the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» with «вот и» ('that's just it / that's exactly what is…'). The doubled emphasis insists that the very objection proves his point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следовало бы мне повиниться","title":"Impersonal «следовало бы» + dative","body":"«Следовало бы мне повиниться» ('I ought to have confessed') is impersonal: «следовало» (it behooved) with «бы» for the unreal, the dative «мне» as the person obliged, plus an infinitive. This is the standard dative-subject way to say 'one ought to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы до выстрела … то сказали бы","title":"Full counterfactual conditional","body":"«Если бы до выстрела … то сказали бы просто: трус» is a complete unreal conditional, «если бы» + past in the protasis answered by «бы» + past in the apodosis: 'had I spoken before the shot, they would simply have said: a coward'. Both halves carry «бы», marking the whole scenario as contrary to fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"Bookish conjunction «ибо»","body":"«Ибо» ('for, because') is an elevated, archaic-literary conjunction, weightier and more biblical than ordinary «потому что». It recurs throughout Zossima's discourse, giving it a homiletic, scriptural cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пистолета испугался","title":"Genitive after «испугаться»","body":"«Испугаться» governs the genitive of the thing feared: «пистолета испугался» ('took fright at the pistol'). The fronted genitive object also carries the contemptuous emphasis — 'scared of a pistol, he is'."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic repetition of То ('то-то')","gloss":"just","note":"'то-то вот и есть' is idiomatic: 'that's just it'"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of То-то (main verb of the exclamation)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('I answer')","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удивительно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic repetition of это ('это-то')","gloss":"just","note":"'это-то вот и удивительно' = 'that's just what's strange'"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивительно","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивительно (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это-то","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause of следовало","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the reason clause","gloss":"I ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of следовало","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of следовало","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"повиниться","lemma":"повиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"to confess"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"forms 'только что' ('just as') with что, modifies прибыли","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial time-clause modifying следовало/повиниться","gloss":"we arrived"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выстрела","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ихнего","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of выстрела","gloss":"their","note":"colloquial/dialectal form of их ('their')"},{"surface":"выстрела","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прежде","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вводить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вводить","lemma":"вводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повиниться","gloss":"to lead"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вводить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грех","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смертный","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with великий","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вводить","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того ('до того' = 'to such a degree')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of безобразно","gloss":"a degree"},{"surface":"безобразно","lemma":"безобразный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies устроили","gloss":"monstrously"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical ('I say')","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of устроили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы (emphatic)","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of устроили","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроили","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"устроили","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of невозможно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking поступить to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of устроили)","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies после","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после, resumed by the как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выдержал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the как-clause (modifies того)","gloss":"withstood"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of выстрел","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"выстрел","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержал","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies выстрел","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of значить (part of что-нибудь, 'something')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun suffix","role":"direct object of значить (part of что-нибудь, 'something')","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of значить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"значить","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"to mean"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказали","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выстрела","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"выстрела","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказали","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибыли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause elaborating до выстрела","gloss":"we arrived"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle marking the main clause, pairs with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the if-then clause","gloss":"would have said"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сказали","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"трус","lemma":"трус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of an elided subject ('he's a coward')","gloss":"a coward"},{"surface":"пистолета","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испугался","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"predicate clause (elided subject 'he'), coordinated with трус","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"predicate, introduces слушать ('there's no need to')","gloss":"no need"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to listen to"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b6-c2-s84","source":"Господа, — воскликнул я вдруг от всего сердца, — посмотрите кругом на дары божий: небо ясное, воздух чистый, травка нежная, птички, природа прекрасная и безгрешная, а мы, только мы одни безбожные и глупые и не понимаем, что жизнь есть рай, ибо стоит только нам захотеть понять, и тотчас же он настанет во всей красоте своей, обнимемся мы и заплачем…»","translation":"Gentlemen,\" I exclaimed of a sudden from the depths of my heart, \"look around you at the gifts of God: the sky clear, the air pure, the tender grass, the little birds, nature lovely and sinless, while we — we alone are godless and foolish, and do not understand that life is paradise, for we need only wish to understand it, and at once it will appear in all its beauty, and we shall embrace one another and weep…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул я вдруг от всего сердца","title":"Perfective «воскликнул» marking the outburst","body":"«Воскликнул» is the perfective of «восклицать/воскликнуть» ('to exclaim'), a single emphatic cry, fronted before the pronoun for vividness. The perfective seizes the one sudden outburst from which the rapturous speech pours."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"травка … птички","title":"Tender diminutives «травка», «птички»","body":"«Травка» (from «трава», grass) and «птички» (from «птица», bird) are affectionate diminutives — 'the dear little grass, the little birds' — soaked in tenderness, not size. They cast the natural world in a childlike, loving light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит только нам захотеть","title":"Impersonal «стоит» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Стоит только нам захотеть … и тотчас же …» is the idiom 'one need only…' — impersonal «стоит» with the dative «нам» and a perfective infinitive «захотеть», answered by 'and at once…'. The dative names whose mere willing suffices."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнимемся мы и заплачем","title":"Reflexive «-ся» reciprocal + perfective future","body":"«Обнимемся» is the reciprocal «-ся» ('we shall embrace one another'), and both it and «заплачем» ('we shall fall to weeping', inceptive «за-») are perfective futures. The «-ся» here makes the embrace mutual rather than reflexive on a single self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрите","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дары","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дары","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"the gifts"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дары","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"небо","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дары, listing the gifts","gloss":"the sky"},{"surface":"ясное","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небо","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"чистый","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"травка","lemma":"травка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"the grass"},{"surface":"нежная","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies травка","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"the little birds"},{"surface":"природа","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with небо","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"прекрасная","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies природа","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безгрешная","lemma":"безгрешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасная","gloss":"sinless"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic repetition of subject мы","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"безбожные","lemma":"безбожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with глупые","gloss":"godless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глупые","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with безбожные","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаем","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated predicate, main verb of the clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause (impersonal)","gloss":"it takes"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотеть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стоит","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"захотеть","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"to wish"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотеть","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настанет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас (emphatic)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настанет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"настанет","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоит (main verb of new clause)","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красоте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красоте","gloss":"all its"},{"surface":"красоте","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красоте","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"обнимемся","lemma":"обняться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with настанет (new clause)","gloss":"we will embrace"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обнимемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплачем","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнимемся","gloss":"we will weep"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b6-c2-s85","source":"Хотел я и еще продолжать, да не смог, дух даже у меня захватило, сладостно, юно так, а в сердце такое счастье, какого и не ощущал никогда во всю жизнь.","translation":"I wished to go on still further, but could not — my very breath was taken from me, so sweet it was, so youthful, and in my heart was such happiness as I had never felt in all my life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дух … захватило","title":"Impersonal idiom «дух захватило»","body":"«Дух захватило» ('the breath was caught') is impersonal, the verb neuter «-о» with no nominative agent, «дух» the accusative object — 'it took my breath away'. Such subjectless idioms render overwhelming sensation as something that befalls the body."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сладостно, юно так","title":"Predicative adverbs of feeling","body":"«Сладостно» and «юно» are predicative neuter adverbs naming a felt state — 'it was sweet, it was youthful' — typical of Russian's impersonal emotion-syntax. «Сладостно» is the elevated, poetic doublet of plain «сладко» ('sweetly')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какого … не ощущал никогда","title":"Genitive relative + negative concord","body":"«Счастье, какого … не ощущал никогда» uses the relative «какого» in the genitive (object of negated «ощущал», by the genitive of negation) and the concord of «не … никогда» ('never … not'). Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even with «никогда» present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"to continue"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смог","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"I could"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватило","gloss":"my breath"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захватило (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"захватило","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject дух)","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"сладостно","lemma":"сладостный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate describing the feeling","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"юно","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel predicate to сладостно","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"locative setting, complement of the elided было","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастье","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided было","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause (modifies какого)","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"my life"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b6-c2-s86","source":"«Благоразумно всё это и благочестиво, — говорит мне противник, — и во всяком случае человек вы оригинальный».","translation":"\"All this is sensible and devout,\" my opponent says to me, \"and in any case you are an original sort of man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Благоразумно … и благочестиво","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Благоразумно … и благочестиво» are short (predicative) neuter forms — 'all this is sensible and devout' — agreeing with the neuter «всё это». The short form is the bookish, predicate-only adjective, here passing measured judgment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благочестиво","title":"«благочестивый» — pious, devout","body":"«Благочестивый» ('pious, godly'), a compound of «благо» ('good') and «честь» ('honor'), belongs to the elevated religious-moral vocabulary. The opponent's choice of so devout a word, even half-ironic, registers that Zossima's speech has touched him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человек вы оригинальный","title":"«оригинальный» — an original, a character","body":"Said of a person, «оригинальный» means 'an odd one, a character, an original sort' rather than merely 'original'. It becomes a refrain — the world can only file Zossima's sincerity under eccentricity, as the defenders later echo («тут что-то … оригинальное»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благоразумно","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with благочестиво","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Благоразумно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благочестиво","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Благоразумно","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical) of the quotation","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"my opponent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the predicate ('in any case')","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, modifies вы","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человек/оригинальный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оригинальный","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies человек","gloss":"original"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b6-c2-s87","source":"— «Смейтесь, — смеюсь и я ему, — а потом сами похвалите».","translation":"— \"Laugh,\" I say to him, laughing too, \"but afterward you yourselves will praise me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смейтесь … похвалите","title":"Imperative «-ся» verb + perfective future","body":"«Смейтесь» is the imperative of the «-ся» verb «смеяться» ('laugh!'), and «похвалите» the perfective future 'you will praise'. «Смеяться» exists only in the «-ся» form — there is no bare «смеять»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смейтесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Laugh"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, interrupts the quotation","gloss":"I laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (emphatic)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смеюсь","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похвалите","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies the subject of похвалите (emphatic)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"похвалите","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Смейтесь","gloss":"will praise"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b6-c2-s88","source":"— «Да я готов и теперь, говорит, похвалить, извольте, я протяну вам руку, потому, кажется, вы действительно искренний человек».","translation":"— \"Why, I am ready to praise you even now,\" says he; \"if you please, I'll hold out my hand to you, for it seems you are truly a sincere man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"извольте","title":"Polite «извольте» — if you please","body":"«Извольте» is a courteous, slightly old-fashioned formula, 'if you please, kindly, by all means', signaling polished readiness. It marks the opponent's gentlemanly turn to magnanimity as he offers his hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется, вы … искренний человек","title":"Parenthetical «кажется» — it seems","body":"«Кажется» ('it seems') is used here parenthetically, set off as a hedge on the assertion — 'you seem, it appears, to be a sincere man'. Such inserted impersonal verbs soften a judgment into a tentative impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"похвалить","lemma":"похвалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to praise"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"discourse marker (polite formula)","gloss":"if you please","note":"A courtly formula of politeness, not a literal command."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of протяну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"протяну","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with готов","gloss":"I'll hold out"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of протяну","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протяну","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искренний","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"искренний","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b6-c2-s89","source":"— «Нет, говорю, сейчас не надо, а потом, когда я лучше сделаюсь и уважение ваше заслужу, тогда протяните — хорошо сделаете».","translation":"— \"No,\" I say, \"not just now, but later, when I have made myself better and earned your respect — then hold it out, and you'll do well by it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда я лучше сделаюсь","title":"Middle «-ся» + comparative «лучше»","body":"«Сделаюсь» is the perfective future of «делаться/сделаться» ('to become'), a middle «-ся» verb of change of state, and «лучше» the comparative ('better'): 'when I shall become better'. The «-ся» turns 'make' into intransitive 'become'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда протяните — хорошо сделаете","title":"Imperative answered by perfective future","body":"«Протяните … хорошо сделаете» couples a polite imperative ('then hold it out') with a perfective future verdict ('you'll do well'). The pairing — command then promised consequence — is a warm, almost coaxing turn of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протяните","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаюсь","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаюсь","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сделаюсь","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заслужу","gloss":"I become"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заслужу","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уважение","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"заслужу","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделаюсь","gloss":"I earn"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протяните","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"протяните","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold it out"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаете","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сделаете","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with протяните","gloss":"you'll do"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b6-c2-s90","source":"Воротились мы домой, секундант мой всю-то дорогу бранится, а я-то его целую.","translation":"We returned home, my second grumbling the whole way, while I kissed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю-то дорогу бранится, а я-то его целую","title":"Twin «-то» clitics framing a contrast","body":"«Всю-то дорогу … а я-то …» sets two topic-marking «-то» clitics in balance, the contrastive «а» between them: the second grumbles all the way, while 'I, for my part' keep kissing him. The «-то» quietly spotlights each side of the comic contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бранится","title":"«-ся» verb «браниться» — to grumble, scold","body":"«Браниться» ('to scold, grumble, rail') is a «-ся» verb of reciprocal/intransitive coloring, the imperfective rendering the grumbling as ongoing all the way home. The aspect makes it a continuous drone against the narrator's repeated kisses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротились","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we returned"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Воротились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротились","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"секундант","lemma":"секундант","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бранится","gloss":"my second"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секундант","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to всю","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial (extent) modifying бранится","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"бранится","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Воротились","gloss":"grumbles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of целую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бранится","gloss":"I kiss"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b6-c2-s91","source":"Тотчас же товарищи прослышали, собрались меня судить в тот же день: «мундир, дескать, замарал, пусть в отставку подает».","translation":"Straightway my comrades got wind of it and gathered to sit in judgment on me that very day: \"He has fouled the uniform,\" they said, \"let him send in his resignation.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мундир … замарал, дескать","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported speech with a tinge of the speaker's distance — 'he's fouled the uniform, says they / so they claim'. It frames the comrades' verdict «мундир замарал» as hearsay Zossima is relaying, not his own view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прослышали","gloss":"straightway"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"товарищи","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прослышали","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"прослышали","lemma":"прослышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got wind of it"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прослышали","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собрались","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique (temporal) complement of судить","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"мундир","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замарал","gloss":"the uniform"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker (reported speech)","gloss":"so they say","note":"Marks the following as someone else's words, not the narrator's own."},{"surface":"замарал","lemma":"замарать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прослышали","gloss":"has fouled"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подает","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подает","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"подает","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прослышали","gloss":"send in"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b6-c2-s92","source":"Явились и защитники: «Выстрел всё же, говорят, он выдержал».","translation":"Defenders appeared too: \"After all,\" they say, \"he did withstand the shot.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Явились и защитники","title":"Inversion: verb before subject","body":"«Явились и защитники» ('Defenders appeared too') puts the perfective verb first and the subject «защитники» last — the new information, the comment, falling at the end. Such verb-subject inversion is a normal Russian way to introduce something newly onto the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выстрел всё же … он выдержал","title":"Concessive «всё же» + topicalized object","body":"«Выстрел всё же … он выдержал» fronts the object «выстрел» ('the shot, after all, he did withstand'), with concessive «всё же» conceding the point. Moving the object first marks it as the given topic under discussion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Явились","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies защитники","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"защитники","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Явились","gloss":"defenders"},{"surface":"Выстрел","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же, modifies выдержал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"withstood"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b6-c2-s93","source":"— «Да, но побоялся других выстрелов и попросил на барьере прощения».","translation":"— \"Yes, but he took fright at the other shots and begged pardon at the barrier.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побоялся … и попросил","title":"«по-» perfectives of a sudden fear","body":"«Побоялся» ('took fright', «по-» giving the inceptive 'came to fear') and «попросил» ('asked, begged') are perfective pasts chaining the accusers' charge event by event. The «по-» on «бояться» marks the onset of fright at the next shots."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побоялся других выстрелов","title":"Genitive object after «побояться»","body":"«Побояться» governs the genitive of what is feared: «побоялся других выстрелов» ('feared the other shots'). The genitive here is the regular case demanded by verbs of fearing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to побоялся","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies выстрелов","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"выстрелов","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of побоялся","gloss":"shots"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побоялся","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барьере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барьере","lemma":"барьер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросил","gloss":"the barrier"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"pardon"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b6-c2-s94","source":"— «А кабы побоялся выстрелов, — возражают защитники, — так из своего бы пистолета сначала выстрелил, прежде чем прощения просить, а он в лес его еще заряженный бросил, нет, тут что-то другое вышло, оригинальное».","translation":"— \"But had he taken fright at the shots,\" the defenders retort, \"he would have fired his own pistol first, before begging pardon, whereas he flung it still loaded into the wood — no, there's something else in this, something original.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А кабы побоялся выстрелов … так … выстрелил бы","title":"Colloquial conditional with «кабы»","body":"«Кабы» is a folk, colloquial equivalent of «если бы» ('if'), and with «так … выстрелил бы» it builds a counterfactual: 'had he feared the shots, he'd have fired first'. The homely «кабы» suits the soldiers' plain debating voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из своего бы пистолета … выстрелил","title":"Mobile «бы» on the first stressed phrase","body":"«Из своего бы пистолета … выстрелил» shows «бы» detached from its verb and leaning on the fronted phrase «из своего … пистолета». The particle is mobile and typically clings to the first stressed word of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"его еще заряженный бросил","title":"Past passive participle «заряженный»","body":"«Заряженный» ('loaded') is a past passive participle from perfective «зарядить», here used attributively — he flung the pistol 'still loaded' into the wood. The «-енный» participle names the thing acted upon, the charge already rammed home."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побоялся","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic conditional conjunction, paired with the бы later in the sentence."},{"surface":"побоялся","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had taken fright"},{"surface":"выстрелов","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of побоялся","gloss":"the shots"},{"surface":"возражают","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"retort"},{"surface":"защитники","lemma":"защитник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of возражают","gloss":"the defenders"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выстрелил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пистолета","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of выстрелил","gloss":"would","note":"The floating бы marks выстрелил as conditional (\"would have fired\")."},{"surface":"пистолета","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выстрелил","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выстрелил","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"выстрелил","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побоялся","gloss":"would have fired"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выстрелил","gloss":"begging"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лес","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заряженный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"заряженный","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies его","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выстрелил","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to вышло","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"оригинальное","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to другое","gloss":"original"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b6-c2-s95","source":"Слушаю я, весело мне на них глядя.","translation":"I listen, and it is a joy to me to look upon them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весело мне … глядя","title":"Dative-feeling + gerund «глядя»","body":"«Весело мне … глядя» blends an impersonal feeling-clause ('it is merry to me') with the imperfective gerund «глядя» ('looking at them') — 'I find it a joy, gazing at them'. The gerund supplies the attendant circumstance to the dative-experiencer state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the impersonal predicate","gloss":"it is a joy","note":"Impersonal predicate adverb with a dative experiencer (весело мне = \"it's a joy to me\")."},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of весело","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying весело","gloss":"looking"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b6-c2-s96","source":"«Любезнейшие мои, — говорю я, — друзья и товарищи, не беспокойтесь, чтоб я в отставку подал, потому что это я уже и сделал, я уже подал, сегодня же в канцелярии, утром, и когда получу отставку, тогда тотчас же в монастырь пойду, для того и в отставку подаю».","translation":"\"My dearest ones,\" I say, \"my friends and comrades, do not trouble yourselves over my resigning, for that I have already done — I have already sent it in, this very morning at the office, and once my discharge comes through, I shall straightway enter a monastery; it is for that that I am resigning.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Любезнейшие мои","title":"Superlative «-ейш-»: «любезнейшие»","body":"«Любезнейшие» is the bookish superlative of «любезный» ('dear, kind'), formed with the suffix «-ейш-» — 'my dearest ones'. This synthetic superlative carries an affectionate, slightly ceremonious warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не беспокойтесь, чтоб я в отставку подал","title":"«чтобы» + past after a verb of concern","body":"«Не беспокойтесь, чтоб я … подал» uses «чтоб(ы)» with a past-form verb after the negated verb of worrying — 'don't trouble yourselves that I should resign'. The «чтобы» + past frames the feared outcome as willed/hypothetical, not asserted fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любезнейшие","lemma":"любезный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Любезнейшие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Любезнейшие","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"товарищи","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with друзья","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble yourselves"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подал","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of беспокойтесь","gloss":"resign"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"sent it in"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking канцелярии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"канцелярии","lemma":"канцелярия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подал","gloss":"the office"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подал","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"получу","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пойду","gloss":"I get"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получу","gloss":"my discharge"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"straightway"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подал","gloss":"I shall go"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подаю","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подаю","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"подаю","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the для того clause","gloss":"I am resigning"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b6-c2-s97","source":"Как только я это сказал, расхохотались все до единого: «Да ты б с самого начала уведомил, ну теперь всё и объясняется, монаха судить нельзя», — смеются, не унимаются, да и не насмешливо вовсе, а ласково так смеются, весело, полюбили меня вдруг все, даже самые ярые обвинители, и потом весь-то этот месяц, пока отставка не вышла, точно на руках меня носят: «Ах ты, монах», — говорят.","translation":"The moment I said this, every last one of them burst out laughing: \"Why, you should have told us from the very start — now it's all explained; you can't sit in judgment on a monk,\" — they laugh, they cannot stop, and not mockingly at all, but tenderly so they laugh, merrily; all at once they came to love me, even the most fervent of my accusers, and then that whole month, until my discharge came through, they fairly carried me about in their arms: \"Ah, you monk,\" they say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расхохотались … до единого","title":"«расхохотаться» — to burst out laughing","body":"«Расхохотаться» is an intensive-inceptive perfective ('to burst into loud laughter'), the «рас-» conveying a laughter breaking out and spreading. «Все до единого» ('every last one') universalizes it — the whole company at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ты б … уведомил","title":"Contracted «б» for «бы»","body":"«Да ты б … уведомил» shows «бы» contracted to «б» after a vowel and a softening conditional sense — 'why, you should have told us'. The reproach is gentle, framed as a hypothetical 'you might have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"монаха судить нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + accusative object","body":"«Монаха судить нельзя» ('one cannot judge a monk') is impersonal: invariable «нельзя» plus infinitive, the animate object «монаха» in the accusative (= genitive form). No nominative subject — the prohibition is stated generally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно на руках меня носят","title":"Idiom «на руках носить» in the imperfective","body":"«На руках носить» ('to carry on one's hands') is the idiom for cherishing and making much of someone, the imperfective «носят» rendering it as a sustained month-long doting. «Точно» again means 'as though' — they fairly carry me about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как только","gloss":"(only)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расхохотались","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"расхохотались","lemma":"расхохотаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расхохотались","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расхохотались","gloss":"the last one"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уведомил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уведомил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of уведомил","gloss":"should have","note":"Contracted form of бы after a vowel."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уведомил","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"уведомил","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"told us"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объясняется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of объясняется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объясняется","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"объясняется","lemma":"объясняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уведомил","gloss":"is explained"},{"surface":"монаха","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to judge"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with объясняется","gloss":"you can't"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to расхохотались","gloss":"they laugh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унимаются","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"унимаются","lemma":"униматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмешливо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешливо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеются","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеются","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"they laugh"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расхохотались","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полюбили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of полюбили","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ярые","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"ярые","lemma":"ярый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обвинители","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"обвинители","lemma":"обвинитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to все","gloss":"accusers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носят","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to весь","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) modifying носят","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышла","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"отставка","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"the discharge"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"not yet"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on носят","gloss":"came through"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies носят","gloss":"just as if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of носят","gloss":"their arms"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of носят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"носят","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расхохотались","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing монах","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative subject of монах","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the quoted exclamation","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"they say"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b6-c2-s98","source":"И всякий-то мне ласковое слово скажет, отговаривать начали, жалеть даже: «Что ты над собой делаешь?»","translation":"And everyone has a kind word for me, they began to talk me out of it, even to pity me: \"What are you doing to yourself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий-то мне ласковое слово скажет","title":"Iterative perfective future for 'each would'","body":"«Скажет» is a perfective future used iteratively — each one 'would have / has' a kind word — a common Russian way to express a repeated, typical single act. «Всякий-то» ('every one, mind') with «-то» gives it a fond, generalizing color."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ты над собой делаешь?","title":"Reflexive «над собой»","body":"«Над собой» ('to / over yourself') is the reflexive pronoun «себя» under «над» in the instrumental, pointing back to «ты» — 'what are you doing to yourself?'. The reflexive keeps the harm self-directed, the gist of their pity."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to всякий","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ласковое","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"отговаривать","lemma":"отговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to talk me out of it"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажет","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"жалеть","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отговаривать","gloss":"to pity"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жалеть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of делаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"делаешь","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"are doing"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b6-c2-s99","source":"— «Нет, говорят, он у нас храбрый, он выстрел выдержал и из своего пистолета выстрелить мог, а это ему сон накануне приснился, чтоб он в монахи пошел, вот он отчего».","translation":"— \"No,\" they say, \"he's a brave one with us — he withstood the shot and could have fired his own pistol, but a dream came to him the night before that he should go among the monks, and that's the whole of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"храбрый","title":"«храбрый» — brave","body":"«Храбрый» is the soldier's word for courage in danger, 'brave, valiant'. The comrades reach for it to rescue Zossima's honor — his withstanding the shot proves he is no coward, whatever his strange motives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сон … приснился, чтоб он в монахи пошел","title":"Dative «ему» with «присниться» + «чтоб»","body":"«Ему … сон … приснился» uses the «-ся» verb «присниться» ('to come to one in a dream') with the dative «ему» — the dreamer is the one to whom the dream happens. The «чтоб … пошел» clause gives the dream's content as a willed injunction ('that he go among the monks')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в монахи пошел","title":"Accusative-plural of role «в монахи»","body":"«Пойти в монахи» ('to become / go among the monks') uses the special construction «в + animate-plural-as-nominative» that names entering a profession or estate (cf. «пойти в солдаты»). The form looks nominative but functions as accusative of the role assumed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to храбрый","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of храбрый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of храбрый","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"храбрый","lemma":"храбрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выстрел","lemma":"выстрел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержал","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with храбрый","gloss":"withstood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолета","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пистолета","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пистолета","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выстрелить","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"выстрелить","lemma":"выстрелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to fire"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выдержал","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive filler pronoun","gloss":"as for this","note":"Colloquial filler; the real subject of приснился is сон, not это."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of приснился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приснился","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приснился","gloss":"the night before"},{"surface":"приснился","lemma":"присниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахи","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of приснился","gloss":"should go"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the idiom вот он отчего","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчего","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with приснился","gloss":"the whole reason"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b6-c2-s100","source":"Точно то же почти произошло и в городском обществе.","translation":"Much the same thing came to pass in the town society too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Точно то же почти произошло","title":"«то же» — the same thing","body":"«То же» ('the same') is the neuter demonstrative «то» reinforced by «же» into 'the very same thing', subject of perfective «произошло» ('came to pass'). Here «точно» again carries 'just, exactly' — much the same thing happened."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"the same thing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городском","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b6-c2-s101","source":"Прежде особенно-то и не примечали меня, а только принимали с радушием, а теперь вдруг все наперерыв узнали и стали звать к себе: сами смеются надо мной, а меня же любят.","translation":"Before, they had taken no particular notice of me, only receiving me cordially, but now of a sudden everyone vied to make my acquaintance and began inviting me to their homes: they laugh at me themselves, yet they love me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прежде … не примечали … а теперь … узнали","title":"Imperfective 'before' vs perfective 'now'","body":"«Прежде … не примечали» (imperfective, habitual past 'they used not to notice me') stands against «теперь … узнали … стали звать» (perfective, the new completed turn). The aspect opposition is the very grammar of 'before, they did not — now, suddenly, they did'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наперерыв","title":"«наперерыв» — vying with one another","body":"«Наперерыв» (also «наперебой») is an adverb meaning 'vying with each other, each trying to be first', interrupting one another in eagerness. It catches the sudden competitive rush to befriend the former pariah."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сами смеются … а меня же любят","title":"Intensifier «сами» + contrastive «а … же»","body":"«Сами смеются … а меня же любят» pairs the intensifier «сами» ('they themselves laugh') with the contrastive «а» and emphatic «же» ('yet they love me'). The little words carry the whole paradox the chapter keeps circling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примечали","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примечали","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle (attached as -то)","role":"emphasizes особенно","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примечали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примечали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примечали","lemma":"примечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken notice of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of примечали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with примечали","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радушием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радушием","lemma":"радушие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимали","gloss":"cordiality"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"наперерыв","lemma":"наперерыв","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"vying with each other"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"got acquainted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнали","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"inviting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of звать","gloss":"their homes"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes subject of смеются","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to примечали","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b6-c2-s102","source":"Замечу тут, что хотя о поединке нашем все вслух тогда говорили, но начальство это дело закрыло, ибо противник мой был генералу нашему близким родственником, а так как дело обошлось без крови, а как бы в шутку, да и я, наконец, в отставку подал, то и повернули действительно в шутку.","translation":"I will remark here that, although everyone then spoke aloud of our duel, the authorities hushed the matter up, for my opponent was a close kinsman of our general, and since the affair had passed off without blood, and as if in jest, and since I, after all, had sent in my resignation, they turned it into a jest indeed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"противник мой был … близким родственником","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «был»","body":"«Был … близким родственником» puts the predicate noun-phrase in the instrumental after past «был» — 'was a close kinsman'. With «быть» in the past, Russian regularly frames the predicate role in the instrumental, not the nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как … а так как … то","title":"Causal «так как … то» frame","body":"«Так как дело обошлось без крови … да и я … подал, то и повернули …» strings causal «так как» clauses answered by resumptive «то» ('since…, since…, then they turned it…'). This «так как … то» scaffolding is a hallmark of Zossima's reasoned, sermon-like prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, governs the что-clause","gloss":"I will remark"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Замечу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause, complement of Замечу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of говорили","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"поединке","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поединке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of закрыло","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыло","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"закрыло","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, coordinated with говорили","gloss":"hushed up"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"противник","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of противник","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking противник to родственником","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"генералу","lemma":"генерал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственником (kinsman to)","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of генералу","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"близким","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственником","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"родственником","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"kinsman"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"part of compound conjunction так как","role":"with как, introduces the causal clause of обошлось","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"part of compound conjunction так как","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"(since)"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обошлось","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"обошлось","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так как-clause, explains повернули","gloss":"passed off"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошлось","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"part of set phrase как бы","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifying шутку","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"part of set phrase как бы","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошлось","gloss":"jest"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"part of compound conjunction да и","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"(also)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подал","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the да и-clause, coordinated with обошлось","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"correlative introducing the main clause повернули","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повернули","gloss":"then (emphatic, resumes то)"},{"surface":"повернули","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned it"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернули","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шутку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"шутку","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернули","gloss":"a jest"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b6-c2-s103","source":"И стал я тогда вслух и безбоязненно говорить, несмотря на их смех, потому что всё же был смех не злобный, а добрый.","translation":"And so I then began to speak aloud and without fear, in spite of their laughter, since the laughter, after all, was not malicious but kindly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на их смех","title":"Concessive preposition «несмотря на»","body":"«Несмотря на» ('in spite of, notwithstanding') governs the accusative «их смех» and concedes the obstacle Zossima speaks against. Though built from the gerund «смотря» ('looking'), it functions as a fixed compound preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смех не злобный, а добрый","title":"Corrective «не … а …»","body":"«Не злобный, а добрый» ('not malicious but kind') is the corrective «не … а …» frame, where «а» introduces the right term replacing the rejected one. It is the standard Russian way to say 'not X but rather Y'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безбоязненно","lemma":"безбоязненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вслух","gloss":"fearlessly"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of несмотря на, marking смех","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"(despite)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смех","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на, modifying говорить","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"part of compound conjunction потому что","role":"part of потому что, introduces causal clause of был","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"part of compound conjunction потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"(because)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"part of set phrase всё же","role":"part of phrase всё же, modifies был","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"part of set phrase всё же","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"(still)"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause, copula linking смех to злобный/добрый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the laughter"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злобный","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"добрый","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"kindly"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b6-c2-s104","source":"Происходили же все эти разговоры больше по вечерам в дамском обществе, женщины больше тогда полюбили меня слушать и мужчин заставляли.","translation":"All these conversations took place chiefly of an evening in the ladies' company, for the women came then to love listening to me, and made the men listen too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Происходили же все эти разговоры","title":"Inversion + transitional «же»","body":"«Происходили же все эти разговоры …» fronts the imperfective verb «происходили» ('took place') and adds a mild transitional «же» ('now, as for…'). The verb-first order and the durative imperfective set the recurring evening scene as background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в дамском обществе","title":"«дамское общество» — the ladies' company","body":"«Дамское общество» is 'the ladies' company / society of the ladies', «дама» being the polite word for a lady of the genteel class. The detail places these soul-talks in the evening drawing-room world where women set the tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мужчин заставляли","title":"«заставлять» + accusative + implied infinitive","body":"«Мужчин заставляли» ('made the men [listen]') uses «заставлять» ('to compel') with the animate accusative «мужчин», the infinitive «слушать» carried over from the prior clause. The fronted object marks the men as the contrasted topic against the women."}],"words":[{"surface":"Происходили","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Происходили","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of разговоры","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of разговоры","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"разговоры","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Происходили","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Происходили","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечерам","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вечерам","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Происходили","gloss":"an evening"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дамском","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"the ladies'"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Происходили","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of полюбили","gloss":"the women"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полюбили","gloss":"listening to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мужчин","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заставляли","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"заставляли","lemma":"заставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полюбили","gloss":"made (listen)"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b6-c2-s105","source":"«Да как же это можно, чтоб я за всех виноват был, — смеется мне всякий в глаза, — ну разве я могу быть за вас, например, виноват?»","translation":"\"But how can it be that I should be guilty for everyone,\" each one laughs in my face, \"why, how can I be guilty for you, for instance?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я за всех виноват был","title":"«чтоб» + past in an incredulous clause","body":"«Да как же это можно, чтоб я … виноват был» uses «чтоб» with the past-form predicate after 'how can it be that…', framing the proposition as hypothetical and resisted. «Виноват» is the short adjective 'guilty', the predicate-only form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за всех … за вас … виноват","title":"«виноват за» + accusative — guilty for","body":"«Виноват за всех / за вас» ('guilty for everyone / for you') has «за» governing the accusative to mean 'on behalf of, answerable for'. This 'guilty for all' is the very doctrine — that each is responsible for all — at the core of Zossima's teaching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate (can it be)","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of можно","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виноват","gloss":"should be"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of смеется","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"my face"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виноват","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват (via за)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies виноват","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b6-c2-s106","source":"— «Да где, — отвечаю им, — вам это и познать, когда весь мир давно уже на другую дорогу вышел и когда сущую ложь за правду считаем да и от других такой же лжи требуем.","translation":"— \"But how,\" I answer them, \"are you to know this, when the whole world has long since gone off upon another road, and when we take downright lies for truth and demand the like lies from others as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где … вам это и познать","title":"Rhetorical «где … (вам)» + infinitive","body":"«Да где … вам это и познать» is the idiom 'how should you ever know this!' — the interrogative «где» with a dative «вам» and infinitive expressing impossibility. The dative names the ones incapable, the «и» adding rhetorical edge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"познать","title":"Elevated «познать» — to truly know","body":"«Познать» is the lofty, often religious-philosophical verb for deep knowing or coming to know («познать истину», to know the truth), graver than plain «узнать». Its weight suits the prophetic register Zossima is rising into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сущую ложь за правду считаем","title":"«считать … за» — to take X for Y","body":"«Сущую ложь за правду считаем» ('we take downright lies for truth') uses «считать … за» with the accusative on both sides — 'reckon X as Y'. «Сущий» here means 'sheer, downright, very', intensifying the falsehood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a parenthetical clause","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of познать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of познать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies познать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"познать","lemma":"познать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement in the rhetorical question with где","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of вышел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal когда-clause","gloss":"has gone off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of считаем","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сущую","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ложь","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"ложь","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считаем","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считаем","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"считаем","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause, coordinated with требуем","gloss":"we take"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"part of compound conjunction да и","role":"part of the phrase да, modifies требуем","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of требуем (object of от)","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лжи","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"лжи","lemma":"ложь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требуем","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"требуем","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считаем","gloss":"we demand"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b6-c2-s107","source":"Вот я раз в жизни взял да и поступил искренно, и что же, стал для всех вас точно юродивый: хоть и полюбили меня, а всё же надо мной, говорю, смеетесь».","translation":"Here, for once in my life, I up and acted sincerely, and what then — I have become to all of you like a holy fool: though you've come to love me, still you laugh at me,\" I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял да и поступил искренно","title":"Idiom «взять да и» + perfective","body":"«Взял да и поступил» is the lively colloquial frame «взять да и + perfective», meaning 'up and did, just went and did' on impulse. The dummy «взял» adds no literal taking — it dramatizes a sudden, decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и полюбили … а всё же … смеетесь","title":"Concessive «хоть и … а всё же»","body":"«Хоть и полюбили меня, а всё же … смеетесь» is the concessive pair 'though … yet still' — «хоть и» conceding, «а всё же» asserting the persisting contrast. It crystallizes the chapter's keynote: loved and laughed at in one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went ahead and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"взял да и","morphology":"part of idiom взял да и","role":"part of idiom взял да и, modifies поступил","gloss":"(idiom: up and)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"взял да и","morphology":"part of idiom взял да и","role":"part of idiom взял да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что же","morphology":"interjection что же","role":"interjection, not a core argument","gloss":"what then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"что же","morphology":"interjection что же","role":"part of the phrase что же","gloss":"(then)"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"I became"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юродивый","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"юродивый","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стал","gloss":"holy fool"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause of полюбили","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полюбили","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"полюбили","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause (хоть и)","gloss":"you came to love"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полюбили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"part of set phrase всё же","role":"part of phrase всё же, modifies надо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"part of set phrase всё же","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"(still)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to смеетесь","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"смеетесь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of clause, contrasted with полюбили via хоть...а","gloss":"you laugh"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b6-c2-s108","source":"— «Да как вас такого не любить?» — смеется мне вслух хозяйка, а собрание у ней было многолюдное.","translation":"— \"But how is one not to love a man like you?\" the hostess laughs aloud at me — and the gathering at her house was a crowded one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как вас такого не любить?","title":"Impersonal infinitive question with «не»","body":"«Да как вас такого не любить?» ('how is one not to love a man like you?') is a subjectless infinitive question: bare «как … не любить» with the animate accusative «вас такого» and no nominator. The frame expresses 'it is impossible not to…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собрание у ней было многолюдное","title":"«у ней» — colloquial for «у неё»","body":"«У ней» is the colloquial, somewhat dialectal variant of «у неё» ('at her place'), with the «н-» the third-person pronoun takes after a preposition. The form lends Zossima's reported speech its homely, oral grain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of смеется","gloss":"at me"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"the hostess"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"собрание","lemma":"собрание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the gathering"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (at her place)","gloss":"her home"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to многолюдное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"многолюдное","lemma":"многолюдный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"crowded"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b6-c2-s109","source":"Вдруг, смотрю, подымается из среды дам та самая молодая особа, из-за которой я тогда на поединок вызвал и которую столь недавно еще в невесты себе прочил, а я и не заметил, как она теперь на вечер приехала.","translation":"Of a sudden, I look, and there rises from among the ladies that very young person on whose account I had then called my man out to the duel, and whom so lately I had marked for my own bride — and I had not even noticed how she had now come to the evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та самая … особа, из-за которой … и которую …","title":"Twin relative clauses on «которой / которую»","body":"«Особа, из-за которой … вызвал и которую … прочил» hangs two relative clauses on «который», each in the case its own clause needs — genitive «из-за которой» ('on whose account') and accusative «которую» ('whom'). The correlative «та самая» ('that very') ties them to the antecedent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в невесты себе прочил","title":"«прочить в невесты» — to mark as a bride","body":"«Прочить» ('to intend, mark out, destine someone for') with «в невесты» (the role-accusative plural) means 'to mean her for one's bride'. The reflexive «себе» ('for myself') points the intention back to the speaker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и не заметил, как она … приехала","title":"Emphatic «и не» — 'didn't even'","body":"«Я и не заметил» ('I didn't even notice') uses «и» before the negation as an intensifier, 'not even, not at all'. It conveys how wholly her arrival had escaped him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подымается","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to подымается","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"подымается","lemma":"подыматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking среды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"среды","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымается","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies среды","gloss":"of the ladies"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of особа","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom та самая modifying особа","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подымается","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"part of compound preposition из-за","role":"part of из-за, marking которой","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"part of compound preposition из-за","role":"part of из-за, marking которой","gloss":"(because of)"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вызвал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызвал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединок","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"поединок","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вызвал","gloss":"a duel"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on особа","gloss":"had challenged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочил","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невесты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"невесты","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прочил","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of прочил","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"прочил","lemma":"прочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вызвал","gloss":"had intended"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause (а я и не заметил)","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приехала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехала","gloss":"the party"},{"surface":"приехала","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b6-c2-s110","source":"Поднялась, подошла ко мне, протянула руку: «Позвольте мне, говорит, изъяснить вам, что я первая не смеюсь над вами, а, напротив, со слезами благодарю вас и уважение мое к вам заявляю за тогдашний поступок ваш».","translation":"She rose, came up to me, held out her hand: \"Permit me,\" she says, \"to make plain to you that I am the first not to laugh at you, but, on the contrary, I thank you with tears and declare my respect for you on account of your conduct that day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поднялась, подошла … протянула","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"«Поднялась, подошла, протянула руку» is a string of perfective pasts, each a single completed move, advancing the action step by step — she rose, came up, held out her hand. The perfective is precisely the aspect of sequenced narrative events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте мне … изъяснить вам","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте» + dative","body":"«Позвольте мне … изъяснить вам» ('permit me to explain to you') uses the courteous imperative «позвольте» with the dative «мне», then «изъяснить» governing the dative «вам». Two datives mark the petitioner and the addressee in this formal turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изъяснить … заявляю","title":"Formal «изъяснить», «заявлять»","body":"«Изъяснить» ('to make plain, expound', cf. «ясный», clear) and «заявлять» ('to declare formally') are elevated, ceremonious verbs. The lady's stilted diction signals the solemn, public weight she gives her gesture of respect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she rose"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поднялась","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поднялась","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянула","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"matrix verb of the quoted request","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause interrupting the quote","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"изъяснить","lemma":"изъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to make plain"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изъяснить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеюсь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, with я as subject","gloss":"am laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to благодарю","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of благодарю","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заявляю","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уважение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявляю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заявляю","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеюсь","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступок","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"тогдашний","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявляю","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступок","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b6-c2-s111","source":"Подошел тут и муж ее, а затем вдруг и все ко мне потянулись, чуть меня не целуют.","translation":"Then her husband too came up, and after that all of a sudden everyone pressed toward me, all but kissing me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все ко мне потянулись","title":"«-ся» verb «потянуться» — to reach toward","body":"«Потянулись» is the perfective «-ся» of «тянуться» ('to reach out, be drawn toward'), the middle voice rendering an intransitive surge of the crowd toward him. The «по-» marks the onset of the movement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть меня не целуют","title":"«чуть не» + verb — almost","body":"«Чуть … не целуют» ('all but kiss me, almost kiss me') is the idiom «чуть не» plus a verb for an action that nearly happens. Here it tips into the present «целуют» for vividness — they are on the very point of kissing him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies муж","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Подошел","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of муж","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потянулись","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потянулись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потянулись","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of потянулись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потянулись","lemma":"потянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подошел","gloss":"pressed toward"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целуют","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of целуют","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целуют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"целуют","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"describes manner of потянулись (чуть не = \"all but\")","gloss":"are kissing"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b6-c2-s112","source":"Радостно мне так стало, но пуще всех заметил я вдруг тогда одного господина, человека уже пожилого, тоже ко мне подходившего, которого я хотя прежде и знал по имени, но никогда с ним знаком не был и до сего вечера даже и слова с ним не сказал.","translation":"Such gladness came over me; but above all I suddenly noticed then a certain gentleman, a man already getting on in years, who was likewise coming up to me — one whom, though I had known him before by name, I had never been acquainted with, and to whom up to that evening I had not spoken so much as a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пуще всех заметил я … одного господина","title":"Archaic comparative «пуще»","body":"«Пуще всех» ('above all, most of all') uses «пуще», an archaic/folk comparative meaning 'more, worse, harder', surviving in fixed phrases (cf. «пуще прежнего»). The fronting «пуще всех заметил я» throws the new figure into relief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже ко мне подходившего","title":"Past active participle «подходившего»","body":"«Подходившего» is the imperfective past active participle of «подходить» ('approaching'), agreeing with «господина» in the animate-accusative genitive — 'a gentleman … who was coming up to me'. The participle condenses a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого … знал … но никогда … не был … и … не сказал","title":"Negative concord across a relative clause","body":"The relative clause heaps «никогда … не был знаком … даже и слова … не сказал» — multiple negatives («никогда … не … даже … не») resolving to one meaning. Russian negative concord keeps «не» on each verb even with «никогда» present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стало","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господина","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господина","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожилого","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пожилого","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходившего","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходившего","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подходившего","lemma":"подходивший","morphology":"verb, active, past, participle, masculine, accusative, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies господина","gloss":"coming up"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of знал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on господина","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имени","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"имени","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаком","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective with был, parallel clause to заметил","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знаком","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечера","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"had spoken"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b6-c2-s113","source":"Был он в городе нашем на службе уже давно, место занимал видное, человек был уважаемый всеми, богатый, славился благотворительностью, пожертвовал значительный капитал на богадельню и на сиротский дом и много, кроме того, делал благодеяний тайно, без огласки, что всё потом по смерти его и обнаружилось.","translation":"He had long been in the service in our town, held a prominent post, was a man respected by all, wealthy, renowned for his charity, who had given a considerable sum to the almshouse and the orphanage, and had besides done much good in secret, without publicity — all of which afterward, upon his death, came to light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был … на службе … человек был уважаемый всеми","title":"Passive participle «уважаемый» + instrumental agent","body":"«Уважаемый всеми» ('respected by all') is the present passive participle «уважаемый» (from «уважать»), with the agent «всеми» in the instrumental — the regular case for the doer in a passive. The «-мый» passive is rare and decidedly bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делал благодеяний тайно … что … обнаружилось","title":"Genitive partitive + the relative «что»","body":"«Делал … благодеяний» — the negation-free partitive genitive «благодеяний» suggests 'did much good (of his charity)', and the trailing «что … обнаружилось» uses «что» as a sentential relative ('all of which came to light'). The «-ие» noun «благодеяние» ('good deed, benefaction') belongs to the bookish layer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"видное","lemma":"видный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"prominent"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уважаемый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уважаемый","lemma":"уважаемый","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of уважаемый","gloss":"by all"},{"surface":"богатый","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уважаемый","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"славился","lemma":"славиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занимал","gloss":"was renowned"},{"surface":"благотворительностью","lemma":"благотворительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of славился","gloss":"for charity"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with занимал","gloss":"had donated"},{"surface":"значительный","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитал","gloss":"a considerable"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожертвовал","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богадельню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"богадельню","lemma":"богадельня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"the almshouse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сиротский","lemma":"сиротский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"orphan"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богадельню","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase кроме, modifying делал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занимал","gloss":"had done"},{"surface":"благодеяний","lemma":"благодеяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"good deeds"},{"surface":"тайно","lemma":"тайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"in secret"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огласки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"огласки","lemma":"огласка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"publicity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнаружилось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обнаружилось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружилось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружилось","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обнаружилось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обнаружилось","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause introduced by что (w38)","gloss":"came to light"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b6-c2-s114","source":"Лет был около пятидесяти, и вид имел почти строгий, был малоречив; женат же был не более десяти лет с супругой еще молодою, от которой имел трех малолетних еще детей.","translation":"He was about fifty, and had an almost stern look, and was a man of few words; he had been married not more than ten years to a wife still young, by whom he had three children, all still of tender age.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лет был около пятидесяти","title":"«около» + genitive of approximation","body":"«Около пятидесяти лет» ('about fifty years [old]') uses «около» governing the genitive numeral to express approximation. The fronted «лет … около пятидесяти» foregrounds his age as the topic of the character sketch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вид имел почти строгий, был малоречив","title":"Short adjective «малоречив»","body":"«Малоречив» ('of few words, taciturn', from «мало» + «речь») is a short predicative adjective, describing a settled trait. The compact short form, beside «вид имел … строгий», gives the terse, summary feel of a portrait."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женат … был … с супругой … молодою","title":"Instrumental «-ою» and predicate «женат»","body":"«Женат» is the short adjective 'married (of a man)', and «с супругой … молодою» shows the older instrumental ending «-ою» (= «-ой») on both noun and adjective. The «-ою» variant is a literary, period flavor common in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"measure noun with пятидесяти, complement of был","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пятидесяти","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пятидесяти","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"complement of был","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строгий","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"строгий","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to малоречив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"малоречив","lemma":"малоречивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"a man of few words"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause (with был as copula)","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женат","gloss":"as for him"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женат","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of женат","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женат","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодою","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"молодою","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругой","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on супругой","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies детей","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"малолетних","lemma":"малолетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies малолетних","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b6-c2-s115","source":"Вот я на другой вечер сижу у себя дома, как вдруг отворяется моя дверь и входит ко мне этот самый господин.","translation":"Now the next evening I am sitting at home, when of a sudden my door opens and this very gentleman comes in to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворяется … дверь и входит … этот самый господин","title":"Narrative present + «-ся» middle «отворяется»","body":"«Отворяется … дверь» uses the «-ся» middle voice for an intransitive 'the door opens (by itself)', and the historic present «отворяется … входит» pulls the scene into the now. The «-ся» here is the change-of-state/middle, not a reflexive on a doer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот самый господин","title":"«этот самый» — this very","body":"«Этот самый господин» ('this very gentleman') strengthens the demonstrative «этот» with «самый» ('the very, the selfsame'), pointing emphatically back to the man just introduced. The pair is the standard Russian 'this very one' for tracking a known referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворяется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворяется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отворяется","lemma":"отворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сижу","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворяется","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отворяется","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господин","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господин","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"gentleman"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b6-c2-s116","source":"А надо заметить, что жил я тогда уже не на прежней квартире, а как только подал в отставку, съехал на другую и нанял у одной старой женщины, вдовы чиновницы, и с ее прислугой, ибо и переезд-то мой на сию квартиру произошел лишь потому только, что я Афанасия в тот же день, как с поединка воротился, обратно в роту препроводил, ибо стыдно было в глаза ему глядеть после давешнего моего с ним поступка — до того наклонен стыдиться неприготовленный мирской человек даже иного справедливейшего своего дела.","translation":"And it must be noted that I was then no longer living in my former quarters, but had, the moment I sent in my resignation, moved to another lodging, which I took from an old woman, the widow of a clerk, together with her servant — for my very move to this lodging came about only because, on the same day I returned from the duel, I had Afanasy sent back to his company, since I was ashamed to look him in the eye after my recent conduct toward him — to such a degree is the unprepared, worldly man inclined to feel ashamed even of his own most righteous deeds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо … ибо … до того … что","title":"Causal «ибо» and the «до того … что» result","body":"This long sentence is chained by the bookish causal «ибо» ('for') and capped by «до того … что» ('to such a degree … that'), a result frame summing up the moral. The reasoning, sermon-like architecture is pure Zossima."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вдовы чиновницы","title":"«чиновница», «вдова» — a clerk's widow","body":"«Чиновница» is the wife (here widow) of a «чиновник», a government clerk or minor official — a modest rank in the Table of Ranks. That Zossima lodges with such a «вдова чиновница» marks his deliberate descent from officer's quarters to humble rooms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на сию квартиру","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сию»","body":"«На сию квартиру» ('to this lodging') uses «сей/сия/сие», the archaic bookish 'this' that 19th-century prose keeps alive beside «этот». The accusative feminine «сию» here lends the sentence its period-elevated grain."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдно было в глаза ему глядеть","title":"Impersonal «стыдно» + dative experiencer","body":"«Стыдно было … глядеть» ('it was shameful to look') is the impersonal feeling-construction, predicative «стыдно» plus infinitive, the shamed person implied in the dative. Shame, like cold or fear, is something that comes over one in Russian's experiencer syntax — the very pattern Zossima diagnoses in the «мирской человек»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"справедливейшего своего дела","title":"Superlative «справедливейшего»","body":"«Справедливейший» is the synthetic superlative of «справедливый» ('just, righteous') in «-ейш-» — 'his most righteous deed'. The bookish superlative drives home the paradox: man is ashamed even of his justest act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate (impersonal)","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартире","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"квартире","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жил","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подал","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on съехал","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отставку","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подал","gloss":"resignation"},{"surface":"съехал","lemma":"съехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другую","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съехал","gloss":"another lodging"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нанял","lemma":"нанять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"rented"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies женщины","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"старой","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщины","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нанял","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"вдовы","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to женщины","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"чиновницы","lemma":"чиновница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовы","gloss":"of an official"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прислугой","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of прислугой","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прислугой","lemma":"прислуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"additional oblique complement of нанял","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase переезд-то","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"переезд","lemma":"переезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to переезд","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of переезд","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies квартиру","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жил","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"for the reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of препроводил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of препроводил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Афанасия","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of препроводил","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies препроводил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"поединка","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the duel"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on день","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies препроводил","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"роту","lemma":"рота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of препроводил","gloss":"his company"},{"surface":"препроводил","lemma":"препроводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w46)","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стыдно","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступка","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступка","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поступка","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поступка","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонен","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"наклонен","lemma":"наклонный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"стыдиться","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on наклонен","gloss":"to feel ashamed"},{"surface":"неприготовленный","lemma":"неприготовленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unprepared"},{"surface":"мирской","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наклонен","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"справедливейшего","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"most righteous"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыдиться","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b6-c2-s117","source":"«Я, — говорит мне вошедший ко мне господин, — слушаю вас уже несколько дней в разных домах с большим любопытством и пожелал наконец познакомиться лично, чтобы поговорить с вами еще подробнее.","translation":"\"I,\" the gentleman who had come in says to me, \"have been listening to you for several days now in various houses with great curiosity, and have at last wished to make your acquaintance in person, in order to speak with you in still greater detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошедший ко мне господин","title":"Past active participle «вошедший»","body":"«Вошедший» is the perfective past active participle of «войти» ('the gentleman who had come in'), agreeing with «господин» as a one-word relative clause. The perfective stem gives the completed sense — already entered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушаю вас уже несколько дней","title":"Imperfective present for an ongoing stretch","body":"«Слушаю вас уже несколько дней» ('I have been listening to you for several days now') uses the imperfective present where English needs a perfect-continuous. The imperfective covers the action still going on from the past into the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожелал … познакомиться, чтобы поговорить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы поговорить» ('in order to talk') is the purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive, used because subject is the same as the main verb's. With a shared subject the infinitive replaces the «чтобы» + past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слушаю (inside the quote)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the reporting clause; subject господин","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вошедший","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying господин","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошедший","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause; subject Я","gloss":"have been listening"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of слушаю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько дней","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слушаю","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies домах","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"домах","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слушаю","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушаю","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links слушаю and пожелал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушаю","gloss":"have wished"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"to make acquaintance"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познакомиться","gloss":"in person"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поговорить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on познакомиться","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подробнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"подробнее","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies поговорить","gloss":"in greater detail"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b6-c2-s118","source":"Можете вы оказать мне, милостивый государь, таковую великую услугу?»","translation":"Can you do me, my dear sir, so great a service?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Можете вы … оказать … услугу?","title":"Inversion to form a question","body":"«Можете вы … оказать … услугу?» fronts the verb «можете» before the subject «вы» to make a polite question — Russian can ask by inversion alone, without a particle. «Оказать услугу» ('to render a service') is a fixed light-verb collocation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таковую великую услугу","title":"Archaic «таковой» — such a","body":"«Таковую» is the bookish-archaic «таковой» ('such, of such a kind'), loftier than ordinary «такую», agreeing with «услугу» in the accusative. It belongs to the formal, ceremonious register of the gentleman's request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оказать","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Можете","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of оказать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"таковую","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies услугу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies услугу","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"услугу","lemma":"услуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оказать","gloss":"a service"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b6-c2-s119","source":"— «Могу, говорю, с превеликим моим удовольствием и почту за особую честь», — говорю это ему, а сам почти испугался, до того он меня с первого разу тогда поразил.","translation":"— \"I can,\" I say, \"with the greatest of pleasure, and shall count it a peculiar honor,\" — I say this to him, while I myself was almost taken with fright, so greatly had he struck me at the very first sight of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с превеликим моим удовольствием … почту за особую честь","title":"Formal flourish «превеликий», «почту за честь»","body":"«Превеликий» is an emphatic 'very great' with the intensifying prefix «пре-», and «почту за … честь» ('I shall count it an honor', archaic «почесть за») is a courtly idiom. The piled politeness mirrors the elaborate courtesy of the period's gentlefolk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а сам почти испугался","title":"Intensifier «сам» — '(I) myself'","body":"«А сам почти испугался» ('while I myself was almost frightened') uses the intensifier «сам» to set the narrator's inner state against his polished words. The «а … сам» contrast opens the gap between outward courtesy and inward awe."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того он меня … поразил","title":"«до того … что/как» of degree","body":"«До того он меня … поразил» ('so greatly had he struck me') uses «до того» to express the degree of the effect — 'to such a point'. The perfective «поразил» ('astonished, struck') names the single decisive impression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, verb of reported speech","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превеликим","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"the greatest"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удовольствием","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Могу","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Могу and почту","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почту","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Могу","gloss":"shall count","note":"почту here is from почесть 'to deem/count as' — a homograph of почта ('mail'), not related to it."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"особую","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"a peculiar"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почту","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links говорю and испугался","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implicit subject (я) of испугался","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорю","gloss":"was frightened"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of поразил (до того = to such a degree)","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"time","note":"с первого разу is a fixed idiom, 'from the very first moment'."},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the до того clause","gloss":"had struck"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b6-c2-s120","source":"Ибо хоть и слушали меня и любопытствовали, но никто еще с таким серьезным и строгим внутренним видом ко мне не подходил.","translation":"For though others had listened to me and been curious, no one yet had come up to me with such a grave and severe inward air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и слушали … но никто еще … не подходил","title":"Concessive «хоть и … но» + negative concord","body":"«Хоть и слушали … но никто … не подходил» joins the concessive «хоть и … но» ('though … yet') with the negative concord «никто … не» ('no one … not'). Russian keeps «не» on the verb even though «никто» is itself negative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с таким серьезным и строгим внутренним видом","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"«С таким … внутренним видом» ('with such a … inward air') is «с» governing the instrumental to express manner, all the adjectives agreeing in the instrumental with «видом». This 'with such-and-such an air' is the standard way to render bearing or manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the whole sentence (explanatory 'for')","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, concessive","role":"introduces the concessive clause слушали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of хоть...и construction, modifies слушали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause introduced by хоть","gloss":"had listened"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links слушали and любопытствовали","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любопытствовали","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"been curious"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the concessive clause with подходил","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подходил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of серьезным","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links серьезным and строгим","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строгим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with серьезным","gloss":"severe"},{"surface":"внутренним","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come up"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b6-c2-s121","source":"А этот еще сам в квартиру ко мне пришел.","translation":"And this one came to my lodgings of his own accord.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этот еще сам","title":"Emphatic «сам» and the topicalized «этот»","body":"«сам» is the intensifier 'himself, of his own accord', here stressing that the visitor came unbidden. Fronting «этот» ('this one') as topic, with «сам» carrying the new emphasis, lets the loose word order shade the contrast — 'and this one, mind you, came himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в квартиру ко мне пришел","title":"Prefixed verb of motion «прийти»","body":"«пришёл» is the perfective of «приходить/прийти» (to arrive on foot), the prefix «при-» giving 'arrival'. Note «в квартиру» (accusative, motion toward) paired with «ко мне» (dative after «к»): two complementary directional phrases."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"квартира","title":"«квартира» — lodgings, not a modern flat","body":"In 19th-c. usage «квартира» means one's hired rooms or lodgings, the quarters an officer or gentleman rents — closer to 'my place' than today's 'apartment'. Our English 'lodgings' keeps that period flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies subject этот ('himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the apartment"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b6-c2-s122","source":"Сел он.","translation":"He sat down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сел он.","title":"Verb-first inversion","body":"Putting the verb «сел» before the subject «он» gives the clipped, narrative rhythm of oral storytelling — Zossima recounting events stroke by stroke. The neutral order would be «Он сел»; the inversion foregrounds the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сел","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b6-c2-s123","source":"«Великую, — продолжает он, — вижу в вас силу характера, ибо не побоялись истине послужить в таком деле, в каком рисковали, за свою правду, общее презрение от всех понести».","translation":"\"I see in you,\" he went on, \"a great strength of character, for you were not afraid to serve the truth in a matter where, for the sake of your own honesty, you risked drawing the contempt of everyone upon yourself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Великую … вижу в вас силу характера","title":"Inversion for rhetorical weight","body":"The object «Великую … силу характера» ('a great strength of character') is split and fronted around the inserted «продолжает он», throwing emphasis onto «Великую». This deliberate scattering of an agreeing adjective–noun pair is a hallmark of the elevated literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо не побоялись истине послужить","title":"«ибо» and the dative object of «послужить»","body":"«ибо» is the bookish 'for, because' that pervades Zossima's speech. «послужить» (to render service to) governs the dative, hence «истине» ('the truth') — to serve the truth. «не побоялись» is a negated perfective: 'you were not afraid'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"общее презрение … понести","title":"«понести» — to bear, take upon oneself","body":"The perfective infinitive «понести» ('to bear, incur') takes the accusative object «общее презрение» ('general contempt'). The whole clause is built on heavy rhetorical inversion — 'to incur upon yourself the contempt of all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (he went on)","gloss":"he went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побоялись","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побоялись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побоялись","lemma":"побояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the ибо clause; subject вы","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"истине","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of послужить","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"послужить","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побоялись","gloss":"to serve"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of деле","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужить","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каком","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рисковали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"рисковали","lemma":"рисковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying деле","gloss":"you risked"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies понести (adverbial: for the sake of)","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"общее","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрение","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понести","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"complement of от, modifying презрение","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"понести","lemma":"понести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of рисковали","gloss":"incurring"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b6-c2-s124","source":"— «Вы, может быть, очень меня преувеличенно хвалите», — говорю ему.","translation":"\"Perhaps you praise me far too much,\" I said to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы, может быть, очень меня преувеличенно хвалите","title":"Present tense and the dramatic «говорю»","body":"«хвалите» is imperfective present ('you praise'); the narration slips into the historic present — «говорю ему» 'I say to him' — to make the remembered dialogue vivid. This present-tense framing of past dialogue runs through the whole chapter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"преувеличенно","title":"«преувеличенно» — exaggeratedly","body":"An adverb from «преувеличивать» (to exaggerate, lit. 'to over-enlarge'). 'You praise me, perhaps, far too exaggeratedly' — Zossima's careful, slightly stilted modesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хвалите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed phrase meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преувеличенно","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of хвалите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"преувеличенно","lemma":"преувеличенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хвалите","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"хвалите","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b6-c2-s125","source":"«Нет, не преувеличенно, — отвечает мне, — поверьте, что совершить таковой поступок гораздо труднее, чем вы думаете.","translation":"\"No, not too much,\" he answered me. \"Believe me, to carry out such an act is far harder than you think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершить таковой поступок гораздо труднее, чем вы думаете","title":"Dative-subject difficulty + comparative","body":"An impersonal frame: «труднее … совершить» ('it is harder to carry out'), with no nominative subject and the implied experiencer in the dative. «труднее» is the comparative of «трудно/трудный», and «чем» introduces the standard of comparison."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"таковой","title":"«таковой» — bookish 'such'","body":"An archaic, official-flavoured variant of «такой» ('such'), declining like an adjective. It recurs in the visitor's speech («таковой вопрос», «таковой поступок») and gives a formal, almost legalistic solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверьте","title":"Polite imperative «поверьте»","body":"«поверьте» is the perfective imperative of «поверить» ('believe!'), with the polite/plural «-те». Used parenthetically as 'believe me', it softens and intensifies the assertion at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to преувеличенно","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies преувеличенно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"преувеличенно","lemma":"преувеличенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (he answers)","gloss":"he answers"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of труднее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совершить","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive subject of труднее","gloss":"to carry out"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершить","gloss":"an act"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies труднее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"труднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of поверьте","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on труднее","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b6-c2-s126","source":"Я, собственно, — продолжает он, — этим только и поразился и за этим к вам и пришел.","translation":"It was that, in fact,\" he went on, \"that astonished me, and that is why I have come to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этим только и поразился","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental of cause","body":"«поразился» (perfective of «поражаться», to be struck/astonished) is a «-ся» verb whose cause stands in the instrumental: «этим» — 'I was struck by precisely this'. The particle «только и» ('only this and nothing else') tightens the focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я, собственно","title":"Discourse particle «собственно»","body":"«собственно» here means 'in fact, actually, properly speaking' — a hedging discourse marker that frames the confession to follow, not the adjective 'own'. It signals the speaker getting to the real point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поразился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (in fact)","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (he went on)","gloss":"he went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразился","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразился","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразился (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поразился","lemma":"поразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (first clause)","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links поразился and пришел","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразился","gloss":"have come"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b6-c2-s127","source":"Опишите мне, если не побрезгаете столь непристойным, может быть, моим любопытством, что именно ощущали вы в ту минуту, когда на поединке решились просить прощения, если только запомните?","translation":"Describe to me, if you do not find my curiosity too unseemly, what precisely you felt in that moment, when at the duel you resolved to ask forgiveness — if indeed you remember it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опишите мне","title":"Imperative with dative «мне»","body":"«Опишите» is the perfective imperative of «описать» ('describe!'), the polite «-те» form; «мне» is the dative indirect object 'to me'. The single completed request is why the perfective is chosen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если не побрезгаете столь непристойным … любопытством","title":"Conditional «если» + instrumental of «побрезгать»","body":"«если» opens a real condition; «побрезгаете» (perfective future, 'you will not disdain') governs the instrumental «любопытством» ('curiosity'), modified by «непристойным» ('unseemly'). The verb means 'to scorn / be squeamish about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только запомните","title":"Restrictive «если только» + perfective future","body":"«если только» means 'if indeed / provided that'. «запомните» is the perfective future of «запомнить» ('you will have remembered, retained it') — a single completed mental act, set as the condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опишите","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"describe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Опишите","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побрезгаете","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побрезгаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побрезгаете","lemma":"побрезговать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Опишите","gloss":"find distasteful","note":"побрезговать = to be too fastidious/disdainful about something; formal register."},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непристойным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"непристойным","lemma":"непристойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of побрезгаете","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of побрезгаете","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ощущали","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Опишите","gloss":"you felt"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ощущали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущали","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решились","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"поединке","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решились","gloss":"the duel"},{"surface":"решились","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on минуту/ощущали","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решились","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запомните","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запомните","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"запомните","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying Опишите","gloss":"you remember"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b6-c2-s128","source":"Не сочтите вопрос мой за легкомыслие; напротив, имею, задавая таковой вопрос, свою тайную цель, которую, вероятно, и объясню вам впоследствии, если угодно будет богу сблизить нас еще короче».","translation":"Do not take my question for idle frivolity; on the contrary, in asking it I have a secret aim of my own, which I shall probably explain to you later, if it pleases God to bring us closer still.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сочтите вопрос мой за легкомыслие","title":"Negative imperative «не сочтите … за»","body":"«сочтите» is the perfective imperative of «счесть» ('deem, take'); the idiom «счесть что-л. за что-л.» means 'to take A for B', so 'do not take my question for frivolity'. «вопрос мой» inverts the possessive for a faint bookish solemnity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если угодно будет богу сблизить нас","title":"Dative-subject «угодно будет богу»","body":"A pious impersonal construction: «угодно» ('pleasing') with the experiencer «богу» in the dative — 'if it shall be pleasing to God'. «будет» supplies the future, and «сблизить нас» ('to draw us closer') is the infinitive that pleases Him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сблизить нас еще короче","title":"Comparative «короче»","body":"«короче» is the comparative of «коротко» here in its figurative sense 'closely, intimately' — «короткое знакомство» is a close acquaintance. 'to bring us together still more closely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сочтите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"сочтите","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сочтите","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочтите","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (on the contrary)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"задавая","lemma":"задавать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имею","gloss":"in asking"},{"surface":"таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задавая","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"тайную","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объясню","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies объясню","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying объясню","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"объясню","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on цель","gloss":"I shall explain"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объясню","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объясню","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate complement with будет","gloss":"pleasing","note":"угодно будет + dative is an impersonal construction: 'it will please [someone]'."},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of угодно будет","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"сблизить","lemma":"сблизить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of угодно будет","gloss":"to bring closer"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сблизить","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies короче","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"короче","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies сблизить","gloss":"closer"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b6-c2-s129","source":"Всё время, как он говорил это, глядел я ему прямо в лицо и вдруг ощутил к нему сильнейшую доверенность, а кроме того, и необычайное и с моей стороны любопытство, ибо почувствовал, что есть у него в душе какая-то своя особая тайна.","translation":"The whole time he was saying this I looked him straight in the face, and suddenly I felt toward him the strongest trust, and besides that an extraordinary curiosity of my own, for I sensed that there was some secret of his own locked away in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел я ему прямо в лицо","title":"Dative of the body part «ему … в лицо»","body":"Russian marks the affected person with the dative «ему» and the body part with «в лицо» (accusative of direction) — literally 'I looked to him straight into the face'. This split is the idiomatic way to say 'I looked him in the face'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ощутил … сильнейшую доверенность","title":"Suffixal superlative «сильнейшую»","body":"«сильнейшую» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «сильный» in «-ейш-» — 'the strongest'. This periphrasis-free superlative belongs to elevated 19th-c. prose, more emphatic than «самый сильный»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доверенность","title":"«доверенность» — trust (archaic)","body":"Here «доверенность» means 'trust, confidence' (= «доверие»), an older usage; in modern Russian the word has narrowed to 'power of attorney'. A small period false friend."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"есть у него в душе какая-то своя особая тайна","title":"Indefinite «какая-то» + reflexive possessive «своя»","body":"«какая-то» ('some … or other', specific but unknown) and «своя» ('his own', reflexive possessive pointing back to «у него») stack to say 'some secret of his own'. The «у него … есть» frame is the standard Russian way of expressing possession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying глядел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying время","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел (прямо в лицо = straight in the face)","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links глядел and ощутил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощутил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ощутил","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощутил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сильнейшую","lemma":"сильнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доверенность","gloss":"the strongest"},{"surface":"доверенность","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощутил","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links доверенность and любопытство","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of кроме (кроме того = besides that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to любопытство","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links необычайное and с моей стороны","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любопытство (с моей стороны = on my part)","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with доверенность, direct object of ощутил","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почувствовал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"causal clause explaining the preceding statement","gloss":"I sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайна; forms какая-то with то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of какая-то (indefinite)","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"своя","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайна","gloss":"of his own"},{"surface":"особая","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"secret"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b6-c2-s130","source":"«Вы спрашиваете, что я именно ощущал в ту минуту, когда у противника прощения просил, — отвечаю я ему, — но я вам лучше с самого начала расскажу, чего другим еще не рассказывал», — и рассказал ему всё, что произошло у меня с Афанасием и как поклонился ему до земли.","translation":"\"You ask what exactly I felt in that moment, when I begged my opponent's forgiveness,\" I answered him, \"but I had better tell you from the very beginning what I have told no one else\" — and I told him everything that had passed between me and Afanasy, and how I had bowed down to the ground before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего другим еще не рассказывал","title":"Genitive of negation «чего … не рассказывал»","body":"Under negation the object «что» shifts to the genitive «чего» — 'what I have not told [anyone]'. «другим» is the dative plural 'to others'. The genitive-of-negation is the natural case for a negated, non-specific object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как поклонился ему до земли","title":"«поклониться до земли» — the prostration","body":"«поклонился» (perfective of «кланяться/поклониться», to bow) with «до земли» ('to the ground') and the dative «ему» describes a full bow to the earth before Afanasy. The dative marks the person bowed to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спрашиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваете","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause and is direct object of ощущал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашиваете","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking противника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"противника","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"opponent"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause (adverbial on ощущал)","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech, interrupting the quote","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative (used adverbially)","role":"modifies расскажу","gloss":"had better"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расскажу","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"расскажу","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечаю (main verb of но-clause)","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on чего, complement of расскажу","gloss":"had told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration, coordinated with the quoted speech","gloss":"I told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё, complement of рассказал","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афанасием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Афанасием","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поклонился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause coordinated with что произошло, complement of рассказал","gloss":"I bowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклонился","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b6-c2-s131","source":"«Из сего сами можете видеть, — заключил я ему, — что уже во время поединка мне легче было, ибо начал я еще дома, и раз только на эту дорогу вступил, то всё дальнейшее пошло не только не трудно, а даже радостно и весело».","translation":"\"From this you can see for yourself,\" I concluded to him, \"that by the time of the duel it was already easier for me, for I had begun back at home, and once I had set out on that road, all that followed was not only not hard, but even joyful and glad.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из сего сами можете видеть","title":"Archaic «сего» (genitive of «сей»)","body":"«сего» is the genitive of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), governed by «из» — 'from this'. «сей/сия/сие» is the period-elevated 'this' that saturates Zossima's whole testament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз только на эту дорогу вступил, то всё дальнейшее пошло","title":"Conditional-temporal «раз … то»","body":"«раз … то» means 'once / since … then'. «вступил» (perfective, 'set foot upon') and «пошло» (perfective, 'began to go') chain two completed events; «то» resumes the main clause after the subordinate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне легче было","title":"Dative-subject «мне легче было»","body":"A pure impersonal: «легче» (comparative 'easier') with the experiencer «мне» in the dative and neuter «было» — 'it was easier for me'. No nominative subject, the inner-state pattern so typical of Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, plural","role":"modifies можете (emphatic pronoun)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech, interrupting the quote","gloss":"I concluded"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заключил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легче","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"поединка","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of время, modifies легче","gloss":"of the duel"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of легче","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"I stepped"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, resumptive","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause пошло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дальнейшее","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дальнейшее","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (used substantively)","role":"subject of пошло","gloss":"that followed"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate complement of пошло","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радостно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with трудно","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with трудно","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b6-c2-s132","source":"Выслушал он, смотрит так хорошо на меня: «Всё это, говорит, чрезвычайно как любопытно, я к вам еще и еще приду».","translation":"He heard me out, looking at me so kindly: \"All of this,\" he said, \"is extraordinarily interesting; I shall come to you again and again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушал он, смотрит так хорошо","title":"Aspect contrast: «выслушал» then «смотрит»","body":"Perfective past «выслушал» ('heard me out, to the end') closes one completed event, then the imperfective present «смотрит» ('is looking') opens an ongoing state in the vivid historic present. The pair shows how aspect alone choreographs the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрезвычайно как любопытно","title":"Expressive «как» intensifier","body":"«как» before an adjective/adverb works as an exclamatory intensifier ('how interesting!'); here doubled with «чрезвычайно» ('extraordinarily') for warmth — a colloquial, affectionate turn in the visitor's praise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я к вам еще и еще приду","title":"Perfective future «приду» with «еще и еще»","body":"«приду» is the simple (perfective) future of «прийти» — 'I will come'. The reduplication «еще и еще» ('again and again') paints repeated future visits, even though each «приду» names a single completed arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to смотрит","gloss":"he heard out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выслушал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of любопытно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытно","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies любопытно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"любопытно","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of это (main clause)","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду, part of the phrase еще и еще","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links еще и еще","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду, part of the phrase еще и еще","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорит","gloss":"I will come"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b6-c2-s133","source":"И стал с тех пор ко мне ходить чуть не каждый вечер.","translation":"And from that time on he began to come to me almost every evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал … ко мне ходить чуть не каждый вечер","title":"«стал» + imperfective infinitive «ходить»","body":"«стал ходить» ('began to come') uses «стать» as an inceptive auxiliary with an imperfective infinitive of habit. «ходить» (multidirectional) is chosen precisely because the visits are repeated, not a single trip — contrast «прийти» for one arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не каждый вечер","title":"«чуть не» — almost, all but","body":"«чуть не» means 'all but, very nearly' — here 'almost every evening'. (Distinguish from «чуть ли не» 'one might almost say'.) A compact colloquial intensifier of frequency."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time","note":"с тех пор is a fixed idiom meaning \"from then on.\""},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b6-c2-s134","source":"И сдружились бы мы очень, если б он мне и о себе говорил.","translation":"And we should have grown very close, if only he had spoken to me about himself as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдружились бы мы … если б он мне … говорил","title":"Counterfactual «бы … если б»","body":"A contrary-to-fact conditional: «сдружились бы» (past + «бы») in the main clause and «если б … говорил» in the subordinate — 'we would have grown close, if only he had talked'. The shortened «если б» before a consonant is normal in speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сдружились","title":"«сдружиться» — to become close friends","body":"The prefix «с-» + «дружить» + «-ся» gives a reciprocal perfective 'to become friends with each other'. The «-ся» here carries the mutual sense — the two of them growing close together."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сдружились","lemma":"сдружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we would have grown close"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with сдружились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сдружились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдружились","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood with если","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о себе (\"too\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (conditional on сдружились)","gloss":"had spoken"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b6-c2-s135","source":"Но о себе он не говорил почти ни слова, а всё меня обо мне же расспрашивал.","translation":"But about himself he said hardly a word, and kept questioning me only about myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о себе он не говорил почти ни слова","title":"«ни слова» — genitive of negation with «ни»","body":"«ни слова» ('not a [single] word') is genitive after the intensifying negator «ни», completing the «не говорил». The whole rests on negative concord: «не … ни слова». Fronting «о себе» topicalizes 'about himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а всё меня обо мне же расспрашивал","title":"Contrastive «а» with particle «же»","body":"The mild adversative «а» pivots from 'about himself' to 'about me', while «же» on «обо мне» insists on the contrast — 'but kept questioning me about me, of all things'. «всё» here is the adverb 'continually'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ни слова","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negative particle with слова","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне (emphatic, \"only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"questioned"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b6-c2-s136","source":"Несмотря на то, я очень его полюбил и совершенно ему доверился во всех моих чувствах, ибо мыслю: на что мне тайны его, вижу и без сего, что праведен человек.","translation":"In spite of that, I came to love him greatly and confided to him completely in all my feelings, for I reasoned: what need have I of his secrets, when I can see even without them that the man is righteous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо мыслю","title":"Bookish «мыслю» for 'I think'","body":"«мыслю» is the elevated, Church-Slavonic-tinged verb «мыслить» ('to think, reason'), loftier than «думать». With «ибо» ('for') it lifts Zossima's reasoning into a meditative, almost liturgical key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на что мне тайны его","title":"Dative «мне» in a rhetorical question","body":"«на что мне …?» ('what need have I of …?') is an impersonal dative idiom: the experiencer «мне» plus «на что» — 'what do I want with his secrets?'. The bare nominative «тайны» stands as the thing not needed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вижу и без сего, что праведен человек","title":"Short adjective «праведен» + archaic «сего»","body":"«праведен» is the short (predicative) form of «праведный» ('righteous'), a bookish predicate 'the man is righteous'. «без сего» ('without this') again uses the archaic «сей»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverbial participle, part of the compound preposition несмотря на","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на, marks то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на, modifies полюбил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доверился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доверился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"доверился","lemma":"довериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полюбил","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of доверился","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мыслю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"I reasoned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на что (\"what for\")","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom на что, modifies тайны","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object with predicate тайны","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate subject of the rhetorical question (на что мне тайны его)","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second ибо-clause, coordinated with мыслю","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без сего (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of праведен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"праведен","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of clause with человек as subject","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of праведен","gloss":"the man"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b6-c2-s137","source":"К тому же еще человек столь серьезный и неравный мне летами, а ходит ко мне, юноше, и мною не брезгает.","translation":"And on top of that, a man so serious, and so unequal to me in years, yet he comes to me, a youth, and does not look down on me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неравный мне летами","title":"Dative «мне» + instrumental of respect «летами»","body":"«неравный мне» governs the dative ('unequal to me'), and «летами» is an instrumental of respect — 'unequal to me in years'. «летами» is the archaic instrumental plural of «лето» in its old sense 'year', a Slavonic survival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходит ко мне, юноше, и мною не брезгает","title":"«брезгать» + instrumental, with «-ся»-less verb","body":"«брезгать/брезговать» ('to disdain, find beneath one') governs the instrumental — «мною не брезгает» 'does not scorn me'. The appositive «юноше» ('a youth') is dative, agreeing with «ко мне»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"летами","title":"«лета» — years (of age)","body":"«лета» (plural, from «лето» 'summer/year') is the standard, slightly elevated word for 'years of one's life, age': «человек в летах» is a person of years. Its instrumental «летами» means 'in years, in age'."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"moreover\")","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces к тому же, modifies человек","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elided copula был), described by серьезный","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"серьезный","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неравный","lemma":"неравный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with серьезный, modifies человек","gloss":"unequal"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of неравный","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"летами","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of неравный","gloss":"in years"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause (subject он elided, referring to человек)","gloss":"he comes"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"юноше","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to мне","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of брезгает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брезгает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брезгает","lemma":"брезгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходит","gloss":"look down on"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b6-c2-s138","source":"И многому я от него научился полезному, ибо высокого ума был человек.","translation":"And I learned much that was useful from him, for he was a man of lofty mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"многому я от него научился полезному","title":"Dative object of «научиться» + scattered modifier","body":"«научиться» ('to learn') governs the dative: «многому … полезному» ('much that is useful'), with the adjective «полезному» split off and placed after the verb for rhetorical weight. «от него» ('from him') uses the genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высокого ума был человек","title":"Genitive of quality «высокого ума»","body":"«высокого ума … человек» ('a man of lofty mind') is a genitive of quality describing a person, with the genitive phrase fronted before «был человек» for solemn emphasis. 'He was a man of high intellect.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многому","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of научился","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of научился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of научился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"научился","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"полезному","lemma":"полезный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies многому","gloss":"useful"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ума","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive of quality modifying человек","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b6-c2-s139","source":"«Что жизнь есть рай, — говорит вдруг мне, — об этом я давно уже думаю, — и вдруг прибавил: — Только об этом и думаю».","translation":"\"That life is paradise,\" he said to me suddenly, \"I have long been thinking — \" and suddenly he added: \"It is the only thing I think about.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что жизнь есть рай … об этом я давно уже думаю","title":"Fronted «что»-clause resumed by «об этом»","body":"The whole subordinate «Что жизнь есть рай» ('that life is paradise') is fronted as topic, then picked up by the resumptive «об этом» ('about this') — a left-dislocation that gives the thought ceremonial weight. The copular «есть» ('is') is itself archaic-emphatic; modern Russian usually drops it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только об этом и думаю","title":"Exclusive «только … и»","body":"«только … и» frames an exclusive — 'it is the only thing I think about / I think about nothing but this'. The «и» reinforces that this and this alone occupies him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause жизнь есть рай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking жизнь and рай","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of есть","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"have been thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration, coordinated with the quoted speech","gloss":"he added"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies думаю","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the added quote, coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b6-c2-s140","source":"Смотрит на меня и улыбается.","translation":"He looked at me and smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотрит на меня и улыбается","title":"Historic present, two imperfectives","body":"Both verbs are imperfective present — «смотрит» 'looks', «улыбается» (reflexive «-ся») 'smiles' — used as a vivid historic present for past action. «улыбаться» exists only in the «-ся» form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"улыбается","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрит","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b6-c2-s141","source":"«Я больше вашего в этом, говорит, убежден, потом узнаете почему».","translation":"\"I am more convinced of this than you are,\" he said; \"later you will learn why.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я больше вашего в этом … убежден","title":"Genitive of comparison «больше вашего»","body":"After the comparative «больше», the standard of comparison may go in the genitive without «чем»: «вашего» = 'than yours [conviction]' — 'I am more convinced of this than you are'. A compact, idiomatic comparative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потом узнаете почему","title":"Perfective future «узнаете»","body":"«узнаете» is the simple future of perfective «узнать» ('you will find out'). The completed future sense — you will come to know — sits entirely in the perfective ending, with no auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (used substantively)","role":"complement of больше (comparison)","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate adjective, main verb of the sentence (subject я)","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with убежден","gloss":"you will learn"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнаете","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b6-c2-s142","source":"Слушаю я это и думаю про себя: «Это он, наверно, хочет мне нечто открыть».","translation":"I listened to this and thought to myself: \"He surely means to reveal something to me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думаю про себя","title":"Reflexive «про себя» — to oneself","body":"«про себя» ('to oneself, inwardly') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (accusative after «про») — thinking silently, not aloud. «себя» has no nominative and points back to the subject 'I'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочет мне нечто открыть","title":"Bookish «нечто» + dative «мне»","body":"«нечто» is the elevated indefinite 'something' (declines only нечто/нечего), object of «открыть» ('to reveal'); «мне» is the dative recipient. 'He wants to disclose something to me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слушаю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушаю","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject, cataphoric to он...хочет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет, appositive to Это","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыть","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of открыть","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to reveal"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b6-c2-s143","source":"— «Рай, говорит, в каждом из нас затаен, вот он теперь и во мне кроется, и, захочу, завтра же настанет он для меня в самом деле и уже на всю мою жизнь».","translation":"\"Paradise,\" he said, \"is hidden within each of us; here it lies concealed within me even now, and if I will it, tomorrow it will dawn for me in reality, and for the whole of my life thereafter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рай … в каждом из нас затаен","title":"Short passive participle «затаен»","body":"«затаен» is the short-form past passive participle of «затаить» ('to hide, harbour') — 'is concealed'. The short passive participle, joined with an implied 'is', states a result: paradise lies hidden within each of us. The agent/locus stands in «в каждом из нас»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захочу, завтра же настанет он","title":"Conditional-less «захочу» + perfective future","body":"«захочу» (perfective future, 'if I will it') here works as a bare conditional without «если» — a colloquial inceptive 'should I wish'. «настанет» (perfective future of «настать», 'will dawn / set in') answers it. «же» on «завтра» insists: 'this very tomorrow'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле","title":"«в самом деле» — in actual fact","body":"A fixed adverbial 'in reality, truly, in actual fact', opposed throughout this passage to «в мечте» ('in a dream'). A recurring antithesis: the kingdom dawning not as fantasy but in fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затаен","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause reporting speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каждом","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of затаен","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase каждый из нас","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"затаен","lemma":"затаить","morphology":"passive participle, short form, past, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Рай, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is hidden"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кроется","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кроется","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кроется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies во мне (\"also\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кроется","lemma":"крыться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with затаен","gloss":"lies concealed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on настанет (\"if I will it\")","gloss":"if I wish"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настанет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes завтра","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"настанет","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затаен","gloss":"will dawn"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настанет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на всю мою жизнь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет, coordinated with деле","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b6-c2-s144","source":"Гляжу: с умилением говорит и таинственно на меня смотрит, точно вопрошает меня.","translation":"I looked: he spoke with deep feeling and gazed at me mysteriously, as if he were questioning me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с умилением","title":"«умиление» — tender, melting emotion","body":"«умиление» names a specifically Orthodox-coloured tenderness: a soft, melting feeling of the heart, often spiritual rapture or being moved to tears. 'With deep feeling / tender emotion' only approximates this devotional word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно вопрошает меня","title":"Archaic «вопрошать» + simile «точно»","body":"«вопрошать» is the solemn, bookish 'to question, inquire' (vs everyday «спрашивать»), giving the gaze a prophetic gravity. «точно» here is the simile particle 'as if, as though' — 'as if he were questioning me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"deep feeling"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит (implied subject he)","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause on смотрит","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вопрошает","lemma":"вопрошать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"comparison clause modifying смотрит","gloss":"were questioning"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of вопрошает","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b6-c2-s145","source":"«А о том, продолжает, что всякий человек за всех и за вся виноват, помимо своих грехов, о том вы совершенно правильно рассудили, и удивительно, как вы вдруг в такой полноте могли сию мысль обнять.","translation":"\"And as for the truth,\" he went on, \"that every man is guilty before all and for all, over and above his own sins — about that you judged entirely rightly, and it is astonishing how you could suddenly grasp that thought in such fullness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий человек за всех и за вся виноват","title":"Slavonic «за вся» — for all things","body":"«за вся» is the Church-Slavonic neuter plural 'for all [things]', paired with «за всех» ('for all [people]') — the famous Dostoevskian formula 'guilty before all and for all'. «вся» here is not the modern «всё»; it is the old accusative neuter plural, a deliberate liturgical archaism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помимо своих грехов","title":"«помимо» + genitive, reflexive «своих»","body":"The preposition «помимо» ('apart from, over and above') governs the genitive «грехов»; «своих» is the reflexive possessive 'one's own', referring back to «всякий человек'. 'over and above his own sins'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сию мысль обнять","title":"Archaic «сию» + «обнять» figuratively","body":"«сию» is the accusative feminine of «сей» ('this'). «обнять» literally 'to embrace' is used figuratively, 'to grasp, encompass [a thought]' — to take in the whole idea at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory oblique complement of рассудили, resumed by о том below","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (he went on)","gloss":"he went on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, plural (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of виноват, coordinated with всех","gloss":"all things","note":"Archaic collective form 'вся' (\"everything\") paired idiomatically with 'всех' (\"everyone\")."},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of человек, in the что-clause","gloss":"is guilty"},{"surface":"помимо","lemma":"помимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехов","gloss":"over and above"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of грехов","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"грехов","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассудили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассудили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правильно","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудили","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"рассудили","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивительно","lemma":"удивительно","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"coordinated with рассудили","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of полноте","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"полноте","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of удивительно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнять","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"grasp"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b6-c2-s146","source":"И воистину верно, что когда люди эту мысль поймут, то настанет для них царствие небесное уже не в мечте, а в самом деле».","translation":"And it is truly the case that when people understand this thought, then the kingdom of heaven will dawn for them no longer in dream, but in reality.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда люди эту мысль поймут, то настанет","title":"«когда … то» with perfective futures","body":"A temporal-conditional pairing: «когда … поймут» (perfective future 'when they grasp') answered by «настанет» (perfective future 'will dawn'), with resumptive «то». Both verbs are completed-future — the moment of understanding triggers the moment of dawning."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is the case"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of настанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поймут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поймут","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying настанет","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"resumes когда-clause, introduces настанет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"настанет","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верно","gloss":"will dawn"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"царствие","lemma":"царствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of настанет","gloss":"kingdom"},{"surface":"небесное","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствие","gloss":"of heaven"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не в мечте","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мечте","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of настанет, coordinated with мечте","gloss":"reality"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b6-c2-s147","source":"— «А когда, — воскликнул я ему тут с горестию, — сие сбудется, и сбудется ли еще когда-нибудь? Не мечта ли сие лишь только?»","translation":"\"And when,\" I cried out to him then, with grief, \"will this come to pass, and will it ever come to pass at all? Is it not, perhaps, only a dream?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сие сбудется, и сбудется ли еще когда-нибудь?","title":"Archaic «сие» + interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«сие» is neuter 'this' (from «сей»). «сбудется ли» uses the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question — 'and will it ever come to pass?'. «когда-нибудь» ('ever, at any time') with «-нибудь» marks a non-specific time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не мечта ли сие лишь только?","title":"Doubt-question «не … ли»","body":"«не … ли» frames a tentative, hopeful-doubtful question expecting reassurance: 'is it not, perhaps, only a dream?'. «лишь только» piles two restrictives ('merely, only') for plaintive emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с горестию","title":"«горесть» — grief, in archaic instrumental","body":"«с горестию» ('with grief, sorrow') uses the bookish noun «горесть» and the old instrumental ending «-ию» (modern «-ью»). The archaic form heightens the lyrical pathos of Zossima's cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сбудется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical narrating verb","gloss":"I cried out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горестию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестию","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сбудется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбудется","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбудется (marks the question)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"at some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle (part of когда-нибудь)","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate noun, subject сие","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мечта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b6-c2-s148","source":"— «А вот уж вы, говорит, не веруете, проповедуете и сами не веруете.","translation":"\"There now, you yourself do not believe it,\" he said; \"you preach it and you yourself do not believe it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы … не веруете, проповедуете и сами не веруете","title":"Slavonic «веровать» + intensive «сами»","body":"«веровать» ('to believe, have faith') is the elevated, religious counterpart of «верить», governing «в» + accusative. The intensifier «сами» ('you yourself') sharpens the reproach: 'you preach it, and you yourself don't believe it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот уж вы … не веруете","title":"Particle cluster «а вот уж»","body":"A stacking of conversational particles: «а» (mild contrast), «вот» (pointing 'there now'), «уж» (insistence). Together they catch the speaker pouncing on a contradiction — 'there now, you see, you yourself…'. Untranslatable texture of spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (he said)","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"проповедуете","lemma":"проповедовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веруете","gloss":"you preach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы (emphatic)","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веруете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"веруете","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веруете","gloss":"believe"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b6-c2-s149","source":"Знайте же, что несомненно сия мечта, как вы говорите, сбудется, тому верьте, но не теперь, ибо на всякое действие свой закон.","translation":"Know, then, that this dream, as you call it, will undoubtedly come to pass — believe that — but not now, for every action has its own law.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знайте же","title":"Imperative «знайте» + insistent «же»","body":"«Знайте» is the imperfective imperative of «знать» ('know!'), polite «-те». «же» reinforces it into a solemn injunction — 'Know, then'. The «й»-imperative is formed after the vowel stem «зна-»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сия мечта … сбудется … тому верьте","title":"Dative «тому» after «верить»","body":"«верить» ('believe') governs the dative: «тому» = 'believe that [fact]'. The neuter demonstrative «тому» points back to the whole prophecy. «сия» is the archaic feminine 'this'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всякое действие свой закон","title":"Zero-copula maxim with «свой»","body":"A gnomic sentence with no verb 'is': «на всякое действие свой закон» = 'for every action [there is] its own law'. «свой» is the reflexive possessive 'its own'; the «на» + accusative frame distributes — 'to each action, its law'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic-literary 'for, because' (= «потому что» / «так как»), threaded all through Zossima's speech. It lends a scriptural, sermon-like cadence wherever it joins a reason to a claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбудется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбудется","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбудется","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорите","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying мечта","gloss":"call it"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знайте","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знайте","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical clause, coordinated with сбудется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of действие","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the existential clause (свой закон)","gloss":"action"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of закон","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied есть (existential predicate)","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b6-c2-s150","source":"Дело это душевное, психологическое.","translation":"This is a matter of the soul, a psychological matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело это душевное, психологическое","title":"Zero copula + postposed «это»","body":"No verb 'is': «Дело это … душевное» = 'This matter [is] one of the soul'. The demonstrative «это» follows its noun, a common spoken order ('this matter here'). The predicate adjectives stand in the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"душевное","title":"«душевный» — of the soul","body":"«душевный» derives from «душа» ('soul') and means 'pertaining to the soul / inner life, heartfelt' — set here beside the borrowed «психологическое». The native and the foreign word for the inner life sit pointedly side by side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (head noun; это is a postpositive demonstrative determiner, common folk-register pattern like \"человек этот\")","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"postpositive determiner of Дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"душевное","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies Дело, coordinated with психологическое","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"психологическое","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Дело, coordinated with душевное","gloss":"psychological"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b6-c2-s151","source":"Чтобы переделать мир по-новому, надо, чтобы люди сами психически повернулись на другую дорогу.","translation":"To remake the world anew, people themselves must first turn psychically onto another road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо, чтобы люди сами психически повернулись","title":"«надо, чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"Impersonal «надо» ('it is necessary') takes a «чтобы»-clause of willed outcome, which obligatorily uses the past-tense verb «повернулись» as its irrealis form — not a real past. «чтобы» = «что» + «бы»; the «бы» is fused in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулись на другую дорогу","title":"Reflexive «повернуться» + accusative of direction","body":"«повернулись» (perfective «-ся», 'turned [themselves]') is a middle/intransitive turn of state; «на другую дорогу» is accusative after «на» expressing direction onto another road. The «-ся» makes the turning self-directed, not done to an object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переделать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"переделать","lemma":"переделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"remake"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переделать","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-новому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-новому)","role":"modifies переделать","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"по-новому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-новому)","role":"modifies переделать","gloss":"new way"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повернулись","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повернулись","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди (emphatic)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"психически","lemma":"психически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулись","gloss":"psychically"},{"surface":"повернулись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулись","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b6-c2-s152","source":"Раньше, чем не сделаешься в самом деле всякому братом, не наступит братства.","translation":"Until you have truly become a brother to everyone, brotherhood will not come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раньше, чем не сделаешься … братом","title":"Instrumental predicate «братом» after «сделаться»","body":"«сделаешься» (perfective «-ся», 'you will become') takes its predicate complement in the instrumental: «всякому братом» = 'a brother to everyone'. The role-naming instrumental after become-verbs; «всякому» is dative 'to everyone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раньше, чем не … не наступит","title":"Expletive «не» in «раньше чем»","body":"«раньше, чем не сделаешься» literally has an 'extra' «не» — a pleonastic negation common after 'before/until' in older and folk Russian: 'before you have [not] become…' = 'until you become'. The main clause «не наступит» is the real negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступит (part of раньше чем = \"until\")","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаешься","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаешься","gloss":"not","note":"Archaic idiom 'раньше, чем не' means simply \"until,\" despite the negation."},{"surface":"сделаешься","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наступит","gloss":"you become"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаешься","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique dative complement of сделаешься (\"brother TO everyone\"); cannot be a determiner of братом since its case (dative) does not agree with братом (instrumental)","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаешься","gloss":"a brother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наступит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"братства","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"brotherhood"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b6-c2-s153","source":"Никогда люди никакою наукой и никакою выгодой не сумеют безобидно разделиться в собственности своей и в правах своих.","translation":"Never, by any science or any self-interest, will people manage to divide their property and their rights among themselves without offense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда … никакою наукой и никакою выгодой не сумеют","title":"Negative concord: «никогда … никакою … не»","body":"Triple negation resolving to one: «никогда» ('never'), «никакою … никакою» ('by no … by no'), and the verb's «не сумеют» all pile up under negative concord — Russian's rule that an «ни»-word still demands «не» on the verb. The instrumentals «наукой/выгодой» name the failed means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разделиться в собственности своей и в правах своих","title":"Reflexive «разделиться» + postposed «своей/своих»","body":"«разделиться» (perfective «-ся», 'to divide [among themselves]') is reciprocal-intransitive. The reflexive possessive «своей … своих» ('their own') is placed after its noun for solemn rhythm — 'in their own property and their own rights'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумеют","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сумеют","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"никакою","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of наукой","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"наукой","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сумеют","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"никакою","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of выгодой","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"выгодой","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сумеют, coordinated with наукой","gloss":"self-interest"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумеют","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will manage"},{"surface":"безобидно","lemma":"безобидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделиться","gloss":"without offense"},{"surface":"разделиться","lemma":"разделиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сумеют","gloss":"divide"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собственности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"собственности","lemma":"собственность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разделиться","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собственности","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правах","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with собственности","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of правах","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b6-c2-s154","source":"Всё будет для каждого мало, и всё будут роптать, завидовать и истреблять друг друга.","translation":"Each will find his share too small, and all will murmur, envy, and destroy one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё будет для каждого мало","title":"Short adjective «мало» as predicate","body":"«мало» here predicates 'too little' — 'everything will be too little for each'. «для каждого» ('for each one') is genitive after «для». «Всё будет … мало» uses «быть» future with a predicative quantity word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё будут роптать, завидовать и истреблять друг друга","title":"Compound future «будут …» + reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"The imperfective compound future «будут» + three infinitives names ongoing, repeated future action. «друг друга» ('one another') is the reciprocal pronoun, object of «истреблять» ('to destroy, exterminate')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роптать","title":"«роптать» — to murmur, grumble","body":"«роптать» is a bookish, biblical-flavoured verb 'to murmur, grumble (in discontent)' — the same word Scripture uses of the Israelites murmuring against God. It carries more than ordinary complaint: a faithless discontent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мало","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the preposition для, modifying мало","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"too little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of роптать","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of роптать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"роптать","lemma":"роптать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb complement of будут","gloss":"murmur"},{"surface":"завидовать","lemma":"завидовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with роптать","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"истреблять","lemma":"истреблять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with роптать","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (part of друг друга)","role":"direct object of истреблять","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (part of друг друга)","role":"part of the reciprocal pronoun друг друга","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b6-c2-s155","source":"Вы спрашиваете, когда сие сбудется.","translation":"You ask when this will come to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда сие сбудется","title":"Embedded question with archaic «сие»","body":"An indirect question after «спрашиваете»: «когда сие сбудется» ('when this will come to pass'). «сие» is the neuter 'this' from «сей»; «сбудется» is the perfective future of «сбыться» ('to come true')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спрашиваете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрашиваете","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбудется","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сбудется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of спрашиваете","gloss":"will come to pass"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b6-c2-s156","source":"Сбудется, но сначала должен заключиться период человеческого уединения».","translation":"It will come to pass, but first the period of human isolation must run its course.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен заключиться период человеческого уединения","title":"Reflexive «заключиться» + genitive chain","body":"«заключиться» (perfective «-ся», 'to close, conclude') is intransitive — the period must close itself. «период человеческого уединения» is a genitive chain 'the period of human isolation', stacking adjective-genitive on noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уединения","title":"«уединение» — solitude, isolation","body":"«уединение» (from «един-», 'one') is the keyword of this whole sermon: withdrawal into oneself, self-isolation. The «-ение» abstract suffix gives it a weighty, almost philosophical ring, repeated like a tolling bell across the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сбудется","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it will come to pass"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (predicate)","role":"predicate of период, governs заключиться","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"заключиться","lemma":"заключиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"run its course"},{"surface":"период","lemma":"период","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"the period"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединения","gloss":"of human"},{"surface":"уединения","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies период","gloss":"isolation"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b6-c2-s157","source":"— «Какого это уединения?» — спрашиваю его.","translation":"\"What isolation is that?\" I asked him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какого это уединения?","title":"Genitive «какого … уединения» (echo question)","body":"An elliptical clarifying question picking up the previous «уединения»: «Какого … уединения?» stays in the genitive it inherited from «период … уединения» — 'isolation of what kind?'. «это» here is the conversational filler 'now, then'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уединения","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уединения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уединения","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's parenthetical clause","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b6-c2-s158","source":"«А такого, какое теперь везде царствует, и особенно в нашем веке, но не заключился еще весь и не пришел еще срок ему.","translation":"\"The kind that now reigns everywhere, and especially in our age — but it has not yet fully run its course, and its term has not yet come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А такого, какое теперь везде царствует","title":"Correlative «такого … какое»","body":"The demonstrative «такого» ('the kind') is answered by the relative «какое» ('such as') — a «такой … какой» correlative defining the isolation by a relative clause. «такого» keeps the genitive of the implied «уединения»; «какое» takes nominative as subject of «царствует»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заключился еще весь и не пришел еще срок ему","title":"Aspect + dative of possession «срок ему»","body":"Two perfective pasts under negation: «не заключился» ('has not [yet] closed') and «не пришёл … срок» ('its term has not come'). «ему» is a dative of possession — 'the term for it'. «весь» = 'fully, entirely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elided уединения)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of царствует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies царствует","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies царствует","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"царствует","lemma":"царствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такого","gloss":"reigns"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веке","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of веке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"веке","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of царствует (elided)","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заключился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заключился","lemma":"заключиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пришел","gloss":"has run its course"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключился","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключился (elided период)","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключился","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"its term"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пришел","gloss":"for it"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b6-c2-s159","source":"Ибо всякий-то теперь стремится отделить свое лицо наиболее, хочет испытать в себе самом полноту жизни, а между тем выходит изо всех его усилий вместо полноты жизни лишь полное самоубийство, ибо вместо полноты определения существа своего впадают в совершенное уединение.","translation":"For everyone now strives to set his own person as far apart as possible, wishing to experience the fullness of life within himself alone; yet from all his efforts there comes, instead of the fullness of life, only complete self-destruction, for instead of the full realization of his own being he sinks into utter isolation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всякий-то теперь стремится отделить свое лицо","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + reflexive «свое»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «всякий» emphasises the known topic — 'everyone, you see, now strives…'. «отделить свое лицо» ('to set apart his own person') uses the reflexive possessive «свое» pointing back to «всякий»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходит изо всех его усилий вместо полноты жизни лишь полное самоубийство","title":"Inverted impersonal «выходит … самоубийство»","body":"Heavy inversion: the verb «выходит» ('comes out, results') is fronted, the genitive «изо всех его усилий» ('from all his efforts', «изо» = «из» before a cluster) interposed, and the grammatical subject «полное самоубийство» held to the end — the rhetorical climax. «вместо полноты жизни» is genitive after «вместо»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впадают в совершенное уединение","title":"«впадать в» + accusative","body":"«впадать/впасть в» ('to fall into, lapse into') governs «в» + accusative — «в совершенное уединение» 'into utter isolation'. The verb shifts from singular «выходит» to plural «впадают», a loose agreement with the collective «всякий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause, modifies стремится","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стремится","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"modifies всякий","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"отделить","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремится","gloss":"to set apart"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отделить","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отделить","gloss":"as far as possible"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремится","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"испытать","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to experience"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of испытать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себе (emphatic)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"полноту","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испытать","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полноту","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стремится","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усилий","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of усилий","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of усилий","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"усилий","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноты","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"полноты","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"fullness"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полноты","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"self-destruction"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впадают","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноты","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"полноты","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впадают","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"определения","lemma":"определение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полноты","gloss":"realization"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies определения","gloss":"of his being"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of существа","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"впадают","lemma":"впадать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"he sinks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"совершенное","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединение","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"уединение","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впадают","gloss":"isolation"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b6-c2-s160","source":"Ибо все-то в наш век разделились на единицы, всякий уединяется в свою нору, всякий от другого отдаляется, прячется и, что имеет, прячет и кончает тем, что сам от людей отталкивается и сам людей от себя отталкивает.","translation":"For everyone in our age has split off into separate units, each withdraws into his own burrow, each draws away from the next, hides himself and hides what he has, and ends by thrusting himself away from people and thrusting people away from himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-то в наш век разделились на единицы","title":"Topic «-то» + reciprocal «разделились»","body":"«все-то» again carries the emphatic topic clitic 'everyone, you see'. «разделились» (perfective «-ся») is here reciprocal-intransitive 'split apart into units'. «на единицы» (accusative after «на») names the result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам от людей отталкивается и сам людей от себя отталкивает","title":"«-ся» vs bare verb: «отталкивается» / «отталкивает»","body":"A deliberate mirror: the «-ся» middle «отталкивается» ('thrusts himself away') against the plain transitive «отталкивает» ('thrusts [people] away'). The same root shows reflexive «-ся» turning the action back on the doer versus directing it outward — Dostoevsky's grammar enacting the double estrangement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в свою нору","title":"«нора» — a burrow, animal's hole","body":"«нора» is the burrow or den of a small animal. To withdraw «в свою нору» ('into one's own hole') is a vivid, faintly contemptuous image of the isolated man shrinking to a creature in its lair — the reflexive «свою» binding the burrow to each retreating self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разделились","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разделились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to все","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking век","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of век","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разделились","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"разделились","lemma":"разделиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have split off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единицы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"единицы","lemma":"единица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разделились","gloss":"units"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уединяется","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"уединяется","lemma":"уединяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разделились","gloss":"withdraws"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нору","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нору","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"нору","lemma":"нора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уединяется","gloss":"burrow"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдаляется","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдаляется","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"отдаляется","lemma":"отдаляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разделились","gloss":"draws away"},{"surface":"прячется","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отдаляется","gloss":"hides himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces relative clause, object of прячет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"имеет","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause что","gloss":"he has"},{"surface":"прячет","lemma":"прятать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прячется","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончает","lemma":"кончать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прячет","gloss":"ends up"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative introducing the что-clause, complement of кончает","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of отталкивается","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отталкивается","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"отталкивается","lemma":"отталкиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause complementing тем","gloss":"pushes himself away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (сам ... отталкивается и сам ... отталкивает)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of отталкивает","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отталкивает","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отталкивает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отталкивает","lemma":"отталкивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отталкивается","gloss":"pushes away"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b6-c2-s161","source":"Копит уединенно богатство и думает: сколь силен я теперь и сколь обеспечен, а и не знает безумный, что чем более копит, тем более погружается в самоубийственное бессилие.","translation":"In isolation he hoards wealth and thinks: how strong I am now, and how secure — and the madman does not know that the more he hoards, the deeper he sinks into a suicidal impotence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь силен я теперь и сколь обеспечен","title":"Archaic «сколь» + short adjectives «силен / обеспечен»","body":"«сколь» is the bookish 'how' (= «как») introducing an exclamation. «силен» and «обеспечен» are short predicative adjectives ('how strong … how secure am I'), the form that elevated prose favours for a state. The inner boast is rendered in the proud, archaic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем более копит, тем более погружается","title":"Correlative «чем более … тем более»","body":"The proportional construction «чем … тем» ('the more … the more'): «чем более копит, тем более погружается» — 'the more he hoards, the deeper he sinks'. Both verbs are imperfective present, framing an inexorable ongoing law."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безумный","title":"«безумный» — the madman","body":"«безумный» ('mad, senseless', lit. 'mind-less') is used substantively here, 'the madman' — echoing the biblical fool who says in his heart there is no God, and who tears down his barns to build greater. The word carries that scriptural condemnation of the rich fool."}],"words":[{"surface":"Копит","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoards"},{"surface":"уединенно","lemma":"уединённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Копит","gloss":"in isolation"},{"surface":"богатство","lemma":"богатство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Копит","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Копит","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"силен","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я, parallel clause to думает","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of силен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сколь (силен)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"обеспечен","lemma":"обеспеченный","morphology":"adjective, short form (past passive participle), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with силен","gloss":"secure"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying не знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думает","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"безумный","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the madman"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the чем-clause, correlative with тем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies копит","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"копит","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial чем-clause on погружается","gloss":"he hoards"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with чем, introduces погружается","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погружается","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"погружается","lemma":"погружаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"object clause complement of что, complement of знает","gloss":"he sinks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самоубийственное","lemma":"самоубийственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бессилие","gloss":"suicidal"},{"surface":"бессилие","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погружается","gloss":"impotence"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b6-c2-s162","source":"Ибо привык надеяться на себя одного и от целого отделился единицей, приучил свою душу не верить в людскую помощь, в людей и в человечество, и только и трепещет того, что пропадут его деньги и приобретенные им права его.","translation":"For he has grown used to relying on himself alone and has cut himself off from the whole as a single unit; he has trained his soul not to believe in human help, in people, in mankind, and trembles only at the thought that his money and the rights he has acquired might be lost.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"привык надеяться на себя одного","title":"Reflexive «себя» + «надеяться на»","body":"«надеяться на» ('to rely on') governs «на» + accusative; «на себя одного» ('on himself alone') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» pointing back to the subject. «привык» (perfective past, 'has grown used to') takes the imperfective infinitive «надеяться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приучил свою душу не верить в людскую помощь","title":"Negated infinitive + accusative «свою душу»","body":"«приучил» ('has trained') takes a direct object «свою душу» (reflexive «свою», 'his own soul') plus a negated infinitive «не верить» ('not to believe'). «верить в» governs «в» + accusative — 'in human help, in people, in mankind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только и трепещет того, что пропадут его деньги","title":"«трепетать» + genitive of fear","body":"«трепетать» ('to tremble [with fear]') governs the genitive of what is feared: «того, что …» 'at the thought that…'. «только и трепещет» = 'trembles only at'. «пропадут» is the perfective future 'might be lost'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привык","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"привык","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has grown used"},{"surface":"надеяться","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of привык","gloss":"to rely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of надеяться","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделился","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"отделился","lemma":"отделиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привык","gloss":"has cut himself off"},{"surface":"единицей","lemma":"единица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделился","gloss":"as a unit"},{"surface":"приучил","lemma":"приучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привык","gloss":"has trained"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приучил","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приучил","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людскую","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощь","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with помощь","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечество","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with помощь","gloss":"mankind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трепещет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with только, modifies трепещет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"трепещет","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приучил","gloss":"trembles"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепещет","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пропадут","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause complement of того","gloss":"will be lost"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пропадут","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приобретенные","lemma":"приобретённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, plural","role":"modifies права","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of приобретенные","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with деньги","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b6-c2-s163","source":"Повсеместно ныне ум человеческий начинает насмешливо не понимать, что истинное обеспечение лица состоит не в личном уединенном его усилии, а в людской общей целостности.","translation":"Everywhere the human mind nowadays begins, mockingly, to fail to understand that a person's true security lies not in his own isolated, solitary effort, but in the common wholeness of mankind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ум человеческий начинает насмешливо не понимать","title":"Inverted attributive «ум человеческий»","body":"Placing the adjective after its noun — «ум человеческий» for 'the human mind' — is a bookish inversion lending elevated, oratorical weight (cf. «сын человеческий» below). «начинает … не понимать» frames the failure to understand as a process just beginning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоит не в личном уединенном его усилии, а в людской общей целостности","title":"«состоит в» + prepositional, contrast «не … а»","body":"«состоять в» ('to consist in') governs «в» + prepositional, here twice: «в … усилии» vs «в … целостности». The «не … а» frame ('not in X, but in Y') drives the antithesis between solitary effort and the common wholeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинает","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинает","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинает","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"человеческий","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"начинает","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинает","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of состоит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истинное","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обеспечение","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"обеспечение","lemma":"обеспечение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"security"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обеспечение","gloss":"of a person"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимать","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase в личном уединенном его усилии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"личном","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies усилии","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"уединенном","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies усилии","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of усилии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"усилии","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целостности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людской","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целостности","gloss":"of mankind"},{"surface":"общей","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целостности","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"целостности","lemma":"целостность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with усилии","gloss":"wholeness"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b6-c2-s164","source":"Но непременно будет так, что придет срок и сему страшному уединению, и поймут все разом, как неестественно отделились один от другого.","translation":"But it will surely come to pass that the term will arrive even for this dreadful isolation, and all at once people will understand how unnaturally they have set themselves apart from one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придет срок и сему страшному уединению","title":"Dative «сему … уединению» + archaic «сему»","body":"«придёт срок … уединению» — 'the term will come for this isolation', with the dative «уединению» of the thing whose term arrives. «сему» is the archaic dative of «сей» ('this'), agreeing in the dative with «уединению». «и» here = 'even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймут все разом, как неестественно отделились","title":"Embedded exclamative «как … отделились»","body":"«поймут … как неестественно отделились» — 'they will understand how unnaturally they set themselves apart'. «как» introduces a degree-exclamation inside the object clause; «отделились» is perfective «-ся» 'separated themselves'. «разом» = 'all at once'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of так","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies уединению","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединению","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшному","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединению","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"уединению","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of придет","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отделились, object of поймут","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"неестественно","lemma":"неестественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отделились","gloss":"unnaturally"},{"surface":"отделились","lemma":"отделиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"object clause of поймут","gloss":"they set themselves apart"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отделились","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b6-c2-s165","source":"Таково уже будет веяние времени, и удивятся тому, что так долго сидели во тьме, а света не видели.","translation":"Such will be the spirit of the times by then, and they will marvel that they sat so long in darkness and did not see the light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таково уже будет веяние времени","title":"Short demonstrative «таково» as predicate","body":"«Таково» is the short neuter of «таков» ('such [will be]'), a predicative form used to sum up — 'such will be the spirit of the times'. Fronting it gives a prophetic, declamatory cadence; «веяние времени» means 'the breath/trend of the age'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивятся тому, что так долго сидели во тьме","title":"«удивиться» + dative «тому»","body":"«удивятся» (perfective «-ся», 'will marvel') governs the dative «тому, что …» 'at the fact that…'. «во тьме» (prepositional after «в», with «во» before the cluster) means 'in the darkness'. «а света не видели» adds 'and did not see the light' with genitive «света» under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таково","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет, referring to веяние","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"веяние","lemma":"веяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веяние","gloss":"of the times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивятся","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"will marvel"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивятся","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause complement of тому","gloss":"they sat"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тьме","lemma":"тьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видели (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидели","gloss":"they saw"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b6-c2-s166","source":"Тогда и явится знамение сына человеческого на небеси…","translation":"Then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the heavens…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на небеси","title":"Church-Slavonic locative «на небеси»","body":"«на небеси» is the Church-Slavonic prepositional/locative of «небо» ('heaven'), where modern Russian would say «на небе». The old «-и» ending, straight from liturgical and biblical language, marks the verse as sacred citation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явится","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies явится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"явится","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will appear"},{"surface":"знамение","lemma":"знамение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of явится","gloss":"the sign"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знамение","gloss":"of the Son"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"of Man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небеси","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"небеси","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular (archaic/Church Slavonic form)","role":"oblique complement of явится","gloss":"the heavens"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b6-c2-s167","source":"Но до тех пор надо все-таки знамя беречь и нет-нет, а хоть единично должен человек вдруг пример показать и вывести душу из уединения на подвиг братолюбивого общения, хотя бы даже и в чине юродивого.","translation":"But until then we must keep the banner all the same, and now and again, even singly, a man must suddenly set an example and lead his soul out of isolation toward the great work of brotherly communion, even if it be in the guise of a holy fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо все-таки знамя беречь","title":"Impersonal «надо» + imperfective infinitive","body":"Impersonal «надо» ('one must, it is necessary') with the imperfective infinitive «беречь» ('to guard, keep') — an ongoing duty. «знамя» ('banner') is a neuter «-мя» noun, object of «беречь». «все-таки» = 'all the same, nonetheless'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть единично должен человек вдруг пример показать","title":"Modal «должен» + perfective infinitive","body":"«должен» ('must, ought') agrees with «человек» (masc. sg.) and takes the perfective infinitive «показать» ('to show [once]') — a single decisive act. «вывести душу из уединения» chains a second perfective infinitive 'lead the soul out of isolation'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братолюбивого общения","title":"«братолюбивый» — brother-loving","body":"A solemn compound «брато-любивый» ('loving of brothers'), modelled on Church-Slavonic compounds, modifying «общение» ('communion, fellowship'). The bookish coinage lifts plain 'fellowship' into the register of Christian love — «подвиг … общения», the 'great work of brotherly communion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies надо","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"знамя","lemma":"знамя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of беречь","gloss":"the banner"},{"surface":"беречь","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to keep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет-нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет а, modifies должен","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет-нет","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет а","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom нет-нет а","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единично","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"единично","lemma":"единично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"singly"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должен","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular (predicate 'must')","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показать","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"an example"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with показать","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вывести","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединения","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"уединения","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывести","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиг","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вывести","gloss":"the great work"},{"surface":"братолюбивого","lemma":"братолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общения","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"общения","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"of communion"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause, part of idiom хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies чине","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with даже, modifies чине","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чине","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"concessive clause complement (хотя бы даже и в чине), adverbial on показать/вывести","gloss":"the guise"},{"surface":"юродивого","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чине","gloss":"of a holy fool"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b6-c2-s168","source":"Это чтобы не умирала великая мысль…»","translation":"This, so that the great thought shall not die…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это чтобы не умирала великая мысль","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + negated imperfective past","body":"An elliptical purpose clause: «Это [для того], чтобы не умирала …» — 'this, so that the great thought should not die'. «чтобы» forces the past-form irrealis «умирала»; the imperfective ('go on dying / die out') with «не» means 'shall not perish'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes the preceding statement","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of умирала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умирала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умирала","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"should not die"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умирала","gloss":"the thought"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b6-c2-s169","source":"Вот в таких-то пламенных и восторгающих беседах проходили вечера наши один за другим.","translation":"It was in such fervent and exhilarating talks as these that our evenings passed, one after another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот в таких-то пламенных … беседах проходили вечера","title":"Topic clitic «-то» on «таких» + inversion","body":"«в таких-то … беседах» ('in just such talks') uses the emphatic «-то» to point back to the conversations described. The verb «проходили» (imperfective past 'passed, went by') is fronted before its subject «вечера наши», giving a summarising, retrospective cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восторгающих","title":"«восторгающий» — rapturous (present active participle)","body":"«восторгающих» is the present active participle of «восторгать» ('to enrapture'), agreeing with «беседах» — 'enrapturing, exhilarating talks'. The participle, declined like an adjective, is a bookish way to pack 'that enrapture' into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of беседах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to таких","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"пламенных","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies беседах","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восторгающих","lemma":"восторгающий","morphology":"adjective (present active participle), locative, plural","role":"coordinated with пламенных","gloss":"exhilarating"},{"surface":"беседах","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проходили","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"проходили","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of проходили","gloss":"evenings"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вечера","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (один за другим), modifies проходили","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b6-c2-s170","source":"Я даже и общество бросил и гораздо реже стал появляться в гостях, кроме того что и мода на меня начала проходить.","translation":"I even gave up society and began to appear far more rarely as a guest, quite apart from the fact that the fashion for me was beginning to fade.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо реже стал появляться в гостях","title":"Comparative «реже» + inceptive «стал»","body":"«реже» is the comparative of «редко» ('rarely'), intensified by «гораздо» ('far'). «стал появляться» ('began to appear') is «стать» + imperfective infinitive of habit. «в гостях» ('on a visit, as a guest') is a fixed prepositional idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"общество","title":"«общество» — society (the social world)","body":"Here «общество» means not 'society' in the abstract but the fashionable social world, the round of visits and gatherings — high society. «бросить общество» is to give up that whole social life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with даже, modifies общество","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies реже","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"реже","lemma":"реже","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"more rarely"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"появляться","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостях","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"гостях","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of появляться","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies мода","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мода","lemma":"мода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"the fashion"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies мода","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of того","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to fade"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b6-c2-s171","source":"Говорю сие не в осуждение, ибо продолжали меня любить и весело ко мне относиться; но в том, что мода действительно в свете царица немалая, в этом всё же надо сознаться.","translation":"I say this not in reproach, for they went on loving me and treating me cheerfully; but that fashion really is no small queen in the world of society — that, at least, one must admit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорю сие не в осуждение, ибо продолжали меня любить","title":"Archaic «сие» + «ибо», zero-subject «продолжали»","body":"«сие» ('this') and «ибо» ('for') keep the elevated register. «продолжали меня любить» has no expressed subject (the people of society, understood) — Russian freely drops a generic 'they', the verb's plural ending carrying it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мода … в свете царица немалая … надо сознаться","title":"Predicate apposition + impersonal «надо сознаться»","body":"«мода … царица немалая» equates fashion to 'no small queen' with zero copula, «немалая» (litotes, 'considerable') agreeing as nominative predicate. «в этом … надо сознаться» is an impersonal 'one must admit this', the dative experiencer left unexpressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the phrase в осуждение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking осуждение","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"осуждение","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорю","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"продолжали","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Говорю","gloss":"they went on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжали","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относиться","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of относиться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"относиться","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любить, complement of продолжали","gloss":"treating"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорю (implied repetition)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complementing том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мода","lemma":"мода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of царица","gloss":"fashion"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of царица","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of мода (copula omitted)","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"немалая","lemma":"немалый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"no small"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сознаться","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же, modifies надо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"(idiom cont'd)"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"admit"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b6-c2-s172","source":"На таинственного же посетителя моего стал я наконец смотреть в восхищении, ибо, кроме наслаждения умом его, начал предчувствовать, что питает он в себе некий замысел и готовится к великому, может быть, подвигу.","translation":"As for my mysterious visitor, I came at last to regard him with admiration, for besides the delight I took in his mind, I began to sense that he was nursing some design within himself and was preparing for some great deed, perhaps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На таинственного … посетителя моего стал я … смотреть в восхищении","title":"Fronted accusative object + «смотреть на»","body":"«смотреть на» governs «на» + accusative; the whole object «на таинственного … посетителя моего» is fronted for emphasis ('as for my mysterious visitor…'), with the verb «стал смотреть» inverted after it. «в восхищении» = 'with admiration'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"питает он в себе некий замысел","title":"Bookish «некий» + reflexive «в себе»","body":"«некий» is the elevated indefinite 'a certain, some' (declining like an adjective), modifying «замысел» ('design, scheme'). «в себе» ('within himself') uses the reflexive «себя» pointing back to «он». «питать» literally 'to nourish', here 'to harbour, nurse [a plan]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таинственного","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посетителя","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizes На таинственного посетителя","gloss":"now","note":"Emphatic/topic-shifting particle; not separately translated."},{"surface":"посетителя","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"visitor"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of посетителя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to gaze"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наслаждения","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"наслаждения","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наслаждения","gloss":"in his mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"предчувствовать","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to sense"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of питает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"питает","lemma":"питать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовать","gloss":"nurses"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of питает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of питает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"некий","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of замысел","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"замысел","lemma":"замысел","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of питает","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готовится","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with питает","gloss":"is preparing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвигу","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies подвигу","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"подвигу","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовится","gloss":"deed"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b6-c2-s173","source":"Может, и то ему нравилось, что я наружно не любопытствовал о секрете его, ни прямо, ни намеком не расспрашивал.","translation":"Perhaps he was also pleased that outwardly I showed no curiosity about his secret, and did not probe him, neither directly nor by hint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я наружно не любопытствовал о секрете его, ни прямо, ни намеком не расспрашивал","title":"Doubled «ни … ни» under negation","body":"Negative concord with paired «ни … ни» ('neither … nor'): «ни прямо, ни намеком … не расспрашивал» — 'probed neither directly nor by hint'. The «ни»-pair still requires «не» on the verb. «о секрете его» inverts the possessive for tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может, и то ему нравилось, что …","title":"Dative-subject «ему нравилось»","body":"«нравилось» ('was pleasing') takes the dative experiencer «ему» and a «что»-clause as its logical subject — 'perhaps it also pleased him that…'. The experiencer-in-the-dative pattern, no nominative subject. «и то» = 'that too'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies нравилось","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравилось","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нравилось","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любопытствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любопытствовал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наружно","lemma":"наружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытствовал","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любопытствовал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любопытствовал","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of нравилось","gloss":"showed curiosity"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любопытствовал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секрете","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"намеком","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивал","gloss":"by hint"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любопытствовал","gloss":"questioned"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b6-c2-s174","source":"Но заметил я наконец, что и сам он как бы начал уже томиться желанием открыть мне нечто.","translation":"But at last I noticed that he himself had begun, as it were, to be tormented by a longing to reveal something to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам он как бы начал уже томиться желанием открыть мне нечто","title":"«томиться» + instrumental «желанием»","body":"«томиться» (imperfective «-ся», 'to be tormented, pine') governs the instrumental of what torments: «желанием» ('by a longing'). «как бы» ('as it were') hedges the observation; «открыть мне нечто» = 'to reveal something to me', dative «мне»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies томиться","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"томиться","lemma":"томиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to be tormented"},{"surface":"желанием","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of томиться","gloss":"by a longing"},{"surface":"открыть","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies желанием","gloss":"to reveal"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of открыть","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of открыть","gloss":"something"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b6-c2-s175","source":"По крайней мере это уже очень стало видно примерно месяц спустя, как он стал посещать меня.","translation":"At any rate this had grown very plain to see about a month after he first began visiting me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уже очень стало видно … как он стал посещать меня","title":"Impersonal «стало видно» + temporal «как»","body":"«стало видно» is an impersonal 'it became plain to see' (neuter «стало» + predicative «видно»), no nominative subject. «как он стал посещать» here uses «как» temporally — 'after / since he began visiting me'. «примерно месяц спустя» = 'about a month later'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мере","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стало","gloss":"rate","note":"«По крайней мере» is the idiom \"at any rate.\""},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"plain to see"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спустя","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of стало","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"посещать","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посещать","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b6-c2-s176","source":"«Знаете ли вы, — спросил он меня однажды, — что в городе очень о нас обоих любопытствуют и дивятся тому, что я к вам столь часто хожу; но пусть их, ибо скоро всё объяснится».","translation":"\"Do you know,\" he asked me one day, \"that there is great curiosity in town about the two of us, and people wonder that I come to you so often? But let them, for soon all will be explained.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаете ли вы, … что в городе очень о нас обоих любопытствуют","title":"Question particle «ли» + zero-subject «любопытствуют»","body":"«Знаете ли вы …?» uses the enclitic «ли» for a literary yes/no question. The embedded «что … любопытствуют» has no subject — a generic 'they/people are curious', the 3rd-pl. ending carrying it. «о нас обоих» (prepositional) = 'about the two of us'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но пусть их, ибо скоро всё объяснится","title":"Hortative «пусть» + reflexive «объяснится»","body":"«пусть их» is the 3rd-person hortative 'let them [be / do as they will]' — «пусть» + an understood verb. «объяснится» is perfective future «-ся» ('will explain itself, become clear'), the middle voice making the clarifying intransitive. «ибо» = 'for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаете","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любопытствуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любопытствуют","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытствуют","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of любопытствуют","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"любопытствуют","lemma":"любопытствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаете","gloss":"are curious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дивятся","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любопытствуют","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of дивятся","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хожу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of хожу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хожу","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"хожу","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"forms imperative with их","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of пусть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснится","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснится","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of объяснится","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"объяснится","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will be explained"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b6-c2-s177","source":"Иногда вдруг нападало на него чрезвычайное волнение, и почти всегда в таких случаях он вставал и уходил.","translation":"Sometimes an extraordinary agitation would suddenly fall upon him, and in almost every such case he would rise and leave.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нападало на него чрезвычайное волнение","title":"«нападать на» + accusative, inverted subject","body":"«нападать на» ('to come over, seize') governs «на» + accusative «на него»; the grammatical subject «волнение» ('agitation') follows the verb in inversion, so the agitation 'falls upon him'. The imperfective «нападало» marks a recurring event ('would suddenly come over him')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он вставал и уходил","title":"Imperfective of habit «вставал … уходил»","body":"Both imperfective pasts express a repeated habit — 'he would [each time] rise and leave'. «уходил» is the imperfective prefixed motion verb «уходить» ('to leave on foot'), the «у-» prefix giving 'away'. Iterative «иногда» frames the recurrence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нападало","gloss":"Sometimes"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нападало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"нападало","lemma":"нападать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would fall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нападало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нападало","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вставал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вставал","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вставал","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нападало","gloss":"would rise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уходил","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вставал","gloss":"would leave"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b6-c2-s178","source":"Иногда же долго и как бы пронзительно смотрит на меня — думаю: «Что-нибудь сейчас да и скажет», а он вдруг перебьет и заговорит о чем-нибудь известном и обыкновенном.","translation":"Sometimes he would look at me long and, as it were, piercingly — I would think: \"Surely now he will say something\" — and then he would suddenly break off and start talking about something familiar and ordinary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-нибудь сейчас да и скажет","title":"Indefinite «что-нибудь» + emphatic «да и»","body":"«что-нибудь» ('something or other', non-specific «-нибудь») is the object of «скажет» (perfective future, 'he will say'). «да и» is an emphatic 'and surely, will up and…' — 'surely now he'll come out with something'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг перебьет и заговорит о чем-нибудь известном","title":"Inceptive «за-» in «заговорит»","body":"«заговорит» is the perfective of «заговорить», the prefix «за-» giving inceptive 'to start talking'. Paired with «перебьёт» ('will break off'), the two perfective futures (in the historic-present narration) capture the abrupt swerve. «о чём-нибудь» is prepositional after «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"Sometimes"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иногда","gloss":"then","note":"Emphatic particle, not separately translated."},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пронзительно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"пронзительно","lemma":"пронзительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"piercingly"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смотрит","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думаю","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебьет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перебьет","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"contrasts with скажет","gloss":"will break off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебьет","gloss":"start talking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заговорит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of заговорит","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"известном","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нибудь","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обыкновенном","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with известном","gloss":"ordinary"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b6-c2-s179","source":"Стал тоже часто жаловаться на головную боль.","translation":"He also began to complain often of headaches.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал тоже часто жаловаться на головную боль","title":"«жаловаться на» + accusative","body":"«жаловаться» (imperfective «-ся», 'to complain') governs «на» + accusative «на головную боль» ('of headaches'). «стал … жаловаться» is the inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive; the subject «он» is dropped, recoverable from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаловаться","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жаловаться","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"to complain"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боль","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"головную","lemma":"головной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"ache"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b6-c2-s180","source":"И вот однажды, совсем даже неожиданно, после того как он долго и пламенно говорил, вижу, что он вдруг побледнел, лицо совсем перекосилось, сам же на меня глядит как в упор.","translation":"And then one day, quite unexpectedly, after he had been speaking long and fervently, I saw him suddenly turn pale, his face contorting completely, while he stared at me point-blank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"после того как он долго и пламенно говорил, вижу, что он вдруг побледнел","title":"Aspect contrast: «говорил» vs «побледнел»","body":"The imperfective «говорил» ('had been speaking', durative background) is cut by the perfective «побледнел» ('turned pale', a single change of state) — the classic background-versus-event opposition. «вижу» is the vivid historic present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лицо совсем перекосилось","title":"Reflexive «перекосилось» — change of state","body":"«перекосилось» (perfective «-ся» of «перекоситься», 'to become contorted, twisted') is a middle-voice change of state — the face contorts of itself, no external agent. The «-ся» here marks the involuntary, intransitive distortion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам же на меня глядит как в упор","title":"Intensifier «сам» + particle «же»","body":"«сам» ('himself') with the contrastive «же» pins the focus on the visitor's own fixed stare while his face contorts. «как в упор» (idiom 'point-blank') intensifies «глядит» ('stares'). The clustering of «сам же» catches the eerie steadiness amid the collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однажды","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with однажды","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"that","note":"«После того как» is the idiom \"after.\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пламенно","lemma":"пламенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with долго","gloss":"fervently"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had been speaking"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of побледнел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of перекосилось","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекосилось","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"перекосилось","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побледнел","gloss":"contorted"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies elided subject of глядит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побледнел","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как в упор, modifies глядит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"point-blank range"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b6-c2-s181","source":"— Что с вами, — говорю, — уж не дурно ли вам? А он именно на головную боль жаловался.","translation":"\"What is the matter with you,\" I said; \"are you not feeling unwell?\" For he had in fact been complaining of a headache.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж не дурно ли вам?","title":"Tentative question with «не…ли» and a dative subject","body":"The frame «не…ли» softens a yes/no question into a worried guess — «you're not feeling unwell, are you?» The particle «ли» follows the focused word «дурно», and the experiencer «вам» stands in the dative with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурно","title":"«дурно» — to feel faint or ill","body":"As an impersonal predicate «дурно вам?» means 'do you feel unwell / faint?' — a fixed idiom of physical malaise, distinct from the everyday «дурно» meaning 'badly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Что","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to говорю","gloss":"unwell"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дурно","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дурно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаловался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боль","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"головную","lemma":"головной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жаловался","gloss":"ache"},{"surface":"жаловался","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been complaining"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b6-c2-s182","source":"— Я… знаете ли вы… я… человека убил.","translation":"\"I… do you know… I… I have killed a man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека убил","title":"Animate accusative «человека»","body":"«человека» is accusative direct object, but it borrows the genitive ending because «человек» is animate. Note the topic-comment order: the object «человека» precedes the verb «убил», throwing the dreadful weight onto the act itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Я","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have killed"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b6-c2-s183","source":"Проговорил да улыбается, а сам белый как мел.","translation":"He brought it out and then smiled, though he himself had gone white as chalk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проговорил да улыбается","title":"Folksy «да» joining perfective and present","body":"«да» here is a homely coordinating 'and' (not 'yes'), pairing the perfective past «проговорил» (he got it out) with the imperfective present «улыбается» (and he's smiling) — the tense shift makes the smile live before the narrator's eyes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"белый как мел","title":"«белый как мел» — white as chalk","body":"A set simile for a bloodless, terror-stricken face; «мел» is chalk. The clause «а сам белый как мел» uses «сам» ('he himself') to mark the jarring contrast between the smile and the pallor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He said"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"улыбается","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Проговорил","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies белый","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Проговорил","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мел","lemma":"мел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of белый","gloss":"chalk"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b6-c2-s184","source":"«Зачем это он улыбается», — пронзила мне мысль эта вдруг сердце, прежде чем я еще что-либо сообразил.","translation":"\"Why is he smiling?\" — the thought pierced my heart all at once, before I had managed to grasp anything else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронзила мне мысль эта вдруг сердце","title":"Inverted word order for dramatic weight","body":"Prose order would be «эта мысль вдруг пронзила мне сердце». Dostoevsky front-loads the verb «пронзила» (pierced) and splits the subject «мысль эта» from its noun, with the dative «мне» of the affected person — the scrambling makes the thought strike before it is even named."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем я еще что-либо сообразил","title":"«прежде чем» + the indefinite «что-либо»","body":"«прежде чем» ('before') opens a temporal subordinate clause. «что-либо» is a bookish equivalent of «что-нибудь», a non-specific 'anything at all', built on the interrogative «что» plus an indefinite particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбается","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Зачем","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial filler particle in questions, not a direct object."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"улыбается","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is smiling"},{"surface":"пронзила","lemma":"пронзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to улыбается","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пронзила","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пронзила","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пронзила","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пронзила","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сообразил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сообразил","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сообразил","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пронзила","gloss":"had grasped"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b6-c2-s185","source":"Сам я побледнел.","translation":"I myself turned pale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам я побледнел","title":"Emphatic «сам» and inceptive perfective","body":"«сам» ('[I] myself') is fronted for emphasis, contrasting the narrator with the guest. «побледнел» is a perfective with the prefix по- marking the inception of a state — 'I turned pale', the change itself, not the condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of побледнел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned pale"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b6-c2-s186","source":"— Что вы это? — кричу ему.","translation":"\"What is this you are saying?\" I cried out to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы это?","title":"Elliptical exclamation «Что вы это?»","body":"A clipped colloquial cry — literally 'What [is it] you [are saying]?', with the verb left out. The «это» reinforces the alarmed 'what on earth is this'. «кричу» in the historic present keeps the scene immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cried out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кричу","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b6-c2-s187","source":"— Видите ли, — отвечает мне всё с бледною усмешкой, — как дорого мне стоило сказать первое слово. Теперь сказал и, кажется, стал на дорогу. Поеду.","translation":"\"You see,\" he answered me, still with that wan smile, \"how dearly it cost me to say that first word. Now I have said it, and it seems I have set out on the road. I shall go on.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видите ли","title":"«Видите ли» — discourse softener with «ли»","body":"A frozen turn of phrase, 'you see / you understand', that opens an explanation. The interrogative particle «ли» here is conventional rather than a true question — a polite hedge before a hard confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как дорого мне стоило сказать первое слово","title":"Dative experiencer with «стоило»","body":"«мне стоило» — 'it cost me' — is an impersonal construction: the person affected is in the dative «мне», and the infinitive «сказать» is the logical subject. «дорого» ('dearly') intensifies the price of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поеду","title":"Perfective future «Поеду» — 'I shall set out'","body":"A single perfective verb conjugated with present-tense endings yields future meaning. From the motion verb «ехать», prefixed по- gives the sense of setting off on a journey — fitting the metaphor «стал на дорогу» (set out on the road of confession)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Видите","gloss":"he answers"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечает","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бледною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бледною","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies усмешкой","gloss":"wan"},{"surface":"усмешкой","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечает","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies стоило","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоило","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стоило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Видите","gloss":"it cost"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоило","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have said it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to стал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"I have set out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"Поеду","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall go on"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b6-c2-s188","source":"Долго я ему не верил, да и не в один раз поверил, а лишь после того, как он три дня ходил ко мне и всё мне в подробности рассказал.","translation":"For a long time I would not believe him, nor did I believe him at once, but only after he had come to me for three days and told me everything in detail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долго я ему не верил, да и не в один раз поверил","title":"Imperfective vs perfective of believing","body":"«не верил» (imperfective) describes the prolonged process of disbelief; «поверил» (perfective) names the single moment of being convinced. The pairing «не верил… поверил» lets aspect carry the whole arc from doubt to conviction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и не в один раз","title":"«да и» and «не в один раз»","body":"«да и» is a folksy connective adding emphasis, 'and indeed / nor'. «не в один раз» means 'not at one go, not all at once' — he came round to belief gradually."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (да и = \"nor\")","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with верил","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies после","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после, correlate of как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of ходил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b6-c2-s189","source":"Считал его за помешанного, но кончил тем, что убедился наконец явно с превеликою горестью и удивлением.","translation":"I took him for a madman, but in the end I was finally convinced, plainly and with the greatest grief and amazement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Считал его за помешанного","title":"«считать за» + accusative — 'to take for'","body":"The older idiom «считать за кого-то» (with «за» + accusative) means 'to take/regard as'; modern Russian prefers «считать кем-то» in the instrumental. «помешанного» ('a madman') is the past passive participle of «помешаться», declined as a noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил тем, что убедился","title":"«кончил тем, что…» — 'ended by'","body":"A correlative construction: «тем» (instrumental of «то») anticipates the «что»-clause, literally 'ended with this, that he became convinced'. «убедился» is reflexive «-ся» — convincing happens to the subject internally."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с превеликою горестью","title":"«превеликий» and the long ending «-ою»","body":"The intensifying prefix пре- ('very, exceedingly') makes «превеликий» 'very great', a bookish flourish. «горестью» and «-ою» (for modern «-ой») are an elevated archaic instrumental ending, frequent across this whole confession."}],"words":[{"surface":"Считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Считал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помешанного","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"помешанного","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Считал","gloss":"a madman"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Считал","gloss":"ended up"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убедился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убедился","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"I was convinced"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедился","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking превеликою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превеликою","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горестью","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"горестью","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедился","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with горестью","gloss":"amazement"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b6-c2-s190","source":"Было им совершено великое и страшное преступление, четырнадцать лет пред тем, над одною богатою госпожой, молодою и прекрасною собой, вдовой помещицей, имевшею в городе нашем для приезда собственный дом.","translation":"A great and terrible crime had been committed by him, fourteen years before, against a certain wealthy lady, young and very beautiful, a landowning widow, who kept a house of her own in our town for her visits there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было им совершено великое и страшное преступление","title":"Periphrastic passive with instrumental agent","body":"The short past passive participle «совершено» joins «было» to state a result — 'a crime had been committed'. The agent appears in the instrumental «им» ('by him'), the standard way Russian names the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"над одною богатою госпожой… вдовой помещицей, имевшею","title":"Past active participle «имевшею» closing a chain","body":"«имевшею» is a past active participle of «иметь», agreeing (feminine instrumental, archaic «-ею») with «госпожой» — 'who had/kept'. It condenses a «которая»-clause into one modifier, the hallmark of bookish narration. «над… госпожой» uses «над» + instrumental for the victim of a crime."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of совершено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of the passive совершено","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"совершено","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was committed"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великое","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive совершено","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal complement of совершено","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершено","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожой","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожой","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"богатою","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожой","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"госпожой","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of над (совершено над)","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"молодою","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатою","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасною","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with молодою","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"modifies прекрасною","gloss":"in looks"},{"surface":"вдовой","lemma":"вдовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помещицей","gloss":"widowed"},{"surface":"помещицей","lemma":"помещица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with госпожой (apposition)","gloss":"landowning lady"},{"surface":"имевшею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, instrumental, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying госпожой","gloss":"who had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имевшею","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"собственный","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имевшею","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b6-c2-s191","source":"Почувствовав к ней любовь великую, сделал он ей изъяснение в любви и начал склонять ее выйти за него замуж.","translation":"Having conceived a great love for her, he declared his love to her and began urging her to marry him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почувствовав к ней любовь великую, сделал он","title":"Perfective gerund «Почувствовав» of prior action","body":"«Почувствовав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие), 'having conceived', expressing the completed action that precedes the main verb «сделал». It shares the main subject (he), the rule for every gerund."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сделал ей изъяснение в любви","title":"«изъяснение в любви» — a formal declaration","body":"«изъяснение» (an explaining, a declaring) is the older, courtly word for what is now «объяснение/признание в любви» — a formal avowal of love. The bookish noun in «-ение» colours the suitor's stiff, ceremonious approach."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"склонять ее выйти за него замуж","title":"«выйти замуж» — for a woman, to marry","body":"«выйти замуж (за кого)» is the fixed idiom for a woman marrying a man (literally 'go behind a husband'); a man «женится». «склонять» here means to urge or persuade her to it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сделал","gloss":"having felt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Почувствовав","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Почувствовав","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"изъяснение","lemma":"изъяснение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies изъяснение","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"склонять","lemma":"склонять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to urge"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of склонять","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of склонять","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"in marriage","note":"выйти замуж is the fixed idiom for a woman \"to get married\"."}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b6-c2-s192","source":"Но она отдала уже свое сердце другому, одному знатному не малого чина военному, бывшему в то время в походе и которого ожидала она, однако, скоро к себе.","translation":"But she had already given her heart to another — to a certain man of rank, an officer of no small standing who was at that time away on campaign, and whom she was expecting back to her, however, before long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одному знатному не малого чина военному","title":"Stacked dative agreement on «военному»","body":"The indirect object «другому… военному» ('to another — a military man') sits in the dative, and every modifier agrees: «одному знатному… военному». «не малого чина» is a genitive of quality, 'of no small rank'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшему в то время в походе и которого ожидала она","title":"Participle and «который» coordinated","body":"The past active participle «бывшему» ('who was', from «быть») and the relative clause «которого ожидала она» both modify «военному», joined by «и» — a dense layering of two relative strategies in one phrase. «которого» is genitive/accusative as object of «ожидала»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отдала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"отдала","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отдала","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies военному","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies военному","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"знатному","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies военному","gloss":"of rank"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чина","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"чина","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies военному","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"военному","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдала (substantivized: \"officer\")","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"бывшему","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with военному","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшему","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking походе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"походе","lemma":"поход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшему","gloss":"campaign"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying военному","gloss":"was expecting"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ожидала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of ожидала","gloss":"her (back to herself)"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b6-c2-s193","source":"Предложение его она отвергла, а его попросила к себе не ходить.","translation":"She rejected his proposal and asked him not to come to her again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предложение его она отвергла, а его попросила к себе не ходить","title":"Object-first order and contrastive «а»","body":"Both clauses front the object («Предложение его», «его») before the verb, a topic-comment ordering free cases allow. «а» is the mild contrastive 'and/while', hinging the two refusals. «к себе» uses the reflexive «себя» — to her own place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ходить","title":"Imperfective «ходить» under negation","body":"After «попросила… не ходить» the imperfective multidirectional motion verb «ходить» is required — a negated request not to do something habitually ('not to come/visit'). Perfective «прийти» would be wrong here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергла","gloss":"proposal"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Предложение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвергла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"отвергла","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"попросила","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергла","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of попросила","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b6-c2-s194","source":"Перестав ходить, он, зная расположение ее дома, пробрался к ней ночью из сада чрез крышу, с превеликою дерзостью, рискуя быть обнаруженным.","translation":"Having stopped coming, he, knowing the layout of her house, made his way in to her by night from the garden across the roof, with the utmost audacity, at the risk of being discovered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестав ходить, он, зная расположение ее дома, пробрался","title":"Two gerunds framing the main verb","body":"«Перестав» (perfective past gerund, 'having stopped') and «зная» (imperfective present gerund, 'knowing') both attach to the subject «он» and bracket the main verb «пробрался». The contrast of aspects is exact: a finished prior act vs. a simultaneous state of knowledge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробрался… чрез крышу, с превеликою дерзостью","title":"«чрез» and «дерзость»","body":"«чрез» is the archaic, non-pleophonic doublet of «через» ('through, across'), an elevated Church-Slavonic-flavoured form. «дерзость» is daring or insolence; «с превеликою дерзостью» — 'with the utmost audacity'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рискуя быть обнаруженным","title":"Gerund «рискуя» + passive infinitive","body":"«рискуя» is a present gerund ('risking'), governing «быть обнаруженным» — a passive infinitive built from «быть» plus the instrumental short... here long passive participle «обнаруженным» (discovered). The instrumental ending reflects agreement after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестав","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробрался","gloss":"having stopped"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Перестав","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробрался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробрался","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"расположение","lemma":"расположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of зная","gloss":"layout"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расположение","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"пробрался","lemma":"пробраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"by night"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крышу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"крышу","lemma":"крыша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"roof"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерзостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превеликою","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дерзостью","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"дерзостью","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробрался","gloss":"audacity"},{"surface":"рискуя","lemma":"рисковать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробрался","gloss":"risking"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of рискуя, copula linking to обнаруженным","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"обнаруженным","lemma":"обнаруженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"discovered"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b6-c2-s195","source":"Но, как весьма часто бывает, все с необыкновенною дерзостью совершаемые преступления чаще других и удаются.","translation":"But, as very often happens, all crimes committed with extraordinary audacity succeed more often than the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все… совершаемые преступления","title":"Present passive participle «совершаемые»","body":"«совершаемые» is a present passive participle in «-ем-/-аем-» ('being committed'), a rare and bookish form, agreeing with «преступления». It packs 'crimes that are committed with audacity' into a single attributive phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чаще других… удаются","title":"Comparative «чаще» and reflexive «удаются»","body":"«чаще» is the predicative comparative of «часто» ('more often'), with the standard of comparison «других» in the genitive. «удаются» is a middle «-ся» verb, 'turn out well / succeed' (impersonally with the thing as subject)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on удаются","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерзостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенною","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дерзостью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"дерзостью","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совершаемые (instrumental of manner)","gloss":"audacity"},{"surface":"совершаемые","lemma":"совершать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of удаются","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"чаще","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies удаются","gloss":"more often"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of чаще","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes удаются","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"удаются","lemma":"удаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"succeed"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b6-c2-s196","source":"Чрез слуховое окно войдя на чердак дома, он спустился к ней вниз в жилые комнаты по лесенке с чердака, зная, что дверь, бывшая в конце лесенки, не всегда по небрежности слуг запиралась на замок.","translation":"Entering the attic of the house through a dormer window, he made his way down to her, into the living quarters below, by the little stair from the attic, knowing that the door at the foot of the stair was not always locked, owing to the carelessness of the servants.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чрез слуховое окно войдя на чердак… он спустился","title":"Fronted gerund «войдя»","body":"«войдя» is a perfective past gerund of «войти» ('having entered'), here placed before its own object phrase for narrative weight. The main verb «спустился» (a perfective «-ся» motion verb, 'descended') follows. «на чердак» uses «на» + accusative for motion onto/into the attic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дверь, бывшая в конце лесенки, не всегда… запиралась на замок","title":"Participle «бывшая» + imperfective passive «-ся»","body":"«бывшая» is a past active participle of «быть» ('that was/stood'). «запиралась» is an imperfective passive in «-ся» describing a recurring state — 'was [habitually] not locked'. «не всегда» softens the negation to 'not always'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по лесенке… слуховое окно","title":"«лесенка» and «слуховое окно»","body":"«лесенка» is the diminutive of «лестница», a little staircase. «слуховое окно» is a dormer or garret window (literally a 'hearing window') set in the roof — the architectural detail of his break-in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"слуховое","lemma":"слуховой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"dormer"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спустился","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердак","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"чердак","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"attic"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чердак","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спустился","lemma":"спуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спустился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустился","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"жилые","lemma":"жилой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спустился","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесенке","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"лесенке","lemma":"лесенка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спустился","gloss":"little stair"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чердака","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чердака","lemma":"чердак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лесенке","gloss":"attic"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спустился","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запиралась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of запиралась","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"бывшая","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying дверь","gloss":"that was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшая","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"лесенки","lemma":"лесенка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the stair"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запиралась","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небрежности","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"небрежности","lemma":"небрежность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запиралась","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies небрежности","gloss":"of the servants"},{"surface":"запиралась","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"was locked","note":"запираться на замок = to be locked with a key."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запиралась","gloss":"lock"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b6-c2-s197","source":"Понадеялся на оплошность сию и в сей раз и как раз застал.","translation":"He counted on this same oversight this time too, and found it so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Понадеялся на оплошность сию","title":"«оплошность» and the archaic «сию»","body":"«оплошность» is a slip, an oversight, carelessness. «сию» is the archaic bookish demonstrative «сей/сия/сие» ('this'), here feminine accusative — a period-elevated equivalent of «эту», placed after its noun for stately effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и как раз застал","title":"Perfective «застал» — 'caught it so'","body":"«застал» (perfective of «заставать») means to find/catch a state on arrival — 'and just so he found it [unlocked]'. «как раз» ('exactly, just') heightens the grim coincidence working in the murderer's favour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понадеялся","lemma":"понадеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he counted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оплошность","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"оплошность","lemma":"оплошность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Понадеялся","gloss":"oversight"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оплошность","gloss":"this same"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of Понадеялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies застал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies застал","gloss":"as expected","note":"как раз is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly/precisely as expected\"."},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Понадеялся","gloss":"found it so"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b6-c2-s198","source":"Пробравшись в жилые покои, он, в темноте, прошел в ее спальню, в которой горела лампада.","translation":"Having made his way into the living quarters, he passed in the darkness into her bedroom, in which a lamp was burning before the icons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пробравшись в жилые покои, он… прошел","title":"Gerund «Пробравшись» of completed prior motion","body":"«Пробравшись» is a perfective past gerund ('having made his way in'), reflexive «-ся», setting up the main verb «прошел». «в жилые покои» / «в ее спальню» take «в» + accusative for motion into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пробравшись","lemma":"пробраться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"having made his way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покои","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"жилые","lemma":"жилой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies покои","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"покои","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Пробравшись","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of спальню","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"bedroom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горела","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"горела","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on спальню","gloss":"was burning"},{"surface":"лампада","lemma":"лампада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горела","gloss":"icon-lamp","note":"a лампада is a small oil lamp kept burning before religious icons."}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b6-c2-s199","source":"И, как нарочно, обе горничные ее девушки ушли потихоньку без спросу, по соседству, на именинную пирушку, случившуюся в той же улице.","translation":"And, as if on purpose, both her maidservants had slipped off without leave, next door, to a name-day party that happened to be held on the same street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обе горничные ее девушки ушли потихоньку без спросу","title":"«обе» and perfective «ушли»","body":"«обе» is the feminine of the collective numeral 'both', governing «горничные… девушки». «ушли» is perfective past plural ('had gone off') — a single completed departure. «без спросу» (with old genitive «-у») means 'without asking leave'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пирушку, случившуюся в той же улице","title":"Past active participle «случившуюся»","body":"«случившуюся» is a past active participle of «случиться» ('that happened to be held'), reflexive «-ся», agreeing with «пирушку» in the feminine accusative — another «которая»-clause compressed to one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как нарочно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on девушки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"горничные","lemma":"горничный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of ушли","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"ушли","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had slipped off"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушли","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спросу","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"спросу","lemma":"спрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушли","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседству","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"соседству","lemma":"соседство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушли","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирушку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"именинную","lemma":"именинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пирушку","gloss":"name-day"},{"surface":"пирушку","lemma":"пирушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушли","gloss":"party"},{"surface":"случившуюся","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying пирушку","gloss":"that happened to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улице","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случившуюся","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b6-c2-s200","source":"Остальные же слуги и служанки спали в людских и в кухне, в нижнем этаже.","translation":"The rest of the servants and serving-women were asleep in the servants' quarters and in the kitchen, on the lower floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остальные же слуги и служанки спали","title":"Imperfective «спали» of background state","body":"«спали» is imperfective past — the standing background ('were sleeping') against which the foreground events move. The particle «же» here lightly contrasts these servants with the two maids who had slipped out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Остальные","gloss":"(unstressed)"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of спали","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"служанки","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with слуги","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"спали","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were asleep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людских","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"людских","lemma":"людская","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural (substantivized: \"servants' quarters\")","role":"oblique complement of спали","gloss":"servants' quarters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with людских","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этаже","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нижнем","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этаже","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"этаже","lemma":"этаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спали","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b6-c2-s201","source":"При виде спящей разгорелась в нем страсть, а затем схватила его сердце мстительная ревнивая злоба, и, не помня себя, как пьяный, подошел и вонзил ей нож прямо в сердце, так что она и не вскрикнула.","translation":"At the sight of her sleeping, passion flared up in him, and then a vengeful, jealous rage gripped his heart, and, beside himself, like a drunken man, he went up and plunged a knife straight into her heart, so that she did not even cry out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"При виде спящей разгорелась в нем страсть, а затем схватила его сердце… злоба","title":"Verb-first inversion, twice","body":"Both clauses put the verb before its subject — «разгорелась… страсть», «схватила… злоба» — a rhetorical inversion that makes the passion and the rage seem to seize him before we learn what they are. «при виде спящей» uses «при» + prepositional with a substantivised participle, 'at the sight of the sleeping woman'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помня себя, как пьяный, подошел и вонзил","title":"Gerund «не помня себя» + chained perfectives","body":"«не помня себя» is a negated present gerund with the reflexive «себя» — the idiom 'beside himself' (literally 'not remembering himself'). The main verbs «подошел… вонзил» are perfective, advancing the action blow by blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что она и не вскрикнула","title":"Result clause «так что» with emphatic «и не»","body":"«так что» introduces a clause of result, 'so that'. «и не вскрикнула» uses «и» before the negation for 'did not even cry out'; «вскрикнула» is a perfective with the prefix вс- marking a single sudden cry that never came."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase при виде","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"спящей","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of виде","gloss":"her sleeping"},{"surface":"разгорелась","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгорелась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"страсть","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разгорелась","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разгорелась","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мстительная","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злоба","gloss":"vengeful"},{"surface":"ревнивая","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злоба","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"злоба","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"remembering","note":"не помня себя = \"beside himself.\""},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison пьяный, modifies подошел","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of comparison, modifies подошел","gloss":"a drunken man"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разгорелась","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вонзил","lemma":"вонзить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разгорелась","gloss":"plunged"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of вонзил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нож","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вонзил","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзил","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the correlative так что, introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскрикнула","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскрикнула","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"result clause modifying вонзил","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b6-c2-s202","source":"Затем с адским и с преступнейшим расчетом устроил так, чтобы подумали на слуг: не побрезгал взять ее кошелек, отворил ключами, которые вынул из-под подушки, ее комод и захватил из него некоторые вещи, именно так, как бы сделал невежа слуга, то есть ценные бумаги оставил, а взял одни деньги, взял несколько золотых вещей покрупнее, а драгоценнейшими в десять раз, но малыми вещами пренебрег.","translation":"Then, with hellish and most criminal calculation, he arranged things so that the servants would be suspected: he did not scruple to take her purse, opened her chest with the keys he had drawn out from under her pillow, and seized certain things from it, exactly as an ignorant servant would have done — that is, he left the valuable papers and took only the money, took a few of the larger gold articles, but neglected the small ones, which were ten times more precious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с адским и с преступнейшим расчетом","title":"Superlative «преступнейшим»","body":"«преступнейшим» is the bookish synthetic superlative in «-ейший», 'most criminal', built directly on «преступный» rather than with «самый». Paired with «адским» ('hellish'), it lifts the cold planning to a near-theological pitch of evil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"устроил так, чтобы подумали на слуг","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + impersonal plural","body":"«чтобы подумали» is a purpose clause with «чтобы» + past-form irrealis, 'so that [people] would suspect'. The bare third-person plural «подумали» is an impersonal 'one/they', leaving the suspectors unnamed. «подумать на кого» — to suspect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"именно так, как бы сделал невежа слуга","title":"Hypothetical «как бы сделал»","body":"«как бы сделал» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-form verb plus the particle «бы» — 'as an ignorant servant would have done'. The «бы» frames a counterfactual comparison the murderer deliberately stages."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ценные бумаги… драгоценнейшими… пренебрег","title":"«ценные бумаги» and superlative «драгоценнейшими»","body":"«ценные бумаги» is the fixed term for securities/financial papers (literally 'valuable papers'), which he leaves to fake a crude theft. «драгоценнейшими» is again a synthetic superlative, 'the most precious [things]', here in the instrumental governed by «пренебрег» (neglected, disdained)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроил","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адским","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"адским","lemma":"адский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроил","gloss":"hellish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расчетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преступнейшим","lemma":"преступный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расчетом","gloss":"most criminal"},{"surface":"расчетом","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроил","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"устроил","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he arranged"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроил","gloss":"things so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подумали","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause on так","gloss":"would suspect"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг (idiom подумать на = suspect)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подумали","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побрезгал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побрезгал","lemma":"побрезговать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with отворил","gloss":"did not scruple"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побрезгал","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кошелек","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кошелек","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"purse"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побрезгал","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ключами","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement (means) of отворил","gloss":"with the keys"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on ключами","gloss":"he had drawn out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-под)","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-под)","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of комод","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"комод","lemma":"комод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of как, modifies захватил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional (part of phrase как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"comparative clause on так","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"невежа","lemma":"невежа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"an ignorant"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал, coordinated with невежа","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of phrase то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle (part of phrase то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ценные","lemma":"ценный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"the valuable"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял, contrasted by а","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (plurale tantum)","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял (w47)","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"quantifier, genitive","role":"depends on вещей","gloss":"a few of"},{"surface":"золотых","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вещей","gloss":"the larger gold"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"articles"},{"surface":"покрупнее","lemma":"покрупнее","morphology":"adjective, comparative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вещей","gloss":"larger"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"драгоценнейшими","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вещами, coordinated with малыми","gloss":"more precious"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom в X раз)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of драгоценнейшими (degree)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"малыми","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вещами","gloss":"the small"},{"surface":"вещами","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пренебрег","gloss":"ones"},{"surface":"пренебрег","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"he neglected"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b6-c2-s203","source":"Захватил и еще кое-что себе на память, но о сем после.","translation":"He also took something else, a keepsake for himself, but of that later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"но о сем после","title":"Archaic «о сем» — 'of this'","body":"«сем» is the prepositional of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), so «о сем» = 'about this'; the verb is elided ('but of this [I shall speak] later'). The form is markedly period-elevated, in keeping with the elder's written life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кое-что себе на память","title":"«кое-что» and «на память»","body":"«кое-что» is an indefinite 'something (or other)', built on «что» with the prefix кое-. «на память» — 'as a keepsake, to remember [her] by' — an eerie tenderness folded into the theft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He also took"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Захватил (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кое-что","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun (part of compound кое-что)","role":"part of the phrase кое-что","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative (part of compound кое-что)","role":"direct object of Захватил","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of Захватил","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking память (idiom на память)","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Захватил","gloss":"keepsake"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb (to be told later)","gloss":"that","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей/сем ('this/that'), common in 19th-century formal narration."},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb after о сем","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b6-c2-s204","source":"Совершив сие ужасное дело, вышел прежним путем.","translation":"Having done this terrible deed, he went out the way he had come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совершив сие ужасное дело, вышел прежним путем","title":"Gerund «Совершив» + bare-subject narration","body":"«Совершив» is a perfective past gerund ('having done'), and the subject «он» is dropped, as often in this terse chronicle. «прежним путем» is an instrumental of route — 'by the former way', the path of his entry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сие ужасное дело","title":"«сие» again — the archaic 'this'","body":"«сие» is the neuter of «сей» ('this'), agreeing with «дело». Its recurrence throughout the confession (сию, сем, сие) gives the murderer's account its grave, almost liturgical archaism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершив","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"Having done"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасное","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Совершив","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he went out"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путем","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"путем","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b6-c2-s205","source":"Ни на другой день, когда поднялась тревога, и никогда потом во всю жизнь, никому и в голову не пришло заподозрить настоящего злодея!","translation":"Neither the next day, when the alarm was raised, nor ever afterward in his whole life, did it occur to anyone to suspect the real villain!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому и в голову не пришло заподозрить настоящего злодея","title":"Negative concord with dative experiencer","body":"«никому… не пришло» shows obligatory double negation — the negative pronoun «никому» (dative) still requires «не» on the verb. «(в голову) не пришло кому-то» is the impersonal idiom 'it did not occur to anyone'. «и» before «в голову» adds 'not even'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ни на другой день… и никогда потом во всю жизнь","title":"Intensifying «ни» and «никогда»","body":"«Ни… и никогда» piles up the negation: «ни» ('not even, not a single') before the time phrase and the negative adverb «никогда» ('never') both feed the single «не пришло». «во всю жизнь» — 'in his whole life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"modifies день","gloss":"Neither"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришло","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of поднялась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"поднялась","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on день","gloss":"was raised"},{"surface":"тревога","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поднялась","gloss":"the alarm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (nor)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришло","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of пришло","gloss":"to anyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies в голову","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову (idiom прийти в голову)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришло","gloss":"mind","note":"Idiom прийти в голову = 'to occur to someone, cross one's mind.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did occur"},{"surface":"заподозрить","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on пришло","gloss":"to suspect"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies злодея","gloss":"the real"},{"surface":"злодея","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заподозрить","gloss":"villain"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b6-c2-s206","source":"Да и о любви его к ней никто не знал, ибо был и всегда характера молчаливого и несообщительного, и друга, которому поверял бы душу свою, не имел.","translation":"And no one knew of his love for her either, for he had always been a man of silent and unsociable character, and had no friend to whom he might confide his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо был… характера молчаливого и несообщительного","title":"Bookish «ибо» + genitive of quality","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, elevated conjunction 'for, because' (modern «потому что»), pervasive in this religious narrative. «характера молчаливого» is a genitive of characterising quality, 'of a silent character' — describing what kind of man he was."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друга, которому поверял бы душу свою, не имел","title":"«которому… бы» — relative clause in the irrealis","body":"The relative «которому» (dative, governed by «поверял») heads a clause with «бы», giving it a hypothetical colour — 'a friend to whom he might [have] confide[d] his soul'. The reflexive possessive «свою» ('his own') points back to the subject. «не имел» negates the existence of such a friend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction (part of phrase да и)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle (part of phrase да и)","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характера","gloss":"he had been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (genitive of quality)","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"молчаливого","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несообщительного","lemma":"несообщительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчаливого","gloss":"unsociable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (genitive of negation)","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"a friend","note":"Genitive of negation: 'не имел друга' ('had no friend') takes the genitive rather than the accusative."},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверял","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"поверял","lemma":"поверять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on друга","gloss":"he might confide"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of поверял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поверял","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b6-c2-s207","source":"Считали же его просто знакомым убитой и даже не столь близким, ибо в последние две недели он и не посещал ее.","translation":"He was reckoned simply an acquaintance of the murdered woman, and not even an especially close one, since over the last two weeks he had not even called on her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Считали же его просто знакомым убитой","title":"Instrumental predicate «знакомым» after «считать»","body":"«считать кого-то кем-то» takes the predicate in the instrumental: «его… знакомым» — 'reckoned him an acquaintance'. «убитой» is a substantivised past passive participle, 'of the murdered woman', in the genitive. «же» lightly marks the contrast with the real truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо… он и не посещал ее","title":"«ибо» + imperfective «не посещал»","body":"Again the archaic causal «ибо». «не посещал» is imperfective past — the absence of a repeated, habitual action ('he hadn't even been calling on her') over the last two weeks; «и» adds 'even'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He was reckoned"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Считали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Считали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знакомым","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"знакомым","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Считали","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"убитой","lemma":"убитая","morphology":"noun (past passive participle), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знакомым","gloss":"of the murdered woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не столь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близким","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"близким","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знакомым (predicate complement)","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посещал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недели","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies две","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посещал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посещал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies посещал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посещал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посещал","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"had called on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посещал","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b6-c2-s208","source":"Заподозрили же тотчас крепостного слугу ее Петра, и как раз сошлись все обстоятельства, чтоб утвердить сие подозрение, ибо слуга этот знал, и покойница сама не скрывала, что намерена его в солдаты отдать, в зачет следуемого с ее крестьян рекрута, так как был одинок и дурного сверх того поведения.","translation":"Suspicion fell at once on her serf, the servant Pyotr, and as it happened all the circumstances came together to confirm this suspicion, for this servant knew — and the dead woman herself had not concealed it — that she meant to send him off to be a soldier, in fulfillment of the levy due from her peasants, since he was unmarried and of bad conduct besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заподозрили же тотчас крепостного слугу ее Петра","title":"Impersonal plural + animate accusative","body":"«Заподозрили» is a subjectless third-person plural, 'they/people suspected'. The object «крепостного слугу… Петра» is animate accusative (taking genitive-like endings), with every word agreeing. «же» marks the turn to a new development."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следуемого с ее крестьян рекрута","title":"Present passive participle «следуемого»","body":"«следуемого» is a present passive participle of «следовать» ('the recruit due/owed'), agreeing with «рекрута» in the animate genitive/accusative. It compresses 'the recruit that was due from her peasants' into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заподозрили","lemma":"заподозрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Suspicion fell"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Заподозрили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заподозрили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"крепостного","lemma":"крепостной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугу","gloss":"serf"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Заподозрили","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слугу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with слугу","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom как раз)","role":"modifies сошлись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"noun (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it happened","note":"Idiom как раз = 'just, exactly, as it happened.'"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заподозрили","gloss":"came together"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"the circumstances"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утвердить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"утвердить","lemma":"утвердить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on сошлись","gloss":"confirm"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"determiner of подозрение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of утвердить","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"this servant"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слуга","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покойница","lemma":"покойница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скрывала","gloss":"the dead woman"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"intensive pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покойница (emphatic)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывала","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"had concealed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намерена","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"short-form adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"she meant"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солдаты (idiom отдать в солдаты)","gloss":"off as"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"a soldier","note":"Idiom отдать в солдаты = 'to send off to be a soldier' (i.e. into military conscription)."},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерена","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зачет (idiom в зачет)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зачет","lemma":"зачёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"fulfillment of"},{"surface":"следуемого","lemma":"следуемый","morphology":"adjective (passive participle), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рекрута","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестьян","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крестьян","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"крестьян","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of следуемого","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"рекрута","lemma":"рекрут","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зачет","gloss":"a recruit"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как","morphology":"adverb (part of phrase так как)","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"так как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of phrase так как)","role":"introduces the clause of одинок","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одинок","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"одинок","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"short-form adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the так-как clause","gloss":"unmarried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дурного","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with одинок, predicate complement of был","gloss":"of bad"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom сверх того)","role":"preposition marking того (idiom besides)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (part of idiom сверх того)","role":"object of preposition сверх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поведения","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with дурного","gloss":"conduct"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b6-c2-s209","source":"Слышали, как он в злобе, пьяный, грозился в питейном доме убить ее.","translation":"People had heard how, in anger, drunk, he had threatened in the tavern to kill her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышали, как он… грозился… убить ее","title":"Impersonal «Слышали» + reflexive «грозился»","body":"«Слышали» is again a bare-subject plural, 'people heard'. «грозился» is a reflexive «-ся» verb 'threatened/menaced', here governing the infinitive «убить» — 'threatened to kill her'. The long-form adjective «пьяный» (used appositively; the short form would be «пьян») and the phrase «в злобе» stack the damning circumstances."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"People had heard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of грозился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of грозился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"злобе","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозился","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing он","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"грозился","lemma":"грозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, complement of Слышали","gloss":"had threatened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"питейном","lemma":"питейный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"drinking","note":"Питейный дом is an archaic term for a tavern/pothouse."},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозился","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of грозился","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b6-c2-s210","source":"За два же дня до ее кончины сбежал и проживал где-то в городе в неизвестных местах.","translation":"Two days before her death he had run off and was living somewhere in town in places unknown.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За два же дня до ее кончины сбежал и проживал","title":"«за … до» + perfective/imperfective contrast","body":"«за два дня до» means 'two days before'; «два дня» takes «день» in the genitive singular after the numeral 'two'. «сбежал» (perfective, 'ran off') is the single event; «проживал» (imperfective, 'was living') is the ongoing state that followed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до ее кончины","title":"«кончина» — a solemn word for death","body":"«кончина» (from «кончить», to end) is an elevated, almost ecclesiastical word for one's death or passing, weightier than «смерть» — fitting the grave register of the elder's account."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня (idiom за X дней до)","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончины","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кончины","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кончины","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"сбежал","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he had run off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбежал","gloss":"was living"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound где-то)","role":"modifies проживал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle (part of compound где-то)","role":"part of the phrase где","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неизвестных","lemma":"неизвестный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies местах","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживал","gloss":"places"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b6-c2-s211","source":"На другой же день после убийства нашли его на дороге, при выезде из города, мертво пьяного, имевшего в кармане своем нож, да еще с запачканною почему-то в крови правою ладонью.","translation":"And the day after the murder he was found on the road, at the edge of town, dead drunk, with a knife in his pocket, and, for some reason, with his right palm stained with blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли его… мертво пьяного, имевшего в кармане… нож","title":"Past active participle «имевшего»","body":"«имевшего» is a past active participle of «иметь» ('having'), agreeing with «его» in the animate accusative — 'him, who had a knife in his pocket'. It and «запачканною… ладонью» stack the incriminating details around the found man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с запачканною почему-то в крови правою ладонью","title":"Past passive participle «запачканною» (archaic «-ою»)","body":"«запачканною» is a past passive participle 'stained/dirtied', in the archaic long instrumental «-ою» agreeing with «ладонью» (palm). «почему-то» ('for some reason') is an indefinite adverb built on «почему» + -то. «в крови» — 'with blood'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийства","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"убийства","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после, modifying день","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he was found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выезде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"выезде","lemma":"выезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дороге","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выезде","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"мертво","lemma":"мертво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяного","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of нашли, describing его","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"имевшего","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb (active participle), past, active, accusative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies его","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имевшего","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кармане","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"нож","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имевшего","gloss":"a knife"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom да еще)","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"запачканною","lemma":"запачканный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонью","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound почему-то)","role":"modifies запачканною","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle (part of compound почему-то)","role":"part of the phrase почему","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканною","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонью","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"palm"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b6-c2-s212","source":"Утверждал, что кровь шла из носу, но ему не поверили.","translation":"He claimed the blood had come from his nose, but no one believed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Утверждал, что кровь шла из носу","title":"«что»-clause and old genitive «из носу»","body":"«Утверждал, что…» reports a claim with the factual conjunction «что». «из носу» preserves the old partitive/locative genitive ending «-у» (modern «из носа»), a colloquial-archaic touch — 'the blood came from his nose'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но ему не поверили","title":"Dative «ему» with «верить» under negation","body":"«верить кому» governs the dative, so 'believe him' is «верить ему». «не поверили» is an impersonal plural ('they didn't believe [him]'), perfective for the settled refusal of belief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утверждал","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He claimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Утверждал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носу","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"носу","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (impersonal)","role":"coordinated with шла","gloss":"no one believed"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b6-c2-s213","source":"Служанки же повинились, что были на пирушке и что входные двери с крыльца оставались незапертыми до их возвращения.","translation":"The maids confessed that they had been at the party and that the entrance doors from the porch had stood unlocked until their return.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Служанки же повинились, что были на пирушке","title":"Reflexive «повинились» + reported «что»","body":"«повинились» is a reflexive «-ся» verb, 'confessed / owned up to a fault' (from «вина», guilt), reporting their lapse via «что». «же» marks the maids as a fresh subject in the chain of testimony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"двери… оставались незапертыми до их возвращения","title":"Instrumental predicate «незапертыми»","body":"After «оставаться» ('to remain') the predicate goes in the instrumental: «незапертыми» — a negated past passive participle, 'unlocked', agreeing with «двери». «до их возвращения» uses «до» + genitive, 'until their return'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Служанки","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of повинились","gloss":"The maids"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Служанки","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"повинились","lemma":"повиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed","note":"Повиниться is a somewhat formal/archaic verb for 'to confess, own up.'"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, copula to на пирушке","gloss":"they had been"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пирушке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пирушке","lemma":"пирушка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"the party"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"входные","lemma":"входной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оставались","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"оставались","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of повинились","gloss":"had stood"},{"surface":"незапертыми","lemma":"незапертый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of оставались","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращения","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of возвращения","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"возвращения","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставались","gloss":"return"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b6-c2-s214","source":"Да и множество сверх того являлось подобных сему признаков, по которым неповинного слугу и захватили.","translation":"And besides these, a multitude of similar signs came to light, on the strength of which the innocent servant was seized.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"множество… являлось подобных сему признаков","title":"«множество» + genitive plural, archaic «сему»","body":"«множество» ('a multitude') governs the genitive plural «признаков». «подобных сему» — 'similar to this' — pairs «подобный» (which takes the dative) with «сему», the dative of the archaic «сей». The whole is a bookish, weighty way of saying 'many such signs'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по которым неповинного слугу и захватили","title":"Relative «по которым» + animate accusative","body":"«по которым» is the relative «который» in the dative after «по» ('on the strength of which'). «неповинного слугу» is animate accusative, 'the innocent servant'; «захватили» (impersonal plural) seized him. «и» here emphasises 'and so [they] seized'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction (part of phrase да и)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"да и","morphology":"particle (part of phrase да и)","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of являлось","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom сверх того)","role":"preposition marking того (besides these)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"сверх того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (part of idiom сверх того)","role":"object of preposition сверх","gloss":"these","note":"Idiom сверх того = 'besides that, in addition.'"},{"surface":"являлось","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies признаков","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"indirect object of подобных","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"признаков","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of являлось","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of захватили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"неповинного","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слугу","gloss":"the innocent"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватили","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies захватили","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"захватили","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb of the which-clause","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b6-c2-s215","source":"Арестовали его и начали суд, но как раз через неделю арестованный заболел в горячке и умер в больнице без памяти.","translation":"They arrested him and began the trial, but just a week later the arrested man fell ill with a fever and died in the hospital, unconscious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как раз через неделю арестованный заболел… и умер","title":"Substantivised participle «арестованный» + perfectives","body":"«арестованный» is a past passive participle used as a noun, 'the arrested man'. «заболел» and «умер» are inceptive/result perfectives ('fell ill', 'died'), advancing the grim sequence. «через неделю» — «через» + accusative for time elapsed, 'a week later'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заболел в горячке… без памяти","title":"«горячка» and «без памяти»","body":"«горячка» is a feverish, delirious illness (from «горячий», hot) — the catch-all 19th-c name for a fever. «без памяти» means 'unconscious / out of his senses' — he died in delirium, never to testify."}],"words":[{"surface":"Арестовали","lemma":"арестовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they arrested"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Арестовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Арестовали","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начали","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the fixed phrase 'как раз'","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies через неделю","gloss":"just","note":"как раз is a fixed phrase meaning 'exactly/just'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb, part of the fixed phrase 'как раз'","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies через неделю","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"арестованный","lemma":"арестованный","morphology":"substantivized past passive participle used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболел","gloss":"the arrested man"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause after но, coordinated with умер","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заболел","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больнице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больнице","lemma":"больница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"the hospital"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"consciousness","note":"без памяти is idiomatic for 'unconscious', not literally 'without memory'."}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b6-c2-s216","source":"Тем дело и кончилось, предали воле божьей, и все — и судьи, и начальство, и всё общество — остались убеждены, что совершил преступление никто как умерший слуга.","translation":"And there the matter ended; they left it to God's will, and everyone — the judges, the authorities, and the whole of society — remained convinced that the crime had been committed by none other than the dead servant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем дело и кончилось, предали воле божьей","title":"Instrumental «тем» + reflexive «кончилось»","body":"«Тем… и кончилось» — 'and with that it ended' — uses «тем» (instrumental of «то») as the means by which the matter closed; «кончилось» is the middle «-ся» 'came to an end'. «предали воле божьей» takes the dative «воле», 'they left it to God's will'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершил преступление никто как умерший слуга","title":"«никто как» — 'none other than'","body":"«никто как…» is an idiom 'no one but / none other than'. «умерший» is a past active participle 'who had died', here adjectival before «слуга». The whole society, ironically, settles its conviction on exactly the wrong, dead man."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner/pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончилось ('with that')","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончилось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before кончилось","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"предали","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (impersonal 'they')","gloss":"they left"},{"surface":"воле","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предали","gloss":"to the will"},{"surface":"божьей","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воле","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction, correlative","role":"introduces list item, correlates with following и's","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to все","gloss":"the judges"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with судьи","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общество","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with судьи","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"убеждены","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"complement of остались","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждены","gloss":"had committed"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of совершил","gloss":"none other"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, part of the phrase 'никто как' = 'none other than'","role":"part of the idiom никто как, links to слуга","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"умерший","lemma":"умерший","morphology":"past active participle used as adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, identifies никто","gloss":"servant","note":"никто как X is idiomatic for 'none other than X'."}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b6-c2-s217","source":"А засим началось наказание.","translation":"And after that, the punishment began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А засим началось наказание","title":"«засим» — 'thereupon, after that'","body":"«засим» (= «за сим», 'after this') is an archaic bookish adverb, 'whereupon, after that'. It pivots the whole narrative: the legal 'punishment' has fallen on the innocent, but now the murderer's true, inward «наказание» — conscience — begins."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засим","lemma":"засим","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началось","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"наказание","lemma":"наказание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"the punishment"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b6-c2-s218","source":"Таинственный гость, а теперь уже друг мой, поведал мне, что вначале даже и совсем не мучился угрызениями совести.","translation":"The mysterious guest, and by now already my friend, confided to me that at first he was not tormented by pangs of conscience at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поведал мне, что… не мучился угрызениями совести","title":"Reflexive «мучился» + instrumental of means","body":"«мучился» is a reflexive «-ся» verb, 'was tormented'. What torments stands in the instrumental: «угрызениями совести» — 'by pangs of conscience'. «поведал» ('confided, made known') is itself a solemn, bookish verb of telling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Таинственный гость","title":"«Таинственный гость» — the mysterious guest","body":"«таинственный» ('mysterious, secret', from «тайна») becomes the man's title throughout the chapter, the 'mysterious guest'. The epithet captures how he remains a riddle to the town even as he unburdens his soul to the future elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таинственный","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поведал","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the appositive phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies друг","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to гость","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of друг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поведал","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confided"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поведал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"reinforces совсем не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поведал","gloss":"was tormented"},{"surface":"угрызениями","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of мучился","gloss":"by pangs"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызениями","gloss":"of conscience"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b6-c2-s219","source":"Мучился долго, но не тем, а лишь сожалением, что убил любимую женщину, что ее нет уже более, что, убив ее, убил любовь свою, тогда как огонь страсти оставался в крови его.","translation":"He suffered long, but not over that — only with regret that he had killed the woman he loved, that she was no more, that in killing her he had killed his own love, while the fire of passion still remained in his blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мучился долго, но не тем, а лишь сожалением","title":"Instrumental of cause «тем… сожалением»","body":"«мучиться чем» governs the instrumental of what torments: «не тем, а… сожалением» — 'not by that, but only by regret'. The «не… а» frame ('not X but Y') precisely redirects the source of his anguish away from the murder itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что, убив ее, убил любовь свою","title":"Gerund «убив» nested in the «что»-clause","body":"«убив» is a perfective past gerund ('having killed'), set inside the reported «что»-clause to express the prior act on which the main verb «убил» depends — 'that, in killing her, he killed his own love'. The repetition of «убил» and the reflexive «свою» make the paradox bite."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как огонь страсти оставался в крови его","title":"«тогда как» — concessive 'whereas'","body":"«тогда как» is a bookish subordinator, 'while / whereas', marking the cruel contrast: love is dead but «огонь страсти» (the fire of passion) still burns. «оставался» is imperfective, the lingering, unspent state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he suffered"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мучился","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мучился (parallel to сожалением)","gloss":"over that"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сожалением","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сожалением","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мучился (parallel to тем)","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сожалением","gloss":"he had killed"},{"surface":"любимую","lemma":"любимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщину","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive with negative existential)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"predicate of the clause ('ее нет' = 'she is no more')","gloss":"is no more"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет ('no longer')","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убив","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on убил","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убив","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сожалением","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase 'тогда как' = 'whereas'","role":"part of the idiom тогда как, introduces contrast clause","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, part of the phrase 'тогда как'","role":"part of the idiom тогда как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies огонь","gloss":"of passion"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тогда как-clause","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b6-c2-s220","source":"Но о пролитой неповинной крови, об убийстве человека он почти тогда и не мыслил.","translation":"But of the innocent blood he had shed, of the murder of a human being, he hardly thought at all in those days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но о пролитой неповинной крови… он почти тогда и не мыслил","title":"Fronted «о крови» + bookish «мыслил»","body":"The topic «о пролитой… крови» (about the spilt innocent blood) is fronted before the subject and verb for emphasis, and «не мыслил» is the elevated, archaic equivalent of «не думал» ('did not think'). «пролитой» is a past passive participle, 'shed/spilt'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об убийстве человека он почти… и не мыслил","title":"«об убийстве человека» — genitive of the deed","body":"«убийстве» (prepositional after «о/об») is a bookish «-ие» verbal noun, 'the murder', and «человека» is its genitive object, 'of a human being'. «и не мыслил» — 'did not even think', with «и» as 'even'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пролитой","lemma":"пролитый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"shed"},{"surface":"неповинной","lemma":"неповинный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслил","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийстве","gloss":"of a person"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мыслил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслил","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies не мыслил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мыслил","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b6-c2-s221","source":"Мысль же о том, что жертва его могла стать супругой другому, казалась ему невозможною, а потому долгое время убежден был в совести своей, что и не мог поступить иначе.","translation":"And the thought that his victim might have become another man's wife seemed impossible to him, and so for a long time he was convinced in his conscience that he could not have acted otherwise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что жертва его могла стать супругой другому","title":"Instrumental predicate «супругой» after «стать»","body":"«стать» takes its predicate in the instrumental: «стать супругой» — 'become a wife'. «другому» is dative, 'to another man'. «могла стать» ('might have become') makes the unbearable possibility hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а потому долгое время убежден был в совести своей, что и не мог поступить иначе","title":"Short participle «убежден» + reflexive «своей»","body":"«убежден был» is the short (predicative) past passive participle 'was convinced' with «был» — a state of conviction. «в совести своей» uses the reflexive possessive «своей» ('his own'). «а потому» — 'and therefore' — draws the self-justifying conclusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of казалась","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мысль","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жертва","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of жертва","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of том","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стать","gloss":"to another man"},{"surface":"казалась","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"невозможною","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of казалась","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"a long"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден (duration)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with казалась","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежден","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies совести","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, intensifying","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (complement of убежден)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"поступить","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступить","gloss":"otherwise"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b6-c2-s222","source":"Томил его несколько вначале арест слуги, но скорая болезнь, а потом и смерть арестанта успокоили его, ибо умер тот, по всей очевидности (рассуждал он тогда), не от ареста или испуга, а от простудной болезни, приобретенной именно во дни его бегов, когда он, мертво пьяный, валялся целую ночь на сырой земле.","translation":"At first the servant's arrest tormented him somewhat, but the man's swift illness, and then his death, set his mind at ease, for the prisoner died, by all evidence (so he reasoned then), not from the arrest or from fright, but from a chill caught precisely during the days of his flight, when, dead drunk, he had lain a whole night on the damp ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Томил его несколько вначале арест слуги","title":"Verb-first inversion with the cause as subject","body":"«Томил его… арест» inverts the order so the verb leads and the subject «арест слуги» ('the servant's arrest') comes last — Russian's free word order foregrounding the act of tormenting. «его» is the accusative object, the man tormented."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезнь… и… смерть… успокоили его, ибо умер тот","title":"«ибо» + demonstrative «тот»","body":"«ибо» again gives the bookish 'for, because'. «умер тот» uses the demonstrative «тот» ('that [man]') as a tracking pronoun for the prisoner — a tidy way to keep referents straight in a dense sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приобретенной именно во дни его бегов, когда он… валялся","title":"Past passive participle «приобретенной»","body":"«приобретенной» ('caught/acquired') is a past passive participle in the archaic «-ой/-ою» feminine, modifying «болезни». «валялся» is a reflexive «-ся» verb, 'lay sprawled', vividly imperfective for the whole drunken night on the damp ground. «во дни» is a poetic plural, 'in the days'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Томил","lemma":"томить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Томил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Томил","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Томил","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"арест","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Томил","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies арест","gloss":"servant's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скорая","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успокоили (coordinated with смерть)","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успокоили (coordinated with болезнь)","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"арестанта","lemma":"арестант","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"of the prisoner"},{"surface":"успокоили","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with Томил","gloss":"set at ease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of успокоили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause, explains успокоили","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очевидности","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очевидности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"очевидности","lemma":"очевидность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"рассуждал","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he reasoned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассуждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ареста","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ареста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ареста","lemma":"арест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер (parallel to болезни)","gloss":"the arrest"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"испуга","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ареста","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"простудной","lemma":"простудный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезни","gloss":"chill-caused"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умер (parallel to ареста)","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"приобретенной","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying болезни","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приобретенной","gloss":"the days"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive), invariant","role":"determiner of бегов","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бегов","lemma":"бега","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of валялся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of валялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мертво","lemma":"мертво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяный","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"валялся","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, describing when the болезнь was caught","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of валялся","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сырой","lemma":"сырой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земле","gloss":"the damp"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b6-c2-s223","source":"Краденые же вещи и деньги мало смущали его, ибо (всё так же рассуждал он) сделана кража не для корысти, а для отвода подозрений в другую сторону.","translation":"The stolen things and money troubled him little, for (so again he reasoned) the theft had been committed not out of greed, but to turn suspicion in another direction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Краденые же вещи и деньги мало смущали его","title":"Past passive participle «краденые» + imperfective","body":"«краденые» is a past passive participle 'stolen' used attributively. «смущали» is imperfective ('troubled, disturbed', durative). «мало» here is the adverb 'little' — 'troubled him little'. «же» marks the new topic of the stolen goods."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сделана кража не для корысти, а для отвода подозрений","title":"Short passive «сделана» + «для» + genitive","body":"«сделана» is the short past passive participle 'was made/done', agreeing with «кража». The contrast «не для корысти, а для отвода» uses «для» + genitive twice ('not for gain, but for diverting suspicion'), the «не… а» frame pinpointing his motive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Краденые","lemma":"краденый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Краденые","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of смущали","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with вещи","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смущали","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"смущали","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделана","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies так (intensifier of так же)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждал","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рассуждал","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he reasoned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассуждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сделана","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause, explains смущали","gloss":"was committed"},{"surface":"кража","lemma":"кража","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive сделана","gloss":"the theft"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies корысти","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корысти","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"корысти","lemma":"корысть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сделана","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвода","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отвода","lemma":"отвод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with корысти","gloss":"diverting"},{"surface":"подозрений","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies отвода","gloss":"of suspicion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отвода","gloss":"direction"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b6-c2-s224","source":"Сумма же краденого была незначительная, и он вскорости всю эту сумму, и даже гораздо бо́льшую, пожертвовал на учредившуюся у нас в городе богадельню.","translation":"The sum stolen was insignificant, and he soon donated the whole of it, and even a far larger amount, to an almshouse that had just been established in our town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже гораздо бо́льшую","title":"Comparative «бо́льшую» — 'a larger [sum]'","body":"«бо́льшую» is the attributive comparative of «большой» ('larger, greater'), declined and agreeing with the implied «сумму»; «гораздо» intensifies it ('far larger'). The stress mark distinguishes «бо́льшую» (bigger) from «большу́ю» (big)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожертвовал на учредившуюся… богадельню","title":"Past active participle «учредившуюся»","body":"«учредившуюся» is a past active participle with reflexive «-ся» ('that had been established / come into being'), agreeing with «богадельню» in the accusative. «пожертвовать на что» takes «на» + accusative, 'donated to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of незначительная","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сумма","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"краденого","lemma":"краденый","morphology":"substantivized adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Сумма","gloss":"of what was stolen"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to незначительная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"незначительная","lemma":"незначительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the first clause","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожертвовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожертвовал","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пожертвовал","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гораздо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бо́льшую","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"бо́льшую","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сумму, direct object of пожертвовал","gloss":"a larger sum"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with была","gloss":"donated"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богадельню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"учредившуюся","lemma":"учредиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying богадельню","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of учредившуюся","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of учредившуюся","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"богадельню","lemma":"богадельня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"almshouse"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b6-c2-s225","source":"Нарочно сделал сие для успокоения совести насчет кражи, и, замечательно, на время, и даже долгое, действительно успокоился — сам передавал мне это.","translation":"He did this deliberately, to set his conscience at ease regarding the theft, and, remarkably, for a time, and even a long one, he really was set at ease — he told me this himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нарочно сделал сие для успокоения совести","title":"Archaic «сие» + verbal noun «успокоения»","body":"«сие» is the neuter of «сей» ('this [thing]'), object of «сделал». «для успокоения совести» pairs «для» + genitive with the bookish «-ение» noun, 'for the calming of conscience' — the whole register stiff and confessional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и даже долгое, действительно успокоился","title":"Perfective «успокоился» — the result achieved","body":"«успокоился» is a perfective reflexive 'was set at ease / calmed down', naming the completed inner result. «на время, и даже долгое» ('for a time, and a long one at that') sets up the dreadful 'really did' — for a while the device worked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking успокоения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"успокоения","lemma":"успокоение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сие","gloss":"easing"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies успокоения","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кражи","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"кражи","lemma":"кража","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies успокоения","gloss":"the theft"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замечательно","lemma":"замечательно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies успокоился","gloss":"remarkably"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоился (duration)","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долгое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"долгое","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with время (elliptical: 'даже долгое время')","gloss":"a long one"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоился","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"успокоился","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with сделал","gloss":"was set at ease"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (subject of передавал), emphatic","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"передавал","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of передавал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передавал","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b6-c2-s226","source":"Пустился он тогда в большую служебную деятельность, сам напросился на хлопотливое и трудное поручение, занимавшее его года два, и, будучи характера сильного, почти забывал происшедшее; когда же вспоминал, то старался не думать о нем вовсе.","translation":"He then threw himself into great official activity, sought out for himself a troublesome and difficult assignment that occupied him for some two years, and, being of strong character, almost forgot what had happened; when he did recall it, he tried not to think of it at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пустился он тогда в большую служебную деятельность","title":"Reflexive «пустился в» — threw himself into","body":"«пуститься в что» (reflexive «-ся») is an idiom 'to launch/throw oneself into', taking «в» + accusative. The verb is fronted before the subject «он» for momentum, mirroring the man's plunge into activity to outrun his memory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучi характера сильного, почти забывал происшедшее","title":"Gerund «будучи» + genitive of quality","body":"«будучи» is the (rare) present gerund of «быть», 'being'; «характера сильного» is a genitive of quality, 'of strong character'. «происшедшее» is a substantivised past active participle, 'what had happened'. «забывал» is imperfective — a habitual, partial forgetting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же вспоминал, то старался не думать о нем вовсе","title":"Correlative «когда… то» with «же»","body":"«когда же… то…» is a correlative frame ('whenever he did recall it, then…'), with «же» giving a contrastive 'but when'. «старался не думать» — 'tried not to think' — and «вовсе» ('at all') strengthens the negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пустился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деятельность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деятельность","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"служебную","lemma":"служебный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деятельность","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"деятельность","lemma":"деятельность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пустился","gloss":"activity"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic, on напросился)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"напросился","lemma":"напроситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"sought out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хлопотливое","lemma":"хлопотливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поручение","gloss":"troublesome"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трудное","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with хлопотливое","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"поручение","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напросился","gloss":"assignment"},{"surface":"занимавшее","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying поручение","gloss":"that occupied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимавшее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занимавшее (duration, with два)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies года (forms an approximative duration phrase)","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause, modifies забывал","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of будучи ('being of strong character')","gloss":"of character"},{"surface":"сильного","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забывал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"происшедшее","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"complement of забывал","gloss":"what had happened"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспоминал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on старался","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause старался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"старался","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of старался","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b6-c2-s227","source":"Пустился и в благотворительность, много устроил и пожертвовал в нашем городе, заявил себя и в столицах, был избран в Москве и в Петербурге членом тамошних благотворительных обществ.","translation":"He threw himself into charity as well, did and donated much in our town, made a name for himself in the capitals too, and was elected in Moscow and in Petersburg a member of the charitable societies there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был избран… членом тамошних благотворительных обществ","title":"Passive «был избран» + instrumental predicate","body":"«был избран» is the periphrastic passive (short participle 'was elected' + «был»), and the role he is elected to stands in the instrumental: «членом… обществ» — 'a member of the societies'. «тамошних» is a colloquial-bookish 'of there, local'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he threw himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благотворительность","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благотворительность","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"благотворительность","lemma":"благотворительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пустился","gloss":"charity"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроил","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"устроил","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"arranged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожертвовал","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"donated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пожертвовал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"made known"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of заявил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столицах","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столицах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столицах","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"the capitals"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of избран","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"избран","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пустился","gloss":"elected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Москве","lemma":"Москва","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of избран","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Москве","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"членом","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of избран","gloss":"a member"},{"surface":"тамошних","lemma":"тамошний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обществ","gloss":"of those parts"},{"surface":"благотворительных","lemma":"благотворительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обществ","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"обществ","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies членом","gloss":"societies"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b6-c2-s228","source":"Но всё же стал наконец задумываться с мучением, не в подъем своим силам.","translation":"But all the same he began at last to fall into anguished brooding, beyond what his strength could bear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал наконец задумываться","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive — inceptive","body":"«стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («задумываться») is the standard inceptive, 'began to brood'. «задумываться» is itself reflexive «-ся», 'to fall into thought'. The pattern «стал… задумываться» recurs through this passage to mark each new stage of the man's torment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в подъем своим силам","title":"«не в подъем» — beyond one's strength","body":"«не в подъем (кому)» is an idiom 'too much to lift / beyond one's powers'; «своим силам» (dative, reflexive «своим») — 'for his own strength'. The brooding grows heavier than he can bear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал (idiom 'всё же' = all the same)","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задумываться","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"задумываться","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to brood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мучением","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задумываться","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the idiom 'не в подъём'","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'не в подъём', marking подъем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подъем","lemma":"подъём","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom 'не в подъём' (beyond one's strength), modifying задумываться","gloss":"the bearing"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of силам","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"силам","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"dative complement of подъем (idiom)","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b6-c2-s229","source":"Тут понравилась ему одна прекрасная и благоразумная девица, и он вскорости женился на ней, мечтая, что женитьбой прогонит уединенную тоску свою, а вступив на новую дорогу и исполняя ревностно долг свой относительно жены и детей, удалится от старых воспоминаний вовсе.","translation":"Then a certain beautiful and sensible young woman took his fancy, and he soon married her, dreaming that by marriage he would drive off his solitary anguish, and that, setting out on a new road and zealously fulfilling his duty toward his wife and children, he would put the old memories behind him altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мечтая, что женитьбой прогонит… а вступив на новую дорогу… удалится","title":"Gerunds «мечтая» and «вступив» of different aspect","body":"«мечтая» is an imperfective present gerund ('dreaming', simultaneous); «вступив» a perfective past gerund ('having set out', prior). «прогонит» and «удалится» are perfective futures inside his hopeful reasoning. «женитьбой» is an instrumental of means, 'by marriage'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исполняя ревностно долг свой относительно жены и детей","title":"Gerund «исполняя» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«исполняя» is a present gerund ('fulfilling'), imperfective for the ongoing duty; «свой» ('his own') is the reflexive possessive pointing to the subject. «относительно» ('with regard to') governs the genitive «жены и детей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одна прекрасная и благоразумная девица","title":"«девица» and «благоразумная»","body":"«девица» is an elevated, slightly archaic word for a young unmarried woman or maiden (cf. plain «девушка»). «благоразумная» — 'sensible, prudent, of good judgment' — paints her as the steady match he hopes will save him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took his fancy"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies девица","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"прекрасная","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девица","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благоразумная","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасная","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"девица","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"young woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понравилась","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мечтая","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on женился","gloss":"dreaming"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прогонит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"женитьбой","lemma":"женитьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прогонит","gloss":"by marriage"},{"surface":"прогонит","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мечтая","gloss":"would drive away"},{"surface":"уединенную","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоску","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"тоску","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прогонит","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоску","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вступив","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on удалится","gloss":"setting out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступив","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполняя","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вступив","gloss":"fulfilling"},{"surface":"ревностно","lemma":"ревностно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполняя","gloss":"zealously"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполняя","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"относительно","lemma":"относительно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жены","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жены","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"удалится","lemma":"удалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравилась","gloss":"would put behind him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминаний","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"старых","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies воспоминаний","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"воспоминаний","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of удалится","gloss":"memories"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалится","gloss":"altogether"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b6-c2-s230","source":"Но как раз случилось противное сему ожиданию.","translation":"But the very opposite of this expectation came to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"случилось противное сему ожиданию","title":"Impersonal «случилось» + dative «сему ожиданию»","body":"«случилось» is an impersonal neuter perfective, 'it happened/came to pass'. «противное сему ожиданию» — 'the opposite to this expectation' — pairs «противный» (which takes the dative) with «сему», the dative of the archaic «сей». "}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom 'как раз', modifies случилось","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom 'как раз'","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"противное","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ожиданию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ожиданию","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of противное","gloss":"expectation"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b6-c2-s231","source":"Еще в первый месяц брака стала его смущать беспрерывная мысль: «Вот жена любит меня, ну что, если б она узнала?»","translation":"In the very first month of marriage an incessant thought began to torment him: \"Here my wife loves me — but what if she knew?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала его смущать беспрерывная мысль","title":"Inceptive «стала… смущать» with inverted subject","body":"«стала смущать» (inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive, 'began to trouble') has its subject «мысль» held back to the end of the clause — the thought looms up last, after its effect «его смущать». «беспрерывная» — 'unceasing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну что, если б она узнала?","title":"Hypothetical «если б… узнала»","body":"«если б» (= «если бы») + past-form «узнала» builds the counterfactual conditional, 'what if she found out?'. The clipped «если б» and the filler «ну что» give the inner voice a raw, spoken urgency. «узнала» is perfective — the single feared discovery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"брака","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"of marriage"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смущать","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to torment"},{"surface":"беспрерывная","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"incessant"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смущать","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'что, если' (what if), modifying если-clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the если-clause as conditional, with узнала","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"found out"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b6-c2-s232","source":"Когда стала беременна первым ребенком и поведала ему это, он вдруг смутился: «Даю жизнь, а сам отнял жизнь».","translation":"When she became pregnant with their first child and told him of it, he was suddenly thrown into confusion: \"I am giving life, when I myself took life away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда стала беременна… и поведала ему это","title":"Short adjective «беременна» as predicate","body":"«беременна» is the short (predicative) form of «беременная» ('pregnant'), used after «стала» to state the new condition — short adjectives are the bookish, predicative form. «поведала» ('told, made known') is again the solemn verb of confiding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даю жизнь, а сам отнял жизнь","title":"Present vs perfective past, hinged on «а сам»","body":"The inner cry sets the present «Даю» ('I am giving [life]') against the perfective past «отнял» ('I took [life] away'), with «а сам» ('while I myself') as the bitter hinge — «а» the contrastive 'and/yet', «сам» the reflexive emphatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смутился","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"беременна","lemma":"беременный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"pregnant"},{"surface":"первым","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенком","gloss":"their first"},{"surface":"ребенком","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стала (беременна + instr.)","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поведала","lemma":"поведать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поведала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поведала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смутился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"смутился","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thrown into confusion"},{"surface":"Даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"I give"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Даю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of отнял","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Даю","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b6-c2-s233","source":"Пошли дети: «Как я смею любить, учить и воспитать их, как буду про добродетель им говорить: я кровь пролил».","translation":"The children came: \"How dare I love them, teach and bring them up, how shall I speak to them of virtue: I have shed blood.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как я смею любить, учить и воспитать их","title":"«сметь» + infinitives; aspect within the series","body":"«смею» ('I dare') governs a string of infinitives. Note the aspect shift: imperfective «любить, учить» (ongoing acts of loving and teaching) but perfective «воспитать» ('bring up [to completion]'). «их» is the animate accusative object, the children."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я кровь пролил","title":"Perfective «пролил» — 'I have shed blood'","body":"«пролил» (perfective of «проливать») states the single accomplished act with its standing result — 'I have shed blood'. The bald, biblical phrasing «кровь пролил» (cf. the cry for blood «вопиющая об отмщении» that follows) sounds the moral verdict on himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came along"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Пошли","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of смею","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"учить","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любить","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воспитать","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with любить","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of воспитать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетель","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пролил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пролил","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"пролил","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final quoted clause","gloss":"have shed"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b6-c2-s234","source":"Дети растут прекрасные, хочется их ласкать: «А я не могу смотреть на их невинные, ясные лики; недостоин того».","translation":"The children grow up beautiful, one longs to caress them: \"But I cannot look at their innocent, clear faces; I am unworthy of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочется их ласкать","title":"Impersonal «хочется» + infinitive","body":"«хочется» is the impersonal reflexive of «хотеть» — 'one feels like / longs to' — with the experiencer left to be inferred (here 'one / he'). It governs the imperfective infinitive «ласкать» ('to caress'). This dative-experiencer pattern voices an urge that comes over one unbidden."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на их невинные, ясные лики; недостоин того","title":"«лики» and the short adjective «недостоин»","body":"«лик» is an elevated, iconographic word for a face (as on a holy image), far above plain «лицо» — the children's faces are seen almost as icons. «недостоин» is the short predicative form, 'unworthy', governing the genitive «того» ('of it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of растут","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"растут","lemma":"расти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grow up"},{"surface":"прекрасные","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of растут","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with растут","gloss":"one longs"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ласкать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ласкать","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to caress"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лики","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лики","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"невинные","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лики","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"ясные","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with невинные","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"лики","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"недостоин","lemma":"недостойный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (elided 'я недостоин')","gloss":"unworthy"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of недостоин","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b6-c2-s235","source":"Наконец начала ему грозно и горько мерещиться кровь убитой жертвы, погубленная молодая жизнь ее, кровь, вопиющая об отмщении.","translation":"At last the blood of his murdered victim began to rise before him, grimly and bitterly, the ruined young life of her, blood crying out for vengeance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала… мерещиться кровь убитой жертвы","title":"Inceptive «начала… мерещиться» + delayed subject","body":"«начала мерещиться» (inceptive «начать» + reflexive imperfective infinitive, 'began to loom/haunt') holds its subject «кровь» to the end. «мерещиться» is a «-ся» verb of spectral half-appearing — the blood begins to rise hauntingly before him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровь, вопиющая об отмщении","title":"Present active participle «вопиющая»","body":"«вопиющая» is a present active participle of the Church-Slavonic «вопиять» ('to cry out'), agreeing with «кровь» — 'blood crying out'. The phrase «кровь, вопиющая об отмщении» echoes Genesis 4:10, Abel's blood crying from the ground for vengeance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of начала","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещиться","gloss":"grimly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with грозно","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"мерещиться","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to loom"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"убитой","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies жертвы","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"victim's"},{"surface":"погубленная","lemma":"погубленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь (w8)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь (w8)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"вопиющая","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying кровь (w15)","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отмщении","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отмщении","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вопиющая","gloss":"vengeance"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b6-c2-s236","source":"Стал он видеть ужасные сны.","translation":"He began to have terrible dreams.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал он видеть ужасные сны","title":"Inceptive «Стал… видеть» with «сны»","body":"«стал видеть» (inceptive «стать» + imperfective infinitive) — 'he began to see / have'. Russian 'has' dreams with «видеть сны» (literally 'to see dreams'). «сны» is the accusative plural object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"ужасные","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сны","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"dreams"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b6-c2-s237","source":"Но будучи тверд сердцем, сносил муку долго: «Искуплю всё сею тайною мукой моею».","translation":"But being firm of heart, he bore the torment a long while: \"I shall atone for it all by this secret torment of mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будучи тверд сердцем, сносил муку долго","title":"Gerund «будучи» + short adjective «тверд»","body":"«будучи» (present gerund of «быть», 'being') governs the short predicative adjective «тверд» ('firm') — short forms are required as predicates. «сердцем» is an instrumental of respect, 'firm of/in heart'. «сносил» is imperfective, the long endurance of the torment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Искуплю всё сею тайною мукой моею","title":"Perfective future «Искуплю» + archaic instrumental","body":"«Искуплю» is the perfective future ('I shall atone for / redeem'), the single resolved act of expiation. «сею… мукой» — instrumental of means, 'by this torment' — uses the archaic «сею» («сей») and the bookish long ending «-ою/-ею» throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula converb linking to тверд","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement in the being-clause, modifying сносил","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of тверд","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"сносил","lemma":"сносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"муку","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сносил","gloss":"the torment"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сносил","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"Искуплю","lemma":"искупить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"I shall atone for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Искуплю","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"сею","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мукой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тайною","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мукой","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"мукой","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Искуплю","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мукой","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b6-c2-s238","source":"Но напрасная была и сия надежда: чем дальше, тем сильнее становилось страдание.","translation":"But this hope, too, was in vain: the further it went, the stronger the suffering grew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напрасная была и сия надежда","title":"Inversion + archaic «сия»","body":"Word order foregrounds the predicate «напрасная» ('vain') before «была… надежда», for rhetorical weight. «сия» is the feminine of the archaic «сей» ('this'), 'this hope too', with «и» as 'too/also'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше, тем сильнее становилось страдание","title":"Correlative comparatives «чем… тем»","body":"«чем дальше, тем сильнее» is the classic correlative-comparative frame, 'the further, the stronger' — both «дальше» and «сильнее» are predicative comparatives. «становилось» (imperfective) tracks the steadily mounting suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напрасная","lemma":"напрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, linked by была","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking надежда to напрасная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сия надежда","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надежда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была/напрасная","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the чем-clause (correlative with тем)","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate in the elided чем-clause","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the тем-clause","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies становилось","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тем-clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of становилось","gloss":"the suffering"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b6-c2-s239","source":"В обществе за благотворительную деятельность стали его уважать, хотя и боялись все строгого и мрачного характера его, но чем более стали уважать его, тем становилось ему невыносимее.","translation":"In society they came to respect him for his charitable activity, though all were afraid of his stern and gloomy character; but the more they came to respect him, the more unbearable it became to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем более стали уважать его, тем становилось ему невыносимее","title":"Correlative «чем более… тем» + dative experiencer","body":"Another «чем… тем» comparative pair: «более» (the analytic comparative 'more') and «невыносимее» ('the more unbearable'). The impersonal «становилось ему невыносимее» has the dative experiencer «ему» — it grew unbearable to him, with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и боялись все строгого и мрачного характера его","title":"«хотя и» + «бояться» governing genitive","body":"«хотя и» is the concessive 'although'. «бояться» (a verb that exists only in the reflexive «-ся») governs the genitive of what is feared: «строгого и мрачного характера его» — 'his stern and gloomy character'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деятельность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благотворительную","lemma":"благотворительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деятельность","gloss":"charitable"},{"surface":"деятельность","lemma":"деятельность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали (за + acc.)","gloss":"activity"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боялись","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялись","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"боялись","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уважать","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of боялись","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"строгого","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мрачного","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with строгого","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боялись","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характера","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the чем-clause (correlative with тем)","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали (w21)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"уважать","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали (w21)","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уважать (w22)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of становилось","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тем-clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of невыносимее","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"невыносимее","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"complement of становилось","gloss":"more unbearable"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b6-c2-s240","source":"Признавался мне, что думал было убить себя.","translation":"He confessed to me that he had thought of killing himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Признавался мне, что думал было убить себя","title":"The «было» of an interrupted intention","body":"«думал было» uses the particle «было» — the special marker of an action begun or intended but not carried through ('he had been about to / had half a mind to'). «убить себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» ('himself') as the object of the infinitive. «Признавался» (imperfective) — he kept confessing it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he confessed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Признавался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Признавался","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an unrealized past intention, with думал","gloss":"had (nearly)"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b6-c2-s241","source":"Но вместо того начала мерещиться ему иная мечта, — мечта, которую считал он вначале невозможною и безумною, но которая так присосалась наконец к его сердцу, что и оторвать нельзя было.","translation":"But instead, another dream began to haunt him — a dream he had at first thought impossible and mad, yet which fastened itself to his heart at last so firmly that it could not be torn away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала мерещиться","title":"An impersonal-feeling 'began to haunt'","body":"«Мерещиться» (to seem, to appear hauntingly) is a reflexive «-ся» verb of mental impression; the dream «мечта» is the grammatical subject, while the dreamer sits in the dative «ему» as the experiencer who has the vision happen to him. This subject-thing / dative-person framing is the engine of Russian's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую считал он вначале невозможною и безумною","title":"Relative «которую» + bookish instrumental endings","body":"«Которую» agrees with «мечта» in feminine gender but takes the accusative for its role as object of «считал». The predicate adjectives «невозможною», «безумною» wear the archaic long instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»), a literary flourish typical of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"присосалась к его сердцу","title":"«присосаться» — to fasten on like a leech","body":"Literally 'to suck onto, attach itself' (from «сосать», to suck), a visceral, almost parasitic image for an obsession that 'fastened itself to his heart' so it could not be torn away. The perfective «-ся» marks the change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"мерещиться","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to haunt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иная","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечта (w8)","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive restating мечта (w8)","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мечта (w9)","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"невозможною","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безумною","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with невозможною","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of присосалась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присосалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"присосалась","lemma":"присосаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мечта (w9), coordinated with считал clause","gloss":"fastened itself"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присосалась","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присосалась","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of так (w19)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оторвать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"оторвать","lemma":"оторвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to tear away"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b6-c2-s242","source":"Мечтал он так: восстать, выйти пред народом и объявить всем, что убил человека.","translation":"What he dreamed was this: to rise up, to step forth before the people, and to declare to them all that he had killed a human being.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстать, выйти пред народом и объявить","title":"A chain of perfective infinitives","body":"The dream is laid out as three perfective infinitives — «восстать» (rise up), «выйти» (step forth), «объявить» (declare) — each viewing its act as a single completed whole, the resolve imagined as one decisive sequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восстать","title":"«восстать» — to rise up, solemnly","body":"An elevated, bookish verb (cf. «воскресение», resurrection) meaning to rise to one's feet or rise in revolt; far weightier than plain «встать». «Пред» for «перед» (before) is likewise an archaic, ceremonial reduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he dreamed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Мечтал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мечтал","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"восстать","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"explicates так (w3)","gloss":"to rise up"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстать","gloss":"to step forth"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстать","gloss":"to declare"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявить","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявить","gloss":"he had killed"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"a person"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b6-c2-s243","source":"Года три он проходил с этою мечтой, мерещилась она ему всё в разных видах.","translation":"For some three years he walked about with this dream, and it kept appearing to him in ever-changing shapes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Года три он проходил","title":"Approximation by inversion: «года три»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «года три» instead of «три года» — signals approximation: 'some three years, about three years'. «Года» is the genitive singular that the numeral «три» governs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходил... мерещилась она ему всё в разных видах","title":"Imperfective for the long haunting","body":"Both «проходил» (walked about, over a stretch) and «мерещилась» (kept appearing) are imperfective past, viewing the years as drawn-out process and repetition; «всё» here means 'continually, all the while'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of проходил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies Года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проходил","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечтой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мечтой","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходил","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"мерещилась","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проходил","gloss":"kept appearing"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мерещилась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещилась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещилась","gloss":"constantly","note":"Colloquial use of всё as \"always/constantly\", not the pronoun \"everything\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies видах","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"видах","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мерещилась","gloss":"shapes"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b6-c2-s244","source":"Наконец уверовал всем сердцем своим, что, объявив свое преступление, излечит душу свою несомненно и успокоится раз навсегда.","translation":"At last he came to believe with his whole heart that, by declaring his crime, he would surely heal his soul and find peace once and for all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявив свое преступление","title":"Perfective gerund «объявив» — 'having declared'","body":"«Объявив» is a perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») in «-в», naming the prior, completed act ('by declaring / having declared') that shares the main subject. Such gerunds are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's compressed narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уверовал всем сердцем своим","title":"«уверовать» — to come to believe / acquire faith","body":"The perfective «уверовать» (vs imperfective «верить») marks the entry into belief — 'came to believe'; with the religious charge of «вера», faith. The reflexive possessive «своим» loops the heart back to its own subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверовал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"уверовал","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to believe"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уверовал","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of излечит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"объявив","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on излечит","gloss":"having declared"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объявив","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"излечит","lemma":"излечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверовал","gloss":"would heal"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of излечит","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies излечит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"успокоится","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with излечит","gloss":"find peace"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успокоится","gloss":"once","note":"раз навсегда is the fixed idiom \"once and for all\"."},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успокоится","gloss":"for all"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b6-c2-s245","source":"Но, уверовав, почувствовал в сердце ужас, ибо: как исполнить?","translation":"But, having come to believe it, he felt a terror in his heart, for: how was it to be carried out?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверовав, почувствовал","title":"Gerund of prior cause: «уверовав»","body":"Again a perfective «-в» gerund — 'having come to believe' — sets the prior action against the main perfective «почувствовал» (felt). The pronoun «он» is dropped because the past-tense ending and context carry the subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — archaic 'for, because'","body":"A bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavored causal conjunction ('for'), more solemn than «потому что» and pervasive in the elevated register of the Elder's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как исполнить?","title":"Bare infinitive deliberation","body":"A subjectless infinitive question — 'how [is it] to be carried out?' — leaves the agent unexpressed and frames the act as an open task weighing on him, an impersonal construction Russian favors for dilemma and necessity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уверовав","lemma":"уверовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"having come to believe"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"carry it out"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b6-c2-s246","source":"И вдруг произошел этот случай на моем поединке.","translation":"And then suddenly there came that incident at my duel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошел этот случай на моем поединке","title":"Topic last: the new event at the end","body":"Verb-first «произошёл этот случай» throws the new information — the incident — into focus, with «на моём поединке» (at my duel) closing on the where. The locative «на… поединке» is prepositional case after «на»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поединке","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поединке","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"duel"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b6-c2-s247","source":"«Глядя на вас, я теперь решился».","translation":"\"Looking at you, I have now resolved.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глядя на вас, я теперь решился","title":"Imperfective gerund «глядя» — 'looking at'","body":"«Глядя» is an imperfective present gerund expressing action simultaneous with the main verb — 'looking at you, I have resolved'. The main «решился» is a perfective reflexive: the decision crystallized in one moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on решился","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have resolved"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b6-c2-s248","source":"Я смотрю на него.","translation":"I look at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я смотрю на него.","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"The imperfective present «смотрю» is a vivid 'historic present' dropped into a past-tense story to make the scene immediate — a device the Elder's spoken-style narration uses repeatedly here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b6-c2-s249","source":"— И неужели, — воскликнул я ему, всплеснув руками, — такой малый случай мог решимость такую в вас породить?","translation":"— And can it truly be, — I cried out to him, throwing up my hands, — that so slight an occasion could give birth in you to so great a resolve?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous 'can it really be?'","body":"A modal particle expressing astonished disbelief — 'surely not?', 'can it truly be?'. It colors the whole question with the speaker's emotional reaction rather than asking for plain information."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"Gerund of gesture: «всплеснув руками»","body":"A perfective «-в» gerund — 'having thrown up [my] hands' — the accompanying gesture of the main verb «воскликнул». «Руками» is instrumental, the means of the action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой малый случай мог решимость такую в вас породить","title":"Dislocated «такую» for emphasis","body":"Word order is bent for rhetoric: the object «решимость» is pulled before its verb and «такую» trails after it ('a resolve so great'), framing the disproportion. «Породить» (to give birth to, beget) lends the resolve an organic, generative metaphor."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"throwing up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всплеснув","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"so slight"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"depends on неужели","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of породить","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"so great"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of породить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"породить","lemma":"породить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give birth to"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b6-c2-s250","source":"— Решимость моя три года рождалась, — отвечает мне, — а случай ваш дал ей только толчок. Глядя на вас, упрекнул себя и вам позавидовал, — проговорил он мне это даже с суровостью.","translation":"— My resolve was three years in the making, — he answers me, — and your occasion only gave it a push. Looking at you, I reproached myself and envied you, — he said this to me, even with a kind of sternness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решимость моя три года рождалась","title":"Imperfective «рождалась» — three years in the making","body":"The imperfective past «рождалась» (was being born, over and over) stretches the resolve across three years of process, against which «дал толчок» (gave a push) is a single perfective event. Note the bookish word order with the possessive «моя» after its noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толчок","title":"«толчок» — a push, a jolt","body":"A shove or impetus (from «толкать», to push); here the duel merely 'gave a push' to a decision long gestating — the small external nudge to a vast inner readiness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упрекнул себя и вам позавидовал","title":"Reflexive «себя» vs dative object «вам»","body":"«Упрекнул себя» — reproached himself, with the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as object — contrasts with «вам позавидовал», where «завидовать» governs the dative ('envied you'). Two different ways the action turns back on persons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рождалась","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Решимость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of рождалась","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"рождалась","lemma":"рождаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taking shape"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to рождалась","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to рождалась","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies толчок","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"толчок","lemma":"толчок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"a push"},{"surface":"Глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on упрекнул","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"упрекнул","lemma":"упрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of упрекнул","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of позавидовал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позавидовал","lemma":"позавидовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упрекнул","gloss":"envied"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to упрекнул","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суровостью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суровостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"суровостью","lemma":"суровость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"sternness"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b6-c2-s251","source":"— Да вам и не поверят, — заметил я ему, — четырнадцать лет прошло.","translation":"— But they will not even believe you, — I remarked to him, — fourteen years have gone by.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да вам и не поверят","title":"Indefinite-personal 'they' + dative «вам»","body":"«Поверят» is a bare 3rd-plural with no subject — the indefinite-personal 'they won't believe', an unnamed crowd. «Верить/поверить» takes its object in the dative («вам»), and «и» here means 'even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да","title":"Sentence-opening «да» — 'but, why'","body":"Not 'yes' here but a discourse particle opening an objection — 'but, come now' — softening into conversational protest, very characteristic of spoken Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поверят","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to поверят","gloss":"have gone by"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b6-c2-s252","source":"— Доказательства имею, великие. Представлю.","translation":"— I have proofs, great ones. I shall produce them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Доказательства имею, великие. Представлю.","title":"Clipped object-first syntax","body":"Terse, weighty word order — object «доказательства» before verb «имею» (a bookish substitute for «у меня есть»), the adjective «великие» tacked on as an afterthought, then the single perfective future «представлю» ('I shall produce'). The compression conveys grim resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доказательства","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"великие","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies Доказательства","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Представлю","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall show them"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b6-c2-s253","source":"И заплакал я тогда, облобызал его.","translation":"And I wept then, and kissed him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызал его","title":"«облобызать» — to kiss solemnly","body":"An archaic, Church-Slavonic-tinged verb for kissing (from «лобзать»), far more ceremonial than «поцеловать» — the kiss of brotherly or spiritual love, fitting the Elder's holy register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплакал я тогда","title":"Inceptive perfective «заплакал»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «плакать» makes a perfective marking the onset of the action — 'I burst into tears, began to weep'. Subject «я» follows the verb, the spoken inversion that runs through this narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"облобызал","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакал","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облобызал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b6-c2-s254","source":"— Одно решите мне, одно! — сказал он мне (точно от меня теперь всё и зависело), — жена, дети! Жена умрет, может быть, с горя, а дети хоть и не лишатся дворянства и имения, — но дети варнака, и навек. А память-то, память какую в сердцах их по себе оставлю!","translation":"— Decide one thing for me, just one! — he said to me (as though everything now depended on me), — my wife, my children! My wife may die, perhaps, of grief, and though the children will not lose their nobility or their estate, — still they will be a convict's children, and forever. And the memory, the memory I shall leave behind me in their hearts!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно от меня теперь всё и зависело","title":"«точно» as 'as though' + emphatic «и»","body":"Here «точно» means 'as if, as though' (not 'exactly'), introducing the unreal comparison; «зависеть от» governs the genitive «от меня», and «и» before «зависело» adds emphasis ('as though everything really did depend on me')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жена умрет, может быть, с горя","title":"Perfective future «умрёт» + causal «с горя»","body":"«Умрёт» is a perfective verb in present-form endings giving future meaning — 'will die'. «С горя» uses «с» + genitive to express cause ('of grief, from grief'), a common idiom for dying or going mad from an emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies решите","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"решите","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of решите","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with решите","gloss":"just one"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to решите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависело","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависело","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависело","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зависело","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зависело","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"зависело","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"depended"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of exclamatory phrase","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жена","gloss":"my children"},{"surface":"Жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may die"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifier of умрет","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of умрет","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of лишатся","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишатся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишатся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лишатся","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with умрет","gloss":"will lose"},{"surface":"дворянства","lemma":"дворянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лишатся","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имения","lemma":"имение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дворянства","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"варнака","lemma":"варнак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дети","gloss":"of a convict","note":"варнак: dialectal/Siberian slang for an escaped convict or exile."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of the elliptical clause","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставлю","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes память","gloss":"indeed","note":"Attached emphatic clitic (память-то), roughly \"the memory, mind you\" — has no direct English equivalent."},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to память (w38)","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of память","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердцах","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставлю","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сердцах","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of оставлю","gloss":"myself","note":"Idiom по себе оставить = \"to leave behind oneself\"."},{"surface":"оставлю","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall leave"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b6-c2-s255","source":"Молчу я.","translation":"I keep silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчу я.","title":"Historic present + inversion: «молчу я»","body":"A one-word imperfective present 'I keep silent', subject «я» placed after for the colloquial fall of the Elder's voice. The present tense pins the listener inside the silent scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I keep silent"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Молчу","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b6-c2-s256","source":"— А расстаться-то с ними, оставить навеки? Ведь навек, навек!","translation":"— And to part from them, to leave them forever? For it is forever, forever!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А расстаться-то с ними","title":"Contrastive «а» + topicalizing «-то»","body":"«А» opens with a soft contrastive shift, and the clitic «-то» on «расстаться» emphasizes the known, dreaded topic ('and parting — that...'). «Расстаться с» governs the instrumental «с ними»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь навек, навек!","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — 'for, you know, after all it is forever'. The doubled «навек» drives the anguish home; particles like «ведь» carry the emotional texture English must render with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расстаться","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to part"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes расстаться","gloss":"indeed","note":"Attached emphatic clitic (расстаться-то), not the pronoun \"то\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of расстаться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with расстаться","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies навек","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"навек","lemma":"навек","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with навек","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b6-c2-s257","source":"Сижу я, молча про себя молитву шепчу. Встал я наконец, страшно мне стало.","translation":"I sit there, silently whispering a prayer to myself. At last I rose; a dread had come over me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча про себя молитву шепчу","title":"Gerund «молча» + reflexive «про себя»","body":"«Молча» is a frozen imperfective gerund ('[while] silently') here virtually an adverb. «Про себя» — 'to myself, inwardly' — uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» governed by «про» + accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно мне стало","title":"Dative-subject dread: «страшно мне стало»","body":"A classic impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer «мне» in the dative, the predicate the neuter adverb «страшно» with «стало» ('a dread came over me'). Dostoevsky's inner life lives in this pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепчу","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of шепчу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of шепчу","gloss":"a prayer"},{"surface":"шепчу","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сижу","gloss":"whisper"},{"surface":"Встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I rose"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Встал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Встал","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Встал","gloss":"became"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b6-c2-s258","source":"— Что же? — смотрит на меня.","translation":"— Well, then? — he looks at me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же?","title":"«что же» — 'well, then?'","body":"The particle «же» fused to «что» turns a bare 'what' into an urging, insistent 'well then?', pressing for the Elder's verdict. A tiny word doing all the emotional work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b6-c2-s259","source":"— Идите, — говорю, — объявите людям. Всё минется, одна правда останется. Дети поймут, когда вырастут, сколько в великой решимости вашей было великодушия.","translation":"— Go, — I say, — and declare it to the people. Everything will pass; the truth alone will remain. The children will understand, when they have grown up, how much greatness of soul there was in your great resolve.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идите... объявите людям","title":"Imperatives of command","body":"Two perfective plural/polite imperatives — «идите» (go), «объявите» (declare it) — in «-ите», urging the single decisive act. «Людям» is the dative recipient of the declaration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё минется, одна правда останется","title":"Perfective futures + «один» as 'alone'","body":"«Минется» (will pass away) and «останется» (will remain) are perfective futures stating completed outcomes. «Одна правда» here means 'the truth alone, only the truth' — «один» in the sense 'only', not 'one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда вырастут, сколько... было великодушия","title":"Subordinate «когда» + genitive «великодушия»","body":"«Когда вырастут» is a temporal clause with a perfective future ('when they have grown up'). In the «сколько… было великодушия» clause, the quantity word «сколько» pulls «великодушие» into the genitive — 'how much of greatness of soul there was'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Идите","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"объявите","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Идите","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of объявите","gloss":"to people"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of минется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"минется","lemma":"минуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pass","note":"минуться is an archaic/literary form meaning \"to pass, go by\"."},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with минется","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вырастут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вырастут","lemma":"вырасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поймут","gloss":"grow up"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решимости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимости","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"решимости","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сколько-clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"великодушия","lemma":"великодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of было","gloss":"greatness of soul"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b6-c2-s260","source":"Ушел он тогда от меня как бы и впрямь решившись. Но всё же более двух недель потом ко мне ходил, каждый вечер сряду, всё приготовлялся, всё не мог решиться. Измучил он мое сердце.","translation":"He left me then, as though he had truly resolved upon it. And yet for more than two weeks afterward he came to me, every single evening in a row, forever preparing himself, forever unable to bring himself to it. He wore my heart out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и впрямь решившись","title":"Perfective gerund «решившись» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«Решившись» is a perfective reflexive «-вшись» gerund ('having resolved'); «как бы» ('as though, sort of') hedges it, while «и впрямь» ('really, indeed') tugs the other way — the narrator's doubt about whether the man truly resolved."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждый вечер сряду, всё приготовлялся, всё не мог решиться","title":"Imperfectives of futile repetition","body":"The imperfective «приготовлялся» (kept preparing) and «не мог решиться» (couldn't bring himself), each prefaced by «всё» ('continually'), paint the endless, unresolved cycle — repetition that goes nowhere, the very opposite of a perfective decision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сряду","title":"«сряду» — in a row, on end","body":"An older colloquial form (≈ modern «подряд») meaning 'consecutively, every single one in succession' — 'every evening in a row'. Period-flavored."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ушел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ушел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы = \"as though/as if\", modifying решившись."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решившись","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"решившись","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ушел","gloss":"having resolved"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недель","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies недель","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"недель","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of ходил","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"сряду","lemma":"сряду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовлялся","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"приготовлялся","lemma":"приготовляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"preparing himself"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bring himself to it"},{"surface":"Измучил","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Измучил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Измучил","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b6-c2-s261","source":"То приходит тверд и говорит с умилением:","translation":"Now he would come in firm, and speak with tenderness:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То приходит тверд","title":"Iterative «то…» + short adjective «тверд»","body":"«То… то…» pairs alternatives ('now this way… now that'); «приходит» is iterative present for habitual return. The predicate «тверд» is a short-form adjective ('firm'), the bookish predicative form carrying a momentary state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с умилением","title":"«умиление» — tender, melting emotion","body":"A key Dostoevskian word: a soft, tearful tenderness or moved devotion, often spiritual, with no exact English equal ('tender emotion, melting of the heart'). «С умилением» = with such tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"now","note":"Colloquial temporal use of то (\"at times, now\"), not the pronoun \"that\"."},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he comes"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of приходит","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умилением","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"tenderness"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b6-c2-s262","source":"— Знаю, что наступит рай для меня, тотчас же и наступит, как объявлю. Четырнадцать лет был во аде. Пострадать хочу. Приму страдание и жить начну. Неправдой свет пройдешь, да назад не воротишься. Теперь не только ближнего моего, но и детей моих любить не смею. Господи, да ведь поймут же дети, может быть, чего стоило мне страдание мое, и не осудят меня! Господь не в силе, а в правде.","translation":"— I know that paradise will come for me, that it will come the very moment I make my declaration. For fourteen years I have been in hell. I want to suffer. I will accept the suffering and begin to live. By falsehood you may walk through the world, but you cannot turn back again. Now I dare not love even my neighbor, let alone my own children. Lord, surely the children will understand, perhaps, what my suffering cost me, and they will not condemn me! God is not in might, but in truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же и наступит, как объявлю","title":"Perfective future + «как» as 'as soon as'","body":"«Наступит» (will come, set in) is perfective future; «как» here is temporal 'as soon as', and «объявлю» another perfective future ('the moment I declare'). «Тотчас же» = 'at once, instantly', «же» reinforcing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Четырнадцать лет был во аде","title":"«во аде» — Church-Slavonic 'in hell'","body":"«Ад» (hell) appears in the locative «во аде» with the Slavonic preposition «во» and old ending — elevated scriptural register. «Четырнадцать лет» uses genitive plural «лет» after a numeral above four."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неправдой свет пройдешь, да назад не воротишься","title":"A folk proverb on falsehood","body":"A proverbial saying: 'By falsehood («неправда», untruth/injustice) you may pass through the world, but you can't come back again.' «Неправдой» is instrumental ('by means of falsehood'); «воротишься» is a folk variant of «вернёшься»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господь не в силе, а в правде","title":"«не в силе, а в правде» — might versus truth","body":"An aphorism — 'God is not in might but in truth' — echoing the medieval Russian saying attributed to Alexander Nevsky ('не в силе Бог, а в правде'). «Правда» fuses 'truth' and 'justice', the novel's central word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of для, modifying рай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступит (w10)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links тотчас же and наступит (w10)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наступит (w3), same subject рай","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объявлю, modifying наступит","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"объявлю","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause modifying наступит","gloss":"I declare"},{"surface":"Четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adjunct of был","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аде","gloss":"in","note":"Archaic locative form; modern Russian would say «в аду»."},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of был","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"Пострадать","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"Приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will accept"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Приму","gloss":"the suffering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приму","gloss":"I will begin"},{"surface":"Неправдой","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пройдешь","gloss":"by falsehood"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пройдешь","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"пройдешь","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you may pass through"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrastive conjunction linking to воротишься","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротишься","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пройдешь","gloss":"you turn back"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of correlative не только...но и, modifies смею","gloss":"not","note":"«не только... но и» is a correlative pair meaning \"not only... but also\"."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of correlative не только...но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ближнего","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"neighbor"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ближнего","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of correlative но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ближнего, direct object of любить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dare"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with ведь, modifies поймут","gloss":"surely","note":"Here «да» is an emphatic particle (\"да ведь\" = \"but surely\"), not the word for \"yes\"."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поймут","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = \"perhaps\"), modifies the following clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоило","gloss":"what","note":"Genitive «чего» as the amount/price object of «стоить» (\"cost\")."},{"surface":"стоило","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поймут","gloss":"it cost"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of стоило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стоило","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдание","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осудят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осудят","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймут","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of осудят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula (в силе/в правде)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силе","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Господь","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with силе","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b6-c2-s263","source":"— Поймут все подвиг ваш, — говорю ему, — не сейчас, так потом поймут, ибо правде послужили, высшей правде, неземной…","translation":"— All will understand your great deed, — I say to him, — if not now, then later they will understand, for you have served the truth, a higher truth, not of this earth…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сейчас, так потом поймут, ибо правде послужили","title":"«не… так…» concessive + dative «правде»","body":"«Не сейчас, так потом» is the idiom 'if not now, then later'. «Послужить» governs the dative «правде» ('served the truth'), and «ибо» again supplies the archaic 'for, because'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг","title":"«подвиг» — heroic/spiritual feat","body":"Not a mere 'deed' but a great, often self-sacrificing or saintly exploit — the word for an ascetic's or martyr's heroic act («подвижник» = a holy struggler). The Elder reframes the confession as exactly this."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Поймут","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Поймут","gloss":"great deed"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narrator's aside)","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with так, modifies поймут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with сейчас, modifies поймут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймут","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they will understand"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of послужили","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of послужили","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"послужили","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause introduced by ибо, modifies поймут","gloss":"you have served"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правде (w16)","gloss":"a higher"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to правде (w13)","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"неземной","lemma":"неземной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правде (w16)","gloss":"not of this earth"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b6-c2-s264","source":"И уйдет он от меня как бы утешенный, а назавтра вдруг опять приходит злобный, бледный, говорит насмешливо:","translation":"And he would leave me as though comforted, yet the next day he would suddenly come again, spiteful, pale, and say with a sneer:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И уйдет он... а назавтра вдруг опять приходит","title":"Iterative present/future for habitual swings","body":"«Уйдёт» (perfective) and «приходит» (imperfective present) here describe a recurring pattern, not single events — the man's repeated comings and goings rendered with the vividness of present tense. «А» marks the contrastive turn from comforted to spiteful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы утешенный... злобный, бледный","title":"Passive participle «утешенный» + predicate adjectives","body":"«Утешенный» is a past passive participle ('comforted, consoled') used adjectivally; «как бы» hedges it. The strings «злобный, бледный… насмешливо» pile up the changed mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he would leave"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of от","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies утешенный","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"утешенный","lemma":"утешенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of он, adverbial on уйдет","gloss":"comforted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет","gloss":"he comes"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of он, with приходит","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходит","gloss":"and says"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"with a sneer"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b6-c2-s265","source":"— Каждый раз, как вхожу к вам, вы смотрите с таким любопытством: «Опять, дескать, не объявил?» Подождите, не презирайте очень. Не так ведь оно легко сделать, как вам кажется. Я, может быть, еще и не сделаю вовсе. Не пойдете же вы на меня доносить тогда, а?","translation":"— Every time I come to you, you look at me with such curiosity: \"Still, is it,\" you seem to say, \"he hasn't declared it?\" Wait, do not despise me too much. It is not so easy a thing to do as it seems to you. Perhaps I shall not do it at all. You won't go and inform on me then, will you, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вхожу к вам","title":"«как» = 'whenever' + present «вхожу»","body":"After «каждый раз», «как» means 'whenever, every time that'; the imperfective present «вхожу» (I come in) marks the habitual entry. «К вам» — «к» + dative for motion toward a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Опять, дескать, не объявил?","title":"Reportative particle «дескать»","body":"«Дескать» flags reported or imputed speech with a tinge of irony — 'as if to say…, supposedly'. He puts mocking words into the Elder's silent look: 'still hasn't declared it?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пойдете же вы на меня доносить тогда, а?","title":"Negated future question + «же» + tag «а?»","body":"A rhetorical question hoping for 'no' — 'you won't go and inform on me, will you?'. «Доносить на» (+ accusative) = to denounce, inform against; «же» presses the appeal, and the trailing «а?» is a coaxing tag."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доносить","title":"«доносить» — to inform on / denounce","body":"To report someone to the authorities, with the heavy negative weight it carries in Russian culture — «донос» is the despised act of the informer, which makes his question bitterly pointed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying смотрите","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause modifying раз","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вхожу","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying раз","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of к, modifying вхожу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you look"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытством","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of с, modifying смотрите","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle marking quoted/imagined speech","gloss":"so to speak","note":"«Дескать» marks the words as someone else's imagined speech, roughly \"as if to say.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"he declared"},{"surface":"Подождите","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презирайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"презирайте","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Подождите","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирайте","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of легко","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of легко","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause modifying легко","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кажется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the comparative clause modifying легко","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть), modifies сделаю","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will do"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of на, modifying доносить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доносить","lemma":"доносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдете","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag interjection closing the question","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b6-c2-s266","source":"А я, бывало, не только что смотреть с любопытством неразумным, я и взглянуть-то на него боялся. Измучен был я до болезни, и душа моя была полна слез. Ночной даже сон потерял.","translation":"And as for me — far from looking at him with any senseless curiosity, I was afraid even to glance at him. I was worn down to the point of illness, and my soul was full of tears. I even lost my sleep at night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянуть-то на него боялся","title":"Emphatic «-то» + reflexive-only «бояться»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «взглянуть» underlines the contrast ('even to glance, I was afraid'). «Бояться» exists only in the «-ся» reflexive form and takes its object in the genitive (here «на него» with «взглянуть»). «Бывало» = 'used to', habitual marker."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Измучен был я до болезни","title":"Short passive participle: «измучен был»","body":"«Измучен» is the short form of the past passive participle «измученный» (worn out, tormented), joined with «был» to make a periphrastic passive — 'I was worn down to the point of illness'. The short predicate form is the bookish norm here."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"topicalized, coreferent with я (w11), subject of боялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical adverbial marking habitual past","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase не только что, modifies смотреть","gloss":"only","note":"«Не только что» here means \"far from\" (merely looking), not just \"not only.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase не только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive contrasted with взглянуть, in не только что construction","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of смотреть","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"неразумным","lemma":"неразумный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянуть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"to glance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to взглянуть","gloss":"even","note":"«-то» is an emphatic enclitic here, not the pronoun \"that.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на, modifying взглянуть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"Измучен","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement, linked by был","gloss":"worn down"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Измучен","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Измучен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of до, modifying Измучен","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полна","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"полна","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with Измучен","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of полна","gloss":"of tears"},{"surface":"Ночной","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lost"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b6-c2-s267","source":"— Я сейчас, — продолжает, — от жены. Понимаете ли вы, что такое жена? Детки, когда я уходил, прокричали мне: «Прощайте, папа, приходите скорее с нами „Детское чтение“ читать». Нет, вы этого не понимаете! Чужая беда не дает ума.","translation":"— I have just now come, — he goes on, — from my wife. Do you understand what a wife is? My little ones, as I was leaving, called out to me: \"Goodbye, papa, come back soon and read „Children's Reading“ with us.\" No, you cannot understand this! Another man's trouble teaches no wisdom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимаете ли вы, что такое жена?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли» + «что такое»","body":"«Ли» turns the statement into a pointed literary yes/no question ('do you understand?'). «Что такое жена» is the set frame 'what a wife is / what the thing called a wife is'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Детки","title":"«детки» — the little ones (diminutive)","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «дети» ('children'), 'the dear little ones', heavy with tenderness — the suffix carries the father's love that makes his choice unbearable."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чужая беда не дает ума","title":"Proverb: another's grief teaches no wisdom","body":"A proverb — 'another's trouble gives [you] no sense' — i.e. you can't truly understand suffering you haven't lived. «Ума» is genitive after the negated «не даёт» (genitive of negation)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided main verb (implied \"пришёл\")","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided main verb","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narrator's aside)","gloss":"he continues"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жены","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"жены","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of от, modifying elided main verb","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"Понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"yes/no question particle, modifies Понимаете","gloss":"question marker","note":"«Ли» marks the sentence as a yes/no question; it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, clausal complement of Понимаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of phrase что такое, modifies что","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"a wife"},{"surface":"Детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of прокричали","gloss":"the little ones"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уходил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уходил","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричали","gloss":"was leaving"},{"surface":"прокричали","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"opening of the quoted speech","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"папа","lemma":"папа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address within the quote","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"приходите","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощайте","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходите","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Детское","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чтение","gloss":"Children's"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"Reading"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приходите","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"standalone interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Чужая","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дает","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дает","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"wisdom"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b6-c2-s268","source":"Сам засверкал глазами, губы запрыгали. Вдруг стукнул о стол кулаком, так что вещи на столе вспрыгнули, — такой мягкий человек, в первый раз с ним случилось.","translation":"His own eyes flashed, his lips began to tremble. Suddenly he struck the table with his fist, so that the things upon it jumped — such a gentle man, and it was the first time it had ever happened to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"засверкал глазами, губы запрыгали","title":"Inceptive «за-» perfectives","body":"Both «засверкал» (eyes began to flash) and «запрыгали» (lips began to jump/tremble) carry the inceptive prefix «за-», marking the sudden onset of motion. «Глазами» is instrumental — 'flashed with his eyes'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стукнул о стол кулаком, так что вещи... вспрыгнули","title":"Result clause «так что» + instrumental means","body":"«Кулаком» (instrumental) is the means of «стукнул» (struck), «о стол» the surface struck against. «Так что» introduces a consequence clause — 'so that the things jumped up'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic subject pronoun (he himself), with засверкал","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"засверкал","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"complement of засверкал","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of запрыгали","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"запрыгали","lemma":"запрыгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with засверкал","gloss":"began to tremble"},{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стукнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стукнул","lemma":"стукнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he struck"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стукнул","gloss":"with his fist"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase так что, modifies стукнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause modifying стукнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вспрыгнули","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of на, modifies вещи","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"вспрыгнули","lemma":"вспрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause (так что...)","gloss":"jumped"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мягкий","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мягкий","lemma":"мягкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal describing elided subject он","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying случилось","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifying случилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"it happened"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b6-c2-s269","source":"— Да нужно ли? — воскликнул, — да надо ли? Ведь никто осужден не был, никого в каторгу из-за меня не сослали, слуга от болезни помер. А за кровь пролиянную я мучениями был наказан. Да и не поверят мне вовсе, никаким доказательствам моим не поверят. Надо ли объявлять, надо ли? За кровь пролитую я всю жизнь готов еще мучиться, только чтобы жену и детей не поразить. Будет ли справедливо их погубить с собою? Не ошибаемся ли мы? Где тут правда? Да и познают ли правду эту люди, оценят ли, почтут ли ее?","translation":"— But is it needful? — he cried out, — is it really necessary? After all, no one was condemned, no one was sent to penal servitude on my account; the servant died of an illness. And for the blood I shed I was punished by my torments. And they will not believe me at all; they will believe none of my proofs. Is there any need to declare it, is there? For the blood I spilled I am ready to torment myself my whole life long, only so as not to strike down my wife and children. Would it be just to destroy them along with myself? Are we not mistaken? Where is the truth here? And will people even recognize this truth, will they value it, will they honor it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да нужно ли?.. да надо ли?","title":"«ли» questions of necessity","body":"Both «нужно ли» and «надо ли» pair the necessity-predicates «нужно/надо» with the interrogative «ли» — 'is it [even] needful? is it necessary?'. These impersonal predicates take no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто осужден не был, никого... не сослали","title":"Negative concord with «никто/никого»","body":"Russian requires the negator «не» on the verb even with negative pronouns: «никто… не был осуждён», «никого… не сослали» — literally 'nobody was not condemned'. Several negatives, one negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за кровь пролиянную","title":"«пролиянную» — Church-Slavonic 'spilled'","body":"«Пролиянную» is a Slavonic-flavored passive participle of «пролить» (to shed/spill), with the archaic «-ия-» (modern «пролитую», which the same speaker uses just after). The sacral form lifts 'the blood I shed' toward liturgical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ошибаемся ли мы?.. оценят ли, почтут ли её?","title":"A cascade of «ли» questions","body":"His torment pours out as stacked «ли»-questions — 'are we not mistaken?', 'will they value it, will they honor it?' — each fronting the focused verb. «Почтут» (from «почтить», to honor) is markedly bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is it needful"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he cried out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to воскликнул","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осужден","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive осужден","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"осужден","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was condemned"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осужден","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of осужден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive object of сослали (negated)","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сослали","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound preposition из-за)","role":"preposition marking меня, together with за","gloss":"because","note":"из-за is a single compound preposition meaning 'because of'; split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound preposition из-за)","role":"preposition marking меня, together with из","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of из-за","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сослали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сослали","lemma":"сослать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with осужден","gloss":"exiled"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking болезни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"болезни","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"an illness"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осужден","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наказан","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"пролиянную","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"shed","note":"Archaic/dialectal variant of пролитую ('shed'), the standard form used later as w51."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive наказан","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мучениями","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наказан","gloss":"by torments"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of наказан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наказан","lemma":"наказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никаким","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательствам","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"доказательствам","lemma":"доказательство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of доказательствам (in apposition to никаким)","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверят (w36)","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is it necessary"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Надо","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"объявлять","lemma":"объявлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to declare"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"echoes Надо ли объявлять","gloss":"is it necessary"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готов","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"пролитую","lemma":"пролить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"spilled"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готов","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучиться","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мучиться","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to torment myself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтобы clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поразить","gloss":"my wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жену","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поразить","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мучиться","gloss":"strike down"},{"surface":"Будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to справедливо","gloss":"would it be"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справедливо","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on справедливо","gloss":"to destroy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"along with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of погубить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибаемся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ошибаемся","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибаемся","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ошибаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"познают","lemma":"познавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will recognize"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies познают","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of познают","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of познают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"оценят","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with познают","gloss":"will value"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оценят","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"почтут","lemma":"почтить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оценят","gloss":"will honor"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почтут","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почтут","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b6-c2-s270","source":"«Господи! — мыслю про себя, — о почтении людей думает в такую минуту!» И до того жалко мне стало его тогда, что, кажись, сам бы разделил его участь, лишь бы облегчить его. Вижу, он как исступленный. Ужаснулся я, поняв уже не умом одним, а живою душой, чего стоит такая решимость.","translation":"\"Lord!\" I think to myself, \"at such a moment he thinks of the regard of men!\" And such pity for him came over me then that, it seemed, I would have shared his fate myself, if only to ease him. I see that he is like a man beside himself. I grew aghast, understanding now not with my mind alone but with my living soul what such a resolve costs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того жалко мне стало его, что... сам бы разделил его участь","title":"Dative pity + conditional «бы»","body":"«Жалко мне стало» is impersonal pity with the dative experiencer «мне». The result clause uses «бы» + past «разделил» for the hypothetical — 'I would have shared his fate', «лишь бы» = 'if only, just so as to'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поняв уже не умом одним, а живою душой","title":"Gerund «поняв» + instrumental of means","body":"«Поняв» is a perfective gerund ('having understood'). The contrast «не умом… а живою душой» sets two instrumental phrases ('not with the mind alone, but with a living soul') as the faculties of understanding; «живою» wears the bookish «-ою» ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как исступленный","title":"«исступлённый» — beside oneself, frenzied","body":"A strong word for one in a state of frenzy or ecstatic derangement, 'beside himself' — a favorite Dostoevskian register for souls pushed past the edge of self-control."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation","gloss":"Lord!"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"почтении","lemma":"почтение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"the regard"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies почтении","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мыслю","gloss":"he thinks"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думает","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom до того ... что)","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of до, part of idiom до того...что ('so much that')","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"жалко","lemma":"жалко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of жалко","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of жалко (pity for him)","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разделил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кажись","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, imperative (used parenthetically), imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies разделил","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of разделил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of разделил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"разделил","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что (w20)","gloss":"would have shared"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of участь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участь","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разделил","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь бы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь бы ('if only')","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"облегчить","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on разделил","gloss":"to ease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вижу's clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исступленный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"исступленный","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"beside himself"},{"surface":"Ужаснулся","lemma":"ужаснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I grew aghast"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Ужаснулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Ужаснулся","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of поняв","gloss":"with mind"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to умом","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"живою","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with умом, complement of поняв","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"a resolve"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b6-c2-s271","source":"— Решайте же судьбу! — воскликнул опять.","translation":"— Decide my fate, then! — he cried out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решайте же судьбу!","title":"Imperative «решайте» + insistent «же»","body":"«Решайте» is the imperfective imperative (urging the act itself, 'decide!'), intensified by «же» into a demand. The object «судьбу» (fate) is accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решайте","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Decide"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Решайте","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Решайте","gloss":"my fate"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Решайте","gloss":"he cried out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b6-c2-s272","source":"— Идите и объявите, — прошептал я ему. Голосу во мне не хватило, но прошептал я твердо. Взял я тут со стола Евангелие, русский перевод, и показал ему от Иоанна, глава XII, стих 24:","translation":"— Go and declare it, — I whispered to him. My voice failed me, but I whispered it firmly. I took up the Gospel there from the table, the Russian translation, and showed him from John, chapter XII, verse 24:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голосу во мне не хватило","title":"Partitive genitive «голосу» under negation","body":"«Хватить» (to suffice) is impersonal and its 'subject' goes in the genitive; «голосу» shows the old partitive genitive ending «-у» ('voice failed me, there was not enough voice'). A doubly genitive-flavored, archaic touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявите","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Идите","gloss":"declare it"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Идите","gloss":"I whispered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Голосу","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive -у form), masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of хватило (negated)","gloss":"voice","note":"Голосу here is the archaic partitive genitive of голос (like чаю for чая), not a dative."},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of хватило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хватило","gloss":"I whispered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"Взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Взял","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Взял","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перевод","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"перевод","lemma":"перевод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Евангелие","gloss":"translation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взял","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Иоанна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Иоанна","lemma":"иоанн","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"John"},{"surface":"глава","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Иоанна, part of the citation","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"XII","lemma":"xii","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies глава","gloss":"12"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глава, part of the citation","gloss":"verse"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b6-c2-s273","source":"«Истинно, истинно говорю вам, если пшеничное зерно, падши в землю, не умрет, то останется одно, а если умрет, то принесет много плода». Я этот стих только что прочел пред его приходом.","translation":"\"Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a grain of wheat, having fallen into the ground, die, it abideth alone; but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.\" I had read this verse only just before he came.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если... не умрет, то останется одно, а если умрет, то принесет","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"A real (indicative) conditional, not the «бы» kind: «если… то» with perfective futures — 'if it die, it will bring forth'. «Останется одно» = 'will remain alone'; the contrast hinges on «а»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я этот стих только что прочел пред его приходом","title":"Perfective «прочёл» + «пред» + instrumental","body":"«Прочёл» is the perfective ('read [through]'), 'only just' («только что») before he came. «Пред его приходом» uses the archaic «пред» (for «перед») + instrumental ('before his arrival')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"Verily"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"verily"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"пшеничное","lemma":"пшеничный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зерно","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"зерно","lemma":"зерно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"a grain"},{"surface":"падши","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying зерно","gloss":"having fallen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of падши","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on останется","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of останется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"it remains"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of останется","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принесет","gloss":"it dies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of принесет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"принесет","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with останется","gloss":"it brings forth"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"depends on плода","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"плода","lemma":"плод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принесет","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стих","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что ('just now')","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had read"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приходом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приходом","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b6-c2-s274","source":"Прочел он.","translation":"He read it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прочел он.","title":"Perfective + inversion: «прочёл он»","body":"A two-word perfective sentence — 'he read it [through]' — the prefix «про-» marking the completed reading; subject «он» after the verb in the spoken cadence of the narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He read it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Прочел","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b6-c2-s275","source":"— Правда, — говорит, но усмехнулся горько. — Да, в этих книгах, — говорит, помолчав, — ужас что такое встретишь. Под нос-то их легко совать. И кто это их писал, неужели люди?","translation":"— True, — he says, but he smiled bitterly. — Yes, in these books, — he says, after a pause, — you come upon dreadful things. It's easy enough to shove them under a man's nose. And who was it that wrote them — can it really have been men?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнулся горько","title":"Reflexive «усмехнуться» — a bitter half-smile","body":"«Усмехнуться» (reflexive, perfective) is to give a wry, often sardonic smile — not warm laughter. The «-ну-» stem marks a single momentary act; «горько» ('bitterly') colors it. This sneering smile recurs through the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Под нос-то их легко совать","title":"Idiom «совать под нос» + topic «-то»","body":"«Совать под нос» — 'to shove [something] under one's nose', to thrust unwelcome truths at someone. The clitic «-то» (here on the displaced phrase) marks the contemptuous topic; «легко» = 'it's easy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели люди?","title":"Incredulous «неужели»","body":"The particle «неужели» voices astonished doubt — 'can it really have been men [who wrote them]?' — the blasphemous edge of his despair pressing against the divine authorship of Scripture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Правда","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"he smiled"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of книгах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"книгах","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретишь","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to встретишь","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорит","gloss":"after a pause"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"such horrors"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of встретишь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"встретишь","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you come upon"},{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нос","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совать","gloss":"the nose"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to нос","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of совать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"совать","lemma":"совать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival complement of легко","gloss":"to shove"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of писал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with кто","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of писал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of an elided plural verb 'wrote' (rhetorical ellipsis: 'can it really have been men [who wrote them]?'); писал (w26) is singular and agrees with кто/это, not with plural люди","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b6-c2-s276","source":"— Дух святый писал, — говорю.","translation":"— The Holy Spirit wrote them, — I say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дух святый","title":"«Дух святый» — the Holy Spirit (Slavonic form)","body":"The Church-Slavonic word order and ending «святый» (for modern «святой») give 'the Holy Spirit' its liturgical form — the Elder answers the blasphemous doubt in the register of the Church itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of писал","gloss":"The Spirit"},{"surface":"святый","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дух","gloss":"Holy"},{"surface":"писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to писал","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b6-c2-s277","source":"— Болтать-то вам легко, — усмехнулся он еще, но уже почти ненавистно. Взял я книгу опять, развернул в другом месте и показал ему «К евреям», глава X, стих 31. Прочел он: «Страшно впасть в руки бога живаго».","translation":"— It's easy enough for you to prattle, — he sneered again, but now almost with hatred. I took up the book once more, opened it at another place, and showed him the Epistle to the Hebrews, chapter X, verse 31. He read: \"It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Болтать-то вам легко","title":"«болтать» — to prattle, jabber","body":"«Болтать» is dismissive 'to chatter, talk idly'; throwing it at the Elder's solemn answer is contemptuous. The clitic «-то» and dative «вам» frame it: 'it's easy enough for you to prattle'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развернул в другом месте","title":"Perfective «развернуть» of the single act","body":"Three crisp perfectives — «взял… развернул… показал» — move the action forward event by event (took up, opened, showed). «В другом месте» is prepositional case ('at another place')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впасть в руки бога живаго","title":"«бога живаго» — Slavonic 'of the living God'","body":"«Живаго» is the Church-Slavonic genitive of «живой» (modern «живого») — 'the living God'. The unreformed ending is left in the scriptural quotation for sacral weight; this exact phrase becomes a refrain across the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Болтать","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of легко","gloss":"To prattle"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Болтать","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of легко","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to легко","gloss":"he sneered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавистно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"with hatred"},{"surface":"Взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Взял","gloss":"the book"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Взял","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взял","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of развернул","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взял","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking евреям (title of the Epistle)","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"евреям","lemma":"еврей","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"the Hebrews"},{"surface":"глава","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to евреям, part of the citation","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"X","lemma":"x","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies глава","gloss":"10"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with глава, part of the citation","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"Прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He read"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Прочел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the quoted clause, complement of Прочел","gloss":"It is a fearful thing"},{"surface":"впасть","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of Страшно","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies впасть","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"живаго","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"living"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b6-c2-s278","source":"Прочел он да так и отбросил книгу. Задрожал весь даже.","translation":"He read it and then flung the book away. He even fell to trembling all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да так и отбросил","title":"Emphatic «да так и» + perfective «отбросил»","body":"«Да так и» is an emphatic narrative connective ('and just so, and right then'); «отбросил» (flung away) is a single perfective act. The colloquial framing heightens the suddenness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Задрожал весь даже","title":"Inceptive «задрожал» + «весь»","body":"«Задрожал» (began to tremble, «за-» inceptive) with «весь» ('all over, entirely') and «даже» ('even') — 'he even fell to trembling all over'. The pronoun «он» is dropped, carried by context."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Прочел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Прочел and отбросил","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отбросил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"отбросил","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прочел","gloss":"flung aside"},{"surface":"книгу","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отбросил","gloss":"the book"},{"surface":"Задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began trembling"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of Задрожал (all over)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Задрожал","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b6-c2-s279","source":"— Страшный стих, — говорит, — нечего сказать, подобрали. — Встал со стула. — Ну, — говорит, — прощайте, может, больше и не приду… в раю увидимся. Значит, четырнадцать лет, как уже «впал я в руки бога живаго», — вот как эти четырнадцать лет, стало быть, называются. Завтра попрошу эти руки, чтобы меня отпустили…","translation":"— A fearful verse, — he says, — there's no denying, you've chosen well. — He rose from the chair. — Well, — he says, — goodbye, perhaps I shall not come again… we shall meet in paradise. So then, fourteen years it has been since I \"fell into the hands of the living God\" — that, it seems, is what these fourteen years are to be called. Tomorrow I shall ask those hands to let me go…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечего сказать, подобрали","title":"«нечего» + bitter «подобрали»","body":"«Нечего сказать» is a fixed phrase ('there's nothing to say', i.e. 'no denying it'), built on the negative «нечего» + infinitive. «Подобрали» (you picked/chose well) is sarcastic — the indefinite 'you' aimed at the Elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может, больше и не приду… в раю увидимся","title":"Negated future + reciprocal «увидимся»","body":"«Не приду» perfective future ('I shall not come'); «больше… и не» = 'not… any more'. «Увидимся» is reciprocal «-ся» ('we shall see each other / meet'), here 'in paradise' — locative «в раю»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как уже «впал я в руки бога живаго»","title":"Folding Scripture into his own speech","body":"He quotes Hebrews 10:31 as his own past — «впал я» (perfective, 'I fell'), with subject after verb — turning the verse into a private timeline ('fourteen years since I fell into the hands of the living God')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попрошу эти руки, чтобы меня отпустили","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + irrealis past","body":"«Чтобы… отпустили» is a willed-outcome clause: «чтобы» plus the past-form verb «отпустили» (let go) — the construction Russian always uses for a desired or commanded result. «Попрошу» is perfective future ('I shall ask')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стих","gloss":"a fearful"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted/topicalized object of подобрали (не subject — подобрали is plural, стих singular; understood object, not agreement subject)","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted into the quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun, negative, impersonal predicate","role":"impersonal predicate governing сказать","gloss":"there's nothing","note":"Idiom «нечего сказать» = \"there's no denying it, I must say.\""},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"подобрали","lemma":"подобрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb with impersonal/omitted plural subject ('they'); стих is the fronted object, not its grammatical subject","gloss":"chosen well"},{"surface":"Встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Встал","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted into the quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"goodbye"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical adverb)","role":"parenthetical, meaning \"perhaps\"","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не приду","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, negated by не","gloss":"I will come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раю","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидимся","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"увидимся","lemma":"увидеться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we shall meet"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so then"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the topic phrase, resumed by эти четырнадцать лет below","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впал (\"since\")","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"впал","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on лет","gloss":"I fell"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of впал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впал","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"живаго","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic ending)","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"living","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic genitive ending -аго for живой; quotes Hebrews 10:31, \"the living God.\""},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"pairs with как (below) to mean \"that's how\"","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with вот; modifies называются","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of называются","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (parenthetical, part of стало быть)","role":"parenthetical adverbial phrase modifying называются","gloss":"it seems","note":"Fixed phrase «стало быть» = \"that is to say, apparently.\""},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (fixed phrase стало быть)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"называются","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are called"},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попрошу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"попрошу","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will ask"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of попрошу","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отпустили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying попрошу","gloss":"let go"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b6-c2-s280","source":"Хотел было я обнять и облобызать его, да не посмел — искривленно так лицо у него было и смотрел тяжело. Вышел он.","translation":"I had meant to embrace him and kiss him, but I did not dare — so contorted was his face, and he looked at me heavily. He went out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотел было я обнять... да не посмел","title":"The particle «было» — an action checked","body":"«Было» after a past verb marks an action begun or intended but interrupted/abandoned — 'I had meant to embrace him [but]'. Here it sets up «да не посмел» ('but I did not dare'), the impulse cut short."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"искривленно так лицо у него было","title":"Possession «у него было» + topic-comment","body":"Russian expresses 'his face was…' as «лицо у него было» — «у» + genitive «него» for the possessor. «Искривлённо так» ('so contorted') is fronted for emphasis; «смотрел тяжело» = 'looked heavily/grimly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks the unrealized intention with Хотел","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обнять","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обнять","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to embrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"облобызать","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнять","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облобызать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (\"but\")","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"did dare"},{"surface":"искривленно","lemma":"искривленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было (\"[his face] was twisted\"), intensified by так","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies искривленно (\"so twisted\"), not было directly","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"he looked"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"Вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he went out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вышел","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b6-c2-s281","source":"«Господи, — подумал я, — куда пошел человек!» Бросился я тут на колени пред иконой и заплакал о нем пресвятой богородице, скорой заступнице и помощнице.","translation":"\"Lord,\" I thought, \"where has the man gone!\" I threw myself down then on my knees before the icon and wept for him to the most holy Mother of God, the swift defender and helper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"куда пошел человек!","title":"Exclamatory «куда» — 'where the man has gone!'","body":"Not a literal question but a cry of dread over the moral abyss the man is walking into — «куда» ('whither') used exclamatorily. «Пошёл» perfective ('has set off')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплакал о нем пресвятой богородице","title":"«заплакать о» + dative addressee","body":"«Заплакать о» = to weep over/for (someone). The one prayed to, «пресвятой богородице», stands in the dative ('wept… to the most holy Mother of God'). «Бросился на колени» = threw himself on his knees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative exclamation inside the quoted thought","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of подумал","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"Бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I threw myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Бросился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Бросился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Бросился","gloss":"my knees"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иконой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"иконой","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Бросился","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Бросился","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пресвятой","lemma":"пресвятой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies богородице","gloss":"most holy"},{"surface":"богородице","lemma":"богородица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of заплакал","gloss":"the Mother of God"},{"surface":"скорой","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заступнице","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"заступнице","lemma":"заступница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with богородице (apposition)","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помощнице","lemma":"помощница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with богородице (apposition)","gloss":"helper"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b6-c2-s282","source":"С полчаса прошло, как я в слезах на молитве стоял, а была уже поздняя ночь, часов около двенадцати. Вдруг, смотрю, отворяется дверь, и он входит снова. Я изумился.","translation":"Half an hour had passed while I stood in tears at my prayers, and it was already late at night, somewhere about twelve o'clock. Suddenly, I look up: the door opens, and he comes in again. I was astonished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С полчаса прошло","title":"Approximative «с» + accusative","body":"«С» + accusative «полчаса» expresses approximate measure — 'about half an hour'. «Часов около двенадцати» layers another approximation ('somewhere about twelve o'clock'), «часов» genitive plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворяется дверь, и он входит снова","title":"Historic present + reflexive «отворяется»","body":"The historic present «отворяется» (the door opens — middle/intransitive «-ся») and «входит» pull the reader into the startling moment. «Я изумился» (perfective reflexive) caps it: 'I was astonished'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса (\"about\")","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял (\"while\")","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ночь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздняя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поздняя","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"specifies the time, modifies ночь","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двенадцати","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to отворяется","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отворяется","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"отворяется","lemma":"отворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opens"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворяется","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отворяется","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изумился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"изумился","lemma":"изумиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was astonished"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b6-c2-s283","source":"— Где же вы были? — спрашиваю его.","translation":"— Where have you been? — I ask him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же вы были?","title":"«где же» + locative-sense past","body":"«Же» fastened to «где» sharpens the question into surprise ('where ever have you been?'). «Спрашиваю» is again the vivid present in past narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где (emphatic)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашиваю","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b6-c2-s284","source":"— Я, — говорит, — я, кажется, что-то забыл… платок, кажется… Ну, хоть ничего не забыл, дайте присесть-то…","translation":"— I, — he says, — it seems I forgot something… my handkerchief, I think… Well, even if I forgot nothing, let me sit down a while…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется, что-то забыл… платок, кажется","title":"Hedging «кажется» + indefinite «что-то»","body":"«Что-то» (with «-то») marks a specific-but-unnamed thing he 'forgot something'; «кажется» ('it seems') hedges twice over, betraying his flustered pretext. «Платок» (handkerchief) supplies the lame excuse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть ничего не забыл, дайте присесть-то","title":"Concessive «хоть» + imperative «дайте»","body":"«Хоть… » concedes ('even if I forgot nothing'); «ничего не забыл» shows negative concord. «Дайте присесть» is an imperative + infinitive ('let me sit down'), «присесть» perfective ('sit a while'), «-то» softening it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted into the quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, meaning \"it seems\"","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of забыл","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, direct object of забыл","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"a handkerchief"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause on дайте","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"присесть","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"softening particle attached to присесть","gloss":"a while"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b6-c2-s285","source":"Сел на стул. Я стою над ним. «Сядьте, говорит, и вы». Я сел. Просидели минуты с две, смотрит на меня пристально и вдруг усмехнулся, запомнил я это, затем встал, крепко обнял меня и поцеловал…","translation":"He sat down on a chair. I stand over him. \"Sit down yourself too,\" he says. I sat down. We sat for a couple of minutes; he looks at me intently and suddenly smiled — I remembered that — then he rose, embraced me hard, and kissed me…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сядьте, говорит, и вы","title":"Imperative «сядьте» + emphatic «и вы»","body":"«Сядьте» perfective imperative ('sit down'); «и вы» = 'you too'. The inserted «говорит» ('he says') is the storyteller's tag woven into the quoted line."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Просидели минуты с две","title":"Approximative «минуты с две»","body":"Noun-before-numeral plus «с» — «минуты с две» — doubly marks approximation, 'a couple of minutes or so'. «Просидели» (per-fective with «про-») = 'spent [time] sitting'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, крепко обнял меня и поцеловал","title":"Perfective chain of the farewell","body":"A run of perfectives — «встал… обнял… поцеловал» — drives the parting forward as decisive single acts (rose, embraced, kissed). «Запомнил я это» ('I remembered that') flags the moment as fateful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сел","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I stand"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стою","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Сядьте","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted into the quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Сядьте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sat down"},{"surface":"Просидели","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we sat"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Просидели","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking две (\"about\")","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Просидели","gloss":"he looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"he smiled"},{"surface":"запомнил","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with Просидели","gloss":"I remembered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запомнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of запомнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Просидели","gloss":"he rose"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнял","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"обнял","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Просидели","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обнял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Просидели","gloss":"kissed"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b6-c2-s286","source":"— Попомни, — говорит, — как я к тебе в другой раз приходил. Слышишь, попомни это!","translation":"— Remember, — he says, — how I came to you this second time. Do you hear, remember it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попомни... как я к тебе в другой раз приходил","title":"Imperative «попомни» + the «ты» form","body":"«Попомни» is an emphatic imperative ('mark well, remember'). Crucially he uses «тебе/ты» — the intimate second person — to the Elder for the first time; «приходил» imperfective ('came', the visit as event to be recalled)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Попомни","lemma":"попомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, inserted into the quoted speech","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Попомни","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"попомни","lemma":"попомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Слышишь","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попомни","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b6-c2-s287","source":"В первый раз мне ты сказал. И ушел. «Завтра», — подумал я.","translation":"For the first time he addressed me as “thou.” And he went out. \"Tomorrow,\" I thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Завтра», — подумал я.","title":"Free-standing future-as-resolve","body":"A single word «завтра» ('tomorrow') stands for the whole expected event — the narrator's thought that the confession will finally come. Compression typical of the inner-monologue moments here."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"\"thou\""},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said","note":"He switches to the informal ты (\"thou\") address with the narrator for the first time — a mark of new intimacy."},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b6-c2-s288","source":"Так оно и сбылось. И не знал я в сей вечер, что на завтра как раз приходится день рождения его. Сам я в последние дни никуда не выходил, а потому и узнать не мог ни от кого.","translation":"And so it came to pass. And I did not know that very evening that the next day happened to fall on his birthday. I myself had gone nowhere in those last days, and so I could not have learned it from anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так оно и сбылось","title":"«так… и» of fulfillment + reflexive «сбылось»","body":"«Сбыться» (reflexive, perfective) = 'to come true, come to pass'; «так оно и сбылось» = 'and so it indeed came to pass', the «и» confirming the prophecy fulfilled."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал я... что на завтра как раз приходится день рождения его","title":"Reported «что»-clause + present «приходится»","body":"«Что… приходится» reports the fact ('that the next day happened to fall on his birthday'). «Приходиться на» = to fall on (a date). The possessive «его» trails its noun in the bookish order «день рождения его»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнать не мог ни от кого","title":"Negative «ни от кого» + genitive source","body":"«Ни от кого» — 'from no one at all' — is a negative pronoun with «не мог» (concord), «от» governing the genitive «кого». 'I could not have learned it from anyone.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбылось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сбылось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбылось (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сбылось","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came true"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходится","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the fixed phrase как раз (\"exactly\")","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"приходится","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вечер","gloss":"falls on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходится","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of birth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рождения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому и (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходил","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от кого","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"anyone"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b6-c2-s289","source":"В этот же день у него каждогодно бывало большое собрание, съезжался весь город. Съехались и теперь.","translation":"On that day, every year, he held a large gathering, and the whole town would assemble at his house. They assembled this time too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каждогодно","title":"«каждогодно» — yearly (archaic)","body":"An older adverb for 'every year, annually' (≈ modern «ежегодно»), period-flavored. The gathering «бывало» (used to) happen each year."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"съезжался весь город... Съехались и теперь","title":"Imperfective habit vs perfective event","body":"«Съезжался» (imperfective, reflexive) renders the yearly habit ('the whole town would assemble'); «съехались» (perfective) marks the single completed gathering this time. The aspect pair carries the shift from custom to that one fatal day."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот (emphatic)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"каждогодно","lemma":"каждогодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"every year"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"большое","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies собрание","gloss":"a large"},{"surface":"собрание","lemma":"собрание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бывало","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"съезжался","lemma":"съезжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывало","gloss":"would assemble"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съезжался","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"Съехались","lemma":"съехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they assembled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Съехались","gloss":"this time"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b6-c2-s290","source":"И вот, после обеденной трапезы, выходит он на средину, а в руках бумага — форменное донесение по начальству. А так как начальство его было тут же, то тут же и прочел бумагу вслух всем собравшимся, а в ней полное описание всего преступления во всей подробности: «Как изверга себя извергаю из среды людей, бог посетил меня, — заключил бумагу, — пострадать хочу!»","translation":"And so, after the dinner banquet, he steps out into the middle of the room, a paper in his hands — a formal report to the authorities. And since his own superior was right there, he read the paper aloud then and there to all who had gathered, and in it was the full account of the whole crime in all its detail: \"As a monster I cast myself out from among men; God has visited me,\" he concluded the paper, \"I want to suffer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходит он на средину, а в руках бумага","title":"Historic present + verbless 'with paper in hand'","body":"«Выходит» historic present makes the scene vivid; «а в руках бумага» is a verbless circumstantial clause ('and a paper in his hands'), the copula simply absent. «На средину» = into the middle of the room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Как изверга себя извергаю из среды людей","title":"«изверг / извергаю» — a wordplay on the monster","body":"A deliberate paronomasia: «изверг» ('a monster, fiend') and «извергаю» ('I cast out, expel') share a root — 'As a monster I cast myself out from among men'. The biblical cadence and «бог посетил меня» ('God has visited me') frame his confession as judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying выходит","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трапезы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"обеденной","lemma":"обеденный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трапезы","gloss":"dinner"},{"surface":"трапезы","lemma":"трапеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"steps out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средину","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"средину","lemma":"средина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of elided verb (parallel to выходит)","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb","gloss":"a paper"},{"surface":"форменное","lemma":"форменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies донесение","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"донесение","lemma":"донесение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to бумага","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальству","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies донесение","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как, introduces cause clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"his superior"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of начальство","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking начальство and тут","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of так как)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of собравшимся","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"собравшимся","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, dative, perfective","role":"indirect object of прочел","gloss":"who had gathered"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies описание","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"описание","lemma":"описание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступления","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies описание","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of себя","gloss":"a monster"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of извергаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"извергаю","lemma":"извергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I cast out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking среды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"среды","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of извергаю","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies среды","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посетил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"посетил","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with извергаю","gloss":"has visited"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посетил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"he concluded","note":"Parenthetical narrator's aside inside the quoted confession."},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заключил","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"пострадать","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I want"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b6-c2-s291","source":"Тут же вынес и выложил на стол всё, чем мнил доказать свое преступление и что четырнадцать лет сохранял: золотые вещи убитой, которые похитил, думая отвлечь от себя подозрение, медальон и крест ее, снятые с шеи, — в медальоне портрет ее жениха, записную книжку и, наконец, два письма: письмо жениха ее к ней с извещением о скором прибытии и ответ ее на сие письмо, который начала и не дописала, оставила на столе, чтобы завтра отослать на почту.","translation":"There and then he brought out and laid upon the table everything by which he meant to prove his crime, and which he had kept for fourteen years: the gold things of the murdered woman, which he had stolen, thinking to turn suspicion from himself; her medallion and her cross, taken from her neck — in the medallion the portrait of her betrothed — her notebook, and, finally, two letters: a letter from her betrothed announcing his speedy arrival, and her reply to that letter, which she had begun and not finished, leaving it on the table to be sent to the post the next day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, чем мнил доказать свое преступление","title":"Instrumental relative «чем» + bookish «мнил»","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что» ('by which'), the means of proving. «Мнил» (from «мнить», to deem/imagine) is an archaic, bookish verb for 'thought, supposed'. «Своё преступление» loops back with reflexive «своё»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"снятые с шеи... думая отвлечь","title":"Passive participle «снятые» + gerund «думая»","body":"«Снятые» is a past passive participle ('taken off'), agreeing with «медальон и крест»; «с шеи» = «с» + genitive ('from the neck'). «Думая отвлечь» is an imperfective gerund of intent ('thinking to divert [suspicion]')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медальон... жениха","title":"«медальон», «жених» — locket and betrothed","body":"A «медальон» is a locket worn at the neck, here holding the portrait of her «жених» — her betrothed/fiancé (the same root as «жена», wife). Concrete keepsakes that become the evidence of the crime."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответ ее на сие письмо, который начала и не дописала","title":"Archaic «сие» + relative «который»","body":"«Сие» is the bookish demonstrative for 'this' (modern «это»). «Который» ('which') relates back to «ответ», taking accusative for its object role; «начала… не дописала» pair imperfective onset with perfective non-completion ('began and did not finish writing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынес","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выложил","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынес","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выложил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выложил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces relative clause on всё","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"мнил","lemma":"мнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"he meant"},{"surface":"доказать","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мнил","gloss":"to prove"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доказать","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сохранял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сохранял","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сохранял","lemma":"сохранять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё, coordinated with мнил","gloss":"he had kept"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"убитой","lemma":"убитая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"of the murdered woman"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of похитил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"похитил","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вещи","gloss":"he had stolen"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on похитил","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"отвлечь","lemma":"отвлечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думая","gloss":"to divert"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отвлечь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвлечь","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"медальон","lemma":"медальон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, coordinated with вещи","gloss":"medallion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with медальон","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies крест","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"снятые","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies медальон и крест","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шеи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"шеи","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снятые","gloss":"her neck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медальоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"медальоне","lemma":"медальон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"the medallion"},{"surface":"портрет","lemma":"портрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb","gloss":"portrait"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies жениха","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies портрет","gloss":"fiance"},{"surface":"записную","lemma":"записной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книжку","gloss":"note-"},{"surface":"книжку","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, coordinated with медальоне","gloss":"notebook"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies письма","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter","role":"depends on письма","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё, coordinated with книжку","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to письма (first letter)","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"the fiance's"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies жениха","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of письмо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking извещением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"извещением","lemma":"извещение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"скором","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прибытии","gloss":"speedy"},{"surface":"прибытии","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies извещением","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with письмо","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies ответ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письмо","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответ (object of на)","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on ответ","gloss":"she had begun"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дописала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дописала","lemma":"дописать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начала","gloss":"finished writing"},{"surface":"оставила","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, resumes the clause about ответ","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставила","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отослать","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отослать","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"отослать","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставила","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"почту","lemma":"почта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отослать","gloss":"the post"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b6-c2-s292","source":"Оба письма захватил он с собою — для чего? Для чего потом сохранял четырнадцать лет вместо того, чтоб истребить как улики?","translation":"Both letters he had carried off with him — to what end? Why had he afterward kept them for fourteen years instead of destroying them as evidence?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватил он с собою — для чего?","title":"Reflexive «с собою» + rhetorical «для чего»","body":"«С собою» ('with himself') uses the reflexive pronoun in the instrumental, archaic «-ою» ending. «Для чего» (= 'for what, to what end') opens the narrator's rhetorical questioning of the man's inexplicable act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того, чтоб истребить как улики","title":"«вместо того, чтоб» + infinitive","body":"«Вместо того, чтоб(ы)» = 'instead of [doing]', here with the bare infinitive «истребить» ('to destroy, exterminate'). «Как улики» = 'as [pieces of] evidence' — «улика» being incriminating proof."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"depends on письма","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил (elliptical question)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранял","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранял","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сохранял","lemma":"сохранять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he keep"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сохранял","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of истребить","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"истребить","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on того","gloss":"destroying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"comparative conjunction introducing the predicative улики (equivalent to 'as evidence'), not a preposition","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"predicative complement of истребить, introduced by comparative как","gloss":"evidence"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b6-c2-s293","source":"И вот что же случилось: все пришли в удивление и в ужас, и никто не захотел поверить, хотя все выслушали с чрезвычайным любопытством, но как от больного, а несколько дней спустя уже совсем решено было во всех домах и приговорено, что несчастный человек помешался.","translation":"And here is what then happened: everyone fell into amazement and horror, and no one was willing to believe him, though all listened with extraordinary curiosity — but as one listens to a sick man; and a few days later it was already quite settled and decreed in every house that the unhappy man had lost his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все пришли в удивление и в ужас","title":"Idiom «прийти в» + accusative of state","body":"«Прийти в удивление / в ужас» = 'to fall into amazement / horror' — «в» + accusative naming the state entered. A standard way Russian renders 'become amazed, become horrified'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не захотел поверить... но как от больного","title":"Negative concord + «как от» simile","body":"«Никто не захотел» — negative pronoun plus «не» (concord). «Как от больного» compresses 'as [one listens] to a sick man', the genitive «больного» governed by «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решено было и приговорено, что... помешался","title":"Impersonal passives «решено», «приговорено»","body":"Short neuter passive participles «решено» and «приговорено» with «было» make subjectless passives — 'it was decided and decreed [in every house]'. «Помешался» (reflexive perfective) = 'lost his mind, went mad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пришли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"пришли","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause explaining что случилось","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришли","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужас","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with удивление","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришли","gloss":"was willing"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выслушали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выслушали","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"выслушали","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поверить","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушали","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking больного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb (elliptical comparison)","gloss":"a sick man","note":"Idiom \"слушать как от больного\": to listen the way one listens to a sick man's ravings."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying решено","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition governing дней","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"was decided"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of домах","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"домах","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of решено","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приговорено","lemma":"приговорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решено","gloss":"decreed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помешался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"несчастный","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помешался","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"помешался","lemma":"помешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of решено and приговорено","gloss":"had gone mad"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b6-c2-s294","source":"Начальство и суд не могли не дать хода делу, но приостановились и они: хотя представленные вещи и письма и заставили размышлять, но решено было и тут, что если сии документы и оказались бы верными, то всё же окончательное обвинение не могло бы быть произнесено на основании только сих документов.","translation":"The authorities and the court could not but set the matter in motion, yet they too held back: although the objects and letters produced did give them cause to ponder, it was decided here as well that even if these documents should prove genuine, a final accusation could still not be pronounced on the strength of these documents alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могли не дать хода делу","title":"Double negative «не могли не» + dative «делу»","body":"«Не могли не дать» — 'could not but give' — is a deliberate double negation yielding strong affirmation. «Дать ход делу» (to set a matter in motion) takes the dative «делу»; «хода» is genitive of negation under «не дать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если сии документы и оказались бы верными","title":"Counterfactual «если… бы» + archaic «сии»","body":"A hypothetical conditional: «если… бы оказались» ('even if these documents should prove genuine'), the «бы» making it irrealis. «Сии» is the bookish demonstrative 'these'; «верными» is instrumental predicate after «оказаться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обвинение не могло бы быть произнесено на основании только сих документов","title":"Conditional passive + genitive «сих документов»","body":"«Не могло бы быть произнесено» stacks conditional «бы» onto a passive infinitive (произнесено = short passive participle) — 'could not be pronounced'. «На основании» governs the genitive «сих документов» ('on the basis of these documents')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Начальство","gloss":"the court"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"хода","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"to the matter"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"приостановились","lemma":"приостановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying они","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приостановились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of заставили","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"представленные","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заставили","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with вещи","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying заставили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заставили","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"concessive clause modifying решено","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"размышлять","lemma":"размышлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставили","gloss":"ponder"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was decided"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying тут","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"here too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of оказались","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies документы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"документы","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying оказались","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"should prove"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks оказались as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"верными","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of оказались","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase всё же (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"окончательное","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могли","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks могло as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of произнесено","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"произнесено","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основании","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"основании","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесено","gloss":"the basis"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сих документов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of документов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"документов","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies основании","gloss":"documents"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b6-c2-s295","source":"Да и вещи все он мог иметь от нее самой, как знакомый ее и по доверенности.","translation":"And besides, he might have had all the things from the woman herself, as an acquaintance of hers and on her trust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вещи все он мог иметь от нее самой","title":"Topic-fronting + intensive «сама»","body":"The object «вещи все» is fronted as topic ('as for all the things'), then the comment follows. «От неё самой» uses the intensive «сам» in the genitive — 'from the woman herself'. «По доверенности» = on trust / by her authorization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (moreover)","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (moreover)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иметь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicative clause of знакомый","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative appositive of он","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"of hers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверенности","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"доверенности","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with как знакомый ее (second predicative)","gloss":"power of attorney"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b6-c2-s296","source":"Слышал я, впрочем, что подлинность вещей была потом проверена чрез многих знакомых и родных убитой и что сомнений в том не было.","translation":"I heard, however, that the authenticity of the things was afterward verified through many acquaintances and relatives of the murdered woman, and that there was no doubt of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подлинность вещей была потом проверена чрез многих знакомых","title":"Periphrastic passive + archaic «чрез»","body":"«Была… проверена» is a periphrastic passive with the short past passive participle «проверена» ('was verified'). «Чрез» is the bookish/old form of «через» ('through'), governing the accusative «многих знакомых»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сомнений в том не было","title":"Genitive of negation: «сомнений… не было»","body":"With negated existential «не было», the subject goes obligatorily into the genitive: «сомнений… не было» = 'there were no doubts'. «В том» = 'about that' (prepositional), referring to the authenticity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying Слышал","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проверена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подлинность","lemma":"подлинность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проверена","gloss":"the authenticity"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies подлинность","gloss":"of the things"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of проверена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проверена","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"проверена","lemma":"проверить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"verified"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомых","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies знакомых","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"знакомых","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проверена (object of чрез)","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"родных","lemma":"родной","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with знакомых","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"убитой","lemma":"убитая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знакомых и родных","gloss":"of the murdered woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сомнений","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b6-c2-s297","source":"Но делу сему опять не суждено было завершиться.","translation":"But this matter, too, was once again not destined to be brought to a conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"делу сему опять не суждено было завершиться","title":"Dative-of-fate «делу… суждено» + archaic «сему»","body":"«Суждено» (it was fated/destined) is an impersonal predicate whose logical subject — what is fated — stands in the dative: «делу сему… суждено… завершиться» ('this matter was [not] destined to be concluded'). «Сему» is the bookish dative of «сей» ('this'); «завершиться» is reflexive ('to come to an end')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of суждено","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суждено","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суждено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"суждено","lemma":"суждено","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"destined"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to суждено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"завершиться","lemma":"завершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on суждено","gloss":"to be completed"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b6-c2-s298","source":"Дней через пять все узнали, что страдалец заболел и что опасаются за жизнь его.","translation":"Some five days later everyone learned that the sufferer had fallen ill and that there were fears for his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаются за жизнь его","title":"Reflexive «опасаться за» + accusative","body":"«Опасаться за» (+ accusative) = 'to fear for' — «за жизнь его» 'for his life'. «Опасаться» is a «-ся»-only verb of apprehension; the present tense reports the town's living dread."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страдалец","title":"«страдалец» — the sufferer","body":"One who suffers, with overtones of the long-suffering or martyr («страдать», to suffer; cf. «страстотерпец»). The town's new name for the man recasts him in a quasi-hagiographic light even as it calls him mad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the approximative temporal phrase 'Дней через пять', modifying узнали","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пять, forming temporal phrase with Дней","gloss":"in about"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"object of через","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of узнали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заболел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страдалец","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболел","gloss":"the sufferer"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнали","gloss":"had fallen ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опасаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опасаются","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнали, coordinated with заболел","gloss":"there are fears"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опасаются","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b6-c2-s299","source":"Какою болезнию он заболел, не могу объяснить, говорили, что расстройством сердцебиения, но известно стало, что совет докторов, по настоянию супруги его, свидетельствовал и душевное его состояние и что вынесли заключение, что помешательство уже есть.","translation":"What illness it was that he fell ill of, I cannot explain; people said it was a disorder of the heartbeat, but it became known that a council of doctors, at the insistence of his wife, examined his mental state as well, and that they reached the conclusion that madness was already present.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какою болезнию он заболел","title":"Instrumental of illness + archaic endings","body":"«Заболеть» takes the instrumental of the disease — «какою болезнию» ('with what illness') — both words in bookish forms («-ою», «-ию» for modern «какой болезнью»). 'What illness he fell ill of.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по настоянию супруги его... вынесли заключение, что","title":"«по настоянию» + dative + reported «что»","body":"«По настоянию» (at the insistence of) governs the dative «настоянию»; «вынести заключение, что…» = 'reach the conclusion that…'. The doctors' verdict 'that madness was already present' («помешательство уже есть») is reported in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"interrogative determiner modifying болезнию","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"болезнию","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел, fronted with Какою","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the topicalized clause, object of могу","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, with the preceding clause (какою болезнию... заболел) as its object","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of an independent clause, loosely joined to могу","gloss":"people said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстройством","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"расстройством","lemma":"расстройство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"a disorder"},{"surface":"сердцебиения","lemma":"сердцебиение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расстройством","gloss":"of the heartbeat"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of an independent clause, loosely joined to говорили","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свидетельствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совет","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетельствовал","gloss":"a council"},{"surface":"докторов","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies совет","gloss":"of doctors"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настоянию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоянию","lemma":"настояние","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетельствовал","gloss":"the insistence"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies настоянию","gloss":"of his wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"свидетельствовал","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of стало","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies душевное","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"душевное","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояние","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of состояние","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"состояние","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of свидетельствовал","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынесли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вынесли","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of стало, coordinated with свидетельствовал","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"заключение","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынесли","gloss":"a conclusion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть, explaining заключение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"помешательство","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying заключение","gloss":"is present"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b6-c2-s300","source":"Я ничего не выдал, хотя и бросились расспрашивать меня, но когда пожелал его навестить, то долго мне возбраняли, главное супруга его: «Это вы, — говорит мне, — его расстроили, он и прежде был мрачен, а в последний год все замечали в нем необыкновенное волнение и странные поступки, а тут как раз вы его погубили; это вы его зачитали, не выходил он от вас целый месяц».","translation":"I let nothing out, though they rushed to question me; but when I wished to visit him, they long forbade it me, his wife above all: \"It is you,\" she says to me, \"you who upset him; he was gloomy before this too, and in the last year everyone noticed in him an unusual agitation and strange behavior, and then you, just at that point, were his ruin; it is you who read him out of his senses — he did not leave your house for a whole month.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго мне возбраняли, главное супруга его","title":"Archaic «возбранять» + dative «мне»","body":"«Возбранять» (to forbid, prohibit) is a bookish/archaic verb governing the dative of the person forbidden — «мне» ('they long forbade it me'). «Главное» = 'above all, chiefly', singling out the wife."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это вы... его расстроили... это вы его погубили","title":"Cleft emphasis with «это вы»","body":"The repeated «это вы…» fronts and isolates the accused 'you' for full emphatic weight — 'it is you who upset him… you who were his ruin', the wife hammering the blame. A topic-comment fronting for rhetorical force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это вы его зачитали","title":"«зачитать» — to 'read someone to ruin'","body":"A pointed coinage: «зачитать» here means to drive someone out of their senses by reading at them (Scripture), 'you read him out of his mind'. The «за-» prefix gives the sense of pushing the action to a damaging extreme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выходил он от вас целый месяц","title":"Imperfective duration: «не выходил… целый месяц»","body":"The imperfective past «не выходил» with «целый месяц» (whole month, accusative of duration) stresses the continuous span — 'he did not leave your house for a whole month'. Imperfective is the aspect of stretched, unbroken time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выдал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of выдал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдал","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let out"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросились","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бросились","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выдал","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросились","gloss":"to question"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожелал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возбраняли","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of навестить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навестить","lemma":"навестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming когда, introducing the main clause возбраняли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбраняли","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of возбраняли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"возбраняли","lemma":"возбранять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но...то, contrasted with выдал","gloss":"forbade"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возбраняли","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, copula omitted, predicate вы","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of Это (copula omitted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb framing the quoted speech","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расстроили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"расстроили","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (subject вы, from Это вы)","gloss":"upset"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был мрачен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мрачен","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to мрачен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мрачен","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with расстроили","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замечали","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of замечали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"замечали","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расстроили","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"нем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замечали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечали","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies поступки","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"поступки","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with волнение","gloss":"behavior"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies погубили","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погубили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"погубили","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with расстроили","gloss":"ruined"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, copula omitted, predicate вы (parallel to Это вы above)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of это, subject of зачитали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зачитали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"зачитали","lemma":"зачитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (predicate of это, subject вы)","gloss":"read into madness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause in the quote","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"вы","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, modifying выходил","gloss":"month"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b6-c2-s301","source":"И что же, не только супруга, но и все в городе накинулись на меня и меня обвинили: «Это всё вы», — говорят. Я молчу, да и рад в душе, ибо узрел несомненную милость божию к восставшему на себя и казнившему себя. А помешательству его я верить не мог.","translation":"And what do you think — not only his wife, but everyone in the town fell upon me and laid the blame on me: \"It's all your doing,\" they say. I keep silent, and am glad at heart, indeed, for I beheld the unmistakable mercy of God toward one who had risen up against himself and passed sentence on himself. And in his madness I could not believe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"накинулись на меня","title":"«накинуться» — to fall upon","body":"«Накинуться на кого-либо» is to set upon, pounce on, lash out at — physically or, as here, with accusation. The reflexive perfective conveys a single sudden onslaught; the whole town «накинулось» on the speaker at once."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узрел","title":"«узрел» — Church-Slavonic 'I beheld'","body":"«Узреть» (perfective of the solemn «зреть», to see) is an elevated, scriptural verb — 'to behold', not plain «увидеть». It signals the pious, sermon-like register the dying man's story takes on in the narrator's mouth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к восставшему на себя и казнившему себя","title":"Past active participles as a noun","body":"«Восставшему… и казнившему» are two past active participles (from «восстать», to rise up, and «казнить», to punish/execute) in the dative, agreeing with an implied 'one'. They compress two relative clauses — 'toward him who had risen up against himself and passed sentence on himself' — into a dense, bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, elevated conjunction for 'for / because', at home in Scripture and sermon rather than everyday speech, where «потому что» rules. Dostoevsky's monks and pious narrators reach for it constantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помешательству его я верить не мог","title":"Fronted dative object for emphasis","body":"«Верить» governs the dative, and here its object «помешательству его» ('his madness') is thrown to the front of the clause, ahead of the subject «я», to set it as the topic: 'as for his madness, I could not believe it.' Free word order lets the case ending, not position, carry the grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative 'не только...но и'","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with все, subject of накинулись","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of накинулись, coordinated with супруга","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies все","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"накинулись","lemma":"накинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with обвинили","gloss":"fell upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of накинулись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обвинили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"обвинили","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with накинулись","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вы","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of Это (copula omitted)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb framing the quote","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молчу","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am silent"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молчу","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рад","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узрел","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"узрел","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рад","gloss":"beheld"},{"surface":"несомненную","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies милость","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of узрел","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies милость","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восставшему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"восставшему","lemma":"восставший","morphology":"participle, past, active, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к, substantivized ('the one who rose up')","gloss":"one who rose up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of восставшему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казнившему","lemma":"казнивший","morphology":"participle, past, active, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with восставшему","gloss":"who condemned"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of казнившему","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"помешательству","lemma":"помешательство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить (dative object)","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies помешательству","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b6-c2-s302","source":"Допустили наконец и меня к нему, сам потребовал того настоятельно, чтобы проститься со мной. Вошел я и как раз увидел, что не только дни, но и часы его сочтены. Был он слаб, желт, руки трепещут, сам задыхается, но смотрит умиленно и радостно.","translation":"At last they let me too come to him, for he himself had insistently demanded it, that he might take his leave of me. I went in and saw at once that not only his days but his very hours were numbered. He was weak, sallow, his hands trembling, gasping for breath, yet he looked at me with tenderness and with joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Допустили наконец и меня к нему","title":"Subjectless 'they' + the inclusive «и»","body":"«Допустили» is a bare third-person-plural with no stated subject — Russian's common impersonal 'they let…'. The particle «и» before «меня» is not 'and' but 'too / even': 'they let me also come to him at last.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы проститься со мной","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Чтобы» opens a purpose clause — 'in order to take leave of me'. With a shared subject it takes the infinitive «проститься»; only with a change of subject would it require a past-form verb. «Проститься с кем-либо» is the reflexive 'to say goodbye to', governing the instrumental «со мной»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его… часы сочтены","title":"Short passive participle «сочтены»","body":"«Сочтены» is the short past passive participle of «счесть» (to count) — 'are counted / numbered'. The short form is predicative and bookish, stating a fixed result: his days and hours are already tallied. The idiom «дни сочтены» means one's days are numbered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он слаб, желт","title":"Short adjectives in predication","body":"«Слаб, желт» are short-form adjectives (from «слабый», «жёлтый») used predicatively — 'was weak, sallow'. The short form is the bookish, formal choice for a passing state and gives 19th-century prose its terse, almost biblical cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиленно","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«Умилённо» means with tender, melting, devout emotion — the warmth of being moved to the point of tears. «Умиление» is a key spiritual word for Dostoevsky, naming the soft, grateful tenderness a soul feels before grace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допустили","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Допустили","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Допустили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Допустили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying потребовал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Допустили","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потребовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потребовал","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проститься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потребовал","gloss":"take leave"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of проститься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies увидел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дни","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative 'не только...но и'","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сочтены, in the clausal complement of увидел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive сочтены, coordinated with дни","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сочтены","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дни","gloss":"are numbered"},{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слаб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слаб","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слаб","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"желт","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слаб (predicate of он)","gloss":"sallow"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of трепещут","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"трепещут","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слаб","gloss":"tremble"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying задыхается","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"задыхается","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слаб","gloss":"gasps"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слаб","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with умиленно","gloss":"joyfully"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b6-c2-s303","source":"— Совершилось! — проговорил мне, — давно жажду видеть тебя, что не приходил?","translation":"— It is accomplished! — he said to me, — long have I thirsted to see you; why did you not come?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Совершилось!","title":"«Совершилось!» — 'It is finished!'","body":"This single perfective verb echoes Christ's last word from the cross (John 19:30, «Совершилось»). On the dying penitent's lips it frames his confession as a completed redemptive act — a deliberate scriptural allusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жажду видеть тебя","title":"«жаждать» — to thirst, to crave","body":"«Жажду» is the first-person present of «жаждать», literally 'to thirst', used figuratively for an intense longing — 'I have long thirsted to see you.' It is markedly elevated and emotional, far stronger than «хотеть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что не приходил?","title":"«что» = 'why?' in old usage","body":"Here «что» is not 'what' but a colloquial-archaic 'why / how is it that' — 'why did you not come?'. «Приходил» is imperfective past, asking about the general failure to come at all, not a single missed occasion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is accomplished"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb, framing Совершилось","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жажду","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"жажду","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, parallel to проговорил","gloss":"yearn"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on жажду","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the question, modifies приходил (meaning 'why')","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question (why didn't you come)","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b6-c2-s304","source":"Я ему не объявил, что меня не допускали к нему.","translation":"I did not tell him that I had not been allowed to come to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня не допускали к нему","title":"Imperfective past for a standing state","body":"«Не допускали» is imperfective — the repeated, ongoing refusal to admit him over the whole period, as against a single perfective act. The bare third-plural again supplies an impersonal 'they were not letting me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of допускали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of допускали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies допускали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"допускали","lemma":"допускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допускали","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b6-c2-s305","source":"— Бог сжалился надо мной и зовет к себе. Знаю, что умираю, но радость чувствую и мир после стольких лет впервые. Разом ощутил в душе моей рай, только лишь исполнил, что надо было. Теперь уже смею любить детей моих и лобызать их. Мне не верят, и никто не поверил, ни жена, ни судьи мои; не поверят никогда и дети. Милость божию вижу в сем к детям моим. Умру, и имя мое будет для них незапятнано. А теперь предчувствую бога, сердце как в раю веселится… долг исполнил…","translation":"— God has had mercy on me and is calling me to Himself. I know that I am dying, yet I feel joy, and peace, for the first time after so many years. The moment I had done what had to be done, I felt paradise in my soul. Now at last I dare to love my children and to kiss them. They do not believe me, and no one has believed me, neither my wife nor my judges; nor will my children ever believe. In this too I see God's mercy toward my children. I shall die, and my name will be unstained for them. And now I have a foretaste of God; my heart rejoices as if in paradise… I have done my duty…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бог сжалился надо мной","title":"«сжалиться над» + instrumental","body":"«Сжалиться над кем-либо» (to take pity on) governs the preposition «над» with the instrumental, here «надо мной» — the form «надо» (not «над») appears before the cluster of consonants in «мной». A reflexive perfective: God has, once and for all, had mercy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зовет к себе","title":"«себе» — reflexive pointing to the subject","body":"«К себе» ('to Himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (here dative «себе»), which always refers back to the clause's subject — God. «Себя» has no nominative and serves every person and number."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаю, что умираю, но радость чувствую","title":"Dropped pronouns; object before verb","body":"«Знаю… умираю… чувствую» all stand without «я» — the verb ending alone marks first person, so the pronoun drops. In «радость чувствую» the object precedes the verb, weighting the new word, 'joy', at the head of the phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лишь исполнил, что надо было","title":"«что надо было» — impersonal necessity","body":"«Надо было» is an impersonal construction of necessity with no nominative subject — 'what had to be [done]'. The dative experiencer is unstated but understood. «Только лишь» doubles two emphasis words for 'the very moment / no sooner than'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лобызать","title":"«лобызать» — to kiss (solemn)","body":"«Лобызать» is an archaic, elevated verb for kissing, far more solemn than everyday «целовать» — the kiss of blessing, reverence, or reconciliation. It belongs to the sacred register of the deathbed scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни жена, ни судьи мои","title":"«ни… ни…» negative concord","body":"«Ни… ни…» ('neither… nor…') pairs with the preceding negated verb «не верят»: Russian requires negative concord, so the «ни»-words reinforce rather than cancel the «не». 'No one has believed me, neither my wife nor my judges.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поверят никогда и дети","title":"Perfective future of «поверить»","body":"«Не поверят» is the perfective (simple) future — a single completed future act of belief that will never occur: 'nor will my children ever believe.' No auxiliary; the future sits in the conjugated perfective ending, reinforced by «никогда»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сем","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«В сем» is the prepositional of «сей» ('this'), the bookish 19th-century demonstrative that elevated style preferred to «этот». It recurs throughout the elder's narration and marks a deliberately scriptural, antique tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имя мое будет… незапятнано","title":"Short participle in the compound future","body":"«Будет незапятнано» joins the future of «быть» to the short passive participle «незапятнано» ('unstained') — a periphrastic future passive stating an enduring result: his name will stand unblemished. The participle agrees with neuter «имя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предчувствую бога","title":"«предчувствовать» — to have a foretaste/presentiment","body":"«Предчувствовать» means to sense beforehand, to have a presentiment of — here 'I have a foretaste of God'. The «пред-» prefix ('fore-') gives the verb its forward-reaching, prophetic sense fitting a dying man on the threshold of paradise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сжалился","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сжалился","lemma":"сжалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has had mercy"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over","note":"Variant of над used before мной; not the adverb надо (\"must\") seen later in this line."},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сжалился and зовет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сжалился","gloss":"is calling"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of зовет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умираю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умираю","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаю","gloss":"I am dying"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links радость and мир","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую, coordinated with радость","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"стольких","lemma":"столько","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of чувствую","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"впервые","lemma":"впервые","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствую","gloss":"for the first time"},{"surface":"Разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощутил","gloss":"At once"},{"surface":"ощутил","lemma":"ощутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощутил","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ощутил","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with лишь to modify исполнил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with только to modify исполнил","gloss":"just","note":"только лишь together mean \"the very moment (that)\", not two separate words."},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying ощутил","gloss":"I had done"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of исполнил","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dare"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of детей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лобызать","lemma":"лобызать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любить","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of лобызать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верят","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with верят","gloss":"has believed"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with никто","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жена","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of судьи","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with поверил","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and even"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поверят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Милость","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей (\"this\"); сем is its locative form, still used today only in fossilized phrases like в сем."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детям","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Милость (mercy toward my children), not of вижу","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of детям","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Умру","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall die"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of незапятнано","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to незапятнано","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of preposition для","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"незапятнано","lemma":"незапятнанный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate with будет, describing имя","gloss":"unstained"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствую","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"предчувствую","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have a foretaste of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствую","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of веселится","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause, modifies веселится","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"раю","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веселится","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"веселится","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствую","gloss":"rejoices"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнил","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have done"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b6-c2-s306","source":"Говорить не может, задыхается, горячо мне руку жмет, пламенно глядит на меня. Но недолго мы беседовали, супруга его беспрерывно к нам заглядывала. Но успел-таки шепнуть мне:","translation":"He cannot speak, he is gasping; he presses my hand warmly and gazes at me ardently. But we did not talk long, for his wife kept looking in on us without cease. Still, he managed to whisper to me:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорить не может, задыхается… жмет, глядит","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"The clustered present-tense imperfectives «не может, задыхается, жмёт, глядит» narrate a past scene vividly, as if before our eyes — the 'historic present' the narrator slips into at heightened moments. The imperfectives hold the actions open as simultaneous, ongoing gestures."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"беспрерывно к нам заглядывала","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"«Заглядывала» is imperfective past, naming the wife's repeated peeking in, reinforced by «беспрерывно» ('without cease'). The prefixed «за-» gives 'to glance in / look in on', and the imperfective stresses the recurring intrusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но успел-таки шепнуть","title":"The particle «-таки» — 'after all, even so'","body":"«-таки» appended to «успел» means 'managed nonetheless / even so' — he still contrived to whisper despite the interruptions. «Шепнуть» is the semelfactive perfective of «шептать», 'to whisper once'; the «-ну-» suffix marks a single quick act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he can"},{"surface":"задыхается","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"he is gasping"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жмет","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession with руку, indirect object of жмет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жмет","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"жмет","lemma":"жать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"presses"},{"surface":"пламенно","lemma":"пламенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беседовали","gloss":"not long"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of беседовали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"беседовали","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заглядывала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of супруга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывала","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"in on"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглядывала","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"заглядывала","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with беседовали","gloss":"kept looking in"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he managed"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"шепнуть","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to whisper"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of шепнуть","gloss":"to me"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b6-c2-s307","source":"— А помнишь ли, как я к тебе тогда в другой раз пришел, в полночь! Еще запомнить тебе велел? Знаешь ли, для чего я входил? Я ведь убить тебя приходил!","translation":"— And do you remember how I came to you that other time, at midnight! Did I not bid you remember it? Do you know why I came in? I came to kill you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А помнишь ли","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Помнишь ли» fronts the verb and adds the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question — more formal and pressing than a mere rising intonation: 'do you indeed remember?' Note «ли» recurs in «Знаешь ли» below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запомнить тебе велел","title":"Dative complement of «велеть»","body":"«Велеть» ('to bid, order') takes a dative for the person commanded — «тебе» — plus an infinitive: 'I bade you remember it.' The dative-of-the-commanded is standard with verbs of ordering, advising, and permitting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь убить тебя приходил!","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь» + purpose-infinitive","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and braces the listener for a revelation — 'you see / why,' — coloring the confession's force. «Убить… приходил» sets the bare infinitive of purpose before the motion verb: 'I had come [in order] to kill you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнишь","gloss":"(question particle)","note":"ли turns the statement into a yes/no question; it has no standalone translation."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнишь","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полночь","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"запомнить","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on велел","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of запомнить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I bid"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Знаешь","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"I came in"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приходил","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b6-c2-s308","source":"Я так и вздрогнул.","translation":"I gave a shudder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я так и вздрогнул","title":"«так и» + semelfactive «вздрогнул»","body":"«Так и» before a verb intensifies it — 'I positively / just shuddered.' «Вздрогнул» is a perfective semelfactive (the «-ну-» of a single instantaneous start), capturing the one involuntary shudder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и, intensifies вздрогнул","gloss":"just","note":"так и is an idiomatic intensifier (\"fairly/really\"), not the conjunction \"and\"."},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shuddered"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b6-c2-s309","source":"— Вышел я тогда от тебя во мрак, бродил по улицам и боролся с собою. И вдруг возненавидел тебя до того, что едва сердце вынесло. «Теперь, думаю, он единый связал меня, и судия мой, не могу уже отказаться от завтрашней казни моей, ибо он всё знает». И не то чтоб я боялся, что ты донесешь (не было и мысли о сем), но думаю: «Как я стану глядеть на него, если не донесу на себя?» И хотя бы ты был за тридевять земель, но жив, всё равно, невыносима эта мысль, что ты жив и всё знаешь, и меня судишь. Возненавидел я тебя, будто ты всему причиной и всему виноват. Воротился я к тебе тогда, помню, что у тебя на столе лежит кинжал. Я сел и тебя сесть попросил, и целую минуту думал. Если б я убил тебя, то всё равно бы погиб за это убийство, хотя бы и не объявил о прежнем преступлении. Но о сем я не думал вовсе и думать не хотел в ту минуту. Я только тебя ненавидел и отомстить тебе желал изо всех сил за всё. Но господь мой поборол диавола в моем сердце. Знай, однако, что никогда ты не был ближе от смерти.","translation":"— I had gone out from you then into the dark; I wandered the streets and struggled with myself. And suddenly I came to hate you so much that my heart could scarcely bear it. \"Now,\" I think, \"he alone has bound me, and he is my judge; I can no longer draw back from my coming execution, for he knows everything.\" And it was not that I feared you would inform on me (there was not even a thought of that), but I think: \"How shall I look at him, if I do not inform on myself?\" And though you were at the world's end, yet alive, it would be all the same — the thought is unbearable that you are alive and know everything, and judge me. I came to hate you, as though you were the cause of it all and the guilty one in everything. I went back to you then, remembering that there was a dagger lying on your table. I sat down and asked you to sit, and for a whole minute I thought it over. Had I killed you, I would have perished all the same for that murder, even had I not declared the earlier crime. But of that I did not think at all, nor did I wish to think, in that minute. I only hated you and longed with all my strength to avenge myself on you for everything. But my Lord overcame the devil in my heart. Know, however, that you were never nearer to death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боролся с собою","title":"«с собою» — reflexive in the instrumental","body":"«Бороться с кем-либо» (to struggle with) takes «с» + instrumental; here «с собою» ('with myself') is the instrumental of the reflexive «себя». «Собою» is the older variant of «собой», common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возненавидел тебя до того, что едва сердце вынесло","title":"«до того, что» — result clause","body":"«До того, что…» ('to such a degree that…') opens a result clause measuring the intensity of his hatred. «Возненавидел» is the ingressive perfective ('came to hate'); the «воз-» prefix marks the sudden onset of the state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он единый связал меня, и судия мой","title":"Archaic «единый» and «судия»","body":"«Единый» here means 'sole, the one and only' in elevated style ('he alone'), and «судия» is the Church-Slavonic form of «судья» ('judge'), preserving the solemn -ия noun shape. Both lift the inner monologue into a scriptural key."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о сем","title":"Archaic «сей» in the prepositional","body":"«О сем» ('about this') again uses «сей», the bookish demonstrative for «этот». «(Не было и) мысли о сем» — 'there was not even a thought of it' — pairs the archaic pronoun with a genitive-of-negation subject «мысли»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было и мысли о сем","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"With the negated existential «не было», the absent subject obligatorily stands in the genitive — «мысли» (not nominative «мысль»): 'there was not even a thought of it.' The particle «и» adds 'even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за тридевять земель","title":"«за тридевять земель» — folk hyperbole","body":"A fixed fairy-tale expression meaning 'far, far away / at the world's end'. «Тридевять» (= 27, three nines) is an old folk-numeral; the phrase carries a deliberately archaic, oral-storytelling color into the confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы ты был… но жив","title":"«хотя бы» — concessive with «бы»","body":"«Хотя бы» ('even if / even though') is concessive, and the irrealis particle «бы» plus past-form «был» frames the hypothetical: 'though you were [even] at the world's end, yet alive…'. The short adjective «жив» predicates the state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто ты всему причиной и всему виноват","title":"Instrumental predicate «причиной» after «будто»","body":"«Будто» ('as though') introduces a likeness clause; «причиной» stands in the instrumental as the predicate of an implied «был» — 'as though you were the cause of it all'. «Всему» is dative governed by «причиной/виноват» ('to blame for everything')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б я убил тебя, то всё равно бы погиб","title":"Past counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Если б… (то)… бы» is the irrealis conditional: past-form verbs plus the particle «бы» (here clipped to «б») yield a contrary-to-fact 'had I killed you, I would have perished all the same.' «Бы» appears in both clauses, mobile as ever."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отомстить тебе желал изо всех сил","title":"«отомстить» + dative; «изо всех сил»","body":"«Отомстить кому-либо» ('to avenge oneself on') takes the dative «тебе». «Изо всех сил» is a set adverbial — 'with all one's might' — with the genitive plural «сил» after «из(о)»; the «-о» of «изо» eases the consonant cluster."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поборол диавола","title":"«диавол» — the older form of 'devil'","body":"«Диавол» is the Church-Slavonic / older spelling of «дьявол» ('the Devil'), with the full vowel sequence. «Поборол» (perfective of «побороть», to overcome, vanquish) frames the spiritual victory: 'my Lord vanquished the Devil in my heart.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I had gone out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Вышел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вышел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вышел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрак","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вышел","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"бродил","lemma":"бродить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Вышел","gloss":"I wandered"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"улицам","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бродил","gloss":"the streets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боролся","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Вышел","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of боролся","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возненавидел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came to hate"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возненавидел","gloss":"such a degree","note":"«до того, что» is an idiom: \"to such an extent that\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вынесло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынесло","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вынесло","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"вынесло","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"could bear it"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связал","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause inserted in the quotation","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of связал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"связал","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"has bound"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of связал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судия","lemma":"судия","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with связал (predicate noun, он implied)","gloss":"is my judge"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with связал","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"отказаться","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"draw back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"завтрашней","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казни","gloss":"tomorrow's"},{"surface":"казни","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказаться","gloss":"execution"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of казни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause on отказаться","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"the case","note":"«не то чтоб» = \"it was not that ...\"."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боялся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of донесешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of донесешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"донесешь","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боялся","gloss":"would inform on me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, coordinated with боялся","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"this","note":"archaic form сем/сей = «этот» (\"this\")."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боялся","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of думаю","gloss":"shall I"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of донесу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies донесу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"донесу","lemma":"донести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying глядеть","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of донесу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земель","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"тридевять","lemma":"тридевять","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies земель","gloss":"thrice-nine","note":"idiom «за тридевять земель» = \"at the world's end\"."},{"surface":"земель","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of the preposition за","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing ты","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно, modifying невыносима","gloss":"the same","note":"«всё равно» = \"all the same, regardless.\""},{"surface":"невыносима","lemma":"невыносимый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective; main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is unbearable"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невыносима","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive clause explaining мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective in the appositive clause explaining мысль","gloss":"are alive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of судишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"судишь","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"Возненавидел","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came to hate"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Возненавидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Возненавидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the as-though clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of причиной","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of причиной","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun in the будто-clause","gloss":"were the cause"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of виноват","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with причиной","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went back"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Воротился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Воротился","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помню","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"кинжал","lemma":"кинжал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"a dagger"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сесть","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of думал","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle in the clause of убил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on погиб","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis, correlative with Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно, modifying погиб","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle of погиб","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have perished"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of убийство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погиб","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of объявил","gloss":"even had"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle of объявил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause on погиб","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступлении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преступлении","gloss":"the earlier"},{"surface":"преступлении","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявил","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this","note":"archaic сем = «этом» (\"this\")."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I think"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"did I wish"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ненавидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отомстить","lemma":"отомстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to avenge myself"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отомстить","gloss":"on you"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненавидел","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of желал","gloss":"my strength"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of желал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поборол","gloss":"my Lord"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"поборол","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overcame"},{"surface":"диавола","lemma":"диавол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поборол","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поборол","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the clause to Знай","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ближе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ближе","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ближе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ближе","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближе","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b6-c2-s310","source":"Через неделю он помер. Гроб его до могилы провожал весь город. Протоиерей сказал прочувствованное слово. Оплакивали страшную болезнь, прекратившую дни его.","translation":"A week later he died. The whole town followed his coffin to the grave. The archpriest spoke a heartfelt word. They mourned the dreadful illness that had cut short his days.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер","title":"«помереть» — to die (plain, folk)","body":"«Помер» (perfective of «помереть») is the homely, folk-colored word for 'died', less formal than «умер» — a touch of plain popular speech in the narrator's account."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"болезнь, прекратившую дни его","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«Прекратившую» is the past active participle of «прекратить» (to cut short, end), in the accusative feminine to agree with «болезнь»: 'the illness that had cut short his days.' It replaces a «который»-clause in one elegant word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неделю","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помер","gloss":"a week"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"Гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провожал","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Гроб","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могилы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"могилы","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провожал","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"провожал","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провожал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"Протоиерей","lemma":"протоиерей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the archpriest"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"прочувствованное","lemma":"прочувствованный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"a heartfelt"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Оплакивали","lemma":"оплакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They mourned"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болезнь","gloss":"the dreadful"},{"surface":"болезнь","lemma":"болезнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Оплакивали","gloss":"illness"},{"surface":"прекратившую","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying болезнь","gloss":"that had cut short"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прекратившую","gloss":"the days"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b6-c2-s311","source":"Но весь город восстал на меня, когда похоронили его, и даже принимать меня перестали. Правда, некоторые, вначале немногие, а потом всё больше и больше, стали веровать в истину его показаний и очень начали посещать меня и расспрашивать с большим любопытством и радостью: ибо любит человек падение праведного и позор его.","translation":"But the whole town rose up against me when they had buried him, and they even ceased to receive me. True, some — at first only a few, and then more and more — began to believe in the truth of his confession, and they took to visiting me often and questioning me with great curiosity and gladness: for man loves the fall of the righteous and his disgrace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь город восстал на меня","title":"«восстать на» — to rise up against","body":"«Восстать на кого-либо» ('to rise up against') is the elevated, biblical construction with «на» + accusative, echoing the earlier «восставшему на себя». «Восстал» is perfective — the whole town turned against him as one decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимать меня перестали","title":"«перестать» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Перестать» ('to cease') requires an imperfective infinitive — «принимать» — because one stops an ongoing activity, not a single completed one. «Принимать» here means 'to receive [as a guest]'; they stopped admitting him socially."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали веровать… начали посещать… расспрашивать","title":"Inceptive verbs + imperfective infinitives","body":"«Стали» and «начали» (to begin) each govern an imperfective infinitive — «веровать», «посещать», «расспрашивать» — since one begins a process. «Веровать» is the solemn, religious form of «верить» ('to believe [in]'), here fitting belief in the confession's truth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показаний","title":"«показание» — testimony, deposition","body":"«Показание» is formal/legal testimony or a deposition — here the truth of his self-accusing 'confession'. The genitive plural «показаний» follows «веровать в истину» ('to believe in the truth of his testimony')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любит человек падение праведного и позор его","title":"Verb-first gnomic word order","body":"Putting the verb «любит» before the subject «человек» turns the line into a sententious general truth — 'man loves the fall of the righteous' — a proverb-like, sermon cadence. «Праведного» is the substantivized adjective 'the righteous one' in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"восстал","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of похоронили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"похоронили","lemma":"похоронить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on восстал","gloss":"they buried"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of похоронили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестали","gloss":"receiving"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with похоронили","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the following clause","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали, in apposition with немногие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немногие","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"немногие","lemma":"немногие","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали, in apposition with некоторые","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё больше и больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with немногие","gloss":"and more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with немногие","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"веровать","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровать","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of показаний","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies истину","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"посещать","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"visiting"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of посещать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посещать","gloss":"questioning me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расспрашивать","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любопытством","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"падение","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"the fall"},{"surface":"праведного","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"of the righteous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with падение","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b6-c2-s312","source":"Но я замолчал и вскорости из города совсем выбыл, а через пять месяцев удостоился господом богом стать на путь твердый и благолепный, благословляя перст невидимый, мне столь явно сей путь указавший. А многострадального раба божия Михаила памятую в молитвах моих и до сего дня на каждый день.","translation":"But I fell silent, and soon after left the town altogether, and five months later I was granted by the Lord God to set out upon a firm and seemly path, blessing the unseen finger that had so plainly pointed me to this way. And the much-suffering servant of God, Mikhail, I remember in my prayers to this very day, every single day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскорости… выбыл","title":"«вскорости» and «выбыть»","body":"«Вскорости» is a folk-colored adverb for 'soon after' (beside standard «вскоре»). «Выбыть» ('to depart, leave, drop out') is somewhat official/bookish — 'I soon left the town altogether.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удостоился господом богом стать на путь","title":"«удостоиться» + instrumental agent","body":"«Удостоиться» ('to be deemed worthy, to be granted') is reflexive and here takes «господом богом» in the instrumental as the agent who granted the grace — 'I was vouchsafed by the Lord God to set out…'. The infinitive «стать на путь» ('to set foot on a path') completes it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благолепный","title":"«благолепный» — seemly, of solemn beauty","body":"«Благолепный» means seemly, decorous, of grave splendor — an ecclesiastical word for the fitting beauty of holy things and acts. With «благословляя» and «благолепный» the sentence chains «благо-» ('good/blessing') roots, building a liturgical music."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благословляя перст невидимый","title":"Present gerund «благословляя»","body":"«Благословляя» ('blessing') is an imperfective present деепричастие — an indeclinable verb-adverb naming an action simultaneous with the main verb and sharing its subject: he set out on the path 'blessing' the unseen finger as he went."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перст невидимый","title":"«перст» — the (pointing) finger of God","body":"«Перст» is the archaic/Church-Slavonic word for 'finger' (modern «палец»), surviving almost only in the religious idiom «перст божий / перст судьбы» — the finger of God or of fate that points one's way. «Невидимый» ('unseen') is a present passive participle turned adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне столь явно сей путь указавший","title":"Trailing past active participle phrase","body":"«Указавший» (past active participle of «указать», to point out) trails after its noun «перст», modifying it: 'the finger… that had so plainly pointed this path to me.' «Столь» is the bookish 'so', «сей» the archaic 'this', and «мне» the dative of the one shown the way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"многострадального раба божия Михаила памятую","title":"«раб божий», «памятовать», «-ия» genitive","body":"«Раб божий» ('servant of God') is the standard Orthodox formula for a Christian, especially in prayer for the dead. «Памятую» is the archaic «памятовать» ('to keep in remembrance'), and «божия» is the old Slavonic genitive ending (modern «божьего»). «Многострадальный» — 'much-suffering' — is itself an epithet of saints."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of замолчал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"замолчал","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбыл","gloss":"soon after"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбыл","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбыл","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"выбыл","lemma":"выбыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with замолчал","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцев","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of удостоился","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"удостоился","lemma":"удостоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбыл","gloss":"was granted"},{"surface":"господом","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to богом","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удостоился","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of удостоился","gloss":"to set out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стать","gloss":"a path"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благолепный","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with твердый","gloss":"seemly"},{"surface":"благословляя","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стать","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословляя","gloss":"the finger"},{"surface":"невидимый","lemma":"невидимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"unseen"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of указавший","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указавший","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of указавший","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"указавший","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"that had pointed","note":"Case-attracted to accusative перст (\"blessing the finger ... that had pointed\") rather than the nominative the deterministic tagger assigned."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"многострадального","lemma":"многострадальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раба","gloss":"much-suffering"},{"surface":"раба","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of памятую","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"божия","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раба","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"Михаила","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to раба","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"памятую","lemma":"памятовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remember","note":"Liturgical 'памятовать о ком' idiom takes a genitive object rather than accusative."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молитвах","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of памятую","gloss":"prayers"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of молитвах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of памятую","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of памятую, parallel to дня","gloss":"day"}]}]}