{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b6-c3","title":{"source":"III. Из бесед и поучений старца Зосимы","translated":"Conversations and Exhortations of Father Zossima"},"section":"Book VI — The Russian Monk","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c3","lines":252},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b6-c3-s1","source":"Отцы и учители, что есть инок?","translation":"Fathers and teachers, what is a monk?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что есть инок?","title":"Bookish «есть» for 'is'","body":"Modern Russian drops the copula in the present («что такое инок?»), but Zossima uses «есть», the surviving 3rd-person form of «быть», for a solemn, scriptural ring — 'what IS a monk?'. The predicate noun «инок» stays in the nominative because this is the zero/present register where the instrumental is not used."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инок","title":"«инок» — a monk","body":"«Инок» is the older, more spiritual word for a monk (literally 'one who lives otherwise', from «иной» = other), as opposed to the neutral «монах». It frames monkhood as a way of being set apart, which is precisely Zossima's theme."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with учители","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отцы","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a monk"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b6-c3-s2","source":"В просвещенном мире слово сие произносится в наши дни у иных уже с насмешкой, а у некоторых и как бранное.","translation":"In the enlightened world this word is in our day pronounced by some already with a sneer, and by others even as an insult.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слово сие","title":"Archaic «сие» after its noun","body":"«Сие» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic demonstrative for modern «это». Placing it after the noun («слово сие» rather than «это слово») heightens the elevated, liturgical tone Zossima keeps throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произносится","title":"Passive «-ся» — 'is pronounced'","body":"The reflexive ending «-ся» here makes an imperfective passive: «слово произносится» = 'the word is (being) pronounced'. The agents are then named loosely with «у иных… у некоторых» ('by some… by others'), the genitive-of-source construction with «у»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бранное","title":"«бранное (слово)» — a term of abuse","body":"«Бранное» (from «брань» = abuse, scolding; archaically also 'war') means an insulting word, a slur. The sentence says the very word 'monk' is now uttered «как бранное» — as if it were a curse."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"просвещенном","lemma":"просвещённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"enlightened"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произносится","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive произносится","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"произносится","lemma":"произноситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is pronounced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произносится","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иных","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of произносится","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произносится","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произносится","gloss":"a sneer"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking некоторых","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"некоторых","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with иных","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бранное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking бранное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бранное","lemma":"бранный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешкой","gloss":"a curse","note":"Substantivized adjective, literally 'a curse-word'; parallel to 'с насмешкой' as the second predicate complement."}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b6-c3-s3","source":"И чем дальше, тем больше.","translation":"And the further it goes, the more so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше, тем больше","title":"«чем… тем…» correlative","body":"The paired comparatives «чем дальше, тем больше» mean 'the further (it goes), the more (so)' — Russian's standard 'the more X, the more Y' frame, both members in the bare comparative. It recurs across this homily (e.g. «чем далее, тем более» in s21)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with тем, modifies дальше","gloss":"the","note":"чем...тем is a fixed correlative meaning 'the more...the more'."},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the чем-clause","gloss":"further it goes"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative with чем, introduces больше","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the тем-clause","gloss":"more so"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b6-c3-s4","source":"Правда, ох правда, много и в монашестве тунеядцев, плотоугодников, сластолюбцев и наглых бродяг.","translation":"True, oh true, there are many even in monkhood who are idlers, gluttons of the flesh, voluptuaries, and brazen vagabonds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много… тунеядцев, плотоугодников, сластолюбцев и наглых бродяг","title":"Genitive plural after «много»","body":"The quantifier «много» ('many, much') governs the genitive plural, so the whole list of types stands in that case: «тунеядцев, плотоугодников, сластолюбцев… бродяг». «Бродяг» shows the bare zero-ending genitive plural of an «-а» noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тунеядцев, плотоугодников, сластолюбцев","title":"A vice-list of compound nouns","body":"Three vivid compounds: «тунеяд-ец» = idle-eater, a parasite living for free; «плотоугод-ник» = one who indulges «плоть» (the flesh); «сластолюб-ец» = a lover of «сласть/сладость» (sweetness), a voluptuary. The «-ец/-ник» agent suffixes pile up the moral catalogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монашество","title":"«монашество» — monkhood","body":"An abstract noun in «-ство» naming the monastic estate or condition collectively ('monkhood', 'the monastic life'). «В монашестве» = 'within/among the monkhood' (prepositional after «в»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory, coordinated with second Правда","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies Правда","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with first Правда","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the sentence","gloss":"there are many"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монашестве","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монашестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монашестве","lemma":"монашество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"monkhood"},{"surface":"тунеядцев","lemma":"тунеядец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"idlers"},{"surface":"плотоугодников","lemma":"плотоугодник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with тунеядцев","gloss":"sensualists"},{"surface":"сластолюбцев","lemma":"сластолюбец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with тунеядцев","gloss":"voluptuaries"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наглых","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бродяг","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"бродяг","lemma":"бродяга","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with тунеядцев","gloss":"vagabonds"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b6-c3-s5","source":"На сие указывают образованные светские люди: «Вы, дескать, лентяи и бесполезные члены общества, живете чужим трудом, бесстыдные нищие».","translation":"To this the educated, worldly people point: \"You,\" they say, \"are loafers and useless members of society, you live off the labor of others, you shameless beggars.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На сие указывают","title":"Topic-fronting with «на сие»","body":"The prepositional phrase «на сие» ('to this', accusative after «на» of pointing) is moved to the front as the topic; the subject «образованные светские люди» follows the verb. Russian's free word order lets the given idea ('this') lead and the new agents come as the comment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — 'so they say'","body":"«Дескать» is a reportive particle flagging that the words are someone else's claim, often with a sceptical or mocking shade — like English 'supposedly' or scare-quotes. Zossima uses it to mimic the worldly people's own dismissive voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесстыдные нищие","title":"«нищие» — beggars","body":"«Нищий» is the destitute mendicant; here «бесстыдные нищие» ('shameless beggars') is the worldly sneer at monks who live by alms. The word carries deep Orthodox resonance — voluntary poverty as holiness — which the speakers invert into an insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сие","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывают","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"указывают","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"образованные","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"светские","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"worldly"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of указывают","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of живете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies the quoted clause","gloss":"they say","note":"Archaic reporting particle marking quoted/mimicked speech, not an infinitive verb."},{"surface":"лентяи","lemma":"лентяй","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate nominative, coordinated with Вы","gloss":"loafers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесполезные","lemma":"бесполезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies члены","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"члены","lemma":"член","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лентяи","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies члены","gloss":"of society"},{"surface":"живете","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the predicate clause","gloss":"you live"},{"surface":"чужим","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трудом","gloss":"others'"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живете","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"бесстыдные","lemma":"бесстыдный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies нищие","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"нищие","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with лентяи","gloss":"beggars"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b6-c3-s6","source":"А между тем сколь много в монашестве смиренных и кротких, жаждущих уединения и пламенной в тишине молитвы.","translation":"And yet how many in monkhood are humble and meek, thirsting for solitude and for fervent prayer in the silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждущих уединения и… молитвы","title":"Present active participle + genitive object","body":"«Жаждущих» is the present active participle of «жаждать» ('to thirst'), in the genitive plural to agree with the «смиренных и кротких» it modifies. The verb «жаждать» governs the genitive of what is craved, hence «уединения… молитвы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь много","title":"Archaic «сколь» for 'how'","body":"«Сколь» is the bookish/old-fashioned equivalent of modern «как / насколько» in exclamations ('how many!'). It recurs in s7 («сколь подивились бы») and gives the passage its elevated, sermonic measure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смиренных и кротких","title":"«смиренный», «кроткий» — humble, meek","body":"A Gospel-coloured pair: «смиренный» (humble, from «смирение», monastic humility) and «кроткий» (meek, gentle), echoing the Beatitude 'blessed are the meek'. These are the virtues Zossima sets against worldly pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем ('yet')","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, modifies много","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on сколь","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монашестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монашестве","lemma":"монашество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"monkhood"},{"surface":"смиренных","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of много, coordinated with кротких","gloss":"humble ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кротких","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with смиренных","gloss":"meek ones"},{"surface":"жаждущих","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смиренных","gloss":"thirsting for"},{"surface":"уединения","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждущих","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пламенной","lemma":"пламенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитвы","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молитвы","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"молитвы","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждущих, coordinated with уединения","gloss":"prayer"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b6-c3-s7","source":"На сих меньше указывают и даже обходят молчанием вовсе, и сколь подивились бы, если скажу, что от сих кротких и жаждущих уединенной молитвы выйдет, может быть, еще раз спасение земли русской!","translation":"To these fewer point, and indeed they pass them over in silence altogether; and how astonished they would be were I to say that from these meek ones who thirst for solitary prayer there may yet come, perhaps once again, the salvation of the Russian land!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь подивились бы, если скажу","title":"Conditional «бы» + perfective future","body":"«Подивились бы» is the irrealis: past-form verb + particle «бы» = 'they would be astonished'. The 'if' clause uses a perfective present-form «скажу» with future meaning ('if I say/were to say'), a common Russian mixing of a real-conditional protasis with a hypothetical main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдет… спасение","title":"Perfective future «выйдет»","body":"«Выйдет» is the simple (perfective) future of «выйти» — 'will come forth / emerge'. The subject «спасение земли русской» follows the verb, again topic-comment order, so the great new word 'salvation' lands at the end of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от сих кротких","title":"«сих» — genitive plural of «сей»","body":"«Сих» is the genitive plural of the archaic demonstrative «сей», governed by «от» ('from these'). The same form recurs in «на сих» (s7) and «от сих». Watch the archaic paradigm: «сей, сего, сему… сих»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обходят молчанием","title":"Idiom «обходить молчанием»","body":"A set phrase: 'to pass over in silence', to deliberately ignore. «Молчанием» is the instrumental of means ('by silence'). Literally 'they go around (it) with silence'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сих","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of указывают","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies указывают","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"указывают","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they point"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обходят","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обходят","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with указывают","gloss":"pass over"},{"surface":"молчанием","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обходят","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обходят","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подивились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"подивились","lemma":"подивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"they would marvel"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks подивились as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подивились","gloss":"I were to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of молитвы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"кротких","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйдет, coordinated with жаждущих","gloss":"the meek"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жаждущих","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кротких","gloss":"those thirsting for"},{"surface":"уединенной","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитвы","gloss":"solitary"},{"surface":"молитвы","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждущих","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies выйдет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"of the land"},{"surface":"русской","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies земли","gloss":"Russian"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b6-c3-s8","source":"Ибо воистину приготовлены в тишине «на день и час, и месяц и год».","translation":"For in truth they are made ready in the silence \"for the day and the hour, and the month and the year.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовлены","title":"Short passive participle 'are made ready'","body":"«Приготовлены» is the short-form past passive participle of «приготовить» (the long form «приготовленный»), used predicatively: '(they) are/have been made ready'. The short passive states a result, here without an expressed «быть» since the present needs no copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо воистину","title":"«ибо», «воистину» — scriptural diction","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic-bookish 'for, because' (modern «потому что»); «воистину» is the solemn 'verily, truly' familiar from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе» ('He is risen indeed'). Together they open the clause in pure liturgical Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (causal)","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовлены","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"приготовлены","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are made ready"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлены","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовлены","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the month"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"the year"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b6-c3-s9","source":"Образ Христов хранят пока в уединении своем благолепно и неискаженно, в чистоте правды божией, от древнейших отцов, апостолов и мучеников, и, когда надо будет, явят его поколебавшейся правде мира.","translation":"For now they keep the image of Christ in their solitude, comely and unmarred, in the purity of God's truth, handed down from the most ancient fathers, the apostles, and the martyrs; and when it must be, they will show it forth to the wavering truth of the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Образ Христов хранят","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The object «образ Христов» ('the image of Christ', accusative = nominative for this inanimate masc.) opens the sentence ahead of the implied subject of «хранят». Fronting the sacred object as topic gives it rhetorical weight — the image of Christ is what the whole clause is about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Христов… божией","title":"Possessive adjective «Христов»","body":"«Христов» is a possessive adjective ('Christ's', 'of Christ') formed with «-ов», an old pattern surviving in religious and set phrases; it agrees like an adjective. Likewise «правды божией» uses the possessive adjective «божий» ('God's') in the genitive — not the noun «Бог»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явят его поколебавшейся правде","title":"Perfective future + past active participle","body":"«Явят» is the bookish perfective future of «явить» ('they will show forth'); the recipient «поколебавшейся правде» is dative ('to the wavering truth'). «Поколебавшейся» is a past active participle of «поколебаться» ('to have wavered'), declined into the dative to agree with «правде»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благолепно и неискаженно","title":"«благолепно» — comely, in seemly beauty","body":"«Благолепие» ('seemly beauty, comeliness') is a Church-Slavonic compound (благо- 'good' + леп- 'fitting/fair'); the adverb «благолепно» describes keeping Christ's image in fitting, reverent beauty. «Неискажённо» = 'unmarred, undistorted'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хранят","gloss":"the image"},{"surface":"Христов","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Образ","gloss":"of Christ"},{"surface":"хранят","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they keep"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хранят","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранят","gloss":"seclusion"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уединении","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"благолепно","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хранят","gloss":"comely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неискаженно","lemma":"неискажённый","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with благолепно","gloss":"unmarred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чистоте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чистоте","lemma":"чистота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with благолепно, oblique complement of хранят","gloss":"purity"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чистоте","gloss":"of the truth"},{"surface":"божией","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"древнейших","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"most ancient"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хранят","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"апостолов","lemma":"апостол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцов","gloss":"apostles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучеников","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with отцов","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on явят","gloss":"it is needed"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"явят","lemma":"явить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with хранят","gloss":"they will show"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of явят","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поколебавшейся","lemma":"поколебаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies правде","gloss":"wavering","note":"Retagged from a present imperfective accusative participle to a past perfective dative one to agree with dative правде ('to the wavering truth')."},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of явят","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правде","gloss":"of the world"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b6-c3-s10","source":"Сия мысль великая.","translation":"This is a great thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сия мысль великая","title":"Archaic demonstratives «сей/сия/сие»","body":"Zossima speaks in a deliberately churchly, Old Slavonic register. «Сей/сия/сие» ('this') and «ибо» ('for, because') are archaic equivalents of modern «этот/эта/это» and «потому что». Modern Russian keeps «сей» only in fixed phrases like «сей час» (this hour) and «по сей день» (to this day)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сия мысль великая","title":"Predicate with no copula and short-flavoured order","body":"There is no verb 'is': «Сия мысль великая» = 'This thought (is) great', the zero-copula present. Putting the adjective «великая» after the noun gives a predicative, pronouncing-judgement effect rather than a plain attribute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of великая","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b6-c3-s11","source":"От востока звезда сия воссияет.","translation":"From the east this star shall shine forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воссияет","title":"Perfective future «воссияет»","body":"«Воссияет» (perfective future of «воссиять», 'to shine forth, blaze up') predicts a single completed event: 'shall shine forth'. The prefix «вос-/воз-» is itself elevated and Slavonic, lending the verb a prophetic colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking востока","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"востока","lemma":"восток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воссияет","gloss":"the east"},{"surface":"звезда","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воссияет","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of звезда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воссияет","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall shine forth"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b6-c3-s12","source":"Так мыслю об иноке, и неужели ложно, неужели надменно?","translation":"So I think of the monk; and is it false, can it be arrogant?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужели","title":"«неужели» — 'can it really…?'","body":"«Неужели» is an emphatic question particle expressing surprise or incredulity ('surely not?', 'can it really be?'). Doubled here — «неужели ложно, неужели надменно?» — it dramatizes Zossima examining his own claim for falseness or arrogance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так мыслю об иноке","title":"Dropped subject «я»; bookish «мыслю»","body":"The 1st-person pronoun is omitted because the ending of «мыслю» already marks it. «Мыслить» ('to think, hold an opinion') is loftier than everyday «думать», and «об иноке» is prepositional after «о/об» (topic of thought)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"иноке","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ложно","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"ложно","lemma":"ложный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, parallel clause to мыслю","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надменно","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"надменно","lemma":"надменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ложно","gloss":"arrogant"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b6-c3-s13","source":"Посмотрите у мирских и во всем превозносящемся над народом божиим мире, не исказился ли в нем лик божий и правда его?","translation":"Look at the worldly, and at the whole world that exalts itself above the people of God — has not the face of God been distorted in it, and his truth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не исказился ли… лик божий","title":"Question particle «ли» + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«Ли» turns the clause into a (rhetorical) yes/no question, attaching to the fronted, focused verb: «не исказился ли…?» = 'has not (the face) been distorted?'. «Исказился» is the «-ся» middle/passive of «исказить» ('became distorted')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во всем превозносящемся… мире","title":"Present active participle in the prepositional","body":"«Превозносящемся» is the reflexive present active participle of «превозноситься» ('to exalt oneself'), declined into the prepositional to agree with «мире» after «во»: 'the world that exalts itself'. A participle here packs a whole «который»-clause into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лик божий","title":"«лик» — the (holy) countenance","body":"«Лик» is the elevated, sacred word for 'face/countenance', used of icons and of God («лик божий»), as opposed to ordinary «лицо». Choosing «лик» frames the worldly distortion as a desecration of the divine image."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мирских","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Посмотрите","gloss":"the worldly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"превозносящемся","lemma":"превозноситься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, participle, masculine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"exalting itself"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of превозносящемся","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"божиим","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народом","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посмотрите","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исказился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исказился","lemma":"исказиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"has been distorted"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks исказился as a question","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исказился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исказился","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лик","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лик","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b6-c3-s14","source":"У них наука, а в науке лишь то, что подвержено чувствам.","translation":"They have science, and in science only that which is subject to the senses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, что подвержено чувствам","title":"Correlative «то, что…»","body":"«То, что» ('that which / only what') is the correlative pairing of demonstrative «то» with relative «что» — 'in science (there is) only that which is subject to the senses'. «Подвержено» is a short passive participle, and «чувствам» is dative governed by «подвержен» ('subject to')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У них наука","title":"«у» + genitive for possession","body":"«У них» ('they have', literally 'at them') is the standard Russian way of expressing possession — «у» + genitive of the possessor, with the thing possessed («наука») in the nominative. No verb 'have' is needed in the present."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"they have","note":"'У них наука' is the possessive construction meaning 'they have science'."},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of наука (possession)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наука","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the existential clause","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"науке","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of the second clause","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive подвержено","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"подвержено","lemma":"подверженный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"is subject"},{"surface":"чувствам","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of подвержено","gloss":"the senses"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b6-c3-s15","source":"Мир же духовный, высшая половина существа человеческого отвергнута вовсе, изгнана с некиим торжеством, даже с ненавистью.","translation":"But the spiritual world, the higher half of man's being, is rejected outright, cast out with a kind of triumph, even with hatred.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергнута… изгнана","title":"Short passive participles, feminine","body":"«Отвергнута» and «изгнана» are short-form past passive participles agreeing with the feminine subject «половина» ('the higher half… is rejected… cast out'). The short passive states the resulting condition; the implied «быть» is zero in the present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с некиим торжеством","title":"Archaic «некий» in the instrumental","body":"«Некиим» is the old instrumental of «некий» ('a certain, some kind of'), governed by «с» ('with a kind of triumph'). The modern form would be «с неким»; the «-иим» ending is a literary-archaic flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мир же духовный","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«Же» here is a contrastive/topic particle, not 'also': it pivots from the previous sentence's science to its opposite — 'the spiritual world, BY CONTRAST…'. It also lets «мир» front as the new topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive отвергнута","gloss":"The world"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мир","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"духовный","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Мир","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"высшая","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"the higher"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мир, subject of отвергнута","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"of the being"},{"surface":"человеческого","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"отвергнута","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is rejected"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергнута","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"изгнана","lemma":"изгнать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергнута","gloss":"is cast out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торжеством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некиим","lemma":"некий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies торжеством","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"торжеством","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изгнана","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавистью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with торжеством","gloss":"hatred"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b6-c3-s16","source":"Провозгласил мир свободу, в последнее время особенно, и что же видим в этой свободе ихней: одно лишь рабство и самоубийство!","translation":"The world has proclaimed freedom, in recent times especially, and what do we see in this freedom of theirs: nothing but slavery and self-destruction!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Провозгласил мир свободу","title":"Verb-first, emphatic order","body":"The perfective past verb «провозгласил» ('has proclaimed') opens the sentence ahead of its subject «мир» — a rhetorically charged inversion that throws the act of proclaiming into relief. Normal neutral order would be «Мир провозгласил свободу»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же видим","title":"«же» of indignant questioning","body":"«Что же видим…?» = 'and what (on earth) do we see…?'. The particle «же» here charges the question with rhetorical indignation, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's preaching voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свободе ихней","title":"Substandard «ихний»","body":"«Ихний» ('their') is a colloquial, non-standard possessive formed from the indeclinable «их»; literary Russian uses plain «их». Zossima slips it in («в этой свободе ихней») to give the worldly notion of freedom a faintly contemptuous, common ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Провозгласил","gloss":"The world"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Провозгласил","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Провозгласил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Провозгласил","gloss":"we see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of свободе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видим","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"ихней","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свободе","gloss":"of theirs"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рабство","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рабство","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"рабство","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of видим","gloss":"slavery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рабство","gloss":"self-destruction"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b6-c3-s17","source":"Ибо мир говорит: «Имеешь потребности, а потому насыщай их, ибо имеешь права такие же, как и у знатнейших и богатейших людей. Не бойся насыщать их, но даже приумножай» — вот нынешнее учение мира.","translation":"For the world says: \"You have needs, and so satisfy them, for you have rights as good as those of the noblest and the richest of men. Do not be afraid to satisfy them, but even multiply them\" — such is the present teaching of the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Имеешь потребности, а потому насыщай их","title":"Bare 2nd-person + imperative","body":"The world is quoted addressing the individual with dropped «ты»: «имеешь… насыщай… не бойся… приумножай». «Насыщай» and «приумножай» are imperfective imperatives (the «-й» type) urging ongoing, repeated action — keep satisfying, keep multiplying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у знатнейших и богатейших людей","title":"Bookish superlative in «-ейший»","body":"«Знатнейших» and «богатейших» are synthetic superlatives in «-ейш-» ('the noblest', 'the richest'), a literary alternative to «самый знатный». They stand in the genitive after «у» ('the rights… of the noblest and richest people')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бойся насыщать","title":"Negated imperative of a «-ся» verb","body":"«Не бойся» is the negative imperative of «бояться» ('to fear'), one of those verbs that exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form. With a negated imperative Russian normally takes the imperfective infinitive — hence «насыщать», not «насытить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Имеешь","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насыщай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"насыщай","lemma":"насыщать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Имеешь","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of насыщай","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеешь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"имеешь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on насыщай","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of имеешь","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"just as good"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with людей","gloss":"as","note":"такие же, как = 'just as good as' — a correlative comparison."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying у","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"знатнейших","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"the noblest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богатейших","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"coordinated with знатнейших","gloss":"richest"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of the preposition у","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"насыщать","lemma":"насыщать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бойся","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of насыщать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приумножай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приумножай","lemma":"приумножать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойся","gloss":"multiply them"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нынешнее","gloss":"such is"},{"surface":"нынешнее","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies учение","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"учение","lemma":"учение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"teaching"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учение","gloss":"of the world"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b6-c3-s18","source":"В этом и видят свободу.","translation":"In this they see freedom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этом и видят свободу","title":"Emphatic «и» + fronted «в этом»","body":"The phrase «в этом» ('in this') is fronted as topic, and the particle «и» before the verb is emphatic ('it is in THIS that they see freedom') rather than the conjunction 'and'. The subject 'they' is left unexpressed, recoverable from context."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видят","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видят","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they see"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видят","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b6-c3-s19","source":"И что же выходит из сего права на приумножение потребностей?","translation":"And what comes of this right to the multiplication of needs?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же выходит из сего права","title":"«из сего» — genitive of «сей»","body":"«Из сего» is «из» + the archaic genitive «сего» ('from this'). The question «И что же выходит…?» again uses «же» for rhetorical force, and «выходит» is imperfective present ('what comes/results')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking права","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the preposition из","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приумножение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"приумножение","lemma":"приумножение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права","gloss":"the multiplication"},{"surface":"потребностей","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies приумножение","gloss":"of needs"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b6-c3-s20","source":"У богатых ''уединение'' и духовное самоубийство, а у бедных — зависть и убийство, ибо права-то дали, а средств насытить потребности еще не указали.","translation":"Among the rich, isolation and spiritual self-destruction; among the poor, envy and murder — for the rights were granted, but the means to satisfy the needs have not yet been pointed out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у богатых… а у бедных","title":"Substantivized adjectives + contrastive «а»","body":"«Богатых» and «бедных» are adjectives used as nouns ('the rich', 'the poor'), in the genitive after «у». The conjunction «а» sets the two groups in balanced contrast, not opposition — 'among the rich…, whereas among the poor…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"права-то дали","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"In «права-то дали» the hyphenated «-то» stresses the known topic — 'the rights, yes, they DID grant' — setting up the contrast with «а средств… не указали». This is the emphatic «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"средств… не указали","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under negation the object shifts to the genitive: «средств… не указали» ('the means were not pointed out') uses genitive «средств» rather than accusative «средства». The verbs «дали… указали» are impersonal 3rd-plural ('they granted… they did not point out')."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богатых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"богатых","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of the preposition у","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"уединение","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an implied 'there is'","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"духовное","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самоубийство","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with уединение","gloss":"self-destruction"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедных","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of the preposition у","gloss":"the poor"},{"surface":"зависть","lemma":"зависть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уединение","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убийство","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with зависть","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to права","gloss":"mind you","note":"Colloquial '-то' adds emphasis: 'the rights, mind you, were given...'"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"were given"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"средств","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of указали","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"насытить","lemma":"насытить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival clause modifying средств","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of насытить","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"указали","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"pointed out"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b6-c3-s21","source":"Уверяют, что мир чем далее, тем более единится, слагается в братское общение тем, что сокращает расстояния, передает по воздуху мысли.","translation":"They assure us that the world, the further it goes, the more it unites, that it draws together into brotherly communion by shortening distances and conveying thoughts through the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"единится, слагается","title":"Reflexive «-ся» middles","body":"«Единится» ('unites, becomes one') and «слагается» ('forms/composes itself, draws together') are «-ся» middle verbs describing the world acting upon itself. The «-ся» turns transitive «единить/слагать» into intransitive processes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем, что сокращает расстояния","title":"Instrumental «тем, что» — means","body":"«Тем, что…» is the instrumental of «то» plus a «что»-clause = 'by (the fact of) shortening distances'. It names the means by which the world draws together. «Слагается в братское общение» uses «в» + accusative for the goal-state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверяют","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they assure us"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of единится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of единится","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate with тем, modifies далее","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of чем далее, modifies единится","gloss":"further it goes"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate with чем, modifies более","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies единится","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"единится","lemma":"единиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, correlate of чем далее","gloss":"it unites"},{"surface":"слагается","lemma":"слагаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with единится","gloss":"draws together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"братское","lemma":"братский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общение","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"общение","lemma":"общение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слагается","gloss":"communion"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the что-clause (тем, что = by the fact that)","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сокращает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сокращает","lemma":"сокращать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"shortens"},{"surface":"расстояния","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сокращает","gloss":"distances"},{"surface":"передает","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сокращает","gloss":"conveys"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздуху","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"воздуху","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передает","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of передает","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b6-c3-s22","source":"Увы, не верьте таковому единению людей.","translation":"Alas, do not believe in such a uniting of people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верьте таковому единению","title":"Negative imperative + dative object","body":"«Не верьте» is the plural/polite negative imperative of «верить», which governs the dative of what one (dis)believes: «таковому единению» ('such a uniting'). «Таковой» is the archaic-bookish form of «такой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Увы","title":"«увы» — alas","body":"An interjection of lament, 'alas', high-flown and slightly literary. It signals Zossima's sorrowful turn before the warning that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"таковому","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"единению","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"uniting"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"of people"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b6-c3-s23","source":"Понимая свободу как приумножение и скорое утоление потребностей искажают природу свою, ибо зарождают в себе много бессмысленных и глупых желаний, привычек и нелепейших выдумок.","translation":"Understanding freedom as the multiplication and swift gratification of needs, they distort their own nature, for they breed in themselves a host of senseless and foolish desires, habits, and the most absurd inventions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимая свободу как…","title":"Imperfective gerund «понимая»","body":"«Понимая» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «понимать»: 'understanding (freedom as…)'. It sets the attendant circumstance — because/while they understand freedom this way — and must share the subject of the main verb «искажают»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарождают в себе","title":"Reflexive pronoun «в себе»","body":"«В себе» ('in themselves') is the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional, pointing back to the subject 'they'. Unlike the verbal clitic «-ся», «себя» is a full pronoun and here is the object of «в» — 'they breed within themselves'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нелепейших выдумок","title":"Superlative «нелепейших»","body":"«Нелепейших» is the synthetic superlative in «-ейш-» of «нелепый» ('absurd') — 'the most absurd', genitive plural to agree with «выдумок» after «много» (implied across the list). The bookish superlative intensifies the contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on искажают","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"свободу","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Понимая","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces приумножение as complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"приумножение","lemma":"приумножение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Понимая","gloss":"the multiplication"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорое","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утоление","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"утоление","lemma":"утоление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with приумножение","gloss":"gratification"},{"surface":"потребностей","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies утоление","gloss":"of needs"},{"surface":"искажают","lemma":"искажать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they distort"},{"surface":"природу","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of искажают","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природу","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зарождают","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"зарождают","lemma":"зарождать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искажают","gloss":"they breed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of зарождают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бессмысленных","gloss":"a host of"},{"surface":"бессмысленных","lemma":"бессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies желаний","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глупых","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with бессмысленных","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"желаний","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of зарождают","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"привычек","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with желаний","gloss":"habits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепейших","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies выдумок","gloss":"the most absurd"},{"surface":"выдумок","lemma":"выдумка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with желаний","gloss":"inventions"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b6-c3-s24","source":"Живут лишь для зависти друг к другу, для плотоугодия и чванства.","translation":"They live only to envy one another, for gratification of the flesh and for vainglory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Живут лишь для зависти… для плотоугодия и чванства","title":"Purpose with «для» + genitive","body":"«Для» governs the genitive throughout — «для зависти… для плотоугодия и чванства» = 'for the sake of envy… of gratification of the flesh and of vainglory'. The repeated «для» hammers out the catalogue of base motives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чванства","title":"«чванство» — swagger, vainglory","body":"«Чванство» is puffed-up self-importance, conceited swagger — a colloquial-pejorative word. Paired with «плотоугодие» (indulgence of the flesh), it names pride as the second great worldly vice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для зависти","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зависти","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"зависти","lemma":"зависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Живут","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the idiom друг к другу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom друг к другу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the idiom друг к другу","gloss":"another","note":"друг к другу is a fixed idiom meaning 'one another'."},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плотоугодия","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"плотоугодия","lemma":"плотоугодие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with зависти","gloss":"gratification of the flesh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чванства","lemma":"чванство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with плотоугодия","gloss":"vainglory"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b6-c3-s25","source":"Иметь обеды, выезды, экипажи, чины и рабов-прислужников считается уже такою необходимостью, для которой жертвуют даже жизнью, честью и человеколюбием, чтоб утолить эту необходимость, и даже убивают себя, если не могут утолить ее.","translation":"To have dinners, equipages, carriages, rank, and slaves to wait upon them is reckoned by now such a necessity that for its sake men sacrifice even life, honor, and the love of mankind, in order to satisfy that necessity, and they even kill themselves if they cannot satisfy it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считается… необходимостью","title":"Predicate instrumental after «считаться»","body":"«Считается… необходимостью» = 'is considered (to be) a necessity', with the predicate noun in the instrumental, the regular case after «считаться / являться / стать». «Считается» is itself a «-ся» passive-middle ('is reckoned')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для которой жертвуют","title":"Relative «который» + governed case","body":"«Для которой» joins a relative clause; «который» agrees with feminine «необходимостью» in gender/number but takes the case its own role demands — genitive after «для» ('for the sake of which they sacrifice…'). The verb «жертвовать» then governs the instrumental «жизнью, честью…»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убивают себя","title":"«убивают себя» — reflexive pronoun, not «-ся»","body":"Note Dostoevsky writes «убивают себя» ('they kill themselves') with the full pronoun «себя», not «убиваются». «Себя» as a true direct object keeps the act deliberate and pointed — a small but telling choice for the theme of suicide."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выезды, экипажи, чины и рабов-прислужников","title":"Markers of rank","body":"«Выезды» = (smart) turnouts/carriage-and-team for driving out; «экипажи» = carriages; «чины» = official ranks in the Table of Ranks; «рабы-прислужники» = serf-servants who wait on one. The list catalogues the trappings of gentry status that worldly people crave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of считается","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"обеды","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Иметь","gloss":"dinners"},{"surface":"выезды","lemma":"выезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обеды","gloss":"outings"},{"surface":"экипажи","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обеды","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"чины","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обеды","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рабов","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обеды","gloss":"slaves"},{"surface":"прислужников","lemma":"прислужник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обеды","gloss":"attendants"},{"surface":"считается","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is reckoned"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такою","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необходимостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"необходимостью","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of считается","gloss":"a necessity"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жертвуют","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"жертвуют","lemma":"жертвовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on необходимостью","gloss":"men sacrifice"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жизнью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жизнью","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жертвуют","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"честью","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнью","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человеколюбием","lemma":"человеколюбие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнью","gloss":"the love of mankind"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of утолить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"утолить","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on жертвуют","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необходимость","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"необходимость","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of утолить","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убивают","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жертвуют","gloss":"they kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убивают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убивают","gloss":"they can"},{"surface":"утолить","lemma":"утолить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of утолить","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b6-c3-s26","source":"У тех, которые небогаты, то же самое видим, а у бедных неутоление потребностей и зависть пока заглушаются пьянством.","translation":"Among those who are not rich we see the very same thing, while among the poor the unsatisfied needs and the envy are for now drowned in drink.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У тех, которые небогаты, то же самое видим","title":"Correlative «тех, которые…»","body":"«У тех, которые небогаты» = 'among those who are not rich', the demonstrative «тех» (genitive after «у») set up for the relative «которые». «Небогаты» is a short-form adjective in predicate use ('are not rich')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заглушаются пьянством","title":"Passive «-ся» + instrumental of means","body":"«Заглушаются» is the imperfective «-ся» passive ('are drowned/stifled'), with «пьянством» ('by drunkenness') in the instrumental naming the means. The pattern X-ся Y-ом is Russia's everyday passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"complement of the preposition у","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of небогаты","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"небогаты","lemma":"небогатый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"are not rich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"same thing"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we see"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедных","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"complement of the preposition у","gloss":"the poor"},{"surface":"неутоление","lemma":"неутоление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive заглушаются","gloss":"the unsatisfied"},{"surface":"потребностей","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies неутоление","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зависть","lemma":"зависть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неутоление","gloss":"the envy"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглушаются","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"заглушаются","lemma":"заглушаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"are drowned"},{"surface":"пьянством","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглушаются","gloss":"in drink"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b6-c3-s27","source":"Но вскоре вместо вина упьются и кровью, к тому их ведут.","translation":"But soon, in place of wine, they will get drunk on blood — to that they are being led.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упьются и кровью","title":"Perfective future + instrumental of substance","body":"«Упьются» is the perfective future of «упиться» ('to get drunk on'), a «-ся» verb governing the instrumental of what one drinks deep of: «вином… кровью». 'They will get drunk on blood', the instrumental «кровью» carrying the horror."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к тому их ведут","title":"«вести» — being led somewhere","body":"«Ведут» (3rd-pl, agentless 'they/it lead') with «к тому» ('to that', dative after «к») = 'to that they are being led'. The choice of the unidirectional motion verb «вести» frames it as one inexorable trajectory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упьются","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вина","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упьются","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"упьются","lemma":"упиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will get drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying кровью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упьются","gloss":"on blood"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ведут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ведут","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with упьются","gloss":"are being led"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b6-c3-s28","source":"Спрашиваю я вас: свободен ли такой человек?","translation":"I ask you: is such a man free?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свободен ли такой человек?","title":"Yes/no question with «ли»; short adjective","body":"«Ли» builds the direct yes/no question, attached to the fronted, focused predicate «свободен» ('free'). «Свободен» is the short-form adjective, the form Russian uses predicatively — 'is such a man free?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Спрашиваю","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Спрашиваю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Спрашиваю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"свободен","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свободен","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свободен","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b6-c3-s29","source":"Я знал одного «борца за идею», который сам рассказывал мне, что, когда лишили его в тюрьме табаку, то он до того был измучен лишением сим, что чуть не пошел и не предал свою «идею», чтобы только дали ему табаку.","translation":"I once knew a certain \"fighter for an idea\" who himself told me that when, in prison, they deprived him of tobacco, he was so tormented by that deprivation that he very nearly went and betrayed his \"idea,\" if only they would give him tobacco.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда лишили его… табаку","title":"«лишить» + genitive of the thing taken","body":"«Лишить» ('to deprive') governs the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing: «лишили его… табаку». «Табаку» is an old partitive/second-genitive in «-у» (beside «табака»), characteristic of mass nouns in 19th-c. Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того был измучен… что","title":"«до того… что» — result clause","body":"«До того… что» = 'to such a degree that'. «Измучен» is a short passive participle ('was tormented'), and «лишением сим» ('by that deprivation') is the instrumental of cause, with the archaic post-posed «сим»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть не пошел и не предал","title":"«чуть не» — 'all but, very nearly'","body":"«Чуть не» + perfective past means an action almost happened but did not: «чуть не пошёл и не предал» = 'very nearly went and betrayed'. The «не» belongs to the idiom, not to real negation, so the meaning is affirmative-almost."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"once knew"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies борца","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"борца","lemma":"борец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"fighter"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идею","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of борца","gloss":"an idea"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies который, emphasizing the subject","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on борца","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of измучен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"лишили","lemma":"лишить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on измучен","gloss":"deprived"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of лишили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лишили","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"табаку","lemma":"табак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of лишили","gloss":"of tobacco"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlate of когда, introduces измучен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive измучен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the preposition до","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of измучен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"измучен","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывал","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"лишением","lemma":"лишение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измучен","gloss":"by the deprivation"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лишением","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of чуть не, modifies пошел","gloss":"very nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не","gloss":"almost","note":"'чуть не' + verb idiomatically means 'very nearly did X', not a true negation."},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of того (result of измучен)","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не...не, modifies предал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"предал","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идею","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"идею","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предал","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on предал","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"табаку","lemma":"табак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"tobacco"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b6-c3-s30","source":"А ведь этакой говорит: «За человечество бороться иду».","translation":"And yet a man like that says: \"I go to fight for humanity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь этакой говорит","title":"Particle «ведь» + colloquial «этакой»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'and yet, you know, a man like that says…'. «Этакой» (for «такой») is a colloquial, slightly disdainful demonstrative; here it is substantivized, 'a fellow like that'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бороться иду","title":"Verb-final emphasis; «идти» of purpose","body":"«За человечество бороться иду» fronts the goal and infinitive, leaving the motion verb «иду» last for stress — 'to fight for humanity I (now) go'. «Иду» (unidirectional 'go') with an infinitive expresses setting out to do something."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"этакой","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"a man like that"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечество","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"человечество","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бороться","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"бороться","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on иду","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I go"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b6-c3-s31","source":"Ну куда такой пойдет и на что он способен?","translation":"Well, where will such a man go, and what is he capable of?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда такой пойдет","title":"«куда» + perfective future of motion","body":"«Куда» asks 'where to' (direction, not location). «Пойдёт» is the perfective future of «пойти» ('will set off'). The rhetorical question doubts that such a man can go anywhere worthwhile."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на что он способен","title":"«способен на» + accusative","body":"«Способный на (что-то)» governs «на» + accusative for what one is capable of. «Способен» is the short-form predicate adjective — 'what is he capable of?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"such a man"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of способен","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"capable"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b6-c3-s32","source":"На скорый поступок разве, а долго не вытерпит.","translation":"Of some quick act, perhaps, but he will not hold out for long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На скорый поступок разве","title":"Particle «разве» — 'perhaps, only maybe'","body":"Here «разве» softens to a concessive 'perhaps, at most' — 'of some quick act, perhaps'. The elliptical answer reuses «способен на» from s31, so the accusative «на скорый поступок» depends on it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго не вытерпит","title":"Perfective future of endurance","body":"«Не вытерпит» is the perfective future of «вытерпеть» ('to hold out, endure to the end') — 'he will not last long'. The perfective frames endurance as a whole that he fails to complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поступок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"скорый","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поступок","gloss":"a quick"},{"surface":"поступок","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the preposition на","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытерпит","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытерпит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вытерпит","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разве","gloss":"will hold out"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b6-c3-s33","source":"И не дивно, что вместо свободы впали в рабство, а вместо служения братолюбию и человеческому единению впали, напротив, в ''отъединение'' и уединение, как говорил мне в юности моей таинственный гость и учитель мой.","translation":"And it is no wonder that instead of freedom they have fallen into slavery, and that instead of serving brotherly love and human union they have fallen, on the contrary, into separation and isolation, as my mysterious visitor and teacher told me in my youth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо свободы впали в рабство","title":"«вместо» + genitive, «впасть в» + accusative","body":"«Вместо» ('instead of') governs the genitive («свободы… служения»), while «впасть в» ('to fall into') takes «в» + accusative («в рабство… в отъединение»). The balanced 'instead of X… into Y' frame structures the whole sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как говорил мне… таинственный гость","title":"Imperfective past for remembered speech","body":"«Говорил» is imperfective past — 'as (he) used to tell me / was telling me' — fitting for recalling a teacher's words. «Мне» is the dative indirect object. The mysterious visitor is the convert Zossima describes earlier in Book VI."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«отъединение»","title":"«отъединение» vs «уединение»","body":"Zossima coins a pointed contrast: «уединение» is solitude (being alone, with a spiritual or neutral sense), while «отъединение» — in scare-quotes — is 'cutting-oneself-off', estrangement from others. The prefix «от-» ('away from') marks the sinful, anti-social isolation he condemns."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивно","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"дивно","lemma":"дивный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободы","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"впали","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of дивно","gloss":"they have fallen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рабство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рабство","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"slavery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служения","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"служения","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"братолюбию","lemma":"братолюбие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of служения","gloss":"brotherly love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"человеческому","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"единению","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with братолюбию","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"впали","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with впали (first occurrence)","gloss":"they have fallen"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впали","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отъединение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отъединение","lemma":"отъединение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впали","gloss":"separation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уединение","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with отъединение","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on впали","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of юности","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"таинственный","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"visitor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гость","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of учитель","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b6-c3-s34","source":"А потому в мире всё более и более угасает мысль о служении человечеству, о братстве и целостности людей и воистину встречается мысль сия даже уже с насмешкой, ибо как отстать от привычек своих, куда пойдет сей невольник, если столь привык утолять бесчисленные потребности свои, которые сам же навыдумал?","translation":"And so in the world the thought of serving humanity, of the brotherhood and wholeness of men, fades more and more, and in truth this thought is met now even with a sneer; for how is one to give up one's habits, where will this bondsman go if he has grown so used to satisfying the countless needs that he himself has invented?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё более и более угасает","title":"«всё более и более» — progressive intensity","body":"«Всё более и более» ('more and more', ever-increasingly) modifies «угасает» ('is fading'), an imperfective present marking an ongoing process. «Всё» + comparative is the idiom for a steadily growing tendency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как отстать… куда пойдет сей невольник","title":"Rhetorical questions with «ибо»","body":"«Ибо» ('for') introduces a chain of rhetorical questions: «как отстать от привычек…?» (infinitive of deliberation, 'how is one to give up…?') and «куда пойдёт сей невольник…?» (perfective future of motion). «Сей» again carries the archaic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые сам же навыдумал","title":"«сам же» + collective prefix «на-»","body":"«Сам же» intensifies — 'which he himself, no less, invented'. «Навыдумал» pairs the prefix «на-» (here marking a large accumulated quantity, 'invented a whole lot of') with perfective «выдумать», a colloquially expressive formation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невольник","title":"«невольник» — bondsman, slave","body":"«Невольник» (from «неволя», bondage, lack of «воля» = free will/freedom) is a captive or slave. Zossima calls the man enslaved to his own appetites a «невольник», sharpening the paradox: the 'freedom' of endless wants is bondage."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угасает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of угасает","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, intensifier","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угасает","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"угасает","lemma":"угасать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fades"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of угасает","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking служении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"служении","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of служении","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"братстве","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with служении","gloss":"the brotherhood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целостности","lemma":"целостность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with братстве","gloss":"wholeness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies целостности","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречается","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"встречается","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with угасает","gloss":"is met"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встречается","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречается","gloss":"a sneer"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отстать","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"отстать","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привычек","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"привычек","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отстать","gloss":"habits"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of привычек","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of куда-clause","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of невольник","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"невольник","lemma":"невольник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"bondsman"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привык","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привык","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"привык","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пойдет","gloss":"has grown used"},{"surface":"утолять","lemma":"утолять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of привык","gloss":"to satisfy"},{"surface":"бесчисленные","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies потребности","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of утолять","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of потребности","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of навыдумал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies навыдумал (emphatic subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сам","gloss":"indeed","note":"же here is an emphatic particle reinforcing 'сам' ('he himself'), not the ordinary conjunction 'же'."},{"surface":"навыдумал","lemma":"навыдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on потребности","gloss":"he invented"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b6-c3-s35","source":"В уединении он, и какое ему дело до целого.","translation":"He is in isolation, and what does he care for the whole.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какое ему дело до целого","title":"Dative idiom «какое дело до…»","body":"«Какое ему дело до целого» = 'what does he care for the whole', an impersonal construction: the experiencer «ему» is dative, and «до целого» ('about the whole') is «до» + genitive of the substantivized adjective «целое»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement describing он (via elided copula)","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided copula)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of дело","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дело","gloss":"the whole"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b6-c3-s36","source":"И достигли того, что вещей накопили больше, а радости стало меньше.","translation":"And they have come to this: they have heaped up more goods, and there is less joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вещей накопили больше, а радости стало меньше","title":"Genitive after «больше/меньше»","body":"Quantity words «больше/меньше» govern the genitive: «вещей… больше» ('more goods'), «радости… меньше» ('less joy'). «Стало меньше» is an impersonal 'there came to be less', the neuter perfective «стало» with no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достигли того, что","title":"«достигнуть того, что…»","body":"«Достигли того, что…» = 'they have reached the point that…', the verb «достигнуть» governing genitive «того» which is then unpacked by a «что»-clause. The balanced «больше… меньше» delivers the moral antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"достигли","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of достигли","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накопили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of накопили","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"накопили","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"have heaped up"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies накопили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of меньше","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"coordinated with накопили","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"less"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b6-c3-s37","source":"Другое дело путь иноческий.","translation":"The monastic path is a different matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Другое дело путь иноческий","title":"Zero-copula equation; idiom «другое дело»","body":"«Другое дело» ('a different matter') is an idiomatic predicate set against the subject «путь иноческий», with no verb 'is' in the present. Post-posing the adjective «иноческий» ('monastic') after «путь» is the elevated word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (with Другое)","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"иноческий","lemma":"иноческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"monastic"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b6-c3-s38","source":"Над послушанием, постом и молитвой даже смеются, а между тем лишь в них заключается путь к настоящей, истинной уже свободе: отсекаю от себя потребности лишние и ненужные, самолюбивую и гордую волю мою смиряю и бичую послушанием, и достигаю тем, с помощию божьей, свободы духа, а с нею и веселья духовного!","translation":"At obedience, fasting, and prayer they even laugh, and yet in these alone lies the path to true, genuine freedom: I cut away from myself the needs that are excessive and unnecessary, I humble and scourge by obedience my self-loving and prideful will, and thereby attain, with God's help, freedom of spirit, and with it the gladness of the spirit too!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь в них заключается путь","title":"Reflexive «заключается» + fronted «в них»","body":"«Заключается в…» ('consists in, lies in') is a «-ся» verb; «лишь в них» ('only in them') is fronted for emphasis, leaving the subject «путь» last. The «-ся» marks the abstract, intransitive 'is contained'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отсекаю… смиряю и бичую… достигаю","title":"First-person present, vivid and habitual","body":"Zossima shifts to a confessing 'I': «отсекаю… смиряю… бичую… достигаю» are all 1st-sg imperfective presents, voicing the monastic discipline as an ongoing, repeated practice rather than a one-time act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с помощию божьей","title":"Archaic instrumental «помощию»","body":"«С помощию божьей» ('with God's help') keeps the old Church-Slavonic instrumental ending «-ию» (modern «помощью»), and the possessive adjective «божья» rather than «Бога». A small liturgical fossil in the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушанием","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"послушанием","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеются","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"постом","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушанием","gloss":"fasting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молитвой","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with послушанием","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеются","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laugh"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, part of idiom между тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем, modifies заключается","gloss":"however","note":"между тем is a set phrase meaning 'yet/however', not a literal 'between that'."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies них","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключается","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"заключается","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеются","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключается","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свободе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"настоящей","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свободе","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"истинной","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоящей","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свободе","gloss":"now, at last"},{"surface":"свободе","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of путь (via к)","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"отсекаю","lemma":"отсекать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new clause (after colon)","gloss":"I cut away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отсекаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"потребности","lemma":"потребность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отсекаю","gloss":"the needs"},{"surface":"лишние","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies потребности","gloss":"excessive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ненужные","lemma":"ненужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with лишние","gloss":"unnecessary"},{"surface":"самолюбивую","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волю","gloss":"self-loving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордую","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with самолюбивую","gloss":"prideful"},{"surface":"волю","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смиряю","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волю","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"смиряю","lemma":"смирять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отсекаю (second main clause)","gloss":"I humble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бичую","lemma":"бичевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смиряю","gloss":"I scourge"},{"surface":"послушанием","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смиряю and бичую","gloss":"by obedience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достигаю","lemma":"достигать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смиряю (third main clause)","gloss":"I attain"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of достигаю (thereby)","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"помощию","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical oblique complement of достигаю","gloss":"help","note":"помощию is the archaic instrumental form of помощь ('help')."},{"surface":"божьей","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощию","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигаю","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свободы","gloss":"of spirit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, parallel to с помощию божьей","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веселья","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"веселья","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of достигаю (elided, parallel to свободы)","gloss":"the gladness"},{"surface":"духовного","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселья","gloss":"of spirit"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b6-c3-s39","source":"Кто же из них способнее вознести великую мысль и пойти ей служить — уединенный ли богач или сей ''освобожденный'' от тиранства вещей и привычек?","translation":"Which of them, then, is the more able to raise up a great thought and go to serve it — the isolated rich man, or this one, freed from the tyranny of goods and habits?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же из них способнее","title":"Comparative «способнее» + «же»","body":"«Способнее» is the simple comparative ('more able') of «способный»; «кто же из них…?» uses «же» to press the rhetorical choice. «Из них» ('of them') is genitive after «из»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уединенный ли богач или сей","title":"«ли… или» — alternative question","body":"«Уединённый ли богач или сей…?» offers the two alternatives with «ли… или» ('whether… or'). «Сей» ('this one') again the archaic demonstrative, here standing in for the freed monk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойти ей служить","title":"Dative complement of «служить»","body":"«Служить» ('to serve') governs the dative: «ей служить» = 'to serve it (the great thought)'. The chain «вознести… и пойти служить» strings two perfective infinitives — raise up, and go to serve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of способнее","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"способнее","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate, complement вознести","gloss":"more able"},{"surface":"вознести","lemma":"вознести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of способнее","gloss":"to raise up"},{"surface":"великую","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вознести","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with вознести","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of служить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"служить","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойти","gloss":"to serve"},{"surface":"уединенный","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богач","gloss":"the isolated"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уединенный, marks the disjunctive question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"богач","lemma":"богач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with освобожденный, as alternative subject","gloss":"rich man"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of освобожденный","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"освобожденный","lemma":"освободить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (substantive), masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with богач, as alternative subject","gloss":"freed one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тиранства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тиранства","lemma":"тиранство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of освобожденный","gloss":"the tyranny"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тиранства","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привычек","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вещей","gloss":"habits"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b6-c3-s40","source":"Инока корят его уединением: «Уединился ты, чтобы себя спасти в монастырских стенах, а братское служение человечеству забыл».","translation":"The monk is reproached for his isolation: \"You have shut yourself away to save your own soul within the monastery walls, and have forgotten the brotherly service of mankind.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Инока корят его уединением","title":"Accusative object first; instrumental of means","body":"«Инока» ('the monk', animate accusative = genitive form) is fronted as topic before the agentless «корят» ('they reproach'). The reproach is made «его уединением» ('with his isolation'), the instrumental naming what he is reproached with."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уединился ты, чтобы себя спасти","title":"«чтобы» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«Чтобы себя спасти» = 'in order to save yourself', «чтобы» + perfective infinitive expressing purpose with a same-subject clause. «Уединился» is the «-ся» middle ('you shut yourself away')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Инока","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of корят","gloss":"the monk"},{"surface":"корят","lemma":"корить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they reproach"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun (possessive), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive of уединением","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"уединением","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of корят","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"Уединился","lemma":"уединиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech","gloss":"you have withdrawn","note":"уединиться is the perfective reflexive verb 'to withdraw/isolate oneself'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Уединился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасти","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Уединился","gloss":"to save"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"монастырских","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies стенах","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"стенах","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спасти","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"братское","lemma":"братский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies служение","gloss":"brotherly"},{"surface":"служение","lemma":"служение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"человечеству","lemma":"человечество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of служение","gloss":"to mankind"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Уединился","gloss":"have forgotten"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b6-c3-s41","source":"Но посмотрим еще, кто более братолюбию поусердствует?","translation":"But let us see yet which of the two will do more for brotherly love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрим еще, кто… поусердствует","title":"Hortative «посмотрим» + embedded question","body":"«Посмотрим» is the 1st-plural perfective future used as 'let us see'. It heads an embedded question «кто… поусердствует» ('who will exert himself more'); «поусердствовать» is a perfective in «по-» meaning to apply some effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"братолюбию поусердствует","title":"Dative governed by «поусердствовать»","body":"«Братолюбию» is dative — the cause/end one exerts oneself for ('do more for brotherly love'). «Братолюбие» itself is a compound, брат- (brother) + -любие (love), of churchly cast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"посмотрим","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us see"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрим","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of поусердствует","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поусердствует","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"братолюбию","lemma":"братолюбие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of поусердствует","gloss":"brotherly love"},{"surface":"поусердствует","lemma":"поусердствовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause (кто...поусердствует)","gloss":"will strive"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b6-c3-s42","source":"Ибо уединение не у нас, а у них, но не видят сего.","translation":"For the isolation is not on our side, but on theirs, though they do not see it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уединение не у нас, а у них","title":"«не… а…» — corrective contrast","body":"«Не у нас, а у них» = 'not on our side, but on theirs' — the «не X, а Y» frame correcting one claim with another. The locative-possessive «у нас / у них» ('with/among us / them') localizes the isolation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но не видят сего","title":"Genitive «сего» after negation","body":"«Не видят сего» = 'they do not see this', with the archaic «сего» (genitive of «сей») where negation pulls the object into the genitive of negation. Modern phrasing would be «этого не видят»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"уединение","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula","gloss":"the isolation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates у нас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"predicate complement with у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with нас","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause introduced by но","gloss":"they see"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видят","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b6-c3-s43","source":"А от нас и издревле деятели народные выходили, отчего же не может их быть и теперь?","translation":"And from among us, even from of old, leaders of the people came forth; why, then, can there not be such now as well?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"издревле деятели… выходили","title":"Imperfective past for repeated emergence","body":"«Выходили» is imperfective past — leaders 'came forth' habitually, time and again — paired with «издревле» ('from of old'). The imperfective fits a recurring historical pattern rather than one event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отчего же не может их быть","title":"«их быть» — genitive in negated existence","body":"«Не может их быть» = 'there cannot be (any of) them', where the negated existential «быть» pulls the subject into the genitive «их». «Отчего же…?» ('why then…?') keeps the rhetorical «же»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деятели народные","title":"«деятель народный» — a leader of the people","body":"«Деятель» is one who acts publicly — a leader, doer, public figure; «народный» ('of the people') ties him to «народ». Zossima claims the monasteries have historically produced such national figures (he is thinking of saints like Sergius of Radonezh)."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выходили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies издревле","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"издревле","lemma":"издревле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходили","gloss":"from of old"},{"surface":"деятели","lemma":"деятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выходили","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"народные","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деятели","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"выходили","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came forth"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходили","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"logical subject of быть (genitive under negation)","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b6-c3-s44","source":"Те же смиренные и кроткие постники и молчальники восстанут и пойдут на великое дело.","translation":"Those same humble and meek fasters and keepers of silence will rise up and go forth to the great work.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстанут и пойдут","title":"Paired perfective futures","body":"«Восстанут и пойдут» are two perfective futures ('will rise up and go forth'), moving the prophecy forward as completed acts. «Восстать» (from «-стать», to rise) is the elevated 'arise', with prophetic colouring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постники и молчальники","title":"«постник», «молчальник» — faster, keeper-of-silence","body":"«Постник» is one who fasts (from «пост»), «молчальник» one who keeps silence (from «молчать») — a recognized ascetic discipline. Both «-ник/-льник» agent nouns name specific monastic vocations, lending the sentence concrete spiritual texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of постники","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Те","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"смиренные","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies постники","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроткие","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with смиренные","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"постники","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of восстанут","gloss":"fasters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальники","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with постники","gloss":"keepers of silence"},{"surface":"восстанут","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will rise up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстанут","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдут","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b6-c3-s45","source":"От народа спасение Руси.","translation":"From the people comes the salvation of Russia.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От народа спасение Руси","title":"Verbless aphorism, source-first","body":"A motto with no verb: «От народа спасение Руси» = 'from the people (comes) the salvation of Rus'. «От народа» (genitive of source) fronts; «спасение Руси» is the nominative subject with «Руси» in the genitive ('of Rus')."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народа","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb (comes)","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"the salvation"},{"surface":"Руси","lemma":"русь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"of Russia"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b6-c3-s46","source":"Русский же монастырь искони был с народом.","translation":"And the Russian monastery has from time immemorial been with the people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Русский же монастырь… был с народом","title":"«был с» + instrumental","body":"«Был с народом» = 'was with the people', «с» + instrumental of accompaniment. The particle «же» links contrastively to the previous line ('and the Russian monastery, for its part…')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искони","title":"«искони» — from the very beginning","body":"«Искони» is an archaic adverb, 'from time immemorial, from the very origin' (related to «кон», beginning). It places the bond of monastery and people outside ordinary historical time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"the Russian"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Русский","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"искони","lemma":"искони","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"from time immemorial"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"народом","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the people"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b6-c3-s47","source":"Если же народ в уединении, то и мы в уединении.","translation":"And if the people are in isolation, then we too are in isolation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же народ в уединении, то и мы","title":"«если…, то…» conditional with zero copula","body":"«Если…, то…» pairs protasis and apodosis ('if…, then…'), both verbless in the present: «народ в уединении… и мы в уединении». «То и мы» — 'then we too' — uses «и» as 'also'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of народ (via в)","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the implied copula","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of мы (via в)","gloss":"isolation"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b6-c3-s48","source":"Народ верит по-нашему, а неверующий деятель у нас в России ничего не сделает, даже будь он искренен сердцем и умом гениален.","translation":"The people believe as we do, and an unbelieving doer will accomplish nothing here in Russia, even were he sincere of heart and a genius in mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не сделает","title":"Negative concord «ничего… не»","body":"«Ничего не сделает» = 'will accomplish nothing', the obligatory double negation: the «ни»-word «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») requires «не» on the verb too. «Сделает» is the perfective future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже будь он искренен… и… гениален","title":"Concessive «будь он…» (imperative as subjunctive)","body":"«Будь он искренен… гениален» uses the imperative form «будь» concessively — 'even were he sincere… and a genius'. «Искренен» and «гениален» are short-form predicate adjectives, the form required after «быть» in this construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom по-нашему","role":"forms idiom with нашему, modifies верит","gloss":"our way","note":"по-нашему is a set idiom meaning 'the way we do/believe'."},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner (adverbial), dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom по-нашему, modifies верит","gloss":"our way"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неверующий","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деятель","gloss":"unbelieving"},{"surface":"деятель","lemma":"деятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделает","gloss":"doer"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сделает","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking России","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделает","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with верит","gloss":"will accomplish"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, concessive (grammaticalized imperative form), imperfective","role":"introduces the concessive clause (даже будь = 'even were')","gloss":"were","note":"даже будь + subject is a fixed concessive construction ('even were he...'), using the imperative form of быть regardless of person."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of искренен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"искренен","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective (short form), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of он in the concessive clause","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of искренен","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гениален","gloss":"of mind"},{"surface":"гениален","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective (short form), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with искренен (parallel predicate)","gloss":"a genius"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b6-c3-s49","source":"Это помните.","translation":"Remember this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это помните","title":"Imperative with fronted object","body":"«Это помните» fronts the object «это» before the plural/polite imperative «помните» ('remember this'). «Помнить» is imperfective, fitting a standing injunction to keep bearing this in mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помните","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b6-c3-s50","source":"Народ встретит атеиста и поборет его, и станет единая православная Русь.","translation":"The people will meet the atheist and overcome him, and a single Orthodox Russia will arise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встретит… поборет… станет","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"Three perfective futures drive the prophecy forward: «встретит» (will meet), «поборет» (will overcome), «станет» (will arise/come to be). Each names a single completed event in sequence — the structure of foretelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретит","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"встретит","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will meet"},{"surface":"атеиста","lemma":"атеист","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретит","gloss":"the atheist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поборет","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретит","gloss":"will overcome"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поборет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретит","gloss":"will arise"},{"surface":"единая","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Русь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"православная","lemma":"православный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Русь","gloss":"Orthodox"},{"surface":"Русь","lemma":"русь","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b6-c3-s51","source":"Берегите же народ и оберегайте сердце его.","translation":"Cherish, then, the people, and guard their heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Берегите же народ и оберегайте сердце его","title":"Imperatives + urging «же»","body":"«Берегите… оберегайте» are plural/polite imperatives ('cherish… guard'); the particle «же» after the first lends an urging, hortatory force ('do, then, cherish'). «Сердце его» post-poses the possessive for solemn weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Берегите","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Берегите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Берегите","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оберегайте","lemma":"оберегать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Берегите","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оберегайте","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun (possessive), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive of сердце","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b6-c3-s52","source":"В тишине воспитайте его.","translation":"In the silence bring them up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В тишине воспитайте его","title":"Perfective imperative + fronted adverbial","body":"«Воспитайте» is the perfective imperative of «воспитать» ('bring up, nurture'), the perfective viewing the upbringing as a task to be accomplished. «В тишине» ('in the silence', prepositional after «в») is fronted, echoing the chapter's keyword."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воспитайте","gloss":"the silence"},{"surface":"воспитайте","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of воспитайте","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b6-c3-s53","source":"Вот ваш иноческий подвиг, ибо сей народ — богоносец.","translation":"This is your monastic labor, for this people is a God-bearing one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ваш иноческий подвиг, ибо сей народ — богоносец","title":"Zero copula + «ибо» clause","body":"Both clauses are verbless: «Вот ваш… подвиг» ('here is your labour') and «сей народ — богоносец», where the dash marks the missing 'is' between two nominatives. «Ибо» ('for') links them in scriptural register, and «сей» again is the archaic 'this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвиг","title":"«подвиг» — spiritual feat","body":"«Подвиг» is a heroic deed or ascetic feat undertaken with effort and self-sacrifice; in religious use it names the monk's spiritual labour or ascetic struggle (cf. «подвижник», an ascetic). 'Monastic labor' renders this charged word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, presentative","role":"presentative particle heading the clause","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвиг","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"иноческий","lemma":"иноческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of богоносец (elided copula)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"богоносец","lemma":"богоносец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of народ (via elided copula)","gloss":"God-bearer"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b6-c3-s54","source":"Боже, кто говорит, и в народе грех.","translation":"God knows — who will deny it — there is sin among the people too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже, кто говорит","title":"Vocative «Боже»; idiom «кто говорит»","body":"«Боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» ('O God'), an exclamation here. «Кто говорит» ('who is saying otherwise', i.e. 'no one denies it') is a colloquial concessive idiom conceding the point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и в народе грех","title":"Emphatic «и» + verbless existential","body":"«И в народе грех» = '(there is) sin among the people too', verbless, with «и» as 'even/too' and «в народе» locative. The terse construction concedes that the idealized «народ» is not sinless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun (interjection), vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection heading the rhetorical aside","gloss":"God","note":"'Боже, кто говорит' is a rhetorical parenthetical aside, roughly 'God knows, who would deny it'."},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the rhetorical parenthetical clause","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грех (elided есть)","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied copula (there is sin)","gloss":"sin"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b6-c3-s55","source":"А пламень растления умножается даже видимо, ежечасно, сверху идет.","translation":"And the flame of corruption is multiplying even visibly, hour by hour, coming down from above.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пламень растления умножается","title":"Reflexive «умножается»; archaic «пламень»","body":"«Умножается» is the «-ся» middle ('multiplies, increases', intransitive). The subject «пламень» is the archaic/poetic by-form of «пламя» ('flame'), and «растления» is genitive ('of corruption')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сверху идет","title":"«сверху идёт» — coming from above","body":"«Сверху» ('from above') here means from the upper classes, the educated elite — Zossima's claim that moral corruption descends from the top of society down to the people. «Растление» is moral decay, depravity, corruption."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пламень","lemma":"пламень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умножается","gloss":"the flame"},{"surface":"растления","lemma":"растление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пламень","gloss":"of corruption"},{"surface":"умножается","lemma":"умножаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is multiplying"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видимо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умножается","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"ежечасно","lemma":"ежечасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with видимо","gloss":"hour by hour"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умножается","gloss":"is coming down"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b6-c3-s56","source":"Наступает и в народе уединение: начинаются кулаки и мироеды; уже купец всё больше и больше желает почестей, стремится показать себя образованным, образования не имея нимало, а для сего гнусно пренебрегает древним обычаем и стыдится даже веры отцов.","translation":"Isolation is setting in among the people too: there appear the fist-handed grasping men and the world-devourers; already the merchant longs more and more for honors, strives to show himself educated, having no education at all, and to this end he basely scorns the ancient custom and is even ashamed of the faith of his fathers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"образования не имея нимало","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«Не имея» is the negated imperfective gerund of «иметь» ('having no…'), and its object goes into the genitive of negation: «образования… не имея». «Нимало» ('not in the least', a «ни»-word) reinforces the negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кулаки и мироеды","title":"«кулак», «мироед» — village exploiters","body":"«Кулак» (lit. 'fist') is the grasping, money-lending rich peasant; «мироед» (lit. 'commune/world-eater') is one who 'devours the «мир»' — the peasant commune — by exploiting his neighbours. Both are loaded terms for the new rural exploiters Zossima sees corrupting the people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наступает","lemma":"наступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is setting in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies народе","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наступает","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"уединение","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Наступает","gloss":"isolation"},{"surface":"начинаются","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Наступает","gloss":"there appear"},{"surface":"кулаки","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of начинаются","gloss":"fist-handed men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мироеды","lemma":"мироед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кулаки","gloss":"world-devourers"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"купец","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Наступает","gloss":"longs for"},{"surface":"почестей","lemma":"почесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of желает","gloss":"honors"},{"surface":"стремится","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Наступает","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стремится","gloss":"to show"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"образованным","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of показать","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on показать","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"нимало","lemma":"нимало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имея","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегает","gloss":"this end"},{"surface":"гнусно","lemma":"гнусно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пренебрегает","gloss":"basely"},{"surface":"пренебрегает","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Наступает","gloss":"scorns"},{"surface":"древним","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обычаем","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"обычаем","lemma":"обычай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегает","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стыдится","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пренебрегает","gloss":"is ashamed of"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стыдится","gloss":"the faith"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"of fathers"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b6-c3-s57","source":"Ездит ко князьям, а всего-то сам мужик порченый.","translation":"He drives off to visit princes, and yet he is no more than a spoiled peasant himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ездит ко князьям","title":"Multidirectional «ездит» + «к» dative","body":"«Ездит» is the multidirectional motion verb (habitual, back-and-forth driving) — he 'keeps driving off to' the princes. «Ко князьям» is «к» + dative plural ('to the princes'); «ко» is the variant of «к» before certain clusters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужик порченый","title":"«мужик», «порченый» — a spoiled peasant","body":"«Мужик» is the (often dismissive) word for a peasant man. «Порченый» ('spoiled, damaged, tainted', from «портить») can also imply morally corrupted or even 'bewitched'. «Всего-то сам мужик» = 'he's really nothing but a peasant himself', deflating his pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ездит","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes to visit"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking князьям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"князьям","lemma":"князь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Ездит","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with Ездит","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"порченый","lemma":"порченый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"spoiled"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b6-c3-s58","source":"Народ загноился от пьянства и не может уже отстать от него.","translation":"The people have rotted away with drink and can no longer break free of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может уже отстать от него","title":"«отстать от» + genitive","body":"«Отстать от» ('to break free of, leave off') governs «от» + genitive «него» ('it', the drink). «Уже не может» = 'can no longer'. «Загноился» (s58) is a «-ся» verb, 'has festered/rotted'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загноился","title":"«загноиться» — to fester","body":"«Загноиться» (from «гной», pus) means to suppurate, fester, go rotten — a visceral, almost medical image for the people's ruin by drink. The «за-…-ся» pattern marks the onset of the festering state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загноился","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"загноился","lemma":"загноиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have rotted away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пьянства","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of загноился","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with загноился","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отстать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"отстать","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"break free"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отстать","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b6-c3-s59","source":"А сколько жестокости к семье, к жене, к детям даже; от пьянства всё.","translation":"And how much cruelty toward the family, toward the wife, toward the children even; it all comes from drink.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько жестокости к семье, к жене, к детям","title":"«сколько» + genitive; «к» + dative","body":"«Сколько» ('how much') governs the genitive «жестокости». The objects of cruelty take «к» + dative: «к семье, к жене, к детям» ('toward the family, the wife, the children'). «Даже» singles out the children for special pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от пьянства всё","title":"Elliptical «от пьянства всё»","body":"«От пьянства всё» = 'it all (comes) from drunkenness', verbless, with «от» + genitive of cause/source and «всё» ('everything') as the subject. The clipped phrasing lands the diagnosis like a refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on жестокости","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"жестокости","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семье","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"семье","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жестокости","gloss":"the family"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жене","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"жене","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with семье","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детям","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"детям","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with семье","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies детям","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьянства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пьянства","lemma":"пьянство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жестокости","gloss":"all of it"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b6-c3-s60","source":"Видал я на фабриках десятилетних даже детей: хилых, чахлых, согбенных и уже развратных.","translation":"I have seen in the factories children even ten years old: sickly, stunted, bent over, and already depraved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видал я… детей","title":"Iterative «видал»; animate accusative","body":"«Видал» is the iterative/frequentative past of «видеть» ('I have (repeatedly) seen'), more colloquial than «видел». «Детей» is the animate accusative (= genitive plural), object of seeing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хилых, чахлых, согбенных и уже развратных","title":"Adjective string in the accusative","body":"The chain of adjectives all agree with «детей» in the animate accusative plural (= genitive form, «-ых»). «Согбенных» is the bookish/archaic past passive participle of «согнуть» ('bent over'), heightening the pathos of the factory children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фабриках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"фабриках","lemma":"фабрика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Видал","gloss":"the factories"},{"surface":"десятилетних","lemma":"десятилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"ten-year-old"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies десятилетних","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Видал","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"хилых","lemma":"хилый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"чахлых","lemma":"чахлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with хилых","gloss":"stunted"},{"surface":"согбенных","lemma":"согбенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with хилых","gloss":"bent over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развратных","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"развратных","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with хилых","gloss":"depraved"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b6-c3-s61","source":"Душная палата, стучащая машина, весь божий день работы, развратные слова и вино, вино, а то ли надо душе такого малого еще дитяти?","translation":"A stifling workroom, a clattering machine, work the whole of God's day, foul words and wine, wine — but is that what the soul of so small a child still needs?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стучащая машина","title":"A '-ing' adjective: «стучащая»","body":"«стучащая» is a present active participle of «стучать» (to knock, clatter), agreeing as a feminine attributive with «машина». It packs a whole relative clause — 'a machine that clatters' — into one adjective, a markedly bookish, descriptive touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"палата","title":"«палата» — workroom, ward","body":"Here «палата» means a large workroom or chamber (as in a factory or hospital ward), not the modern 'chamber' of government. Paired with «душная» (stuffy, stifling) it sets the grim image of child labor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то ли надо душе такого малого еще дитяти?","title":"Dative experiencer + interrogative «ли»","body":"The need is framed impersonally: «душе… надо» — 'is it needful to the soul', with «душе» in the dative. The fronted «то ли» with the particle «ли» turns it into a pointed rhetorical question: 'is that what the soul needs?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дитяти","title":"«дитяти» — archaic genitive of «дитя»","body":"«дитя» (child) keeps an old declension: «дитяти» is its genitive/dative singular, governed here by «такого малого еще» (of so small a child still). The form is solemn and period-elevated beside modern «ребёнка»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Душная","lemma":"душный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies палата","gloss":"stifling"},{"surface":"палата","lemma":"палата","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"workroom"},{"surface":"стучащая","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies машина","gloss":"clattering"},{"surface":"машина","lemma":"машина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with палата","gloss":"machine"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with палата","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"работы","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of work"},{"surface":"развратные","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with палата","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with палата","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вино","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"does need"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of малого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дитяти","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дитяти","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дитяти","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b6-c3-s62","source":"Ему надо солнце, детские игры и всюду светлый пример и хоть каплю любви к нему.","translation":"It needs sunlight, children's games, everywhere a bright example, and at least a drop of love toward it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему надо солнце","title":"Dative-subject necessity: «ему надо»","body":"There is no nominative subject: «ему» (to it — the child) stands in the dative as the one who needs, and «надо» is the invariable predicate of necessity. This experiencer-first frame is the quiet engine of Zosima's tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть каплю любви","title":"«хоть каплю» — partitive of measure","body":"«каплю» (a drop) is accusative used as a small measure, and «любви» is genitive ('of love') depending on it. «хоть» softens it to 'at least a drop', a recurring rhetorical minimum in the elder's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"sunlight"},{"surface":"детские","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies игры","gloss":"children's"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"games"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всюду","lemma":"всюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пример","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"светлый","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пример","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"example"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каплю","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"каплю","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with солнце","gloss":"a drop"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каплю","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b6-c3-s63","source":"Да не будет же сего, иноки, да не будет истязания детей, восстаньте и проповедуйте сие скорее, скорее.","translation":"Let this not be, monks, let there be no torturing of children; rise up and preach this, swiftly, swiftly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не будет же сего","title":"Optative «да» + «не будет» — 'let this not be'","body":"«да» before a future verb forms a third-person wish/command ('let it... / may it...'), here negated: «да не будет» — 'let there not be'. The insistent particle «же» drives it home. Compare the liturgical «да будет» (let it be)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сего ... сие","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сего» (genitive) and «сие» (neuter) are forms of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), the elevated 19th-century / Church-Slavonic equivalent of «этот/это». It saturates Zosima's whole exhortation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстаньте и проповедуйте","title":"Imperatives «восстаньте, проповедуйте»","body":"Two plural imperatives addressed to «иноки» (the monks): «восстаньте» (rise up) and «проповедуйте» (preach), with the plural/polite suffix -те. «восстать» is solemn ('arise'), heightening the prophetic call."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истязания","title":"«истязание» — torment, torture","body":"«истязание детей» is 'the torturing of children', a heavy, bookish noun in -ние built from «истязать» (to torment). It recalls the catalogue of cruelties to children that Ivan flings at Alyosha earlier in the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the optative clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the optative clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"истязания","lemma":"истязание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"torturing"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies истязания","gloss":"of children"},{"surface":"восстаньте","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"second main verb, addressed to иноки","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проповедуйте","lemma":"проповедовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восстаньте","gloss":"preach"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проповедуйте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проповедуйте","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скорее","gloss":"swiftly"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b6-c3-s64","source":"Но спасет бог Россию, ибо хоть и развратен простолюдин и не может уже отказать себе во смрадном грехе, но всё же знает, что проклят богом его смрадный грех и что поступает он худо, греша.","translation":"But God will save Russia, for though the common man is depraved and can no longer deny himself the foul sin, he yet knows that his foul sin is cursed by God and that he does ill in sinning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, elevated subordinator 'for / because', far more solemn than «потому что». It recurs throughout this passage, giving Zosima's reasoning the cadence of Scripture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может уже отказать себе во смрадном грехе","title":"Reflexive «себе» + denial","body":"«отказать себе в чём-то» means 'to deny oneself something': «себе» is the dative reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject, and the thing denied stands after «во» in the prepositional («во смрадном грехе»). The form «во» (for «в») eases pronunciation before the consonant cluster."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простолюдин","title":"«простолюдин» — the common man","body":"«простолюдин» is a man of the common people, the lower (non-gentry) estate — literally 'a simple-folk person'. It marks the social divide Zosima will set against «высшие» (the higher classes) in the next lines."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смрадном","title":"«смрадный» — reeking, foul","body":"«смрад» is a stench, and «смрадный» 'reeking, foul' — a strong, sensory word for sin that Dostoevsky repeats. It makes vice literally malodorous, the soul's pollution felt as smell."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поступает он худо, греша","title":"Gerund «греша» — 'in sinning'","body":"«греша» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «грешить», naming the simultaneous circumstance: he acts ill 'while/in sinning'. It shares the main subject «он» and compresses the manner into one adverbial word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развратен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развратен","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развратен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"развратен","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of простолюдин, in the concessive clause","gloss":"is depraved"},{"surface":"простолюдин","lemma":"простолюдин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развратен","gloss":"the common man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развратен","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"отказать","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of отказать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"смрадном","lemma":"смрадный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грехе","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказать","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with может","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проклят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"is cursed"},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of проклят","gloss":"by God"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смрадный","lemma":"смрадный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проклят","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поступает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поступает","lemma":"поступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проклят","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"худо","lemma":"худо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступает","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"греша","lemma":"грешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступает","gloss":"in sinning"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b6-c3-s65","source":"Так что неустанно еще верует народ наш в правду, бога признает, умилительно плачет.","translation":"So that our people still believe unceasingly in righteousness, acknowledge God, and weep with tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верует народ наш в правду","title":"Inverted word order for emphasis","body":"The verb «верует» is fronted ahead of its subject «народ наш», throwing weight onto the act of believing. Russian's case endings free the order so position signals emphasis, not grammatical role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"верует","title":"«верует» — solemn 'believes'","body":"«веровать» is the elevated, religious verb 'to believe (in)', beside everyday «верить»; its form «верует» carries a Church-flavored solemnity fitting faith «в правду» (in righteousness/truth)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилительно плачет","title":"«умиление» — tender weeping","body":"«умилительно» derives from «умиление», a key Dostoevskian word for a melting, tender, joyful emotion (Orthodox spiritual tenderness). To «умилительно плакать» is to weep not from grief but from this softening of the heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of верует","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верует","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"верует","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with признает","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верует","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верует","gloss":"righteousness"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"признает","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верует","gloss":"acknowledges"},{"surface":"умилительно","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"with tenderness"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with признает","gloss":"weeps"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b6-c3-s66","source":"Не то у высших.","translation":"It is not so among the higher classes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то у высших.","title":"Verbless contrast: «не то у высших»","body":"A terse copula-less sentence: 'Not so among the higher.' «высших» is a substantivized comparative adjective ('the higher [classes]') in the genitive plural, governed by «у» (which always takes the genitive), and «не то» negates the just-described state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking высших","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of то","gloss":"the higher classes"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b6-c3-s67","source":"Те вослед науке хотят устроиться справедливо одним умом своим, но уже без Христа, как прежде, и уже провозгласили, что нет преступления, нет уже греха.","translation":"Following science, they want to order themselves justly by their own reason alone, but now without Christ, as they once did with him, and they have already proclaimed that there is no crime, that there is no longer any sin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одним умом своим","title":"Instrumental of means: «умом»","body":"«одним умом своим» is instrumental — 'by their reason alone' — naming the means by which they hope to set things right. «своим» is the reflexive possessive 'their own', pointing back to the subject «те»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет преступления, нет уже греха","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет» (there is no) governs the genitive: «преступления», «греха». This negated-existence construction obligatorily puts the absent thing in the genitive — the grammatical face of the moral claim that crime and sin do not exist."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вослед науке","title":"«вослед» — archaic 'following after'","body":"«вослед» (+ dative «науке») is a bookish, elevated preposition 'in the wake of, following after', loftier than plain «за» or «следуя». It frames the intelligentsia as trailing behind 'science' as a banner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"вослед","lemma":"вослед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науке","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"науке","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of вослед","gloss":"science"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to order themselves"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"justly"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies умом","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроиться","gloss":"by reason"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без Христа","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of без","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"провозгласили","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотят","gloss":"have proclaimed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"clausal complement of провозгласили","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"sin"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b6-c3-s68","source":"Да оно и правильно по-ихнему: ибо если нет у тебя бога, то какое же тогда преступление?","translation":"And indeed, by their reckoning that is right: for if you have no God, then what crime can there be?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если нет у тебя бога, то какое же тогда преступление?","title":"Conditional «если ... то» + genitive of negation","body":"«если нет у тебя бога» pairs the conditional «если» with «нет» governing genitive «бога» ('if you have no God'); the main clause is introduced by resumptive «то». «же» in «какое же» sharpens the rhetorical question — 'what crime then at all?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-ихнему","title":"«по-ихнему» — 'by their reckoning'","body":"«по-ихнему» is a colloquial adverb 'in their way / according to them', built on the substandard possessive «ихний» (for «их»). Its faintly folksy tone lets Zosima half-concede the logic with a shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правильно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правильно","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, describes оно","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ихнему","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ихнему","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies правильно","gloss":"their reckoning"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"adverbial clause on преступление","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of преступление","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of преступление","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какое","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b6-c3-s69","source":"В Европе восстает народ на богатых уже силой, и народные вожаки повсеместно ведут его к крови и учат, что прав гнев его.","translation":"In Europe the people are rising against the rich, already by force, and the popular leaders everywhere are driving them to blood and teaching that their wrath is just.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстает народ на богатых","title":"«восставать на» — to rise against","body":"«восстаёт народ на богатых»: the verb «восставать» governs «на» + accusative «богатых» (the rich) to mean 'rise up against'. Subject «народ» again follows the verb, foregrounding the act of revolt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже силой","title":"Instrumental of means: «силой»","body":"«силой» (by force) is an instrumental of means, here used adverbially — 'already by force'. The instrumental routinely turns a noun into the manner or instrument of the action without any preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что прав гнев его","title":"Short adjective predicate: «прав»","body":"«прав» is the short (predicative) form of «правый» — 'is right / just'. Short adjectives serve only as predicates and lend a flat, declarative force: 'their wrath is just'. Note the inversion «прав гнев его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Европе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Европе","lemma":"европа","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстает","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"восстает","lemma":"восставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is rising"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восстает","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богатых","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"богатых","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of восстает","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восстает","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"народные","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вожаки","gloss":"popular"},{"surface":"вожаки","lemma":"вожак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ведут","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведут","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"ведут","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восстает","gloss":"are leading"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ведут","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведут","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учат","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восстает","gloss":"are teaching"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прав","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of учат","gloss":"is just"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b6-c3-s70","source":"Но «проклят гнев их, ибо жесток».","translation":"But \"cursed be their wrath, for it is fierce.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проклят гнев их, ибо жесток","title":"Short passive participle + short adjective","body":"«проклят» is the short-form past passive participle of «проклясть» ('cursed [be]'), and «жесток» a short adjective ('is fierce/cruel'). Both predicate forms give the line a scriptural, sentence-of-judgment ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"проклят","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, passive participle, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cursed be"},{"surface":"гнев","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проклят","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гнев","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жесток","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жесток","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on проклят","gloss":"is fierce"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b6-c3-s71","source":"А Россию спасет господь, как спасал уже много раз.","translation":"Yet Russia the Lord will save, as he has saved her many times before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Россию спасет господь","title":"Object-first order: «Россию спасет господь»","body":"The object «Россию» (accusative) opens the sentence and the subject «господь» comes last, so the new, weighty information falls on God as the savior. The opening «А» is the soft contrastive 'and/yet', pivoting from Europe back to Russia."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасет ... как спасал уже много раз","title":"Aspect pair: «спасёт» vs «спасал»","body":"«спасёт» is perfective future ('will save', once and decisively), while «спасал» is imperfective past ('used to save', repeatedly 'many times before'). The two halves of the aspect pair contrast a single decisive rescue with a habit of rescues."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"спасал","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спасет","gloss":"has saved"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спасал","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b6-c3-s72","source":"Из народа спасение выйдет, из веры и смирения его.","translation":"From the people the salvation will come, from their faith and their humility.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из народа спасение выйдет, из веры и смирения его","title":"Fronted «из» + genitive phrases","body":"Three «из» + genitive phrases («из народа», «из веры», «из смирения») name the source of salvation and are fronted before the verb for rhetorical weight. «его» ('its/their', i.e. the people's) is the frozen genitive possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"the salvation"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веры","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смирения","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b6-c3-s73","source":"Отцы и учители, берегите веру народа, и не мечта сие: поражало меня всю жизнь в великом народе нашем его достоинство благолепное и истинное, сам видел, сам свидетельствовать могу, видел и удивлялся, видел, несмотря даже на смрад грехов и нищий вид народа нашего.","translation":"Fathers and teachers, cherish the faith of the people, and this is no fancy: all my life I have been struck, in our great people, by their dignity, comely and true; I have seen it myself, I can myself bear witness, I have seen it and marveled, I have seen it despite even the stench of sins and the beggarly look of our people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам видел, сам свидетельствовать могу","title":"Intensive «сам» — 'I myself'","body":"«сам» ('myself, in person') intensifies the implied subject «я», dropped because the verb shows person: 'I myself saw, I myself can witness'. Its anaphoric repetition builds the rhythm of personal testimony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благолепное","title":"«благолепие» — comely beauty","body":"«благолепный» (here «благолепное») is a Church-Slavonic word for a stately, decorous, holy beauty — the 'comeliness' proper to sacred things. Applied to the people's «достоинство» (dignity), it sanctifies their bearing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря даже на смрад грехов","title":"Concessive «несмотря на» + accusative","body":"«несмотря на» ('in spite of') governs the accusative «смрад» and concedes the ugliness even while affirming the dignity. «даже» ('even') strengthens the concession. The phrase is itself a frozen gerund of «смотреть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of берегите","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отцы","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"берегите","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of берегите","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"negated predicate noun, predicate of сие","gloss":"a fancy"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мечта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the сие-clause","gloss":"has struck"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поражало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration, modifies поражало","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"народе","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражало","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of достоинство","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"достоинство","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"благолепное","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"comely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"истинное","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with благолепное","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of видел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражало","gloss":"I saw it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of могу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"свидетельствовать","lemma":"свидетельствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to testify"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражало","gloss":"I saw it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражало","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражало","gloss":"I saw it"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms compound preposition несмотря на, modifies видел","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes смрад","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смрад (part of несмотря на)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"смрад","lemma":"смрад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"the stench"},{"surface":"грехов","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies смрад","gloss":"of sins"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нищий","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"beggarly"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смрад","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of the people"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b6-c3-s74","source":"Не раболепен он, и это после рабства двух веков.","translation":"He is not servile, and this after two centuries of serfdom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не раболепен он","title":"Short adjective, fronted: «не раболепен»","body":"«раболепен» is the short predicative form of «раболепный» (servile, fawning), negated and fronted: 'Servile he is not.' The short form states an essential quality flatly, in the bookish manner this whole passage favors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раболепен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раболепен","lemma":"раболепный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"is servile"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раболепен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рабства","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"рабства","lemma":"рабство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"of serfdom"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies веков","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies рабства","gloss":"centuries"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b6-c3-s75","source":"Свободен видом и обращением, но безо всякой обиды.","translation":"He is free in bearing and in manner, yet without any taking of offense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свободен видом и обращением","title":"Instrumental of respect: «видом и обращением»","body":"The short adjective «свободен» (free) is qualified by two instrumentals, «видом» (in appearance) and «обращением» (in manner), an instrumental that specifies the respect in which something holds true — 'free in bearing and in manner'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безо всякой обиды","title":"«безо всякой» + genitive of negation-like force","body":"«без» governs the genitive: «всякой обиды» ('any offense'). The expanded form «безо» appears before the consonant cluster «вс-». The phrase denies even a trace of resentment in the people's freedom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свободен","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"is free"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Свободен","gloss":"in bearing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обращением","lemma":"обращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with видом","gloss":"in manner"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обиды","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиды","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition безо","gloss":"offense"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b6-c3-s76","source":"И не мстителен, и не завистлив.","translation":"And he is neither vindictive nor envious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не мстителен, и не завистлив","title":"Paired short adjectives with «не ... и не»","body":"«мстителен» and «завистлив» are short predicative adjectives ('vindictive', 'envious'), each negated and joined by «и не ... и не» — 'neither... nor'. The bare, copula-less pair continues the catalogue of the people's virtues."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мстителен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мстителен","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vindictive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завистлив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"завистлив","lemma":"завистливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мстителен","gloss":"envious"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b6-c3-s77","source":"«Ты знатен, ты богат, ты умен и талантлив — и пусть, благослови тебя бог. Чту тебя, но знаю, что и я человек. Тем, что без зависти чту тебя, тем-то и достоинство мое являю пред тобой человеческое».","translation":"\"You are well-born, you are rich, you are clever and gifted — so be it, may God bless you. I honor you, but I know that I too am a man. In that I honor you without envy, in that very thing I show before you my human dignity.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты знатен, ты богат, ты умен и талантлив","title":"Chain of short adjectives","body":"Four short predicative adjectives — «знатен» (well-born), «богат» (rich), «умён» (clever), «талантлив» (gifted) — each predicates a quality of «ты» without a copula. The drumbeat of short forms gives the imagined commoner's speech its dignity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чту тебя","title":"«чту» — 'I honor' (from «чтить»)","body":"«чту» is the present 1st-person of «чтить» (to honor, revere), an elevated verb beside everyday «уважать». Its solemnity dignifies the poor man's regard for the rich: he honors without envy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тем, что ... тем-то и достоинство мое являю","title":"Correlative «тем... тем-то»","body":"The instrumental «тем» ('by that') sets up a correlative: 'by the very fact that I honor you without envy, by that very thing I show my dignity'. The emphatic clitic «-то» on «тем-то» underlines exactly which thing. «являю» is the bookish 'I manifest/show'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знатен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знатен","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well-born"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of богат","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"богат","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знатен","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"умен","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знатен","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"талантлив","lemma":"талантливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знатен","gloss":"gifted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a new clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благослови","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"благослови","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by пусть","gloss":"may bless"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of благослови","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благослови","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Чту","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I honor"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Чту","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Чту","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"am a man"},{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the что-clause, resumed by тем-то, modifies являю","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining Тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зависти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"зависти","lemma":"зависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"чту","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"I honor"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of чту","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"resumes Тем (w22), oblique complement of являю","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic attached to тем","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"достоинство","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of являю","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of достоинство","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"являю","lemma":"являть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, resumed correlate of Тем","gloss":"I show"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of являю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человеческое","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"human"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b6-c3-s78","source":"Воистину, если не говорят сего (ибо не умеют еще сказать сего), то так ''поступают'', сам видел, сам испытывал, и верите ли: чем беднее и ниже человек наш русский, тем и более в нем сей благолепной правды заметно, ибо богатые из них кулаки и мироеды во множестве уже развращены, и много, много тут от нерадения и несмотрения нашего вышло!","translation":"In truth, even if they do not say this (for they do not yet know how to say it), then they so act — I have seen it myself, I have experienced it myself, and would you believe it: the poorer and lowlier our Russian man, the more noticeable in him is this comely righteousness; for the rich among them, the grasping fists and world-devourers, are in their multitude already corrupted, and much, much of this has come out of our neglect and inattention!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем беднее и ниже человек ... тем и более ... заметно","title":"«чем... тем» comparative correlative","body":"«чем беднее и ниже... тем более» is the 'the more X, the more Y' construction, built from comparatives «беднее», «ниже», «более». 'The poorer and lowlier the man, the more noticeable in him is this righteousness.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"верите ли","title":"Question particle «ли»: «верите ли»","body":"«верите ли» ('would you believe') uses the enclitic «ли» to form a direct appeal to the listener, the literary alternative to mere rising intonation. It draws the audience into the elder's testimony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кулаки и мироеды","title":"«кулак», «мироед» — village exploiters","body":"«кулак» (lit. 'fist') is a grasping, money-lending well-off peasant, and «мироед» (lit. 'world/commune-eater') one who battens on the village commune («мир»). Both are bitter peasant epithets for the rural exploiter, used here for the corrupted rich among the people."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от нерадения и несмотрения нашего","title":"«нерадение», «несмотрение» — neglect","body":"Two bookish abstract nouns built with the negating prefix не-: «нерадение» (lack of care, negligence) and the rare «несмотрение» (failure to watch over). Both stand in the genitive after «от» as the cause of the corruption."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступают","gloss":"In truth"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поступают","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорят","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умеют","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause explaining говорят","gloss":"they know how"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеют","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of если, introduces the main clause поступают","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступают","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поступают","lemma":"поступать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they act"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of видел","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поступают","gloss":"I have seen it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of испытывал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"испытывал","lemma":"испытывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поступают","gloss":"I have experienced it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верите","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поступают","gloss":"would you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of беднее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"беднее","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the чем-clause, coordinated with ниже","gloss":"poorer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with беднее","gloss":"lowlier"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of беднее","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of чем, introduces the main clause, modifies заметно","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes более","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметно","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правды","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"благолепной","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"comely"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive (partitive) subject of заметно","gloss":"righteousness"},{"surface":"заметно","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate, correlate of тем","gloss":"is noticeable"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of развращены","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"богатые","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of развращены","gloss":"the rich"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"кулаки","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to богатые","gloss":"grasping fists"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мироеды","lemma":"мироед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кулаки","gloss":"world-devourers"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking множестве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"множестве","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of развращены","gloss":"multitude"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развращены","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"развращены","lemma":"развратить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"are corrupted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition, subject-like quantifier of вышло","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with много (w50)","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нерадения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нерадения","lemma":"нерадение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"neglect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотрения","lemma":"несмотрение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нерадения","gloss":"inattention"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies несмотрения","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, correlate of много...много","gloss":"has come"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b6-c3-s79","source":"Но спасет бог людей своих, ибо велика Россия смирением своим.","translation":"But God will save his people, for Russia is great in her humility.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велика Россия смирением своим","title":"Short adjective + instrumental of respect","body":"«велика» is the short feminine adjective ('is great'), and «смирением своим» an instrumental telling in what respect — 'great in her humility'. «своим» (reflexive possessive) ties the humility back to Russia herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спасет","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спасет","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of спасет","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"велика","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"is great"},{"surface":"Россия","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велика","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"смирением","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of велика","gloss":"in humility"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смирением","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b6-c3-s80","source":"Мечтаю видеть и как бы уже вижу ясно наше грядущее: ибо будет так, что даже самый развращенный богач наш кончит тем, что устыдится богатства своего пред бедным, а бедный, видя смирение сие, поймет и уступит ему с радостью, и лаской ответит на благолепный стыд его.","translation":"I dream of seeing, and seem already to see clearly, our future: for it will come to pass that even the most corrupted of our rich men will end by being ashamed of his wealth before the poor man, and the poor man, seeing this humility, will understand and yield to him with gladness, and answer with kindness his comely shame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет так, что ... кончит тем, что устыдится","title":"Correlative «тем, что» + perfective futures","body":"«кончит тем, что устыдится» literally 'will end with that, that he becomes ashamed' — the instrumental «тем» anticipates the «что»-clause. «кончит», «устыдится», «поймёт», «уступит», «ответит» are all perfective futures, marching the prophecy forward event by event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя смирение сие","title":"Gerund «видя» — 'seeing'","body":"«видя» is the imperfective present gerund of «видеть», naming the attendant circumstance: 'the poor man, seeing this humility, will understand'. It shares the subject «бедный» and folds a whole clause into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лаской ответит","title":"Instrumental of means: «лаской»","body":"«лаской» (with kindness/tenderness) is instrumental, the means of the answer: 'will answer with kindness'. «ответить на» + accusative («на стыд») gives what is answered."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грядущее","title":"«грядущее» — 'that which is to come'","body":"«грядущее» (the future, what is coming) is a substantivized participle of the Church-Slavonic «грясти» (to come, advance — cf. «грядёт», 'cometh'). It is loftier and more prophetic than plain «будущее»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мечтаю","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dream"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Мечтаю","gloss":"of seeing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу, part of как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as-if)"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of грядущее","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"грядущее","lemma":"грядущий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"it will be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будет, resumed by что-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развращенный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"развращенный","lemma":"развращенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies богач","gloss":"corrupted"},{"surface":"богач","lemma":"богач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончит","gloss":"rich man"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of богач","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause explaining так","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончит, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устыдится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"устыдится","lemma":"устыдиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause resumed by тем","gloss":"he will be ashamed"},{"surface":"богатства","lemma":"богатство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of устыдится","gloss":"of his wealth"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of богатства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедным","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"бедным","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition пред, complement of устыдится","gloss":"the poor man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поймет","gloss":"the poor man"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поймет","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"смирение","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смирение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поймет","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with устыдится","gloss":"will understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уступит","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймет","gloss":"will yield"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступит","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уступит","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лаской","lemma":"ласка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответит","gloss":"with kindness"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поймет","gloss":"will answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"благолепный","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыд","gloss":"comely"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответит","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b6-c3-s81","source":"Верьте, что кончится сим: на то идет.","translation":"Believe that it will end thus: things are moving toward it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончится сим","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental: «кончится сим»","body":"«кончиться» (intransitive 'to end', with reflexive «-ся») takes its complement in the instrumental: «сим» — 'it will end with this'. «сим» is the instrumental of archaic «сей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на то идет","title":"«на то идёт» — 'things are heading that way'","body":"An idiom: «на то идёт» means 'it is moving toward that, things are tending that way'. «на то» ('toward that') points to the foretold outcome; the colloquial turn grounds the prophecy in plain confidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Верьте","gloss":"it will end"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of кончится","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause \"на то идет\"","gloss":"it is heading"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b6-c3-s82","source":"Лишь в человеческом духовном достоинстве равенство, и сие поймут лишь у нас.","translation":"Equality lies in human spiritual dignity alone, and this will be understood only among us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лишь в человеческом духовном достоинстве равенство","title":"Zero-copula equation with «лишь»","body":"A verbless present-tense sentence: 'Equality [is] only in human spiritual dignity', with no «есть». «лишь» ('only') restricts where equality lies, and the prepositional phrase «в... достоинстве» is fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поймут лишь у нас","title":"Subjectless «поймут» — generic 'they/people'","body":"«поймут» is a 3rd-person plural perfective future with no stated subject, the generic 'one will understand / it will be understood'. 'Only among us («у нас») will this be grasped.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достоинстве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking достоинстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"человеческом","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинстве","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"духовном","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинстве","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"достоинстве","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"locative complement of the elided copula, predicate location for равенство","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"равенство","lemma":"равенство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймут","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поймут","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be understood"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b6-c3-s83","source":"Были бы братья, будет и братство, а раньше братства никогда не разделятся.","translation":"Were there brothers, there would be brotherhood too; but before brotherhood they will never divide things up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Были бы братья, будет и братство","title":"Conditional «бы» without «если»","body":"«Были бы братья» is a conditional/subjunctive — past form «были» plus the particle «бы» — with the 'if' left implicit: 'Were there brothers'. The main clause shifts to the plain future «будет», yielding a half-real, aphoristic 'if there were... there will be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не разделятся","title":"Negative concord: «никогда не»","body":"«никогда... не разделятся» pairs the negative adverb «никогда» (never) with the obligatory «не» on the verb — Russian's negative concord, where both negatives stand for a single negation. «разделятся» is reflexive 'they will divide up [property] among themselves'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"were there"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle attached to Были","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the consequent clause","gloss":"there would be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies братство","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"братство","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"brotherhood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделятся","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"братства","lemma":"братство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of раньше","gloss":"brotherhood"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделятся","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разделятся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разделятся","lemma":"разделиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"will they divide"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b6-c3-s84","source":"Образ Христов храним, и воссияет как драгоценный алмаз всему миру… Бу́ди, бу́ди!","translation":"We keep the image of Christ, and it shall shine forth like a precious diamond to all the world… So be it, so be it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Образ Христов храним","title":"Possessive adjective «Христов» + short passive «храним»","body":"«Христов» is an old possessive adjective 'of Christ / Christ's' (from a name, like «отцов», «братнин»), agreeing with «образ». «храним» is the short present passive participle of «хранить» — 'is kept/guarded' — giving a solemn, scriptural ring: 'The image of Christ is kept.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воссияет","title":"«воссиять» — to shine forth","body":"«воссияет» (perfective future of «воссиять») is an elevated, liturgical 'shall shine forth, blaze out', the prefix вос- ('up/forth') heightening «сиять» (to shine). It belongs to the language of Easter and theophany."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бу́ди, бу́ди!","title":"\"So be it!\"","body":"«Буди» is an archaic/Church-Slavonic imperative of «быть» ('to be'), equivalent to modern «пусть будет» or «да будет» — 'let it be, so be it'. It echoes the liturgical 'Amen' and the Latin 'fiat'. Note the stress marks бу́ди in the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of храним","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"Христов","lemma":"христов","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Образ","gloss":"of Christ"},{"surface":"храним","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we keep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воссияет","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with храним","gloss":"will shine forth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, marking алмаз","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"драгоценный","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies алмаз","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"алмаз","lemma":"алмаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison как","gloss":"a diamond"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миру","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воссияет","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"Бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, third, singular","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"бу́ди","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, third, singular","role":"coordinated with Бу́ди","gloss":"so be it"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b6-c3-s85","source":"Отцы и учители, произошло раз со мною умилительное дело.","translation":"Fathers and teachers, a touching thing once happened to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошло раз со мною умилительное дело","title":"Verb-first narrative + dative-like «со мною»","body":"The neuter perfective «произошло» (it happened) opens the sentence, subject «дело» last — the classic 'once there happened to me...' frame. «со мною» is the longer, slightly archaic instrumental of «я» after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отцы (vocative)","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of произошло","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"object of preposition со, complement of произошло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"умилительное","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b6-c3-s86","source":"Странствуя, встретил я однажды, в губернском городе К., бывшего моего денщика Афанасия, а с тех пор, как я расстался с ним, прошло уже тогда восемь лет.","translation":"In my wanderings I once met, in the provincial town of K., my former orderly Afanasy, and by then eight years had already passed since I had parted from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Странствуя, встретил я","title":"Opening gerund «странствуя»","body":"«странствуя» is the imperfective present gerund of «странствовать» (to wander, journey), setting the backdrop: 'wandering, I met...'. It shares the subject «я» and economically frames the encounter against Zosima's pilgrim life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошло уже тогда восемь лет","title":"Numeral «восемь» + genitive plural «лет»","body":"After «восемь» (and all numerals from five up) the counted noun takes the genitive plural: «восемь лет» ('eight years'). The verb «прошло» stays neuter singular, the default agreement for such time-quantity subjects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странствуя","lemma":"странствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретил","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I met"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"губернском","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"К.","lemma":"к.","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to городе","gloss":"K."},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative (animate=genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"modifies денщика","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of денщика","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"денщика","lemma":"денщик","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate=genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"orderly"},{"surface":"Афанасия","lemma":"афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative (animate=genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to денщика","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор, modifies прошло","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстался","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расстался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"расстался","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"had parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause coordinated with встретил","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"восемь","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b6-c3-s87","source":"Нечаянно увидел меня на базаре, узнал, подбежал ко мне и, боже, сколь обрадовался, так и кинулся ко мне: «Батюшка, барин, вы ли это? Да неужто вас вижу?»","translation":"By chance he caught sight of me at the market, recognized me, ran up to me, and — God! — how overjoyed he was, he fairly flung himself at me: \"Master, sir, is it you? Can it really be you that I see?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидел ... узнал, подбежал ко мне и ... кинулся","title":"Chain of perfectives — narrative momentum","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «увидел, узнал, подбежал, кинулся» — moves the story forward blow by blow, each a single completed event. This is the perfective's narrative job, against the imperfective's standing background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшка, барин","title":"«батюшка», «барин» — forms of address","body":"«барин» is the master/gentleman a serf serves; «батюшка» (lit. 'dear father', a tender diminutive of «батя») doubles as an affectionate address to a priest or elder. Afanasy heaps both on Zosima at once — old servant's deference fused with new reverence for the monk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ли это? Да неужто вас вижу?","title":"«ли» and «неужто» — incredulous questions","body":"«вы ли это» uses the question particle «ли» ('is it really you?'), and «неужто» is a folksy variant of «неужели», an exclamatory 'can it really be?'. Together they voice Afanasy's astonished joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидел","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базаре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"базаре","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидел","gloss":"the market"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"recognized me"},{"surface":"подбежал","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of подбежал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"God!","note":"Archaic vocative form of бог, used purely as an exclamation."},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовался","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"обрадовался","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"overjoyed he was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинулся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так, intensifying кинулся","gloss":"just","note":"'так и' is an intensifier: 'fairly flung himself.'"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to мне","gloss":"Master","note":"батюшка is grammatically masculine despite its -a ending; here a peasant's respectful address to a monk."},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Батюшка (vocative)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, predicate complement это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы, marks the question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"can it really be"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I see"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b6-c3-s88","source":"Повел меня к себе.","translation":"He led me to his home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повел меня к себе.","title":"Prefixed motion verb «повёл»","body":"«повёл» is the perfective of «вести» (to lead) with the prefix по- marking the setting-out of the action: 'he led / set off leading me'. «к себе» ('to his own place') uses the reflexive «себя» pointing back to the subject. The subject «он» is dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повел","lemma":"повести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he led"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Повел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of Повел","gloss":"his place"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b6-c3-s89","source":"Был уже он в отставке, женился, двух детей-младенцев уже прижил.","translation":"He had already left the service, had married, and had already fathered two small children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"женился, двух детей-младенцев уже прижил","title":"Reflexive «женился» + numeral object","body":"«жениться» (to marry, of a man) is a -ся verb; «двух детей-младенцев» is the object of «прижил» ('had begotten'), in the genitive plural after «два» as required by animacy and the numeral. «прижить» is a slightly old, plain word for fathering children."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with женился","gloss":"he had been","note":"Part of 'был в отставке' (had left the service), not an auxiliary of женился."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Был","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отставке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отставке","lemma":"отставка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"retirement"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"had married"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies детей-младенцев","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of compound детей-младенцев, direct object of прижил","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"младенцев","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to детей, direct object of прижил","gloss":"infants"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прижил","lemma":"прижить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женился","gloss":"had fathered"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b6-c3-s90","source":"Проживал с супругой своею мелким торгом на рынке с лотка.","translation":"He made his living with his wife by petty trade, from a stall in the market.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проживал ... мелким торгом ... с лотка","title":"Imperfective «проживал» + instrumental of means","body":"«проживал» is imperfective past, describing the ongoing way of life ('he lived / made his living'). «мелким торгом» is instrumental of means ('by petty trade'), and «с супругой своею» the comitative «с» + instrumental ('with his wife')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с лотка","title":"«лоток» — a market tray/stall","body":"A «лоток» is a flat tray or open stall a petty trader sells from; «торговать с лотка» is to hawk goods from such a stand. The detail fixes Afanasy's humble place in the market economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проживал","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he made his living"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Проживал","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мелким","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies торгом","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"торгом","lemma":"торг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Проживал","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рынке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рынке","lemma":"рынок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies торгом","gloss":"the market"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лотка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лотка","lemma":"лоток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies торгом","gloss":"a stall"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b6-c3-s91","source":"Комнатка у него бедная, но чистенькая, радостная.","translation":"His little room was poor, but clean and cheerful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Комнатка ... чистенькая","title":"Affectionate diminutives: «комнатка», «чистенькая»","body":"«комнатка» (little room, from «комната») and «чистенькая» (with the endearing -еньк- suffix on «чистый») carry warmth and tenderness, not mere smallness. They color the poor room as snug and lovingly kept."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Комнатка у него бедная","title":"Possession with «у него» + zero copula","body":"«у него» ('at him' = he has) + nominative «комнатка» is the standard Russian way of saying 'his room', with no verb in the present. The predicate adjectives «бедная, чистенькая, радостная» stand without a copula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Комнатка","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бедная","gloss":"his little room"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Комнатка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бедная","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective","gloss":"was poor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чистенькая","lemma":"чистенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедная","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"радостная","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бедная","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b6-c3-s92","source":"Усадил меня, самовар поставил, за женой послал, точно я праздник какой ему сделал, у него появившись.","translation":"He seated me, set the samovar going, sent for his wife, as though I had given him some holiday by appearing at his house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Усадил ... самовар поставил, за женой послал","title":"Perfective chain of hospitality","body":"Three perfective pasts — «усадил, поставил, послал» — list the completed acts of welcome one after another. «за женой послал» is 'sent for his wife' («за» + instrumental marking the goal of fetching)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно я праздник какой ему сделал, у него появившись","title":"Gerund «появившись» — having appeared","body":"«появившись» is the perfective past gerund of «появиться» ('having appeared'), giving the prior circumstance: 'by appearing at his place'. «точно» here means 'as if', and «праздник какой» is colloquial inversion for «какой-то праздник» (some holiday)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Усадил","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he seated"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Усадил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"the samovar"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Усадил","gloss":"set going"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"женой","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Усадил","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"праздник","lemma":"праздник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"a holiday"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of праздник","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Усадил","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появившись","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"появившись","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying сделал","gloss":"by appearing"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b6-c3-s93","source":"Подвел ко мне деток: «Благословите, батюшка».","translation":"He brought his little ones to me: \"Bless them, Father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подвел ко мне деток","title":"Prefixed motion «подвёл» + diminutive «деток»","body":"«подвёл» (perfective of «подводить/подвести», prefix под- 'up to') means 'led up to': he brought the children over to Zosima. «деток» is the affectionate diminutive genitive plural of «дети» — 'the dear little ones'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Благословите, батюшка","title":"Imperative «благословите»","body":"«благословите» is the plural/polite imperative of «благословить» (to bless): Afanasy asks the monk to bless his children. The act of seeking a blessing from an elder («батюшка») is a core gesture of Orthodox piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подвел","lemma":"подвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he brought"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подвел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Подвел","gloss":"his little ones"},{"surface":"Благословите","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"bless them"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b6-c3-s94","source":"— «Мне ли благословлять, — отвечаю ему, — инок я простой и смиренный, бога о них помолю, а о тебе, Афанасий Павлович, и всегда, на всяк день, с того самого дня, бога молю, ибо с тебя, говорю, всё и вышло».","translation":"\"Is it for me to bless them,\" I answer him, \"a simple and humble monk that I am; I shall pray to God for them, and for you, Afanasy Pavlovich, I have always prayed, every single day, ever since that very day, for from you,\" I say, \"it all came to be.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне ли благословлять","title":"Dative subject + «ли»: 'is it for me to bless?'","body":"A dative-experiencer rhetorical question: «мне» (to me) + infinitive «благословлять», with «ли» making it a self-deprecating query — 'is it for me to bless?'. The dative-plus-infinitive frame asks who is fit for the deed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"инок я простой и смиренный","title":"«инок», «смиренный» — humble monk","body":"Zosima calls himself «инок... смиренный», a 'humble monk' — «смиренный» (meek, humble) being the adjectival face of the cardinal virtue «смирение». The self-naming as «инок» (monk) and the inversion give the line its self-abasing solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всяк день","title":"«на всяк день» — archaic 'every day'","body":"«на всяк день» uses the truncated old form «всяк» for «всякий» — a Church-Slavonic-flavored 'on every day, daily'. It lends Zosima's promise of constant prayer a liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of благословлять","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мне, marks the question","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"благословлять","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to bless them"},{"surface":"отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to благословлять","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition to я","gloss":"a monk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implicit 'am' (инок я)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"простой","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренный","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with простой","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помолю","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of помолю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"помолю","lemma":"помолить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with благословлять","gloss":"I shall pray"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of молю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Афанасий","lemma":"Афанасий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе","gloss":"Afanasy"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Афанасий","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молю","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день (phrase на всяк день)","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase на всяк день, modifies молю","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase с того самого дня, modifies молю","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молю","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"молю","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with помолю","gloss":"I pray"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical insertion","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"came to be"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b6-c3-s95","source":"И объяснил ему я это как умел.","translation":"And I explained this to him as best I could.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объяснил ему я это как умел","title":"«как умел» — imperfective of ability","body":"«как умел» ('as I was able / as best I could') uses the imperfective past of «уметь» to describe an ongoing, attempted manner. The completed act «объяснил» (explained) is perfective; the contrast pins a finished deed against a halting effort."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I explained"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on объяснил","gloss":"best I could"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b6-c3-s96","source":"Так что же человек: смотрит на меня и всё не может представить, что я, прежний барин его, офицер, пред ним теперь в таком виде и в такой одежде: заплакал даже.","translation":"And what does the man do: he looks at me and still cannot grasp that I, his former master, an officer, now stand before him in such a guise and in such garments; he even wept.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрит на меня и всё не может представить","title":"Present-tense vividness + «всё»","body":"Zosima slips into the present («смотрит... не может») for narrative immediacy, reliving the scene. The adverb «всё» here means 'still, keeps on' — 'still cannot grasp', stressing the persisting bewilderment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я ... пред ним теперь в таком виде","title":"«пред» — archaic 'before'","body":"«пред» (+ instrumental «ним») is the bookish, shortened form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), favored in elevated and Church register. «в таком виде и в такой одежде» pairs prepositional phrases describing his changed appearance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of implied verb, introduces question","gloss":"what","note":"Colloquial 'так что же человек [делает]' — an implied verb is elided before the colon."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic subject, elaborated by смотрит","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate verb of человек","gloss":"he looks"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause (я...в таком виде)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied стою (elliptical)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барин","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of барин","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of implied стою","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implied стою","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of implied стою","gloss":"a guise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of одежде","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"одежде","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with виде","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрит (separate clause)","gloss":"he even wept"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b6-c3-s97","source":"«Чего же ты плачешь, — говорю ему, — незабвенный ты человек, лучше повеселись за меня душой, милый, ибо радостен и светел путь мой».","translation":"\"Why do you weep,\" I say to him, \"you unforgettable man; rather be glad in your soul for my sake, dear one, for joyful and bright is my path.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего же ты плачешь","title":"Genitive «чего» + emphatic «же»","body":"«Чего же ты плачешь» uses the genitive interrogative «чего» (lit. 'of what / why') with «же» adding insistent warmth — 'why ever do you weep?'. «чего» for «почему» is a slightly colloquial, intimate turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше повеселись за меня душой","title":"Imperative «повеселись» + instrumental «душой»","body":"«повеселись» is a reflexive perfective imperative ('cheer up, be glad') and «душой» an instrumental of respect — 'be glad in your soul'. «за меня» means 'for my sake / on my behalf'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незабвенный","title":"«незабвенный» — unforgettable, cherished","body":"«незабвенный» (lit. 'un-forgettable', from «забвение», oblivion) is an elevated, affectionate epithet for someone dear who can never be forgotten. Applied to a former servant, it is itself a tender leveling of rank."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement (why) of плачешь","gloss":"why","note":"Idiomatic genitive 'чего' meaning 'why', not a direct object."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плачешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"плачешь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you weep"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical insertion","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"незабвенный","lemma":"незабвенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unforgettable"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject in vocative phrase, coordinated with человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (parenthetical)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повеселись","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"повеселись","lemma":"повеселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плачешь","gloss":"be glad"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of повеселись","gloss":"my sake"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повеселись","gloss":"in your soul"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of радостен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"радостен","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with светел, describing путь","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светел","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with радостен, describing путь","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of радостен/светел","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путь","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b6-c3-s98","source":"Многого не говорил, а всё охал и качал на меня головой умиленно.","translation":"He said little, only kept sighing and shaking his head at me with tenderness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Многого не говорил","title":"Genitive of negation: «многого не говорил»","body":"The object shifts to genitive under negation: «многого» ('much') rather than accusative «многое», because «не говорил» negates the verb. The genitive of negation is especially natural with such non-specific quantities."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё охал и качал ... головой умиленно","title":"«охать», «умилённо» — sighing with tenderness","body":"«охать» is to sigh or groan softly ('oh, oh'), and «всё» here means 'kept on'. «умилённо» again invokes «умиление», that melting tenderness — Afanasy shakes his head not in dismay but in moved devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многого","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"much","note":"Genitive object triggered by the negated verb (не говорил многого)."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"охал","lemma":"охать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"sighing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"качал","lemma":"качать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of качал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of качал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies качал","gloss":"with tenderness"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b6-c3-s99","source":"«Где же ваше, спрашивает, богатство?»","translation":"\"Where, then,\" he asks, \"is your fortune?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же ваше ... богатство?","title":"Particle «же» in a question + «вы» of respect","body":"«Где же» adds the insistent particle «же» — 'where, then?'. The possessive «ваше» uses the polite/plural «вы» form: even now Afanasy keeps the deferential «вы» toward his old master, the speech-habit of rank."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивает","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of богатство","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"спрашивает","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (parenthetical)","gloss":"he asks"},{"surface":"богатство","lemma":"богатство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical Где-clause (predicate implied)","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b6-c3-s100","source":"Отвечаю ему: «В монастырь отдал, а живем мы в общежитии».","translation":"I answer him: \"I gave it to the monastery, and we live in community.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В монастырь отдал","title":"Accusative of direction: «в монастырь»","body":"«в монастырь» (accusative) marks motion/direction — 'gave [it] to the monastery'. With «в» the accusative means 'into/to' a destination, against the prepositional «в монастыре» that would mean 'in the monastery'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отвечаю","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I answer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Отвечаю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"I gave it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живем","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отдал","gloss":"we live"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of живем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общежитии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"общежитии","lemma":"общежитие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живем","gloss":"community"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b6-c3-s101","source":"После чаю стал я прощаться с ними, и вдруг вынес он мне полтину, жертву на монастырь, а другую полтину, смотрю, сует мне в руку, торопится: «Это уж вам, говорит, странному, путешествующему, пригодится вам, может, батюшка».","translation":"After tea I began to take my leave of them, and suddenly he brought out half a ruble for me, an offering for the monastery, and another half-ruble, I see, he is thrusting into my hand, hurrying: \"This is for you,\" he says, \"a wandering, traveling man; it may come in useful to you, Father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрю, сует мне в руку, торопится","title":"Historic present: «смотрю, сует, торопится»","body":"Zosima switches to vivid present-tense verbs («смотрю» I see, «сует» he thrusts, «торопится» he hurries) to make the past moment immediate. The imperfective «сует/торопится» render the action as caught in mid-process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам, странному, путешествующему","title":"Participle in apposition: «путешествующему»","body":"«путешествующему» is a present active participle of «путешествовать» (travelling), agreeing with dative «вам» — 'to you, a travelling man'. «странному» here means 'wandering' (a pilgrim, from «странник»), not 'strange'. Both modifiers stand in the dative apposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаю","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прощаться","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to take leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of прощаться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вынес","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"he brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вынес","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"полтину","lemma":"полтина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"half a ruble"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полтину","gloss":"an offering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жертву","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полтину","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"полтину","lemma":"полтина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полтину","gloss":"half-ruble"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал (parenthetical)","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"сует","lemma":"совать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"thrusting"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сует","gloss":"into my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сует","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"торопится","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пригодится","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of elliptical есть (this is for you)","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical insertion","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"странному","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вам (describing the traveler)","gloss":"a wanderer"},{"surface":"путешествующему","lemma":"путешествующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"in apposition to вам, coordinated with странному","gloss":"traveling"},{"surface":"пригодится","lemma":"пригодиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted sentence","gloss":"will be useful"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пригодится","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (perhaps), modifies пригодится","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b6-c3-s102","source":"Принял я его полтину, поклонился ему и супруге его и ушел обрадованный и думаю дорогой: «Вот мы теперь оба, и он у себя, и я, идущий, охаем, должно быть, да усмехаемся радостно, в веселии сердца нашего, покивая головой и вспоминая, как бог привел встретиться».","translation":"I took his half-ruble, bowed to him and to his wife, and went away gladdened, thinking along the road: \"Here we both are now, he at his own home and I on my way, and we sigh, no doubt, and smile to ourselves with joy, in the gladness of our hearts, nodding our heads and remembering how God brought us to meet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ушел обрадованный","title":"Short→long passive participle as predicate-attribute","body":"«обрадованный» is the past passive participle of «обрадовать» (to gladden), long form, agreeing with the implied «я»: he left 'gladdened'. Such a participle riding on a verb of motion describes the state in which one departs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покивая головой и вспоминая","title":"Gerund pair: «покивая ... вспоминая»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds, «покивая» (nodding) and «вспоминая» (remembering), stack attendant circumstances onto «охаем... усмехаемся». The piling of gerunds is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я, идущий","title":"Substantivized participle «идущий»","body":"«идущий» (present active participle of «идти», 'going') here stands in apposition to «я» — 'I, the one going / on my way', set against «он у себя» ('he at home'). A which-clause squeezed into a single word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Принял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of полтину","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"полтину","lemma":"полтина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Принял","gloss":"half-ruble"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Принял","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of супруге","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Принял","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"обрадованный","lemma":"обрадованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective describing the subject of ушел","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Принял","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаю","gloss":"along the road"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оба","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оба","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"in apposition to мы (both)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical есть (он у себя)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of elliptical есть, phrase у себя (at home)","gloss":"his own home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with он (subject of охаем)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"идущий","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies я (appositive participle)","gloss":"on my way"},{"surface":"охаем","lemma":"охать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the мы-clause (parallel to усмехаемся)","gloss":"we sigh"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical (apparently), modifies охаем","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be","note":"'должно быть' together is the idiom 'apparently, no doubt.'"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усмехаемся","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with охаем","gloss":"we smile"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехаемся","gloss":"with joy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"веселии","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехаемся","gloss":"the gladness"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселии","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"покивая","lemma":"покивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying усмехаемся (nodding heads)","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of покивая","gloss":"our heads"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспоминая","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покивая","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминая","gloss":"brought us"},{"surface":"встретиться","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of привел","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b6-c3-s103","source":"И больше я уж с тех пор никогда не видал его.","translation":"And after that I never saw him again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше я уж ... никогда не видал его","title":"Stacked negation: «никогда не видал»","body":"«никогда... не видал» is negative concord (never + не), and «больше... не» adds 'no more'. «видал» is the imperfective (iterative) past of «видеть», fitting a 'never again saw' that denies any recurrence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"after that","note":"'больше...никогда' together mean 'never again.'"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (phrase с тех пор)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of temporal phrase с тех пор, modifies видал","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I see"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b6-c3-s104","source":"Был я ему господин, а он мне слуга, а теперь, как облобызались мы с ним любовно и в духовном умилении, меж нами великое человеческое единение произошло.","translation":"I had been his master and he my servant, but now, when we kissed each other lovingly and in spiritual tenderness, a great human union came to pass between us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был я ему господин, а он мне слуга","title":"Nominative predicate in the past + «а»","body":"Note the bare nominative predicates «господин» and «слуга» after «был» (rather than the expected instrumental «господином»), a folksy/archaic flavor stressing fixed roles. The contrastive «а» pivots between the two ranks: 'I was his master, and he my servant.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызались","title":"«облобызаться» — to kiss solemnly","body":"«облобызаться» is an archaic, elevated reciprocal verb for embracing and kissing each other (from «лобзать», to kiss) — far loftier than «поцеловаться». It marks the kiss as a solemn, almost liturgical act of union."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"великое человеческое единение произошло","title":"Subject-last for emphasis","body":"The subject «единение» (union) and its adjectives stand before the verb, with «произошло» rounding the sentence — the new content ('a great human union') is foregrounded. «единение» (spiritual union, oneness) is a key Dostoevskian ideal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking я to the predicate господин","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative complement of господин","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слуга","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative complement of слуга","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with господин","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of облобызались","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"облобызались","lemma":"облобызаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause (adverbial on произошло)","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of облобызались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облобызались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любовно","lemma":"любовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облобызались","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"духовном","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умилении","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"умилении","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любовно, modifies облобызались","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"between","note":"Archaic/poetic variant of между (\"between, among\")."},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of меж","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единение","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"человеческое","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единение","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"единение","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b6-c3-s105","source":"Думал я о сем много, а теперь мыслю так: неужели так недоступно уму, что сие великое и простодушное единение могло бы в свой срок и повсеместно произойти меж наших русских людей?","translation":"I have thought much about this, and now I think thus: can it really be so beyond the mind's reach that this great and simple-hearted union might in its own season come to pass everywhere among our Russian people?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужели так недоступно уму, что ...","title":"Impersonal predicate + «неужели»","body":"An impersonal frame: «недоступно уму» — 'inaccessible to the mind' — with «уму» in the dative as the faculty reached, and a «что»-clause as the real subject. «неужели» voices incredulity: 'can it really be so beyond the mind?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могло бы ... произойти","title":"Conditional «бы»: «могло бы произойти»","body":"«могло бы произойти» is the conditional/subjunctive — neuter past «могло» plus «бы» plus infinitive — 'might come to pass'. The particle «бы» softens the prophecy into a hypothetical possibility weighed by the mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Думал","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей/сие/сем/сему = modern этот (\"this\")."},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Думал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Думал","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недоступно","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недоступно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"недоступно","lemma":"недоступный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"beyond reach"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of недоступно","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of недоступно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of единение","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей/сие = modern этот."},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единение","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великое, modifies единение","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"единение","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (subject of недоступно)","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"season"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повсеместно","lemma":"повсеместно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойти","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with могло","gloss":"come to pass"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among","note":"Archaic/poetic variant of между."},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"русских","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of меж","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b6-c3-s106","source":"Верую, что произойдет, и сроки близки.","translation":"I believe that it will come to pass, and that the time is near.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Верую, что произойдет","title":"«верую» — credo","body":"«верую» (1st-person of «веровать») is the solemn 'I believe' of the Creed («Верую во единого Бога»). Used absolutely here, it gives Zosima's conviction the weight of an article of faith, not mere opinion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Верую","gloss":"will come to pass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сроки","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of близки","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"близки","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b6-c3-s107","source":"А про слуг прибавлю следующее: сердился я прежде, юношею, на слуг много: «кухарка горячо подала, денщик платье не вычистил».","translation":"And about servants I will add the following: in my youth I used to grow angry with servants often: \"the cook served it too hot, the orderly did not brush the clothes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердился я прежде, юношею","title":"Imperfective habit + instrumental «юношею»","body":"«сердился» is imperfective past for a recurring habit ('used to get angry'). «юношею» (older instrumental of «юноша», youth) is a predicate/appositive instrumental — 'as a youth', i.e. while I was young — the instrumental that frames a temporary state or role."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кухарка горячо подала","title":"«кухарка» — the cook (f.)","body":"A «кухарка» is a (woman) cook, a household servant. The remembered complaints — the cook served it too hot, the orderly failed to brush the coat — are deliberately trivial, exposing the pettiness of a young master's pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of про","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"прибавлю","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will add"},{"surface":"следующее","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прибавлю","gloss":"the following"},{"surface":"сердился","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердился","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"юношею","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicative instrumental of state, modifies сердился","gloss":"as a young man","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою; modern form is юношей."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of на","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердился","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"кухарка","lemma":"кухарка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подала","gloss":"the cook"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подала","gloss":"too hot"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the quoted remark","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"денщик","lemma":"денщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вычистил","gloss":"the orderly"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вычистил","gloss":"the clothes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вычистил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"вычистил","lemma":"вычистить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подала, verb of the second quoted remark","gloss":"brush"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b6-c3-s108","source":"Но озарила меня тогда вдруг мысль моего милого брата, которую слышал от него в детстве моем: «Стою ли я того и весь-то, чтобы мне другой служил, а чтоб я, за нищету и темноту его, им помыкал?»","translation":"But then a thought of my dear brother's suddenly lit up within me, one I had heard from him in my childhood: \"Am I worth it, even all of me, that another should serve me, and that I, for his poverty and ignorance, should order him about?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озарила меня ... мысль ... которую слышал","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» joins the relative clause, agreeing in gender/number with «мысль» (feminine singular) but taking the accusative as object of «слышал» — 'a thought... which I had heard'. The main verb «озарила» ('lit up, illumined') foregrounds the suddenness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стою ли я того ... чтобы мне другой служил","title":"«ли» question + «чтобы» purpose clause","body":"«Стою ли я того» asks with «ли» 'am I worth it?' («того», genitive, governed by «стоить»). The «чтобы»-clause with past-form «служил» expresses the willed/hypothetical outcome — 'that another should serve me'. The «что/чтобы» distinction marks fact vs. willed purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"озарила","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of озарила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озарила, intensifies тогда","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of озарила","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брата","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"милого","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брата","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"brother's"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мысль","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"детстве","lemma":"детство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"childhood"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of детстве","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"am I worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question, follows Стою","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Стою","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying весь-то","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with того, appositive to я","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to весь","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis, roughly \"even all of me.\""},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of служил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause of purpose, complement of того","gloss":"should serve"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помыкал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помыкал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищету","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нищету","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of за","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"темноту","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нищету","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нищету и темноту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of помыкал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"помыкал","lemma":"помыкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб-clause, coordinated with служил","gloss":"order about"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b6-c3-s109","source":"И подивился я тогда же, сколь самые простые мысли, воочию ясные, поздно появляются в уме нашем.","translation":"And I marveled then how the very simplest thoughts, plain to the very eye, appear so late in our minds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь самые простые мысли ... поздно появляются","title":"«сколь» — archaic 'how'","body":"«сколь» is the bookish/archaic equivalent of «как / насколько» ('how, to what degree'), governing the exclamation: 'how late the simplest thoughts appear'. «появляются» is imperfective present stating a general truth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воочию ясные","title":"«воочию» — plain to the eye","body":"«воочию» (lit. 'in the very eyes', an old locative of «око», eye) means 'with one's own eyes, manifestly, palpably'. «воочию ясные» = 'plain to the very eye'. The word carries a Church-Slavonic «око» rather than modern «глаз»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подивился","lemma":"подивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I marveled"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подивился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подивился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тогда","gloss":"right","note":"тогда же ~ \"right then, at that very time.\""},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно (how late), introduces the clause complement of подивился","gloss":"how","note":"Archaic degree adverb, modern equivalent насколько/как."},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies простые","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"простые","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of появляются","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"воочию","lemma":"воочию","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясные","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"ясные","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появляются","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"появляются","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the сколь-clause (complement of подивился)","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появляются","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b6-c3-s110","source":"Без слуг невозможно в миру, но так сделай, чтобы был у тебя твой слуга свободнее духом, чем если бы был не слугой.","translation":"Without servants it is impossible in the world, but so act that your servant be freer in spirit than if he were not a servant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так сделай, чтобы был у тебя твой слуга свободнее духом","title":"Imperative + «чтобы» result clause","body":"«сделай» is a perfective imperative; the «чтобы»-clause with past-form «был» states the willed result. «свободнее» is a predicative comparative ('freer'), qualified by instrumental «духом» (in spirit). «свободнее, чем если бы был не слугой» adds a conditional comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем если бы был не слугой","title":"Comparative + conditional «если бы»","body":"The comparison closes with a counterfactual: «чем если бы был не слугой» — 'than if he were not a servant'. «если бы был» is the conditional (past «был» + «бы»), and «слугой» the predicate instrumental after «быть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of Без","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделай","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with невозможно","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был, complement of сделай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking слуга to свободнее","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of у","gloss":"you","note":"у тебя твой слуга = idiomatic possessive, \"your servant\" (lit. \"at you, your servant\")."},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слуга","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был/свободнее","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"свободнее","lemma":"свободный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"freer"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свободнее","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to слугой","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слугой","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (comparison clause)","gloss":"a servant"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b6-c3-s111","source":"И почему я не могу быть слугою слуге моему и так, чтобы он даже видел это, и уж безо всякой гордости с моей стороны, а с его — неверия?","translation":"And why can I not be a servant to my servant, and so that he even sees it, and with no pride at all on my part, and no unbelief on his?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему я не могу быть слугою слуге моему","title":"Predicate instrumental + dative complement","body":"«быть слугою» puts the predicate noun «слугою» (servant) in the instrumental after «быть», while «слуге моему» is dative — 'to be a servant to my servant'. The two cases pivot the paradox of master serving servant on a single noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"безо всякой гордости ... а с его — неверия","title":"Parallel genitives after «без» / «с»","body":"«безо всякой гордости» (genitive after «без») is balanced by an elliptical «с его [стороны] неверия» — 'and on his part, no unbelief'. The «а» marks the contrastive pivot from 'my pride' to 'his unbelief'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слугою","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слугою","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"a servant"},{"surface":"слуге","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of слугою","gloss":"to my servant"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слуге","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with the чтобы-clause (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"without","note":"безо is the pre-vocalic/pre-cluster variant of без."},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of безо","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies гордости","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking его","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of с (elided стороны)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"неверия","lemma":"неверие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гордости","gloss":"unbelief"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b6-c3-s112","source":"Почему не быть слуге моему как бы мне родным, так что приму его наконец в семью свою и возрадуюсь сему?","translation":"Why should my servant not be as one of my own kin, so that at last I take him into my family and rejoice in it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему не быть слуге моему как бы мне родным","title":"Dative + infinitive: deliberative question","body":"«Почему не быть слуге моему...» uses dative «слуге моему» plus infinitive «быть» — a dative-and-infinitive deliberative ('why should my servant not be...'). «родным» is predicate instrumental ('as kin'), and «как бы» softens it to 'as it were'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приму его наконец в семью свою и возрадуюсь сему","title":"Perfective futures + «-ся» verb","body":"«приму» (will take in) and «возрадуюсь» are perfective futures; «возрадоваться» is the elevated reflexive 'rejoice' (prefix воз-, Church-flavored) governing the dative «сему» ('in this'). «свою» is the reflexive possessive 'my own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слуге","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of быть","gloss":"my servant"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слуге","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родным (as if)","gloss":"as","note":"как бы = \"as if, as it were.\""},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of родным","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"родным","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"kin"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the subordinator так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the subordinator так что, introduces the clause of приму","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"I will take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приму","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"семью","lemma":"семья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of в","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of семью","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возрадуюсь","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приму","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of возрадуюсь","gloss":"in it","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей/сему = modern этот/этому."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b6-c3-s113","source":"Даже и теперь еще это так исполнимо, но послужит основанием к будущему уже великолепному единению людей, когда не слуг будет искать себе человек и не в слуг пожелает обращать себе подобных людей, как ныне, а, напротив, изо всех сил пожелает стать сам всем слугой по Евангелию.","translation":"Even now this is so achievable, but it will serve as the foundation for that future, already magnificent union of men, when man will no longer seek servants for himself nor wish to turn his fellow men into servants, as now, but, on the contrary, will wish with all his might to become himself the servant of all, according to the Gospel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда не слуг будет искать ... а ... пожелает стать сам всем слугой","title":"Genitive object + predicate instrumental «слугой»","body":"«не слуг будет искать» shifts the object to genitive plural «слуг» under negation. «стать... всем слугой» puts the role-noun «слугой» in the instrumental after «стать» (to become), with dative «всем» ('to all') — 'become the servant of all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces Даже, modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнимо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнимо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of исполнимо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнимо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"исполнимо","lemma":"исполнимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"achievable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"послужит","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исполнимо","gloss":"will serve"},{"surface":"основанием","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of послужит","gloss":"as the foundation"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущему","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies великолепному","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"великолепному","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with будущему, modifies единению","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"единению","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of к","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies единению","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет искать","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слуг","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of искать (genitive of negation)","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of искать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of искать","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of искать","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слуг","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of в","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"пожелает","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with искать","gloss":"will wish"},{"surface":"обращать","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелает","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обращать","gloss":"for himself"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of обращать","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ныне","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелает (w40), on the contrary","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with","note":"изо is the pre-vocalic/pre-cluster variant of из."},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of изо","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"пожелает","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the earlier пожелает (w28), continues the когда-clause","gloss":"will wish"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелает","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to the implied subject человек, modifies стать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слугой","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"слугой","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Евангелию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"Евангелию","lemma":"Евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по","gloss":"the Gospel"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b6-c3-s114","source":"И неужели сие мечта, чтобы под конец человек находил свои радости лишь в подвигах просвещения и милосердия, а не в радостях жестоких, как ныне, — в объядении, блуде, чванстве, хвастовстве и завистливом превышении одного над другим?","translation":"And is it really a fancy that in the end man should find his joys only in deeds of enlightenment and mercy, and not in cruel joys, as now — in gluttony, lechery, vainglory, boasting, and the envious lording of one man over another?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И неужели сие мечта, чтобы ... человек находил свои радости","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis «находил»","body":"After «неужели... мечта» ('is it really a fancy'), the «чтобы»-clause takes the past form «находил» as its irrealis verb — the willed/hypothetical 'that man should find'. «свои радости» uses the reflexive possessive ('his own joys')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объядении, блуде, чванстве, хвастовстве","title":"Catalogue of vices","body":"A bookish list of sins in the prepositional: «объядение» (gluttony, with archaic spelling for «объедение»), «блуд» (lechery, fornication), «чванство» (arrogant vanity), «хвастовство» (boasting). The rhetorical pile-up condemns 'cruel joys'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завистливом превышении одного над другим","title":"«один над другим» — reciprocal","body":"«одного над другим» ('one over the other') is the reciprocal construction built from «один... другой», governed by «над» (+ instrumental in «над другим»). It names the envious lording of man over man."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечта","gloss":"is it really"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мечта","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative сей/сие = modern этот."},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"a fancy"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of мечта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of под","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subject clause (of мечта)","gloss":"should find"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of радости","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of находил","gloss":"joys"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подвигах","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подвигах","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"complement of в","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"просвещения","lemma":"просвещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подвигах","gloss":"of enlightenment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милосердия","lemma":"милосердие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with просвещения","gloss":"mercy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радостях","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"радостях","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with подвигах, direct object of находил","gloss":"joys"},{"surface":"жестоких","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies радостях","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ныне","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies радостях","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объядении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"объядении","lemma":"объядение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to радостях, listing examples","gloss":"gluttony"},{"surface":"блуде","lemma":"блуд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with объядении","gloss":"lechery"},{"surface":"чванстве","lemma":"чванство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with объядении","gloss":"vainglory"},{"surface":"хвастовстве","lemma":"хвастовство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with объядении","gloss":"boasting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"завистливом","lemma":"завистливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies превышении","gloss":"envious"},{"surface":"превышении","lemma":"превышение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with объядении","gloss":"lording over"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies превышении","gloss":"of one"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другим","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of над","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b6-c3-s115","source":"Твердо верую, что нет и что время близко.","translation":"I firmly believe that it is not, and that the time is near.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что нет и что время близко","title":"«нет» of denial + short adjective «близко»","body":"«что нет» is an elliptical 'that it is not [a fancy]', the bare negative-existential «нет». «время близко» uses the short neuter adjective «близко» ('is near') as predicate — a flat, prophetic assertion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верую","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"predicate of the clause (it is not so)","gloss":"is not so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of близко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of близко","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b6-c3-s116","source":"Смеются и спрашивают: когда же сие время наступит и похоже ли на то, что наступит?","translation":"They laugh and ask: when, then, will this time come, and does it even look as though it will come?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же сие время наступит и похоже ли на то","title":"«же» + «ли» in indirect questions","body":"«когда же... наступит» carries impatient «же» ('when on earth?'); «похоже ли на то, что наступит» uses «ли» for an embedded yes/no question ('whether it even looks as though it will come'). Both particles are the texture of the scoffers' voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеются","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laugh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спрашивают","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Смеются","gloss":"they ask"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question, modifies наступит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded когда-question","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with наступит","gloss":"does it look"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies похоже","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of то","gloss":"it will come"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b6-c3-s117","source":"Я же мыслю, что мы со Христом это великое дело решим.","translation":"But I think that we, together with Christ, will settle this great matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я же мыслю, что мы со Христом ... решим","title":"Contrastive «же» + bookish «мыслю»","body":"«Я же» sets Zosima against the scoffers — «же» here marks 'but I, for my part'. «мыслю» is the elevated, archaic 'I think' (for «думаю»), and «решим» a perfective future ('we will settle'), confident and decisive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мыслю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решим","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of решим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Христом","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of решим","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of решим","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"решим","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мыслю","gloss":"will settle"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b6-c3-s118","source":"И сколько же было идей на земле, в истории человеческой, которые даже за десять лет немыслимы были и которые вдруг появлялись, когда приходил для них таинственный срок их, и проносились по всей земле?","translation":"And how many ideas there have been upon the earth, in the history of mankind, which even ten years before were unthinkable, and which suddenly appeared when their mysterious season came for them, and swept across the whole earth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"идей ... которые ... немыслимы были и которые вдруг появлялись","title":"Relative «которые» + short adjective «немыслимы»","body":"Two relative clauses with «которые» (agreeing with «идей», plural) describe the ideas. «немыслимы» is a short plural adjective ('were unthinkable'); «появлялись... проносились» are imperfective pasts rendering the sweeping recurrence across history."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда приходил для них таинственный срок их","title":"Imperfective «приходил» for repeated arrival","body":"«приходил» (imperfective past of «приходить», prefixed motion verb) renders the repeated 'would come' of each idea's «срок» (appointed season). The imperfective fits an event that recurred across history rather than once."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb, interrogative/quantifier","role":"modifies было","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"идей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"logical subject of было (genitive of quantity)","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идей","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истории","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земле","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of немыслимы","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of немыслимы","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"немыслимы","lemma":"немыслимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"relative clause on идей","gloss":"unthinkable"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to немыслимы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of появлялись","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появлялись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"появлялись","lemma":"появляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with немыслимы (parallel relative clause)","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on появлялись","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of приходил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"таинственный","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"season"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проносились","lemma":"проноситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with появлялись","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проносились","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b6-c3-s119","source":"Так и у нас будет, и воссияет миру народ наш, и скажут все люди: «Камень, который отвергли зиждущие, стал главою угла».","translation":"So it will be with us too, and our people shall shine forth to the world, and all men shall say: \"The stone which the builders rejected has become the head of the corner.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воссияет миру народ наш","title":"Inversion + dative «миру»","body":"«воссияет миру народ наш» fronts the verb and ends on the subject for solemn weight; «миру» is the dative of the beneficiary ('shine forth to the world'). «воссиять» again strikes the high liturgical note."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Камень, который отвергли зиждущие, стал главою угла","title":"«зиждущие», «главою угла» — Scriptural diction","body":"A direct quotation (Psalm 118:22 / Matthew 21:42): «зиждущие» is an archaic active participle 'the builders' (from «зиждить», to build); «главою угла» (instrumental) is 'the head of the corner', the cornerstone. Pure Church-Slavonic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воссияет","lemma":"воссиять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"shall shine forth"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воссияет","gloss":"to the world"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воссияет","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажут","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with будет","gloss":"shall say"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of скажут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"Камень","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the stone"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"отвергли","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Камень","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"зиждущие","lemma":"зиждущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"subject of отвергли","gloss":"the builders"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"главою","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главою","gloss":"of the corner"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b6-c3-s120","source":"А насмешников вопросить бы самих: если у нас мечта, то когда же вы-то воздвигнете здание свое и устроитесь справедливо лишь умом своим, без Христа?","translation":"And the scoffers should themselves be asked: if ours is a fancy, then when will you raise up your own edifice and order yourselves justly by your reason alone, without Christ?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А насмешников вопросить бы самих","title":"Infinitive + «бы»: softened command","body":"«вопросить бы» is an impersonal infinitive plus «бы», expressing a mild proposal — 'one ought to ask / let the scoffers be asked'. «насмешников... самих» (animate accusative + intensive «сам») is the object: 'the scoffers themselves'. «вопросить» is the bookish 'to question'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же вы-то воздвигнете ... и устроитесь","title":"Emphatic «-то» + perfective futures","body":"«вы-то» uses the emphatic clitic «-то» to single out the addressees — 'you, for your part'. «воздвигнете» (perfective future of the lofty «воздвигнуть», to raise up) and reflexive «устроитесь» throw the challenge back at the scoffers."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешников","lemma":"насмешник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вопросить","gloss":"the scoffers"},{"surface":"вопросить","lemma":"вопросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal, with бы)","gloss":"should be asked"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional/optative","role":"auxiliary of вопросить","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies насмешников (emphatic apposition)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мечта (у нас = 'ours')","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"мечта","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject/predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of воздвигнете","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воздвигнете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воздвигнете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to вы","gloss":"-to (emphatic)"},{"surface":"воздвигнете","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"will you raise up"},{"surface":"здание","lemma":"здание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воздвигнете","gloss":"edifice"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здание","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устроитесь","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воздвигнете","gloss":"will order yourselves"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроитесь","gloss":"justly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроитесь","gloss":"by reason"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of умом","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Христа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроитесь","gloss":"Christ"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b6-c3-s121","source":"Если же и утверждают сами, что они-то, напротив, и идут к единению, то воистину веруют в сие лишь самые из них простодушные, так что удивиться даже можно сему простодушию.","translation":"And if they themselves insist that, on the contrary, it is they who are moving toward union, then truly only the most simple-hearted among them believe it — so much so that one may even marvel at such simplicity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«Воистину» — verily","body":"A solemn, liturgical 'truly, verily', built from «во» + «истина» (truth). It carries the cadence of the Paschal greeting «Христос воскресе — воистину воскресе» and marks Zossima's speech as scriptural in register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"веруют в сие","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сие»","body":"«Сие» is the neuter of the bookish demonstrative «сей/сия/сие» ('this'), a 19th-century literary and Church-Slavonic form for ordinary «это». It saturates this whole chapter and signals the elevated homiletic register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивиться даже можно сему простодушию","title":"Dative «сему простодушию» after «удивиться»","body":"The verb «удивиться» (to marvel at) governs the dative, so «сему простодушию» ('at such simplicity') stands in the dative — with the archaic demonstrative «сей» declined to «сему». The impersonal «можно» frames it as a general possibility, no nominative subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они-то, напротив, и идут","title":"Topic-emphasizing «-то» and reinforcing «и»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «они» foregrounds the pronoun as a known topic ('they, for their part'), while the particle «и» before the verb reinforces 'it is they who actually go'. Both are emphasis devices, not the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the if-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждают","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утверждают","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"утверждают","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the if-clause","gloss":"insist"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждают","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of идут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to они","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying идут","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies идут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"идут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждают","gloss":"are moving"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking единению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"единению","lemma":"единение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идут","gloss":"union"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of Если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруют","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"веруют","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of веруют","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies простодушные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies самые","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"простодушные","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веруют","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the так что result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"удивиться","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to marvel"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the так что clause","gloss":"one may"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушию","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"простодушию","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивиться","gloss":"simplicity"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b6-c3-s122","source":"Воистину у них мечтательной фантазии более, чем у нас.","translation":"Truly there is more dreamy fantasy in them than in us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мечтательной фантазии более, чем у нас","title":"Comparative «более» + genitive of quantity","body":"«Более» ('more') here is the comparative governing a partitive genitive «мечтательной фантазии» — literally 'of dreamy fantasy there is more in them than in us'. The «у них / у нас» frame ('with them / with us') is the standard Russian way of expressing possession or attribution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"мечтательной","lemma":"мечтательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фантазии","gloss":"dreamy"},{"surface":"фантазии","lemma":"фантазия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of более (genitive of quantity)","gloss":"fantasy"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of нас","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b6-c3-s123","source":"Мыслят устроиться справедливо, но, отвергнув Христа, кончат тем, что зальют мир кровью, ибо кровь зовет кровь, а извлекший меч погибнет мечом.","translation":"They suppose they will order things justly, but, having rejected Christ, they will end by drenching the world in blood, for blood calls to blood, and he who has drawn the sword shall perish by the sword.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергнув Христа","title":"Perfective gerund «отвергнув»","body":"«Отвергнув» ('having rejected') is a perfective past деепричастие in «-в», naming a completed action prior to the main verb and sharing its subject. It compresses 'after they rejected Christ' into one word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончат тем, что зальют","title":"Perfective futures «кончат… зальют»","body":"Both verbs are perfective forms conjugated like a present but meaning the future: 'they will end (up)… they will drench'. The idiom «кончить тем, что…» ('to end by doing…') uses the instrumental «тем» pointing forward to the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«Ибо» — for, because","body":"A bookish, archaic causal conjunction ('for, because'), the elevated cousin of «потому что». It recurs throughout Zossima's discourse and lends it a biblical, sermonizing weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"извлекший","title":"Past active participle «извлекший» as a noun","body":"«Извлекший» ('the one who has drawn') is a past active participle in «-ший» used substantively — 'he who has drawn [the sword]'. It condenses a «который»-clause into a single bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслят","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they suppose"},{"surface":"устроиться","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Мыслят","gloss":"to order things"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроиться","gloss":"justly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отвергнув","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on кончат","gloss":"having rejected"},{"surface":"Христа","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергнув","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"кончат","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Мыслят","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончат","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зальют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"зальют","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"they will drench"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зальют","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of зальют","gloss":"in blood"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зовет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зовет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зальют","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"извлекший","lemma":"извлечь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective (substantivized)","role":"subject of погибнет","gloss":"he who draws"},{"surface":"меч","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of извлекший","gloss":"the sword"},{"surface":"погибнет","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зовет","gloss":"shall perish"},{"surface":"мечом","lemma":"меч","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of погибнет","gloss":"by the sword"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b6-c3-s124","source":"И если бы не обетование Христово, то так и истребили бы друг друга даже до последних двух человек на земле.","translation":"And were it not for the promise of Christ, they would go on destroying one another until the last two men were left on the earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы не обетование Христово, то так и истребили бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A full irrealis construction: «если бы не…» ('were it not for…') in the protasis, and «истребили бы» (past form + «бы») in the apodosis. The particle «бы» plus the past tense is Russia's single way of marking the hypothetical and unreal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обетование Христово","title":"«Обетование» — the (sacred) promise","body":"«Обетование» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic word for 'promise, covenant', far weightier than everyday «обещание». «Христово» is the archaic possessive adjective 'of Christ' (rather than «Христа»), another bookish, biblical touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг друга","title":"Reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«Друг друга» ('one another') is the fixed reciprocal pronoun; the first part is frozen and only the second declines for case. Here it is the accusative object of «истребили» — 'destroy one another'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обетование","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary, part of если бы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обетование","lemma":"обетование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical если-clause","gloss":"the promise"},{"surface":"Христово","lemma":"христов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истребили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"истребили","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they would destroy"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of истребили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of истребили (reciprocal, with друга)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase друг друга","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человек","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"последних","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies двух","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of истребили","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b6-c3-s125","source":"Да и сии два последние не сумели бы в гордости своей удержать друг друга, так что последний истребил бы предпоследнего, а потом и себя самого.","translation":"And even these last two would not be able, in their pride, to hold each other back, so that the last would destroy the next-to-last, and then himself as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сии два последние","title":"Archaic plural demonstrative «сии»","body":"«Сии» is the plural of bookish «сей» ('these'), agreeing with «два последние» ('the last two'). The numeral «два» governs the genitive singular of the noun, while attached adjectives here take the old nominative-plural «-ие»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сумели бы… удержать друг друга","title":"Conditional «не сумели бы»","body":"Another «бы» counterfactual: 'would not be able to hold one another back'. The reflexive possessive «в гордости своей» ('in their [own] pride') points back to the clause subject — «свой», not «их»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"себя самого","title":"Reflexive «себя самого»","body":"«Себя» is the reflexive pronoun (no nominative form), reinforced by the intensifier «сам» in agreement — 'his very self'. It is the accusative object of «истребил»: the last man would destroy even himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of последние","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on последние","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (substantivized)","role":"subject of сумели","gloss":"last ones"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумели","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be able"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сумели","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies удержать","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гордости","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумели","gloss":"to hold back"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct object of удержать (reciprocal, with друга)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase друг друга","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the так что result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (substantivized)","role":"subject of истребил","gloss":"the last one"},{"surface":"истребил","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"would destroy"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of истребил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"предпоследнего","lemma":"предпоследний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular (substantivized)","role":"direct object of истребил","gloss":"the next-to-last"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (истребил)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"coordinated with предпоследнего","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"himself (emphatic)"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b6-c3-s126","source":"И сбылось бы, если бы не обетование Христово, что ради кротких и смиренных сократится дело сие.","translation":"And so it would come to pass, were it not for the promise of Christ that for the sake of the meek and the humble this matter shall be cut short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сбылось бы, если бы не обетование","title":"Counterfactual «сбылось бы»","body":"The perfective reflexive «сбыться» (to come to pass) appears in its «бы» conditional form — 'it would come to pass [were it not for…]'. The «-сь» is the reflexive clitic marking the middle/intransitive sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ради кротких и смиренных","title":"«Кроткие и смиренные» — the meek and humble","body":"Substantivized adjectives ('the meek and the humble') in the genitive after «ради» ('for the sake of'). «Кроткий» (meek) and «смиренный» (humble) are the cardinal virtues of Zossima's theology and echo the Beatitudes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сократится дело сие","title":"Reflexive future «сократится» + «сие»","body":"«Сократится» ('will be cut short') is a perfective future with reflexive «-ся» giving a passive/middle sense. The bookish demonstrative «сие» follows its noun «дело» — inverted, weighty word order typical of the homily."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбылось","lemma":"сбыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would come to pass"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сбылось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обетование","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary, part of если бы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обетование","lemma":"обетование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical если-clause","gloss":"the promise"},{"surface":"Христово","lemma":"христов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сократится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кротких","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"кротких","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of сократится","gloss":"the meek"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смиренных","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"coordinated with кротких","gloss":"the humble"},{"surface":"сократится","lemma":"сократиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of сбылось)","gloss":"shall be cut short"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сократится","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b6-c3-s127","source":"Стал я тогда, еще в офицерском мундире, после поединка моего, говорить про слуг в обществе, и все-то, помню, на меня дивились: «Что же нам, говорят, посадить слугу на диван да ему чай подносить?»","translation":"It was then, still in my officer's uniform, after my duel, that I began speaking in company about the servants, and they all, I remember, looked at me in astonishment: \"What are we to do,\" they said, \"sit a servant down on the sofa and bring him his tea?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-то… на меня дивились","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «дивились»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «все» colours it emphatically ('everyone, mind you'). «Дивиться» ('to marvel') is a slightly archaic reflexive verb governing «на» + accusative — 'marvelled at me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же нам… посадить слугу на диван да ему чай подносить?","title":"Dative «нам» + insistent «же»","body":"An impersonal, subjectless question: the dative «нам» ('to/for us') plus infinitives expresses obligation or bewilderment — 'what are we to do?' The particle «же» adds incredulous emphasis, and folksy «да» links the two infinitives like 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мундире","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мундире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"офицерском","lemma":"офицерский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мундире","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"мундире","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"descriptive phrase modifying я (state at the time)","gloss":"uniform"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поединка","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"поединка","lemma":"поединок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поединка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слуг","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дивились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to все","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I remember"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of дивились","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дивились","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стал","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies посадить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of посадить","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"посадить","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"to sit down"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посадить","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадить","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подносить","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подносить","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"подносить","lemma":"подносить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посадить","gloss":"serve"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b6-c3-s128","source":"А я тогда им в ответ: «Почему же и не так, хотя бы только иногда».","translation":"And I answered them then: \"Why not, at least now and again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему же и не так, хотя бы только иногда","title":"«же», «и», and concessive «хотя бы»","body":"A cluster of particles: «же» insists, «и не так» means 'and [why] not so [indeed]', and «хотя бы» ('at least, even if only') concedes a minimal case — 'even if only now and then'. The «бы» here is part of the fixed concessive phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (сказал в ответ)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of the elided verb","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase 'in reply', modifies the elided verb","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Почему","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the Почему-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive phrase, part of хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иногда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"sometimes"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b6-c3-s129","source":"Все тогда засмеялись.","translation":"Everyone laughed then.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все тогда засмеялись","title":"Inceptive perfective «засмеялись»","body":"The prefix «за-» gives an inceptive perfective ('burst out laughing, began to laugh'), a single completed onset of action. The reflexive «-ся» belongs to «смеяться», which exists only in the reflexive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of засмеялись","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"засмеялись","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b6-c3-s130","source":"Вопрос их был легкомысленный, а ответ мой неясный, но мыслю, что была в нем и некая правда.","translation":"Their question was frivolous and my answer unclear, but I think there was a certain truth in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вопрос их был легкомысленный, а ответ мой неясный","title":"Contrastive «а» balancing two clauses","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction that pairs and gently opposes the two halves — 'their question was frivolous, while my answer was unclear'. The past «был» with nominative predicate adjectives keeps the long form here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мыслю","title":"«Мыслю» — I think (bookish)","body":"An elevated, archaic synonym of «думаю» ('I think'), with a contemplative, almost philosophical colour. Zossima favours it (it closes the whole chapter as «Мыслю так»), reinforcing the meditative register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of легкомысленный","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of Вопрос","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легкомысленный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"легкомысленный","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неясный","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ответ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"неясный","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомысленный","gloss":"unclear"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"некая","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правда","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"truth"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b6-c3-s131","source":"Юноша, не забывай молитвы.","translation":"Young man, do not forget to pray.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забывай молитвы","title":"Imperative «не забывай» + genitive of negation","body":"«Не забывай» is the imperfective imperative, suited to a standing exhortation ('do not [ever] forget'). Under negation the object «молитвы» takes the genitive — the genitive of negation rather than the accusative «молитву»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Юноша","title":"«Юноша» — youth, young man","body":"A somewhat elevated word for a young man (vocative-like direct address here). It frames the listener as a disciple receiving counsel, the rhetorical 'you' of the sermon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забывай","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"забывай","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"молитвы","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забывай (genitive under negation)","gloss":"prayer"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b6-c3-s132","source":"Каждый раз в молитве твоей, если искренна, мелькнет новое чувство, а в нем и новая мысль, которую ты прежде не знал и которая вновь ободрит тебя; и поймешь, что молитва есть воспитание.","translation":"Each time you pray, if your prayer is sincere, some new feeling will flash up in it, and in that feeling a new thought as well, one you did not know before, which will hearten you afresh; and you will understand that prayer is an education.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если искренна","title":"Short-form adjective «искренна»","body":"«Искренна» is the predicative short form of «искренний» (sincere), agreeing with feminine «молитва» — 'if [it is] sincere'. The short form, predicate-only and markedly bookish, suits the conditional aphorism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнет… ободрит… поймешь","title":"Chain of perfective futures","body":"«Мелькнёт» (will flash up), «ободрит» (will hearten), «поймёшь» (you will understand) are all perfective forms with future meaning, each naming a single completed event. They drive the conditional promise forward step by step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую ты прежде не знал и которая вновь ободрит","title":"Relative «который» in two cases","body":"«Которую» (accusative object of «не знал') and «которая» (nominative subject of «ободрит») both refer to «мысль» (feminine), agreeing in gender and number but each taking the case its own clause demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies мелькнет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition в","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитве","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of искренна","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"искренна","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the conditional clause (subject: молитва)","gloss":"is sincere"},{"surface":"мелькнет","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will flash up"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мелькнет","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition в, refers to чувство","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мысль (emphatic 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнет (elided)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on мысль","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ободрит","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободрит","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"ободрит","lemma":"ободрить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мысль, coordinated with знал","gloss":"will hearten"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ободрит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мелькнет","gloss":"you will understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молитва","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поймешь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"an education"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b6-c3-s133","source":"Запомни еще: на каждый день и когда лишь можешь, тверди про себя: «Господи, помилуй всех днесь пред тобою представших».","translation":"Remember this too: every day, and whenever you can, repeat to yourself, \"Lord, have mercy on all who have come before Thee this day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тверди про себя","title":"Imperative «тверди» + «про себя»","body":"«Тверди» is the imperfective imperative of «твердить» ('repeat, say over and over'), fitting a daily habit. «Про себя» ('to oneself, silently') uses the reflexive «себя» governed by «про» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"днесь пред тобою представших","title":"Church-Slavonic «днесь» + participle","body":"«Днесь» is the Slavonic for 'today, this day'. «Представших» is a past active participle ('who have come/appeared before [Thee]') in the genitive plural, modifying «всех» — a dense, liturgical participial phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомни","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Запомни","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies тверди","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by когда","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"тверди","lemma":"твердить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with Запомни","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of preposition про, of тверди","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, opens the quoted prayer","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"помилуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted prayer","gloss":"have mercy on"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of помилуй","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"днесь","lemma":"днесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представших","gloss":"this day"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"представших","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"who have come"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b6-c3-s134","source":"Ибо в каждый час и каждое мгновение тысячи людей покидают жизнь свою на сей земле и души их становятся пред господом — и сколь многие из них расстались с землею отъединенно, никому не ведомо, в грусти и тоске, что никто-то не пожалеет о них и даже не знает о них вовсе: жили ль они или нет.","translation":"For in every hour and every instant thousands of people quit their life upon this earth, and their souls stand before the Lord — and how many of them have parted from the earth in isolation, unknown to anyone, in grief and anguish that no one will mourn for them or even know of them at all: whether they lived or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"души их становятся пред господом","title":"«Становиться» + instrumental of place / predicate","body":"«Становятся пред господом» ('their souls come to stand before the Lord') uses «становиться» in its motional sense; «пред» is the bookish form of «перед» ('before') governing the instrumental «господом»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей земле","title":"«Сей» + «отъединенно» — bookish texture","body":"«На сей земле» ('on this earth') again uses archaic «сей». The adverb «отъединённо» ('in isolation, sundered') is a literary formation that anticipates the chapter's great theme of «уединение» — the isolation Zossima decries."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому не ведомо","title":"Dative «никому» + negative concord","body":"«Никому не ведомо» ('known to no one') pairs the negative dative pronoun «никому» with negated «не ведомо», an instance of obligatory negative concord — the «ни»-word and «не» co-occur. «Ведомо» is an archaic short passive participle ('known')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то не пожалеет о них… жили ль они или нет","title":"Embedded «ли»: 'whether they lived'","body":"The enclitic «ль» (shortened «ли») introduces an indirect yes/no clause — «жили ль они или нет» ('whether they lived or not'). The «-то» on «никто» adds plaintive emphasis to the universal negative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в грусти и тоске","title":"«Тоска» — anguish, yearning","body":"«Тоска» is the famously untranslatable Russian word for a deep spiritual ache, longing, and dejection — far heavier than 'sadness'. Paired with «грусть» (sorrow) it names the desolation of dying unmourned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покидают","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies покидают","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждое","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with час","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head noun, quantifies людей","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of тысячи","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"покидают","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"quit"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of покидают","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покидают","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of становятся","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies души","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"становятся","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покидают","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"господом","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становятся","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of расстались","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"расстались","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покидают","gloss":"have parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землею","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"землею","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстались","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"отъединенно","lemma":"отъединенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расстались","gloss":"in isolation"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of ведомо","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведомо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведомо","lemma":"ведомый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical predicate (unknown to anyone)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грусти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грусти","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies расстались","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоске","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with грусти","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожалеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of пожалеет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes никто","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожалеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожалеет","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ведомо","gloss":"will pity"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожалеет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пожалеет","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"жили","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause (whether they lived)","gloss":"they lived"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"marks the embedded question, modifies жили","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of жили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with жили","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b6-c3-s135","source":"И вот, может быть, с другого конца земли вознесется ко господу за упокой его и твоя молитва, хотя бы ты и не знал его вовсе, а он тебя.","translation":"And behold, perhaps from the other end of the earth your prayer too will rise up to the Lord for the repose of his soul, though you never knew him at all, nor he you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вознесется ко господу за упокой его","title":"«За упокой» — for the repose [of the soul]","body":"«За упокой» is the fixed Orthodox phrase for prayers offered for the dead ('for the repose of the soul'), opposed to «за здравие» (for the living). «Вознесётся» ('will rise up') is an elevated, churchly verb of ascent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы ты и не знал его вовсе, а он тебя","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + gapped clause","body":"«Хотя бы… и не знал» ('though you did not even know him') is a concessive with the «бы» particle. The final «а он тебя» is an elliptical (gapped) clause — 'and [though] he [did not know] you' — with the verb omitted but understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вознесется","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical expression (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вознесется","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конца","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"вознесется","lemma":"вознестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will rise up"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вознесется","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упокой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"упокой","lemma":"упокой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вознесется","gloss":"the repose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упокой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молитва (emphatic 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитва","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"молитва","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вознесется","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of concessive construction хотя бы","gloss":"(concessive particle)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вознесется","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал (elided)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of знал (elided), coordinated with его","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b6-c3-s136","source":"Сколь умилительно душе его, ставшей в страхе пред господом, почувствовать в тот миг, что есть и за него молельщик, что осталось на земле человеческое существо, и его любящее.","translation":"How moving it is to his soul, standing in awe before the Lord, to feel in that instant that there is one who prays for him too, that there remains upon the earth a human being who loves him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сколь умилительно душе его","title":"Impersonal «умилительно» + dative «душе»","body":"A subjectless construction: the neuter predicative «умилительно» ('how moving/touching it is') with the dative experiencer «душе его» ('to his soul'). «Сколь» is the bookish 'how' (vs. everyday «как»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ставшей в страхе пред господом","title":"Past active participle «ставшей»","body":"«Ставшей» is the past active participle of «стать» ('having come to stand') in the dative feminine, agreeing with «душе». It packs a whole relative clause — 'the soul, which has come to stand in awe before the Lord' — into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человеческое существо, и его любящее","title":"Present active participle «любящее»","body":"«Любящее» is the present active participle of «любить» ('loving'), neuter to agree with «существо» — 'a being… loving him'. The «его» before it is the object of the participle (loving HIM), with literary post-positioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умилительно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"умилительно","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умилительно","gloss":"to the soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ставшей","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying душе","gloss":"having become"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставшей","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"господом","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of ставшей","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"почувствовать","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on умилительно","gloss":"to feel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовать","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молельщик (emphatic 'also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молельщик","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молельщик","lemma":"молельщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"one who prays"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осталось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовать, coordinated with есть","gloss":"there remains"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"человеческое","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любящее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любящее","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies существо (elliptical relative clause)","gloss":"loving"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b6-c3-s137","source":"Да и бог милостивее воззрит на обоих вас, ибо если уже ты столь пожалел его, то кольми паче пожалеет он, бесконечно более милосердный и любовный, чем ты.","translation":"And God will look more mercifully upon you both, for if you have so pitied him, how much more will He pity him, He who is infinitely more merciful and loving than you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог милостивее воззрит на обоих вас","title":"Comparative «милостивее» + archaic «воззрит»","body":"«Милостивее» is the predicative comparative of «милостивый» ('more mercifully'). «Воззрит» ('will look upon') is a Church-Slavonic perfective with the prefix «воз-», far loftier than «посмотрит»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кольми паче","title":"«Кольми паче» — how much more","body":"An archaic Church-Slavonic idiom meaning 'how much more so', a fixed rhetorical formula from Scripture (a fortiori reasoning). It survives only in elevated, ecclesiastical speech and is pure homiletic ornament here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воззрит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"милостивее","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies воззрит","gloss":"more mercifully"},{"surface":"воззрит","lemma":"воззреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies вас","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of воззрит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожалеет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожалел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пожалел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалел","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"пожалел","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожалеет","gloss":"have pitied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожалел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"introduces the main clause (correlative of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кольми","lemma":"кольми","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies паче (kольми паче = 'how much more')","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"паче","lemma":"паче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалеет","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"пожалеет","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the correlative clause","gloss":"will pity"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожалеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милосердный","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"милосердный","lemma":"милосердный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (predicate apposition)","gloss":"merciful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любовный","lemma":"любовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with милосердный","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of чем (comparative)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b6-c3-s138","source":"И простит его тебя ради.","translation":"And He will forgive him for your sake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простит его тебя ради","title":"Postposed preposition «тебя ради»","body":"«Ради» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive «тебя», but stands AFTER its object — an archaic, biblical word order ('for thy sake') instead of the modern «ради тебя». «Простит» is a perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forgive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of postposition ради","gloss":"your sake"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition governing тебя, modifies простит","gloss":"for the sake of"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b6-c3-s139","source":"Братья, не бойтесь греха людей, любите человека и во грехе его, ибо сие уж подобие божеской любви и есть верх любви на земле.","translation":"Brothers, do not be afraid of the sin of men; love a man even in his sin, for this is already the likeness of divine love and is the highest love on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бойтесь греха людей","title":"Imperative «не бойтесь» + genitive object","body":"«Бояться» ('to fear') exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form and governs the genitive, so «греха людей» ('the sin of men') stands in the genitive. The «-те» makes the imperative plural/collective, addressing the «братья»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сие уж подобие божеской любви","title":"Zero copula + «сие» + particle «уж»","body":"A present-tense equational sentence with no verb 'to be': «сие… подобие» ('this [is] the likeness'). The particle «уж» (emphatic «уже») means 'already, indeed', intensifying the claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"греха","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бойтесь","gloss":"the sin"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies греха","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бойтесь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies во грехе (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любите","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грехе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подобие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подобие (elided есть) and of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подобие","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подобие","lemma":"подобие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of сие (elided есть)","gloss":"the likeness"},{"surface":"божеской","lemma":"божеский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подобие","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate verb, coordinated with подобие clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"the height"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верх","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верх","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b6-c3-s140","source":"Любите всё создание божие, и целое и каждую песчинку.","translation":"Love all of God's creation, both the whole of it and every grain of sand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любите всё создание божие","title":"Imperfective imperative «любите»","body":"The keynote command of the passage: imperfective «любите» ('love'), repeated as a standing, ongoing imperative rather than a one-time act. «Божие» is the archaic neuter possessive 'God's' (vs. modern «божье»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of создание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"создание","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Любите","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"божие","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies создание","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first part of и...и, links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with создание (appositive object)","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of песчинку","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"песчинку","lemma":"песчинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with создание (appositive object)","gloss":"grain of sand"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b6-c3-s141","source":"Каждый листик, каждый луч божий любите.","translation":"Love every leaf, every ray of God's light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каждый листик, каждый луч божий любите","title":"Fronted objects + final verb","body":"The objects «каждый листик, каждый луч» are placed first for rhetorical weight, with the imperative «любите» held to the end — emphatic inversion typical of incantatory homily. «Листик» is a diminutive ('little leaf')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"листик","title":"Diminutive «листик»","body":"«Листик» is the affectionate diminutive of «лист» (leaf), formed with «-ик». The tender suffix matches Zossima's reverence for every small created thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of листик","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"листик","lemma":"листик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"leaf"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of луч","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"луч","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любите, coordinated with листик","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"of God's"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b6-c3-s142","source":"Любите животных, любите растения, любите всякую вещь.","translation":"Love the animals, love the plants, love every thing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любите всякую вещь","title":"Anaphora and «всякую вещь»","body":"The threefold «любите… любите… любите» is deliberate anaphora, building the sermon's rhythm. «Всякую вещь» ('every thing') uses «всякий» ('every, each kind of'), slightly more emphatic than «каждый»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"животных","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of Любите","gloss":"the animals"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любите","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"растения","lemma":"растение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"the plants"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Любите","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вещь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"thing"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b6-c3-s143","source":"Будешь любить всякую вещь и тайну божию постигнешь в вещах.","translation":"If you love every thing, you will perceive the mystery of God in things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будешь любить… постигнешь","title":"Compound future vs. perfective future","body":"«Будешь любить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive) for the ongoing condition, while «постигнешь» ('you will grasp') is a perfective simple future for the completed result. The pair works as 'if you [keep] loving…, you will [come to] perceive'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, second, singular","role":"auxiliary, forms future tense with любить (conditional protasis)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Будешь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вещь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of постигнешь","gloss":"the mystery"},{"surface":"божию","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайну","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"постигнешь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will perceive"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вещах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вещах","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постигнешь","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b6-c3-s144","source":"Постигнешь однажды и уже неустанно начнешь ее познавать всё далее и более, на всяк день.","translation":"Once you perceive it, you will begin without ceasing to know it ever more fully and deeply, day after day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начнешь ее познавать всё далее и более","title":"Phasal «начнёшь» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Начать» ('to begin') demands an imperfective infinitive, hence «познавать» (to come to know, ongoing). The comparatives «далее и более» ('further and more') intensify the unending process; «всё» before a comparative means 'ever, increasingly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всяк день","title":"Archaic «на всяк день»","body":"«Всяк» is the truncated, archaic/folksy form of «всякий» ('every'), surviving in set phrases like «на всяк день» ('every day', day after day) — a biblical, sermonizing cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постигнешь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will perceive it"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Постигнешь","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неустанно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнешь","gloss":"tirelessly"},{"surface":"начнешь","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Постигнешь","gloss":"you will begin"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of познавать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"познавать","lemma":"познавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнешь","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies далее ('ever')","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познавать","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with далее","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всяк","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase, modifies познавать","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b6-c3-s145","source":"И полюбишь наконец весь мир уже всецелою, всемирною любовью.","translation":"And in the end you will come to love the whole world with an all-embracing, universal love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"полюбишь… всецелою, всемирною любовью","title":"Instrumental of manner + «по-» inception","body":"«Полюбишь» ('you will come to love') uses inceptive «по-» for the onset of a state. The means/manner is in the instrumental: «всецелою, всемирною любовью» ('with an all-embracing, universal love') — with the archaic instrumental ending «-ою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полюбишь","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will come to love"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбишь","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбишь","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всецелою","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всецелою","lemma":"всецелый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"all-embracing"},{"surface":"всемирною","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with всецелою","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полюбишь","gloss":"with a love"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b6-c3-s146","source":"Животных любите: им бог дал начало мысли и радость безмятежную.","translation":"Love the animals: God has given them the beginnings of thought and an untroubled joy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им бог дал начало мысли","title":"Dative «им» as indirect object","body":"«Им» ('to them') is the dative indirect object of «дал» ('gave') — God gave to them the beginnings of thought. Fronting «им» before the subject «бог» topicalizes the animals, the focus of the exhortation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"радость безмятежную","title":"«Безмятежный» — untroubled, serene","body":"«Безмятежный» ('untroubled, placid', literally 'without tempest', «мятеж» = revolt/storm) is a literary adjective evoking a deep, unshaken calm — the unfallen serenity Zossima ascribes to animals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Животных","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of любите","gloss":"the animals"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to любите","gloss":"has given"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"of thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with начало","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"безмятежную","lemma":"безмятежный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"untroubled"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b6-c3-s147","source":"Не возмущайте же ее, не мучьте их, не отнимайте у них радости, не противьтесь мысли божией.","translation":"Do not disturb that joy, do not torment them, do not take their gladness from them, do not set yourself against God's design.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не возмущайте же ее, не мучьте их, не отнимайте","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives","body":"A salvo of negative commands all in the imperfective ('do not disturb, do not torment, do not take away'), the aspect for prohibitions of ongoing or repeated action. The particle «же» after the first urges the appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не противьтесь мысли божией","title":"«Противиться» + dative","body":"«Противиться» ('to oppose, resist') is a reflexive verb governing the dative, so «мысли божией» ('God's design/thought') stands in the dative. «-тесь» marks the plural reflexive imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмущайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"возмущайте","lemma":"возмущать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disturb"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмущайте","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возмущайте","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучьте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"мучьте","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возмущайте","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of мучьте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отнимайте","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"отнимайте","lemma":"отнимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возмущайте","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнимайте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнимайте","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противьтесь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"противьтесь","lemma":"противиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возмущайте","gloss":"set yourself against"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of противьтесь","gloss":"the design"},{"surface":"божией","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"God's"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b6-c3-s148","source":"Человек, не возносись над животными: они безгрешны, а ты со своим величием гноишь землю своим появлением на ней и след свой гнойный оставляешь после себя — увы, почти всяк из нас!","translation":"Man, do not exalt yourself above the animals: they are without sin, while you, for all your grandeur, foul the earth by your coming upon it and leave your festering trail behind you — alas, nearly every one of us does!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не возносись над животными","title":"Reflexive imperative «не возносись»","body":"«Возноситься» ('to exalt oneself, rise above') is a reflexive verb governing «над» + instrumental «над животными». The «-сь» imperative addresses 'Man' (singular «человек»), shifting from the plural commands above."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гноишь землю… след свой гнойный","title":"«Гноить / гнойный» — to foul, festering","body":"From «гной» (pus, rot): «гноишь» ('you make fester, defile') and «гнойный» ('festering, suppurating'). The visceral imagery makes man's mark on the earth a literal infection — strong, almost repellent diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти всяк из нас","title":"Exclamatory «увы, почти всяк из нас!»","body":"«Увы» is the literary interjection 'alas'. «Всяк» (archaic «всякий») here is substantival — 'nearly every one of us [does]'. The verb is gapped, the exclamation broken off in lament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (vocative use)","role":"direct address (vocative); notional subject of возносись","gloss":"Man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возносись","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"возносись","lemma":"возноситься","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exalt yourself"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking животными","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"животными","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of возносись","gloss":"the animals"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of безгрешны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"безгрешны","lemma":"безгрешный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of они, main clause","gloss":"are sinless"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гноишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking величием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of величием","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"величием","lemma":"величие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гноишь","gloss":"grandeur"},{"surface":"гноишь","lemma":"гноить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ты-clause","gloss":"you foul"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of гноишь","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of появлением","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"появлением","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of гноишь","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies появлением","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"след","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляешь","gloss":"trail"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of след","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"гнойный","lemma":"гнойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies след","gloss":"festering"},{"surface":"оставляешь","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гноишь","gloss":"you leave"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of оставляешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всяк","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, elliptical predicate (does so)","gloss":"every one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies всяк","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b6-c3-s149","source":"Деток любите особенно, ибо они тоже безгрешны, яко ангелы, и живут для умиления нашего, для очищения сердец наших и как некое указание нам.","translation":"Love children especially, for they too are without sin, like the angels, and they live to soften our hearts, to cleanse our hearts, and as a kind of guidance to us.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Деток любите","title":"Affectionate diminutive «детки»","body":"«Деток» is the genitive/accusative of «детки», the tender diminutive of «дети» (children). The suffix signals Zossima's love and pity for children — a recurring note in this passage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яко ангелы","title":"Church-Slavonic «яко» — like, as","body":"«Яко» is the Church-Slavonic comparative conjunction 'as, like' (modern «как»), straight from liturgical and scriptural language ('like the angels'). It instantly elevates the diction to the sacred register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для умиления нашего… для очищения сердец наших","title":"Bookish «-ие/-ение» abstract nouns","body":"«Умиление» (tender emotion, being moved to grace) and «очищение» (cleansing, purification) are abstract nouns in the Slavonic-flavoured «-ение». «Умиление» especially is a key Orthodox spiritual term for a softening of the heart toward God."}],"words":[{"surface":"Деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (diminutive)","role":"direct object of любите (fronted)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"любите","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любите","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of безгрешны","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of безгрешны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безгрешны","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"безгрешны","lemma":"безгрешный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate adjective of the ибо-clause","gloss":"are sinless"},{"surface":"яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (Church Slavonic, 'as')","role":"introduces comparison with ангелы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ангелы","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"object of comparison introduced by яко","gloss":"the angels"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живут","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with безгрешны (same subject они)","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умиления","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"умиления","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живут","gloss":"soften"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies умиления","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очищения","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"очищения","lemma":"очищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умиления, oblique complement of живут","gloss":"cleanse"},{"surface":"сердец","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies очищения","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сердец","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison — as указание","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"некое","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative/nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of указание","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with умиления/очищения, third purpose of живут","gloss":"guidance"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of указание","gloss":"to us"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b6-c3-s150","source":"Горе оскорбившему младенца.","translation":"Woe to him who offends a little child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Горе оскорбившему младенца","title":"Dative «оскорбившему» after «горе»","body":"«Горе» ('woe') governs the dative of the one woe befalls. «Оскорбившему» is a past active participle ('to the one who has offended') used substantivally in the dative — 'woe to him who offends'. «Младенца» (a babe/infant) is the genitive-accusative animate object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Woe"},{"surface":"оскорбившему","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"dative complement of Горе","gloss":"to him who offends"},{"surface":"младенца","lemma":"младенец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбившему","gloss":"a little child"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b6-c3-s151","source":"А меня отец Анфим учил деток любить: он, милый и молчащий в странствиях наших, на подаянные грошики им пряничков и леденцу, бывало, купит и раздаст: проходить не мог мимо деток без сотрясения душевного: таков человек.","translation":"Father Anfim taught me to love children: he, gentle and silent on our wanderings, would buy them gingerbread and sweets with the few coins given us as alms, and hand them out; he could not pass a child without an inward stirring of the soul — such was the man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на подаянные грошики им пряничков и леденцу","title":"Diminutives «грошики, пряничков, леденцу»","body":"A cluster of affectionate diminutives: «грошики» (little coins, from «грош», a half-kopeck), «пряничков» (bits of gingerbread, gen. pl. of «пряник»), «леденцу» (a little hard candy). The pile-up of tender suffixes paints the scene's humble warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"купит и раздаст… бывало","title":"Iterative past with «бывало»","body":"The parenthetical «бывало» ('would [habitually]', literally 'it used to happen') turns the perfective futures «купит… раздаст» into a habitual past — a characteristic Russian way of narrating a repeated past custom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходить не мог мимо деток без сотрясения душевного","title":"Double genitive after «мимо» and «без»","body":"«Мимо» ('past') and «без» ('without') both govern the genitive: «мимо деток» (past the children) and «без сотрясения душевного» (without an inward shaking). «Сотрясение душевное» is a lofty phrase for a deep emotional tremor of the soul."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of учил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of учил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Анфим","lemma":"Анфим","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Anfim"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of учил","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of учил","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of купит and раздаст","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition describing он","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчащий","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"apposition describing он","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странствиях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"странствиях","lemma":"странствие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of молчащий","gloss":"wanderings"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies странствиях","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грошики","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подаянные","lemma":"подаянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies грошики","gloss":"given-as-alms"},{"surface":"грошики","lemma":"грошик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of на, oblique complement of купит","gloss":"coins"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of купит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"пряничков","lemma":"пряничек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of купит (partitive)","gloss":"gingerbread"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"леденцу","lemma":"леденец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пряничков, direct object of купит","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"parenthetical verb, past, singular, imperfective","role":"marks habitual action of купит/раздаст","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"купит","lemma":"купить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective (habitual)","role":"main verb of он-clause","gloss":"would buy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздаст","lemma":"раздать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective (habitual)","role":"coordinated with купит","gloss":"hand them out"},{"surface":"проходить","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to pass"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (он)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деток","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сотрясения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сотрясения","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"a stirring"},{"surface":"душевного","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сотрясения","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of человек clause","gloss":"such was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"the man"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b6-c3-s152","source":"Пред иною мыслью станешь в недоумении, особенно видя грех людей, и спросишь себя: «Взять ли силой али смиренною любовью?»","translation":"Before some thought you will stand perplexed, especially at the sight of men's sin, and you will ask yourself: \"Shall I take it by force, or by humble love?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пред иною мыслью станешь в недоумении","title":"Instrumental «иною мыслью» after «пред»","body":"«Пред» (bookish «перед», 'before') governs the instrumental «иною мыслью» ('before some thought'), with the archaic instrumental ending «-ою». «Иною» here means 'a certain, some' rather than 'other'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взять ли силой али смиренною любовью?","title":"Question particle «ли» + folksy «али»","body":"«Ли» frames the deliberative question ('Shall I take it…?'). «Али» is a folksy/archaic variant of «или» ('or'). Both means stand in the instrumental — «силой» (by force) and «смиренною любовью» (by humble love)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"иною","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мыслью","gloss":"some other"},{"surface":"мыслью","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станешь","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will stand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of станешь","gloss":"perplexed"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видя","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on станешь","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"the sin"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спросишь","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станешь","gloss":"you will ask"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"shall I take"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Взять","gloss":"[interrogative]"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взять","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (archaic, 'or')","role":"links силой and любовью","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"смиренною","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взять, coordinated with силой","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b6-c3-s153","source":"Всегда решай: «Возьму смиренною любовью».","translation":"Always decide: \"I will take it by humble love.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всегда решай… Возьму смиренною любовью","title":"Imperfective imperative «решай» + perfective resolve «возьму»","body":"«Решай» is the imperfective imperative for a standing rule ('always decide'). The quoted resolution «возьму» ('I will take') is a perfective future expressing the settled, completed choice. «Смиренною любовью» is again the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решай","gloss":"Always"},{"surface":"решай","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"Возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"I will take"},{"surface":"смиренною","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовью","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Возьму","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b6-c3-s154","source":"Решишься так раз навсегда и весь мир покорить возможешь.","translation":"Resolve on this once and for all, and you can conquer the whole world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решишься так раз навсегда и весь мир покорить возможешь","title":"Reflexive «решишься» + archaic «возможешь»","body":"«Решишься» ('you will resolve') is a perfective future with reflexive «-ся» (here the decisive, inward sense). «Возможешь» is an archaic/bookish form of «сможешь» ('you will be able'), with the infinitive «покорить» fronted for weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решишься","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"first clause: once you resolve on this","gloss":"you resolve"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Решишься","gloss":"on this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom 'раз навсегда')","role":"adverbial, modifies Решишься","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom 'раз навсегда')","role":"modifies Решишься","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покорить","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"покорить","lemma":"покорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможешь","gloss":"conquer"},{"surface":"возможешь","lemma":"возмочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you can"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b6-c3-s155","source":"Смирение любовное — страшная сила изо всех сильнейшая, подобной которой и нет ничего.","translation":"Loving humility is a fearsome force, the mightiest of all, and there is nothing else like it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшная сила изо всех сильнейшая","title":"Superlative «сильнейшая» in «-ейш-»","body":"«Сильнейшая» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «сильный» (with «-ейш-»), 'the mightiest'. The phrase «изо всех» ('of all') marks the comparison set — 'the mightiest of all forces'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобной которой и нет ничего","title":"Genitive of negation + «который» + double negative","body":"«Нет ничего» ('there is nothing') takes the genitive «ничего» (genitive of negation in an existential), and «подобной которой» ('like which') is the dative relative governed by «подобный». The «и» intensifies: 'nothing whatever is like it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смирение","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сила","gloss":"Humility"},{"surface":"любовное","lemma":"любовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Смирение","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"fearsome"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula omitted)","gloss":"a force"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of изо, part of superlative with сильнейшая","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сильнейшая","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies сила (superlative apposition)","gloss":"the mightiest"},{"surface":"подобной","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective introducing relative clause, modifies сила","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of подобной","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"existential negation, present","role":"predicate of the relative clause ('there is not')","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of нет","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b6-c3-s156","source":"На всяк день и час, на всякую минуту ходи около себя и смотри за собой, чтоб образ твой был благолепен.","translation":"Every day and hour, every minute, walk about yourself and watch over yourself, that your bearing may be seemly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходи около себя и смотри за собой","title":"Reflexive «себя/собой» with imperatives","body":"The reflexive pronoun appears in two cases: «около себя» (genitive after «около», 'about yourself') and «за собой» (instrumental after «за», 'over yourself'). The imperfective imperatives «ходи… смотри» enjoin a constant practice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб образ твой был благолепен","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + short adjective «благолепен»","body":"«Чтоб» (shortened «чтобы») opens a purpose clause with the past-form irrealis «был». «Благолепен» is the predicative short form of «благолепный», a Church-Slavonic word for 'seemly, comely, full of solemn beauty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день (temporal)","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of ходи","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of ходи, coordinated with день/час","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of ходи","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходи","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of смотри","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the goal clause of благолепен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of благолепен","gloss":"your bearing"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благолепен","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"благолепен","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of был (чтоб-clause)","gloss":"seemly"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b6-c3-s157","source":"Вот ты прошел мимо малого ребенка, прошел злобный, со скверным словом, с гневливою душой; ты и не приметил, может, ребенка-то, а он видел тебя, и образ твой, неприглядный и нечестивый, может, в его беззащитном сердечке остался.","translation":"You have just passed a small child — passed him spiteful, with a foul word, with a wrathful soul; you perhaps did not even notice the child, but he saw you, and your image, unsightly and impious, may have lodged in his defenseless little heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошел злобный, со скверным словом, с гневливою душой","title":"Predicative adjective «злобный» with the verb","body":"«Прошёл злобный» ('passed [while] spiteful') uses an adjective agreeing with the subject to describe his state during the action — a depictive predicate. «Гневливою» carries the archaic instrumental ending «-ою»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты и не приметил, может, ребенка-то","title":"Emphatic «-то» + genitive of negation","body":"«Ребёнка-то» carries the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» ('the child, mind you'), and under negation «не приметил» the object takes the genitive «ребёнка». «Приметить» is a slightly archaic perfective for 'to notice'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в его беззащитном сердечке","title":"Diminutive «сердечко»","body":"«Сердечко» is the tender diminutive of «сердце» (heart), 'little heart'. Coupled with «беззащитном» (defenseless), the suffix wrings pathos from the child's vulnerability — exactly Zossima's point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have passed"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"a small"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел (repetition)","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of ты (secondary predicate)","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скверным","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гневливою","lemma":"гневливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"wrathful"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with словом, oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"a soul"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приметил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приметил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приметил","lemma":"приметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"did notice"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical adverb ('perhaps')","role":"parenthetical, modifies приметил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приметил","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attached to ребенка","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приметил (contrast)","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"your image"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"неприглядный","lemma":"неприглядный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"apposition describing образ","gloss":"unsightly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нечестивый","lemma":"нечестивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неприглядный, describes образ","gloss":"impious"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical adverb ('may have')","role":"parenthetical, modifies остался","gloss":"may have"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердечке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердечке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"беззащитном","lemma":"беззащитный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердечке","gloss":"defenseless"},{"surface":"сердечке","lemma":"сердечко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"little heart"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of final clause","gloss":"lodged"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b6-c3-s158","source":"Ты и не знал сего, а может быть, ты уже тем в него семя бросил дурное, и возрастет оно, пожалуй, а всё потому, что ты не уберегся пред дитятей, потому что любви осмотрительной, деятельной не воспитал в себе.","translation":"You did not know it, yet perhaps by that very act you have already cast an evil seed into him, and it may grow — and all because you did not guard yourself before the child, because you had not nurtured in yourself a watchful, active love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семя бросил дурное, и возрастет оно, пожалуй","title":"Perfective «возрастёт» + hedging «пожалуй»","body":"«Возрастёт» ('it will grow up') is a perfective future with the elevated prefix «воз-». The parenthetical «пожалуй» ('perhaps, I dare say') hedges the prediction; split word order «семя… дурное» puts weight on 'evil'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что любви осмотрительной, деятельной не воспитал","title":"Genitive of negation: «любви… не воспитал»","body":"Under negation «не воспитал» ('did not nurture'), the object «любовь» shifts to the genitive «любви», with its agreeing adjectives «осмотрительной, деятельной» also genitive — 'a watchful, active love'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не уберегся пред дитятей","title":"Reflexive «уберёгся» + archaic «дитятей»","body":"«Убереглся» is a perfective reflexive ('you did not guard yourself'). «Пред дитятей» uses «пред» + the archaic instrumental of «дитя» (child) — the old «дитятей» rather than a modern form, deepening the period flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical verb, present, third, singular ('может быть' = perhaps)","role":"parenthetical, modifies бросил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom 'может быть')","gloss":"[perhaps]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"by that act"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"семя","lemma":"семя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"a seed"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал (contrastive)","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"дурное","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семя","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возрастет","lemma":"возрасти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"it may grow"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возрастет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"modifies возрастет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphasizes потому","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of 'потому что')","role":"modifies возрастет, explains cause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уберегся","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уберегся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уберегся","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"уберегся","lemma":"уберечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the потому-что clause","gloss":"guard yourself"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дитятей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"дитятей","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, singular (archaic)","role":"oblique complement of уберегся","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of second 'потому что')","role":"introduces second reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"[that]"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воспитал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a love"},{"surface":"осмотрительной","lemma":"осмотрительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"watchful"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with осмотрительной, modifies любви","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воспитал","gloss":"had not"},{"surface":"воспитал","lemma":"воспитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second что-clause","gloss":"nurtured"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of воспитал","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b6-c3-s159","source":"Братья, любовь — учительница, но нужно уметь ее приобрести, ибо она трудно приобретается, дорого покупается, долгою работой и через долгий срок, ибо не на мгновение лишь случайное надо любить, а на весь срок.","translation":"Brothers, love is a teacher, but one must know how to win it, for it is hard to win, dearly bought, through long labor and over a long span of time, since one must love not for a chance moment only, but for the whole span.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она трудно приобретается, дорого покупается","title":"Imperfective passive in «-ся»","body":"«Приобретается» and «покупается» are imperfective verbs with «-ся» functioning as a passive — 'is won', 'is bought'. This «-ся» passive is the natural imperfective counterpart to the participial passive, common in generalizing statements."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"любовь — учительница","title":"«Учительница» — (female) teacher","body":"«Любовь» being grammatically feminine, the predicate noun is the feminine «учительница» (teacher), not «учитель». The zero-copula equation 'love [is] a teacher' personifies love."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (vocative use)","role":"direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Brothers"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject, predicate noun учительница","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"учительница","lemma":"учительница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (copula omitted), describes любовь","gloss":"a teacher"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужно","morphology":"impersonal predicate","role":"main predicate of new clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"уметь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нужно","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приобрести","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"приобрести","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уметь","gloss":"to win"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приобретается","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приобретается","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобретается","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"приобретается","lemma":"приобретаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of ибо-clause","gloss":"to win"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покупается","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"покупается","lemma":"покупаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приобретается","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"долгою","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies работой","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"работой","lemma":"работа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (means) of приобретается/покупается","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"долгий","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"a long"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of через, coordinated with долгою работой","gloss":"span"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining надо любить","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случайное","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"случайное","lemma":"случайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"impersonal predicate","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, contrasted with мгновение, complement of любить","gloss":"span"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b6-c3-s160","source":"А случайно-то и всяк полюбить может, и злодей полюбит.","translation":"By chance anyone can love, even a villain can love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А случайно-то и всяк полюбить может","title":"Emphatic «-то» + archaic «всяк»","body":"The clitic «-то» on the adverb «случайно» ('by chance, mind you') topicalizes it. «Всяк» is the truncated archaic «всякий» ('anyone'), and «и… злодей полюбит» ('even a villain will come to love') uses «и» as 'even'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"By"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может/полюбить","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attached to случайно","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всяк","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всяк","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"полюбить","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"злодей","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбит","gloss":"a villain"},{"surface":"полюбит","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second (parallel) clause","gloss":"can love"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b6-c3-s161","source":"Юноша брат мой у птичек прощения просил: оно как бы и бессмысленно, а ведь правда, ибо всё как океан, всё течет и соприкасается, в одном месте тронешь — в другом конце мира отдается.","translation":"My young brother begged forgiveness of the birds: it seems almost senseless, and yet it is true, for everything is like an ocean, everything flows and is connected; touch it in one place and it resounds at the other end of the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у птичек прощения просил","title":"«Просить» + genitive of the thing + «у» + genitive","body":"«Просить» governs the genitive of what is asked («прощения» — forgiveness) and «у» + genitive for the one asked («у птичек» — of the birds). Two genitives in a row, the classic frame for 'to beg X of Y'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оно как бы и бессмысленно, а ведь правда","title":"Particles «как бы», «ведь», contrastive «а»","body":"«Как бы» softens ('as it were, almost'), the contrastive «а» pivots, and «ведь» appeals to shared conviction ('and yet, you know, it's true'). This trio is the very texture of Dostoevskian speech, weighting certainty against absurdity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking птичек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"птичек","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просил","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бессмысленно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies бессмысленно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (as if)","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы here is idiomatic ('as if/almost'), not a true conditional бы."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бессмысленно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бессмысленно","lemma":"бессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the clause (with subject оно)","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause (it is true)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, compared to океан","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking океан","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"океан","lemma":"океан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (compared via как)","gloss":"ocean"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of течет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"течет","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause, coordinated with соприкасается","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соприкасается","lemma":"соприкасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with течет","gloss":"is connected"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies месте","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тронешь","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"тронешь","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the protasis, paired with отдается","gloss":"you touch"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдается","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"отдается","lemma":"отдаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (paired with тронешь)","gloss":"resounds"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b6-c3-s162","source":"Пусть безумие у птичек прощения просить, но ведь и птичкам было бы легче, и ребенку, и всякому животному около тебя, если бы ты сам был благолепнее, чем ты есть теперь, хоть на одну каплю да было бы.","translation":"Let it be madness to beg forgiveness of the birds — yet it would be easier both for the birds, and for the child, and for every animal near you, if you yourself were more seemly than you are now, even if only by a single drop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть безумие… но ведь и птичкам было бы легче","title":"Concessive «пусть» + conditional «было бы легче»","body":"«Пусть» concedes the point ('let it be madness'), then «было бы легче» (impersonal comparative + «бы») states the counterfactual: 'it would be easier'. The experiencers «птичкам, ребёнку, всякому животному» are all in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты сам был благолепнее, чем ты есть теперь","title":"Comparative «благолепнее» in a «бы» clause","body":"The protasis «если бы… был благолепнее» pairs the conditional «бы» with the comparative of «благолепный» ('more seemly'). «Чем ты есть теперь' uses the rare overt present «есть» of 'to be' for emphasis ('than you [actually] are now')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безумие, introduces the clause","gloss":"let (it be)"},{"surface":"безумие","lemma":"безумие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (logical subject: просить)","gloss":"madness"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking птичек","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"птичек","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject-complement of безумие","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies птичкам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"птичкам","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of легче","gloss":"for the birds"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of легче","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ребенку","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with птичкам (dative object of легче)","gloss":"for the child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies животному","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"животному","lemma":"животное","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ребенку (dative object of легче)","gloss":"for the animal"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of preposition около, modifies животному","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of благолепнее","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благолепнее","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благолепнее","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"благолепнее","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"more seemly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the чем-clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на одну каплю","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каплю","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies каплю","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"каплю","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of preposition на (degree phrase)","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благолепнее, emphatic","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to благолепнее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of благолепнее","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b6-c3-s163","source":"Всё как океан, говорю вам.","translation":"Everything is like an ocean, I tell you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё как океан, говорю вам","title":"Zero-copula simile + dative «вам»","body":"A verbless equational simile: «всё как океан» ('everything [is] like an ocean'). «Говорю вам» ('I tell you') has the dative «вам» as indirect object — the preacher's emphatic address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, compared to океан","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking океан","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"океан","lemma":"океан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (compared via как)","gloss":"ocean"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b6-c3-s164","source":"Тогда и птичкам стал бы молиться, всецелою любовию мучимый, как бы в восторге каком, и молить, чтоб и они грех твой отпустили тебе.","translation":"Then you would begin to pray even to the birds, tormented by an all-embracing love, as if in some rapture, and would entreat them to forgive you your sin as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тогда и птичкам стал бы молиться","title":"Conditional «стал бы» + dative «птичкам»","body":"«Стал бы молиться» ('you would begin to pray') is the «бы» conditional of «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive. «Молиться» governs the dative of the one prayed to — «птичкам» ('to the birds')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всецелою любовию мучимый","title":"Present passive participle «мучимый»","body":"«Мучимый» is the rare, bookish present passive participle of «мучить» ('tormented'), with the agent/means in the instrumental «всецелою любовию» (note the Slavonic instrumental «-ию» for «-ью»). A dense, literary participial phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молить, чтоб… они грех твой отпустили тебе","title":"«Чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб» (=«чтобы») introduces an indirect entreaty whose verb takes the past form «отпустили» — the obligatory irrealis after «чтобы». «Отпустить грех» is the idiom 'to remit/forgive a sin', with «тебе» dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies птичкам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"птичкам","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"dative object of молиться","gloss":"to the birds"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"всецелою","lemma":"всецелый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовию","gloss":"all-embracing"},{"surface":"любовию","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучимый (agent of the passive)","gloss":"love","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ию, same as modern любовью."},{"surface":"мучимый","lemma":"мучимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"participial modifier of the implied subject (ты)","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies восторге","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучимый","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторге","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молиться (complement of стал)","gloss":"entreat"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отпустили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отпустили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпустили","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"отпустили","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of молить","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отпустили","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b6-c3-s165","source":"Восторгом же сим дорожи, как бы ни казался он людям бессмысленным.","translation":"Cherish that rapture, however senseless it may seem to people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восторгом же сим дорожи","title":"«Дорожить» + instrumental, with «же» and «сим»","body":"«Дорожить» ('to treasure, value') governs the instrumental, so «восторгом… сим» ('this rapture') is instrumental — including the archaic demonstrative «сим» (instr. of «сей»). The particle «же» lends the command insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ни казался он людям бессмысленным","title":"Concessive «как бы ни» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Как бы ни казался» ('however senseless it may seem') is the fixed concessive «как ни» with intervening «бы». «Казаться» takes an instrumental predicate, hence «бессмысленным» ('senseless'), and «людям» is the dative experiencer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорожи","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Восторгом","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Восторгом","gloss":"this","note":"Сим is the archaic instrumental of сей ('this'), Church-Slavonic in flavor."},{"surface":"дорожи","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive идиом как бы ни, modifies казался","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of казался","gloss":"to people"},{"surface":"бессмысленным","lemma":"бессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"senseless"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b6-c3-s166","source":"Други мои, просите у бога веселья.","translation":"My friends, ask God for gladness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Други мои, просите у бога веселья","title":"Archaic plural «други» + genitive object","body":"«Други» is the old/elevated nominative plural of «друг» (friend), beside the everyday «друзья» — solemn direct address. «Просите… веселья» takes the genitive of the thing asked, «у бога» the source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Други","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"friends","note":"Други is the archaic plural of друг ('friends')."},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of Други","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"просите","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просите","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"веселья","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просите","gloss":"gladness"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b6-c3-s167","source":"Будьте веселы как дети, как птички небесные.","translation":"Be glad as children, as the birds of heaven.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будьте веселы как дети","title":"Imperative of «быть» + short adjective","body":"«Будьте» is the imperative of «быть» ('be'), and «веселы» is the predicative short form of «весёлый» (glad) — the short form being the norm after an imperative 'be'. «Птички небесные» (the birds of heaven) is a scriptural turn (cf. Matthew 6:26)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будьте","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to веселы","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"веселы","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking дети","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"comparison complement introduced by как","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking птички","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"птички","lemma":"птичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"comparison complement introduced by как","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"небесные","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies птички","gloss":"of heaven"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b6-c3-s168","source":"И да не смущает вас грех людей в вашем делании, не бойтесь, что затрет он дело ваше и не даст ему совершиться, не говорите: «Силен грех, сильно нечестие, сильна среда скверная, а мы одиноки и бессильны, затрет нас скверная среда и не даст совершиться благому деланию».","translation":"And let not the sin of men trouble you in your work; do not fear that it will smother your work and keep it from being accomplished; do not say, \"Sin is strong, ungodliness is strong, the vile surroundings are strong, and we are alone and powerless; the vile surroundings will smother us and will not let the good work be accomplished.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да не смущает вас грех людей","title":"Third-person imperative with «да»","body":"«Да не смущает» ('let it not trouble') is a third-person imperative formed with «да» + present tense, a solemn, biblical construction (cf. «да будет свет», 'let there be light'). «Вас» is the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Силен грех, сильно нечестие, сильна среда скверная","title":"Short adjectives «силён, сильно, сильна»","body":"A drumbeat of predicative short forms of «сильный», agreeing in gender with each subject: «силён» (m., грех), «сильно» (n., нечестие), «сильна» (f., среда). The short form's absolute, declarative force suits the despairing voice being quoted."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"среда скверная","title":"«Среда» — environment / milieu","body":"«Среда» ('environment, surroundings, social milieu') with «скверная» (vile, foul) channels the 1860s radical doctrine that «среда заела» — the environment is to blame for human evil — which Dostoevsky repeatedly contests through Zossima's call to personal responsibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"optative particle, modifies смущает","gloss":"let (not)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смущает","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of смущает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смущает","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делании","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"делании","lemma":"делание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier, modifies грех","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second imperative clause","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of затрет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"затрет","lemma":"затереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of бойтесь","gloss":"will smother"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of затрет","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрет","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of даст","gloss":"be accomplished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third imperative clause, introduces the quotation","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Силен","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the quoted clause (subject грех)","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Силен","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate, subject нечестие","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"нечестие","lemma":"нечестие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сильно, coordinated clause","gloss":"ungodliness"},{"surface":"сильна","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate, subject среда, coordinated clause","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"среда","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сильна","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"скверная","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies среда","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одиноки","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"одиноки","lemma":"одинокий","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated clause, subject мы","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессильны","lemma":"бессильный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"coordinated with одиноки","gloss":"powerless"},{"surface":"затрет","lemma":"затереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next quoted clause","gloss":"will smother"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of затрет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"скверная","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies среда","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"среда","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затрет","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даст","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затрет","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of даст","gloss":"be accomplished"},{"surface":"благому","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деланию","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"деланию","lemma":"делание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"logical subject of совершиться (impersonal dative construction)","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b6-c3-s169","source":"Бегите, дети, сего уныния!","translation":"Flee, children, from this despondency!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бегите, дети, сего уныния","title":"Imperative «бегите» + genitive «сего уныния»","body":"«Бежать» here governs the genitive of what one flees, so «сего уныния» ('this despondency') is genitive, with archaic «сего» (gen. of «сей»). «Уныние» (despondency, acedia) is the cardinal monastic sin of spiritual sloth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of уныния","gloss":"this","note":"Сего is the archaic genitive of сей ('this')."},{"surface":"уныния","lemma":"уныние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of Бегите (flee from)","gloss":"despondency"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b6-c3-s170","source":"Одно тут спасение себе: возьми себя и сделай себя же ответчиком за весь грех людской.","translation":"There is but one rescue for you here: take yourself, and make yourself answerable for all the sin of mankind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одно тут спасение себе","title":"Dative «себе» of advantage","body":"«Спасение себе» ('a rescue for yourself') uses the reflexive «себе» in the dative of advantage — the salvation is for oneself. The verbless clause states a single remedy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми себя и сделай себя же ответчиком","title":"Perfective imperatives + predicate instrumental «ответчиком»","body":"«Возьми… сделай» are perfective imperatives for decisive single acts. «Сделать кого-л. ответчиком» ('make someone answerable') takes the instrumental predicate «ответчиком»; the «же» on «себя» insists 'your very self'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасение","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"спасение","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical есть)","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of спасение","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause explaining спасение","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ответчиком","lemma":"ответчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сделай","gloss":"answerable"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грех","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of ответчиком (via за)","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"людской","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грех","gloss":"of mankind"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b6-c3-s171","source":"Друг, да ведь это и вправду так, ибо чуть только сделаешь себя за всё и за всех ответчиком искренно, то тотчас же увидишь, что оно так и есть в самом деле и что ты-то и есть за всех и за вся виноват.","translation":"Friend, this is truly so, for the moment you sincerely make yourself answerable for everything and everyone, you will see at once that it really is so, and that you yourself are guilty for everyone and for all things.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь это и вправду так","title":"Cluster «да… ведь… и»","body":"An emphatic opening stack: «да» ('why,'/'indeed'), «ведь» appealing to the listener's own sense ('after all'), and «и вправду» ('truly, really'). It is the warm, button-holing voice of Dostoevsky's homiletic prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты-то и есть за всех и за вся виноват","title":"Emphatic «ты-то» + archaic «за вся»","body":"«Ты-то и есть… виноват» foregrounds 'you, precisely, are the guilty one' with «-то» and overt «есть». «За вся» is the Church-Slavonic neuter-plural 'for all things' (beside modern «за всё»), paired with «за всех» (for all people)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть только сделаешь… то тотчас же увидишь","title":"Temporal «чуть только… то» + perfective futures","body":"«Чуть только» ('the moment that, as soon as') sets up a correlative with «то» ('then'); both verbs «сделаешь… увидишь» are perfective futures, marking the immediate completed sequence Zossima promises."}],"words":[{"surface":"Друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вправду","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (this is so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть только, modifies сделаешь","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть только","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"сделаешь","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the ибо-clause (temporal)","gloss":"you make"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаешь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сделаешь, coordinated with всё","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ответчиком","lemma":"ответчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сделаешь","gloss":"answerable"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаешь","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидишь","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb modifying есть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и есть (intensifying)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate так","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom modifying есть (in fact)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix attached to ты (ты-то)","gloss":"yourself","note":"The -то suffix on ты is an emphatic particle ('you yourself'), not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть, intensifying","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate виноват","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"complement of виноват (via за)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of виноват (via за)","gloss":"all things","note":"Archaic neuter plural of весь ('all things'), distinct from всё."},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b6-c3-s172","source":"А скидывая свою же лень и свое бессилие на людей, кончишь тем, что гордости сатанинской приобщишься и на бога возропщешь.","translation":"But by shifting your own laziness and impotence onto others, you will end by sharing in a satanic pride and by murmuring against God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скидывая свою же лень и свое бессилие на людей","title":"Imperfective gerund «скидывая» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Скидывая» ('shifting [off]') is an imperfective present деепричастие expressing the manner accompanying the main verb. «Свою… своё» is the reflexive possessive ('one's own laziness and impotence'), pointing back to the subject 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончишь тем, что… приобщишься и… возропщешь","title":"Reflexive «приобщишься» + archaic «возропщешь»","body":"«Приобщишься» ('you will partake of') is a perfective reflexive future governing the dative («гордости… приобщишься»). «Возропщешь» ('you will murmur/grumble against') is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb with «воз-», typically with «на» + accusative «на бога»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"скидывая","lemma":"скидывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on кончишь","gloss":"shifting off"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лень","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свою, emphatic","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"лень","lemma":"лень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скидывая","gloss":"laziness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бессилие","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"бессилие","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лень (direct object of скидывая)","gloss":"impotence"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скидывая","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"кончишь","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of кончишь, correlative with что-clause","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приобщишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of приобщишься","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"сатанинской","lemma":"сатанинский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"satanic"},{"surface":"приобщишься","lemma":"приобщиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"clause explaining тем","gloss":"you will partake in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возропщешь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"возропщешь","lemma":"возроптать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приобщишься","gloss":"you will murmur"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b6-c3-s173","source":"О гордости же сатанинской мыслю так: трудно нам на земле ее и постичь, а потому сколь легко впасть в ошибку и приобщиться ей, да еще полагая, что нечто великое и прекрасное делаем.","translation":"Of satanic pride I think thus: it is hard for us on earth even to grasp it, and therefore how easy it is to fall into the error and share in it, all the while supposing that we are doing something great and beautiful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трудно нам на земле ее и постичь","title":"Impersonal «трудно» + dative «нам»","body":"A dative-subject impersonal: «трудно нам… постичь» ('it is hard for us to grasp'). The dative «нам» names the experiencer, with no nominative subject — the construction that pervades the novel's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколь легко впасть в ошибку… да еще полагая","title":"Gerund «полагая» + «сколь легко»","body":"«Полагая» ('supposing, while thinking') is an imperfective gerund of simultaneous circumstance. «Сколь легко» ('how easy') is the bookish «сколь» again; «впасть в ошибку» is the idiom 'to fall into error'."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гордости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"гордости","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"сатанинской","lemma":"сатанинский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордости","gloss":"satanic"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the following clause","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"complement of трудно","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трудно","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of постичь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постичь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"постичь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with трудно","gloss":"to grasp"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сколь","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легко","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"легко","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate, complement of впасть","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"впасть","lemma":"впасть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of легко","gloss":"to fall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ошибку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ошибку","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of впасть","gloss":"error"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приобщиться","lemma":"приобщиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with впасть","gloss":"to partake"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of приобщиться","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and moreover"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагая","gloss":"while still"},{"surface":"полагая","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying впасть/приобщиться","gloss":"supposing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делаем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of делаем","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with великое","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"делаем","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of полагая","gloss":"we are doing"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b6-c3-s174","source":"Да и многое из самых сильных чувств и движений природы нашей мы пока на земле не можем постичь, не соблазняйся и сим и не думай, что сие в чем-либо может тебе служить оправданием, ибо спросит с тебя судия вечный то, что ты мог постичь, а не то, чего не мог, сам убедишься в том, ибо тогда всё узришь правильно и спорить уже не станешь.","translation":"And much, too, of the strongest feelings and impulses of our nature we cannot yet grasp while on earth; do not be led astray by this either, and do not imagine that it can serve you in any way as a justification, for the eternal judge will require of you what you were able to grasp, not what you could not — you will be convinced of this yourself, for then you will see everything aright and will no longer dispute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не соблазняйся и сим и не думай","title":"Negated reflexive imperative + «сим»","body":"«Не соблазняйся» ('do not be tempted/led astray') is a negated imperfective reflexive imperative; «сим» is the instrumental of archaic «сей» ('by this'). The «и» means 'either' — 'do not be led astray by this either'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросит с тебя судия вечный то, что ты мог постичь","title":"Correlative «то, что» + archaic «судия»","body":"«То, что» is the correlative 'that which' — «то» the antecedent object, «что» opening the relative clause. «Судия» is the archaic/Slavonic form of «судья» (judge), here 'the eternal judge', i.e. God."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда всё узришь правильно и спорить уже не станешь","title":"Slavonic «узришь» + negated future «не станешь»","body":"«Узришь» ('you will behold') is a Church-Slavonic perfective ('зреть' — to see), lofty for «увидишь». «Спорить… не станешь» is a negated imperfective future ('you will no longer dispute'), «стать» + infinitive denoting an inceptive future negated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes многое","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of постичь","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"forms superlative with сильных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"движений","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувств","gloss":"impulses"},{"surface":"природы","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies движений","gloss":"of nature"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of природы","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можем","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates можем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можем","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"постичь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можем","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates соблазняйся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"соблазняйся","lemma":"соблазняться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, reflexive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be led astray"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сим","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соблазняйся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates думай","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"думай","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соблазняйся","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"object of preposition в, part of чем-либо","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with чем to mean 'in any way'","gloss":"way","note":"чем-либо ('in any way') is split across two tokens here."},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of служить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"служить","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"оправданием","lemma":"оправдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of служить","gloss":"as a justification"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"спросит","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will require"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"судия","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросит","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"вечный","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судия","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спросит","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"постичь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то (object of спросит)","gloss":"that which"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of мог","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying то","gloss":"were able"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of убедишься","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"убедишься","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the new sentence","gloss":"you will be convinced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедишься","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узришь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узришь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of узришь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"узришь","lemma":"узреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"правильно","lemma":"правильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узришь","gloss":"aright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спорить","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станешь","gloss":"dispute"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станешь","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates станешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узришь","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b6-c3-s175","source":"На земле же воистину мы как бы блуждаем, и не было бы драгоценного Христова образа пред нами, то погибли бы мы и заблудились совсем, как род человеческий пред потопом.","translation":"On earth we truly wander, as it were, and were the precious image of Christ not before us, we would perish and lose our way altogether, like the human race before the flood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было бы драгоценного Христова образа пред нами, то погибли бы мы","title":"Counterfactual with «не было бы» (genitive)","body":"A double «бы» counterfactual: the existential «не было бы… образа» takes the genitive of the absent subject («образа», genitive of negation), and the apodosis «погибли бы мы» ('we would perish') completes the irrealis."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блуждаем","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes на земле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies блуждаем","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of блуждаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"блуждаем","lemma":"блуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wander"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional protasis","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"драгоценного","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образа","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"Христова","lemma":"Христов","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образа","gloss":"Christ's"},{"surface":"образа","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis, introduces погибли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"погибли","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"would perish"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker with погибли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погибли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заблудились","lemma":"заблудиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with погибли","gloss":"would lose our way"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заблудились","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison род человеческий","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"род","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared with мы","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"человеческий","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies род","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking потопом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"потопом","lemma":"потоп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"the flood"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b6-c3-s176","source":"Многое на земле от нас скрыто, но взамен того даровано нам тайное сокровенное ощущение живой связи нашей с миром иным, с миром горним и высшим, да и корни наших мыслей и чувств не здесь, а в мирах иных.","translation":"Much on earth is hidden from us, but in exchange we have been granted a secret, hidden sense of our living bond with another world, with a world on high and exalted; and indeed the roots of our thoughts and feelings are not here but in other worlds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взамен того даровано нам тайное… ощущение","title":"Short passive participle «даровано» + dative «нам»","body":"«Даровано» is the short past passive participle of the Slavonic «даровать» ('to grant, bestow'), forming an impersonal passive: 'has been granted to us', with the dative recipient «нам». «Взамен того» means 'in exchange for that'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с миром горним и высшим","title":"«Горний» — heavenly, on high","body":"«Горний» is a Church-Slavonic adjective meaning 'of the heights, celestial, on high' (related to «гора», mountain), the opposite of «дольний» (earthly). «Мир горний» is the standard term for the heavenly world above."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"корни наших мыслей и чувств не здесь, а в мирах иных","title":"Contrastive «не… а» + prepositional «в мирах»","body":"«Не здесь, а в мирах иных» ('not here, but in other worlds') is the «не… а» contrastive pair correcting one term with another. «В мирах иных» is the prepositional of location after «в», with the bookish post-posed adjective «иных»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скрыто","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Многое","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрыто","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"скрыто","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is hidden"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"взамен","lemma":"взамен","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"in exchange"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of preposition взамен","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"даровано","lemma":"даровать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скрыто","gloss":"is granted"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даровано","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"тайное","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"сокровенное","lemma":"сокровенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive даровано","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"живой","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies связи","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"связи","lemma":"связь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ощущение","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of связи","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"миром","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition с, modifies связи","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миром","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"миром","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with миром","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"горним","lemma":"горний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миром","gloss":"on high"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высшим","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горним","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"корни","lemma":"корень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"roots"},{"surface":"наших","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies корни","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with мыслей","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of корни","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мирах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мирах","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with здесь as predicate location","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies мирах","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b6-c3-s177","source":"Вот почему и говорят философы, что сущности вещей нельзя постичь на земле.","translation":"That is why the philosophers say that the essence of things cannot be grasped on earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сущности вещей нельзя постичь на земле","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + genitive object","body":"«Нельзя постичь» ('one cannot grasp') is a subjectless modal construction. Under this negative impossibility the object «сущность» appears in the genitive «сущности» (genitive of negation), with «вещей» the genitive plural 'of things'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes говорят","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"философы","lemma":"философ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"the philosophers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of постичь","gloss":"the essence"},{"surface":"вещей","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause, governs постичь","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"постичь","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"be grasped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постичь","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b6-c3-s178","source":"Бог взял семена из миров иных и посеял на сей земле и взрастил сад свой, и взошло всё, что могло взойти, но взращенное живет и живо лишь чувством соприкосновения своего таинственным мирам иным; если ослабевает или уничтожается в тебе сие чувство, то умирает и взращенное в тебе.","translation":"God took seeds from other worlds and sowed them on this earth and raised up His garden, and everything came up that could come up; but what is raised lives and is alive only through the sense of its contact with mysterious other worlds; if this sense weakens or is destroyed within you, then what was raised within you dies as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взошло всё, что могло взойти","title":"Perfective «взошло» + correlative «всё, что»","body":"«Взошло» (perfective past of «взойти», 'came up, sprouted') with neuter «всё» as subject, and the relative «что могло взойти» ('that could come up'). The garden imagery is sustained by the agricultural verb «взойти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"живо лишь чувством соприкосновения своего","title":"Instrumental of means «чувством» + reflexive «своего»","body":"«Живо… чувством» ('is alive [only] through the sense') puts the means in the instrumental. «Своего» is the reflexive possessive ('its own contact'), referring back to «взращенное» (that which was raised)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если ослабевает или уничтожается… то умирает","title":"Real conditional + «-ся» passive","body":"An open (real) conditional in the present: «если ослабевает или уничтожается… то умирает» ('if it weakens or is destroyed… it dies'). «Уничтожается» is an imperfective «-ся» passive ('is destroyed'); no «бы», since the condition is presented as a genuine possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"семена","lemma":"семя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"seeds"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миров","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"миров","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies миров","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посеял","lemma":"посеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"sowed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посеял","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взрастил","lemma":"взрастить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"raised up"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взрастил","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сад","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взошло","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взошло","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"взойти","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come up"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"взращенное","lemma":"взращённый","morphology":"participle, past, passive, nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"subject of живет","gloss":"what is raised"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with живет","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет/живо","gloss":"through the sense"},{"surface":"соприкосновения","lemma":"соприкосновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувством","gloss":"of contact"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соприкосновения","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"таинственным","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies мирам","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"мирам","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of соприкосновения","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies мирам","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ослабевает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ослабевает","lemma":"ослабевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on умирает","gloss":"weakens"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уничтожается","lemma":"уничтожаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ослабевает","gloss":"is destroyed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ослабевает/уничтожается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ослабевает","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis, introduces умирает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"умирает","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взращенное","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"взращенное","lemma":"взращённый","morphology":"participle, past, passive, nominative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"subject of умирает","gloss":"what was raised"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"modifies взращенное","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b6-c3-s179","source":"Тогда станешь к жизни равнодушен и даже возненавидишь ее.","translation":"Then you will grow indifferent to life and even come to hate it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"станешь к жизни равнодушен и даже возненавидишь ее","title":"Short adjective «равнодушен» + inceptive «возненавидишь»","body":"«Станешь… равнодушен» ('you will become indifferent') uses the predicative short form after «стать»; «равнодушный» governs «к» + dative «к жизни». «Возненавидишь» has the inceptive prefix «воз-/воз-нена-» — 'you will come to hate'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станешь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of равнодушен","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"равнодушен","lemma":"равнодушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of станешь","gloss":"indifferent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возненавидишь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возненавидишь","lemma":"возненавидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with станешь","gloss":"will hate"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возненавидишь","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b6-c3-s180","source":"Мыслю так.","translation":"So I think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мыслю так","title":"«Мыслю так» — closing cadence","body":"The bookish «мыслю» ('I think') returns to close the chapter, a quiet, humble seal on Zossima's teaching ('So I think'). Its archaic register frames the whole as personal, contemplative testimony rather than dogma."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мыслю","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b6-c3-s181","source":"Помни особенно, что не можешь ничьим судиею быти.","translation":"Remember above all that you cannot be the judge of anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не можешь","title":"Plain negation «не»","body":"«Не» is the basic negator, placed immediately before the word it denies — here the verb «можешь» (you can). The flat «не можешь судиею быти» renders Zossima's command in a solemn, almost scriptural register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"быти","title":"Archaic infinitive «быти»","body":"«Быти» is the Old Church Slavonic infinitive of «быть» (to be), here in place of modern «быть». Dostoevsky lends Zossima's exhortation the cadence of Scripture and the Church fathers through such old forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судиею","title":"Instrumental of the predicate «судиею»","body":"After «быти» (to be) the predicate noun «судья» (judge) stands in the instrumental «судиею», the case that frames an assumed or potential role. The ending «-ею» rather than modern «-ёй» is itself archaic and bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничьим","title":"Negative «ни-» pronoun «ничей»","body":"«Ничьим» is the instrumental of «ничей» (no one's), a negative possessive pronoun built on «ни-» agreeing with «судиею». Russian negative concord keeps «не» on the verb even with the «ни-»-word: «не можешь ничьим судиею быти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Помни","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Помни","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ничьим","lemma":"ничей","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судиею","gloss":"anyone's"},{"surface":"судиею","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быти","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"быти","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"be","note":"быти is the archaic form of быть."}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b6-c3-s182","source":"Ибо не может быть на земле судья преступника, прежде чем сам сей судья не познает, что и он такой же точно преступник, как и стоящий пред ним, и что он-то за преступление стоящего пред ним, может, прежде всех и виноват.","translation":"For there can be no judge of a criminal on earth until that judge himself knows that he too is just such a criminal as the one standing before him, and that he himself is perhaps guilty before all others for the crime of the one who stands before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"Bookish «ибо» (for, because)","body":"«Ибо» is an archaic, elevated subordinator meaning 'for / because', the staple causal conjunction of Scripture and 19th-century sermon prose. It recurs throughout Zossima's discourse, setting its lofty homiletic tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем сам сей судья не познает","title":"Pleonastic «не» after «прежде чем»","body":"The «не» here is expletive, not a real negation: after «прежде чем» (before) Russian may insert «не» without negating the clause, so this reads 'before that judge himself comes to know'. «Познает» is a perfective present-form verb with future-conditional force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сей судья","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«Сей» (this) is the bookish, archaic demonstrative that replaces modern «этот» throughout this passage. It declines like an adjective and is one of the surest signals of the elevated literary register of Zossima's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоящий пред ним","title":"Present active participle «стоящий»","body":"«Стоящий» (the one standing) is a present active participle in «-ящ-» from «стоять», here substantivized to mean 'the one who stands before him'. The condensed participle replaces a fuller «который стоит» clause, a hallmark of literary density."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «он» foregrounds the known topic with insistence: 'he, for one / he himself'. It is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то», and sharpens the paradox that the judge may be guiltiest of all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the preceding statement","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может быть","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"of a criminal"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем, introduces the clause of познает","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes сей судья","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судья","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of познает","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"pleonastic negation with познает","gloss":"not","note":"This не is an archaic pleonastic negation (found in the \"прежде чем ... не\" construction) — it does not actually negate; the clause means the judge DOES come to know, matching the translation's \"until that judge himself knows.\""},{"surface":"познает","lemma":"познавать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the прежде чем-clause","gloss":"comes to know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clause of познает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate преступник)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступник","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes такой","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такой","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of познает","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with стоящий","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes стоящий","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"стоящий","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"participle, present, active, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"compared with он","gloss":"the one standing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause of познает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes он (он-то, 'he himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступление","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition за","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"стоящего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"participle, present, active, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"of the one standing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition пред","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies виноват","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase прежде всех","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of prejde, modifies виноват","gloss":"all others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes виноват","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, clausal complement of познает","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b6-c3-s183","source":"Когда же постигнет сие, то возможет стать и судиею.","translation":"Once he grasps this, then he will be able to become a judge as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же постигнет сие","title":"Particle «же» and perfective future","body":"«Же» here is a mild connective-emphatic particle linking the clause to what precedes ('and once...'). «Постигнет» is a perfective present-form verb carrying future meaning — 'once he grasps this' — typical of how the perfective fronts a single completed act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возможет","title":"Archaic «возможет» (will be able)","body":"«Возможет» is a bookish, archaic perfective future of «мочь» (modern «сможет»), 'he will be able'. The «воз-» prefix and old conjugation belong to the same elevated Slavonic-flavored layer as «быти» and «сие»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сие","title":"Neuter «сие» as object","body":"«Сие» is the neuter of the archaic demonstrative «сей», here a bare pronoun 'this (thing)'. Substantivized neuter «сие» recurs constantly in this chunk as the object of grasping, believing, and accepting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постигнет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Когда","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"постигнет","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возможет","gloss":"grasps"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of постигнет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis, introduces возможет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возможет","lemma":"возмочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"will be able"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможет","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судиею","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"судиею","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стать","gloss":"a judge"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b6-c3-s184","source":"Как ни безумно на вид, но правда сие.","translation":"However mad it may appear, this is the truth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ни безумно на вид","title":"Concessive «как ни»","body":"«Как ни...» is a concessive construction, 'however... it may be', built with the intensifying «ни». «Безумно» is a short-form neuter adjective in predicate use ('[however] mad'), giving a bookish, sententious ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"правда сие","title":"Zero copula with «сие»","body":"Russian uses no present-tense 'to be': «правда сие» juxtaposes predicate and subject — 'this [is] truth' — with the copula understood. The fronting of «правда» before «сие» weights 'truth' as the comment of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces как (concessive)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"безумно","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition на, idiom 'на вид'","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of сие","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b6-c3-s185","source":"Ибо был бы я сам праведен, может, и преступника, стоящего предо мною, не было бы.","translation":"For were I myself righteous, perhaps there would be no criminal standing before me at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо был бы я сам праведен","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"The irrealis particle «бы» joined to the past form «был» makes a counterfactual: 'were I myself righteous'. «Бы» leans here on the verb at the head of the clause; the inverted «был бы я» heightens the rhetorical, sermon-like weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"праведен","title":"Short adjective «праведен»","body":"«Праведен» is the short (predicative) form of «праведный» (righteous), used after «был бы». Short adjectives are markedly bookish and carry a sense of state, here suiting the solemn hypothetical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступника... не было бы","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было бы»","body":"Under the negated existential «не было бы» the absent subject goes obligatorily in the genitive: «преступника... не было бы» ('there would be no criminal'). The genitive «преступника» also reads as animate masculine, indistinguishable from its accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоящего предо мною","title":"Participle plus archaic «предо»","body":"«Стоящего» is the present active participle of «стоять» in genitive agreement with «преступника». «Предо мною» is the old, full form of the preposition «перед» before «мной» — period-elevated for the modern «передо мной»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of праведен (conditional protasis)","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker with был","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of праведен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"праведен","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the protasis","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes преступника","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"стоящего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"participle, present, active, genitive, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"complement of preposition предо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (existential)","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional marker with было","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b6-c3-s186","source":"Если возможешь принять на себя преступление стоящего пред тобою и судимого сердцем твоим преступника, то немедленно приими и пострадай за него сам, его же без укора отпусти.","translation":"If you can take upon yourself the crime of the criminal standing before you and judged by your heart, then take it upon yourself at once and suffer for him yourself, and let him go without reproach.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если возможешь принять на себя","title":"Conditional «если» plus reflexive «себя»","body":"«Если возможешь» opens a real (not hypothetical) condition with a perfective future. «На себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which points back to the clause's subject — 'take upon yourself' — and has no nominative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судимого сердцем твоим","title":"Passive participle with instrumental agent","body":"«Судимого» is a present passive participle in «-им-» from «судить» ('being judged'), agreeing with «преступника». The agent stands in the instrumental: «сердцем твоим» — 'judged by your heart'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приими и пострадай... отпусти","title":"Chain of perfective imperatives","body":"A string of perfective commands drives the precept: «приими» (archaic for «прими», take), «пострадай» (suffer), «отпусти» (release). Perfective imperatives call for a single decisive act; «приими» preserves the old doubled-vowel Slavonic spelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его же","title":"Emphatic «же» on the object","body":"«Его же без укора отпусти» fronts the object «его» with the emphatic particle «же» — 'and him let go without reproach'. The displaced word order and «же» throw the stress onto the act of release."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возможешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"возможешь","lemma":"возмочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause, complement приими","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможешь","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of принять","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"the crime"},{"surface":"стоящего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies преступника","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links стоящего and судимого","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судимого","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоящего, modifies преступника","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судимого","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies преступление","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приими","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приими","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"приими","lemma":"приять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пострадай","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приими","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пострадай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of пострадай","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпусти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on его","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking укора","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"укора","lemma":"укор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпусти","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"отпусти","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приими and пострадай","gloss":"let go"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b6-c3-s187","source":"И даже если б и самый закон поставил тебя его судиею, то сколь лишь возможно будет тебе сотвори и тогда в духе сем, ибо уйдет и осудит себя сам еще горше суда твоего.","translation":"And even if the law itself has appointed you his judge, then so far as you can, act even then in this same spirit, for he will go away and condemn himself more harshly than your judgment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и самый закон поставил тебя его судиею","title":"Conditional «если б» with predicate instrumental","body":"«Если б» (= «если бы») opens a concessive hypothetical with the past form «поставил». «Тебя его судиею» sets the appointed role «судиею» in the instrumental — 'appointed you his judge' — the case for a role assigned by the verb «поставить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самый закон","title":"Intensifier «самый»","body":"Here «самый» means 'the very' — 'the very law itself' — intensifying «закон», not forming a superlative. Combined with «и» ('even') it concedes the strongest case: even if the law itself makes you judge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сотвори","title":"Archaic «сотвори» (do, act)","body":"«Сотвори» is the imperative of «сотворить» (to make/create), used here in the Slavonic sense 'do, act'. Together with «сколь» (how, for «насколько») and «в духе сем» it sustains the high biblical diction of the injunction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уйдет и осудит себя сам","title":"Reflexive «себя» with intensive «сам»","body":"«Осудит себя сам» pairs the object pronoun «себя» (himself, object of judging) with the intensifier «сам» (he himself, of his own accord). The two are distinct: «себя» is what is judged, «сам» stresses who does the judging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горше суда твоего","title":"Comparative «горше» with genitive standard","body":"«Горше» is the bookish comparative of «горький/горько/горше» (more bitterly/harshly); the thing compared against takes the genitive: «суда твоего» — 'than your judgment'. This bare comparative-plus-genitive is the older, terser pattern beside «чем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поставил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of поставил","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies закон","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поставил","gloss":"the law"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of судиею","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"судиею","lemma":"судия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of поставил","gloss":"as judge"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"so far as"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate with будет","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of возможно","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"сотвори","lemma":"сотворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"act"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сотвори","gloss":"even then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотвори","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"he will go away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осудит","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of осудит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of осудит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"горше","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies осудит","gloss":"more harshly"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with горше","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b6-c3-s188","source":"Если же отойдет с целованием твоим бесчувственный и смеясь над тобою же, то не соблазняйся и сим: значит, срок его еще не пришел, но придет в свое время; а не придет, всё равно: не он, так другой за него познает, и пострадает, и осудит, и обвинит себя сам, и правда будет восполнена.","translation":"But if he departs unfeeling under your kiss, mocking you, then do not be led astray by this either: it means his time has not yet come, but it will come in due season; and if it does not come, no matter: if not he, then another will know on his behalf, and will suffer, and condemn, and accuse himself, and the truth will be fulfilled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отойдет... бесчувственный и смеясь над тобою же","title":"Imperfective gerund «смеясь»","body":"«Смеясь» is the present (imperfective) gerund «деепричастие» of «смеяться», naming an action simultaneous with the main verb — 'departing... mocking you'. It must share the main subject; «же» on «тобою» adds a needling emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не соблазняйся и сим","title":"Reflexive imperative «не соблазняйся»","body":"«Соблазняйся» is the imperfective reflexive «-ся» imperative of «соблазняться» (be led astray / scandalized); the imperfective with «не» gives a general prohibition. «Сим» is the archaic instrumental of «сей» governed by «соблазняться» — 'do not be tempted by this either'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не он, так другой","title":"Correlative «не..., так...»","body":"«Не он, так другой» is an elliptical correlative — 'if not he, then another'. With the verb «познает» understood, the construction compresses a whole conditional into four words, a terse oral-homiletic turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"познает, и пострадает, и осудит, и обвинит себя сам","title":"Polysyndeton of perfective futures","body":"Four perfective verbs strung with repeated «и» — «познает, пострадает, осудит, обвинит» — march the future events forward one by one. Each is a perfective present-form serving as future; the repeated «и» (polysyndeton) gives liturgical momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отойдет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Если","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"отойдет","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"he departs"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"целованием","lemma":"целование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отойдет","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of целованием","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бесчувственный","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отойдет","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отойдет","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of над","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on тобою","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соблазняйся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates соблазняйся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"соблазняйся","lemma":"соблазняться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be led astray"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соблазняйся","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"his time"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of срок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted subject of познает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies познает, correlative with не","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of познает","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"познает","lemma":"познать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пострадает/осудит/обвинит","gloss":"will know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пострадает","lemma":"пострадать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with познает","gloss":"will suffer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осудит","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with познает","gloss":"will condemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обвинит","lemma":"обвинить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with познает","gloss":"will accuse"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of обвинит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of обвинит","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive восполнена","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of восполнена","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"восполнена","lemma":"восполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of правда, final clause of the sentence","gloss":"fulfilled"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b6-c3-s189","source":"Верь сему, несомненно верь, ибо в сем самом и лежит всё упование и вся вера святых.","translation":"Believe this, believe it without doubt, for in this very thing lies all the hope and all the faith of the saints.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Верь сему, несомненно верь","title":"Imperative «верь» with dative object","body":"«Верь» is the imperative of «верить» (to believe); the verb governs the dative, so its object «сему» (archaic dative of «сей») is dative, not accusative — 'believe this'. The repetition «верь... верь» is insistent homiletic anaphora."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сем самом","title":"Prepositional «в сем»","body":"«В сем самом» is the archaic prepositional of «сей» plus intensifier «самый» — 'in this very thing'. «В» governs the prepositional for location/abstract 'in', and «лежит» fronts the verb ('therein lies') for rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упование","title":"«Упование» (hope, trust)","body":"«Упование» is a solemn, Church-register noun for hope-as-trust in God, weightier than everyday «надежда». Its «-ние» suffix and biblical aura place it squarely in the sacred vocabulary of «вера святых» (the faith of the saints)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of Верь","gloss":"this","note":"верить takes a dative complement; сему is the archaic dative of сей (\"this\")."},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верь","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Верь, emphatic repetition","gloss":"believe it"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем самом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"very thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on лежит","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of упование","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"упование","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"the hope"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вера","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вера","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with упование, subject of лежит","gloss":"the faith"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вера","gloss":"of the saints"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b6-c3-s190","source":"Делай неустанно.","translation":"Work without ceasing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Делай неустанно","title":"Imperfective imperative «делай»","body":"«Делай» is the imperfective imperative of «делать», calling for ongoing, repeated action — 'keep working / work without ceasing' — paired with the adverb «неустанно» (tirelessly). Imperfective imperatives are the natural choice for a continuous injunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Делай","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Делай","gloss":"without ceasing"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b6-c3-s191","source":"Если вспомнишь в нощи, отходя ко сну: «Я не исполнил, что надо было», то немедленно восстань и исполни.","translation":"If you remember in the night, as you are going to sleep, \"I did not do what I ought to have done,\" then rise at once and do it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в нощи","title":"Church-Slavonic «в нощи» (in the night)","body":"«Нощь» is the Church-Slavonic doublet of «ночь» (night), showing the non-pleophonic «-щ-» where Russian has «-ч-». «В нощи» — 'in the night' — would be «ночью» in plain modern speech; the old form sanctifies the moment of nocturnal self-examination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отходя ко сну","title":"Gerund «отходя» of attendant circumstance","body":"«Отходя ко сну» ('going off to sleep') is an imperfective gerund «деепричастие» giving the circumstance accompanying «вспомнишь». «Ко сну» uses «к» + dative «сну», with the expanded «ко» before the consonant cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восстань и исполни","title":"Archaic perfective imperatives","body":"«Восстань» (rise up) and «исполни» (fulfill, do) are perfective imperatives demanding immediate single acts. «Восстань», with its «вос-» prefix, is elevated and biblical — far weightier than a plain «встань»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспомнишь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вспомнишь","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you recall"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нощи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нощи","lemma":"нощь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнишь","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"отходя","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомнишь","gloss":"as you retire"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сну","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходя","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of исполнил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates исполнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the relative clause of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"clausal complement of исполнил","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восстань","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восстань","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"восстань","lemma":"восстать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполни","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восстань","gloss":"do it"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b6-c3-s192","source":"Если кругом тебя люди злобные и бесчувственные и не захотят тебя слушать, то пади пред ними и у них прощения проси, ибо воистину и ты в том виноват, что не хотят тебя слушать.","translation":"If the people around you are spiteful and unfeeling and will not hear you, then fall down before them and beg their forgiveness, for truly you too are guilty in that they will not hear you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то пади пред ними и у них прощения проси","title":"Imperatives with genitive object","body":"«Пади» (fall) and «проси» (ask) are imperatives; «проси» governs the genitive of the thing requested — «прощения» ('forgiveness') — and «у них» marks the person asked. «Пред ними» is the archaic «перед»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«Воистину» (truly, verily)","body":"«Воистину» is the solemn, archaic 'verily / truly', familiar from the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе». It marks the sentence as a weighty spiritual assertion rather than a casual «правда»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виноват в том, что не хотят тебя слушать","title":"Correlative «в том, что»","body":"«Виноват в том, что...» links the short adjective «виноват» (guilty) to a «что»-clause through the correlative «в том» — 'guilty in [the fact] that...'. «В том» is the prepositional of «то», anticipating the reported clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of кругом","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of злобные and захотят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"злобные","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of люди","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесчувственные","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with злобные, predicate complement of люди","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates захотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"will be willing"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотят","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пади","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пади","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall down"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of проси","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проси","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"проси","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пади","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виноват","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виноват","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular, predicate","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates хотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"they are willing"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to hear"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b6-c3-s193","source":"А если уже не можешь говорить с озлобленными, то служи им молча и в уничижении, никогда не теряя надежды.","translation":"And if you can no longer speak with the embittered, then serve them in silence and in self-abasement, never losing hope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"служи им молча","title":"Imperative «служи» with dative","body":"«Служи» (serve) is an imperfective imperative governing the dative — «им» ('serve them') — since 'to serve someone' takes the dative. «Молча» is an adverbial gerund frozen into the adverb 'silently'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не теряя надежды","title":"Gerund with genitive of negation","body":"«Не теряя» is a negated imperfective gerund 'never losing'; under negation the object «надежда» shifts to the genitive «надежды». Negative concord keeps both «никогда» and «не» — 'never losing hope'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уничижении","title":"«Уничижение» (self-abasement)","body":"«Уничижение» is a high spiritual term for self-humbling, self-abasement before others, a core monastic virtue. «В уничижении» — to serve 'in self-abasement' — sets the ascetic ideal of the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озлобленными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"озлобленными","lemma":"озлобленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с/говорить","gloss":"the embittered"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служи","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"служи","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of служи","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служи","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уничижении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уничижении","lemma":"уничижение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of служи, coordinated with молча","gloss":"self-abasement"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теряя","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates теряя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряя","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on служи","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of теряя","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b6-c3-s194","source":"Если же все оставят тебя и уже изгонят тебя силой, то, оставшись один, пади на землю и целуй ее, омочи ее слезами твоими, и даст плод от слез твоих земля, хотя бы и не видал и не слыхал тебя никто в уединении твоем.","translation":"And if all forsake you and drive you out by force, then, left alone, fall to the earth and kiss it, water it with your tears, and the earth will bring forth fruit from your tears, though no one saw or heard you in your solitude.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшись один","title":"Perfective gerund «оставшись»","body":"«Оставшись» is the perfective past gerund «деепричастие» of «остаться», marking a prior completed circumstance — 'having been left alone'. Its «-вшись» ending signals the reflexive «-ся» fused into the gerund."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"омочи","title":"Archaic «омочи» (wet, moisten)","body":"«Омочи» is the perfective imperative of «омочить» (to wet, drench), here 'water [the earth] with your tears'. The verb is bookish and biblical in flavor, evoking the penitential image of weeping upon the ground."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и не видал и не слыхал тебя никто","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with negative concord","body":"«Хотя бы и...» is a concessive 'even though / even if', built with «бы». The clause stacks negatives — «не видал... не слыхал... никто» — in obligatory concord, all meaning 'no one saw or heard you'. «Слыхал» is the colloquial-archaic variant of «слышал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Если","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"оставят","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изгонят","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"изгонят","lemma":"изгнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставят","gloss":"drive out"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of изгонят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of изгонят","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пади","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"оставшись","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пади","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, predicate","role":"predicate complement of оставшись","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"пади","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пади","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пади","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целуй","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"омочи","lemma":"омочить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пади and целуй","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of омочи","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of омочи","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"твоими","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject земля","gloss":"will yield"},{"surface":"плод","lemma":"плод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of даст","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of плод","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"земля","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of даст","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of видал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks concessive mood, part of хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on видал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видал","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видал and слыхал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видал and слыхал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал/слыхал","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уединении","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b6-c3-s195","source":"Верь до конца, хотя бы даже и случилось так, что все бы на земле совратились, а ты лишь единый верен остался: принеси и тогда жертву и восхвали бога ты, единый оставшийся.","translation":"Believe to the end, even should it come to pass that all on earth are led astray and you alone remain faithful: bring your offering even then and praise God, you who alone remain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы даже и случилось так, что все бы... совратились","title":"Layered conditional with «бы»","body":"The hypothetical is doubly marked: «хотя бы... случилось» in the framing clause and a second «бы» inside «все бы... совратились». Both use past forms plus «бы» for the irrealis — 'even should it come to pass that all were led astray'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты лишь единый верен остался","title":"Short adjective «верен» and «единый»","body":"«Верен» is the short predicative form of «верный» (faithful), and «единый» (sole, only) is here adjectival 'alone'. The bookish «единый» (for «один») and the short adjective both lift the line into solemn register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принеси... и восхвали","title":"Perfective imperatives «принеси», «восхвали»","body":"«Принеси [жертву]» (bring [an offering]) and «восхвали [бога]» (praise [God]) are perfective imperatives ordering single sacred acts. «Восхвали», with its «вос-» prefix, carries a liturgical, doxological ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of случилось","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of случилось","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on случилось","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"it came to pass"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось, introduces что-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совратились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of совратились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of совратились","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совратились","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"совратились","lemma":"совратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"went astray"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единый","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of остался","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"верен","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular, predicate","role":"predicate complement of остался, coordinated with единый","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with совратились","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"принеси","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принеси","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принеси","gloss":"an offering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восхвали","lemma":"восхвалить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принеси","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of восхвали","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic appositive subject of восхвали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies оставшийся","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"оставшийся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"appositive to ты","gloss":"who remained"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b6-c3-s196","source":"А если вас таких двое сойдутся, то вот уж и весь мир, мир живой любви, обнимите друг друга в умилении и восхвалите господа: ибо хотя и в вас двоих, но восполнилась правда его.","translation":"And if two such as you should come together, then here already is the whole world, a world of living love; embrace one another in tenderness and praise the Lord: for though it be only in the two of you, His truth has been fulfilled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вас таких двое сойдутся","title":"Numeral «двое» governing genitive","body":"The collective numeral «двое» (two, of persons) takes the genitive «вас таких» — 'two such of you'. The verb «сойдутся» is a perfective future ('should come together'), and the whole forms the protasis of the condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнимите друг друга в умилении","title":"Imperative with reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«Обнимите» is the plural/polite perfective imperative; «друг друга» ('one another') is the fixed reciprocal pronoun, here accusative object — 'embrace one another'. The reciprocal phrase declines only on its second element."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умилении","title":"«Умиление» (tender devotion)","body":"«Умиление» names a specifically Orthodox spiritual state — tender, melting compunction of heart, often with tears. It is hard to render in English ('tenderness' is thin); it denotes the soft, grace-touched emotion Zossima prizes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"восполнилась","title":"«Восполниться» (be fulfilled, made complete)","body":"«Восполнилась правда его» — 'His truth was fulfilled/made complete'. The reflexive «-ся» verb with the «вос-» prefix means to be filled up or accomplished, a recurrent key word («правда восполнена») in this discourse on divine truth."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойдутся","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of двое (\"two of you\")","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of сойдутся","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сойдутся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"come together"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (apodosis)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle over мир","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies вот","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь мир","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal with вот","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мир (w12)","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"живой","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мир (w13)","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"обнимите","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, invariant","role":"first part of reciprocal друг друга, object of обнимите","gloss":"one","note":"друг друга is a fixed reciprocal expression, \"one another\"; друг itself never declines here."},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"second part of reciprocal друг друга, object of обнимите","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"умилении","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнимите","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"восхвалите","lemma":"восхвалить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обнимите","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of восхвалите","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восполнилась","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of восполнилась","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, plural","role":"object of preposition в, quantified by двоих","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"двоих","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies вас","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"восполнилась","lemma":"восполниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"has been fulfilled"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восполнилась","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of правда","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b6-c3-s197","source":"Если сам согрешишь и будешь скорбен даже до смерти о грехах твоих или о грехе твоем внезапном, то возрадуйся за другого, возрадуйся за праведного, возрадуйся тому, что если ты, согрешил, то он зато праведен и не согрешил.","translation":"If you yourself sin and grieve even unto death over your sins or over some sudden sin of yours, then rejoice for another, rejoice for the righteous one, rejoice that if you have sinned, he by contrast is righteous and has not sinned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь скорбен даже до смерти","title":"Compound future plus short adjective","body":"«Будешь скорбен» joins the future of «быть» with the short adjective «скорбен» (grieving, sorrowful) — an analytic imperfective future of a state, 'you will grieve'. «До смерти» echoes the biblical 'sorrowful even unto death'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возрадуйся за другого","title":"Triple imperative «возрадуйся»","body":"«Возрадуйся» (rejoice) is a reflexive «-ся» perfective imperative, with the elevated «воз-» prefix; its threefold repetition is liturgical anaphora. «За другого / за праведного» uses «за» + accusative to mean 'rejoice on behalf of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он зато праведен и не согрешил","title":"Contrastive «зато»","body":"«Зато» means 'on the other hand / to make up for it', drawing a compensating contrast: you sinned, but 'he by contrast is righteous'. «Праведен» is again the short predicative adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согрешишь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (understood) subject of согрешишь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"согрешишь","lemma":"согрешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"you sin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to скорбен","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"скорбен","lemma":"скорбный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будешь, coordinated with согрешишь","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до смерти","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скорбен","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"грехах","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скорбен, parallel to до смерти","gloss":"sins"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of грехах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грехе","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"грехе","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грехах","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грехе","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"внезапном","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies грехе","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возрадуйся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возрадуйся","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то clause","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возрадуйся","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"возрадуйся","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возрадуйся (w19)","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведного","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"праведного","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возрадуйся","gloss":"the righteous one"},{"surface":"возрадуйся","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возрадуйся (w19)","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of возрадуйся, anticipates что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согрешил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согрешил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"согрешил","lemma":"согрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"have sinned"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of праведен","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of праведен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies праведен","gloss":"by contrast"},{"surface":"праведен","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"is righteous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согрешил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согрешил","lemma":"согрешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with праведен","gloss":"sinned"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b6-c3-s198","source":"Если же злодейство людей возмутит тебя негодованием и скорбью уже необоримою, даже до желания отомщения злодеям, то более всего страшись сего чувства; тотчас же иди и ищи себе мук так, как бы сам был виновен в сем злодействе людей.","translation":"But if the wickedness of men stirs you to indignation and to a grief now past bearing, even to a desire for vengeance upon the wicked, then fear that feeling above all else; go at once and seek out suffering for yourself, as though you yourself were guilty of that wickedness of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если же злодейство людей возмутит тебя","title":"Particle «же» plus perfective future","body":"«Же» here is a connective-contrastive particle threading this conditional to the last ('but if...'). «Возмутит» is a perfective future, 'should stir/rouse you', governing the accusative object «тебя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорбью уже необоримою","title":"Instrumental of means with archaic ending","body":"«Негодованием и скорбью» are instrumentals naming what you are stirred to/with. «Необоримою» ('unconquerable, past bearing') shows the old long-form instrumental «-ою» for modern «-ой», agreeing with «скорбью»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сам был виновен","title":"Hypothetical «как бы... был»","body":"«Как бы сам был виновен» is a comparative-irrealis 'as though you yourself were guilty', built on the past «был» plus «бы». «Сам» intensifies the subject and «виновен» is the short adjective 'guilty'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшись сего чувства","title":"Reflexive «страшись» with genitive","body":"«Страшись» is the «-ся» imperative of «страшиться» (to dread), which governs the genitive of what is feared: «сего чувства» — 'fear that feeling'. The reflexive verb and genitive object together are a bookish pairing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возмутит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"злодейство","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возмутит","gloss":"wickedness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies злодейство","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"возмутит","lemma":"возмутить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"stirs"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возмутит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"негодованием","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возмутит","gloss":"to indignation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скорбью","lemma":"скорбь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with негодованием, complement of возмутит","gloss":"to grief"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необоримою","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"необоримою","lemma":"необоримый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скорбью","gloss":"past bearing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желания","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking желания","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"желания","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возмутит, parallel to негодованием/скорбью","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"отомщения","lemma":"отмщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желания","gloss":"of vengeance"},{"surface":"злодеям","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of отомщения","gloss":"upon the wicked"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страшись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшись","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase более","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"страшись","lemma":"страшиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of страшись","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with страшись","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ищи","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иди","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ищи","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ищи","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищи","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with виновен","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (understood) subject of был","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to виновен","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злодействе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies злодействе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"злодействе","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"wickedness"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies злодействе","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b6-c3-s199","source":"Приими сии муки и вытерпи, и утолится сердце твое, и поймешь, что и сам виновен, ибо мог светить злодеям даже как единый безгрешный и не светил.","translation":"Accept this suffering and endure it, and your heart will be eased, and you will understand that you too are guilty, for you might have shone for the wicked even as the one sinless man, and you did not shine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приими сии муки и вытерпи","title":"Archaic imperatives «приими», «вытерпи»","body":"«Приими» (accept) keeps the old doubled-vowel Slavonic spelling of «прими», and «вытерпи» (endure) is perfective. «Сии» is the archaic accusative plural of «сей» agreeing with «муки» — 'these sufferings'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утолится сердце твое","title":"Middle «-ся» «утолится»","body":"«Утолится» is a perfective future with middle «-ся»: the heart 'will be eased / assuaged' of its own accord, intransitive. The «-ся» here marks a change of state rather than a true reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог светить... и не светил","title":"Imperfective past of unrealized possibility","body":"«Мог светить... и не светил» — 'you might have shone... and did not shine' — uses imperfective infinitive and past to frame an open, unfulfilled potential. The imperfective stresses the ongoing duty left undone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Приими","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accept","note":"archaic/Church-Slavonic imperative form of принять."},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Приими","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вытерпи","lemma":"вытерпеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приими","gloss":"endure it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"утолится","lemma":"утолиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Приими","gloss":"will be eased"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of утолится","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приими","gloss":"you will understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (understood) subject of виновен","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of поймешь","gloss":"are guilty"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the ибо clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"светить","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"злодеям","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of светить","gloss":"for the wicked"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как единый безгрешный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with безгрешный","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies безгрешный","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"безгрешный","lemma":"безгрешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of светить","gloss":"sinless man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies светил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"светил","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог (in the ибо clause)","gloss":"shine"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b6-c3-s200","source":"Если бы светил, то светом своим озарил бы и другим путь, и тот, который совершил злодейство, может быть, не совершил бы его при свете твоем.","translation":"Had you shone, with your light you would have lit the way for others too, and the one who committed the wickedness might perhaps not have committed it in your light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы светил, то светом своим озарил бы","title":"Counterfactual with «свой»","body":"A counterfactual conditional: «если бы светил... озарил бы» (had you shone, you would have lit). «Светом своим» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'with your own light' — referring back to the clause's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот, который совершил злодейство","title":"Relative «который» after correlative «тот»","body":"«Тот, который совершил...» pairs the demonstrative «тот» (the one) with the relative «который» (who) — 'the one who committed the wickedness'. «Который» agrees with its antecedent in gender/number but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не совершил бы его при свете твоем","title":"Counterfactual «не совершил бы»","body":"«Не совершил бы» continues the counterfactual into the apodosis — 'might perhaps not have committed it'. «При свете твоем» uses «при» + prepositional to mean 'in the presence of / by your light'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of светил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of светил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"светил","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of озарил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"светом","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озарил","gloss":"with light"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of светом","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"озарил","lemma":"озарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of озарил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of озарил","gloss":"for others"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of озарил","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил (w20, matrix clause)","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил (w15, relative clause)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"злодейство","lemma":"злодейство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил (w15)","gloss":"the wickedness"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть)","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the matrix clause (subject тот)","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of совершил (w20)","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of совершил (w20)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершил (w20)","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свете","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b6-c3-s201","source":"И даже если ты и светил, но увидишь, что не спасаются люди даже и при свете твоем, то пребудь тверд и не усомнись в силе света небесного; верь тому, что если теперь не спаслись, то потом спасутся.","translation":"And even if you did shine, yet see that people are not saved even by your light, then stand firm and do not doubt the power of the heavenly light; believe that if they are not saved now, they will be saved later.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спасаются люди даже и при свете твоем","title":"Imperfective passive «-ся» «спасаются»","body":"«Спасаются» is the imperfective «-ся» of «спасаться» (to be saved), here a middle/passive — 'people are not [being] saved'. The imperfective frames it as a general ongoing fact, against the perfective «спасутся» that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пребудь тверд и не усомнись","title":"Archaic imperatives, short adjective «тверд»","body":"«Пребудь» (abide, remain — bookish for «останься») and «усомнись» (doubt) are perfective imperatives. «Тверд» is the short predicative form of «твёрдый» (firm): 'stand firm and do not doubt'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не усомнись в силе света небесного","title":"«Усомниться в» plus prepositional","body":"The reflexive «усомниться» (to doubt) governs «в» + prepositional: «в силе света небесного» — 'doubt the power of the heavenly light'. The chain of genitives «света небесного» modifies «силе»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если теперь не спаслись, то потом спасутся","title":"Perfective pair «спаслись / спасутся»","body":"Both are perfective: «спаслись» (past, 'were not saved now') and «спасутся» (future, 'will be saved later'). The same perfective stem furnishes past and a simple future, contrasting completed non-event now with completed salvation to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если светил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of светил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of светил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies светил","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"светил","lemma":"светить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"увидишь","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасаются","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спасаются","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидишь","gloss":"are saved"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of спасаются","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасаются","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"твоем","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свете","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пребудь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пребудь","lemma":"пребыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of пребудь","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усомнись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"усомнись","lemma":"усомниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пребудь","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силе","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усомнись","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies силе","gloss":"of light"},{"surface":"небесного","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies света","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"верь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with усомнись","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of тому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спаслись","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спаслись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спаслись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спаслись","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the если clause","gloss":"are saved"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спасутся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасутся","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"спасутся","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the apodosis clause","gloss":"will be saved"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b6-c3-s202","source":"А не спасутся и потом, то сыны их спасутся, ибо не умрет свет твой, хотя бы и ты уже умер.","translation":"And if they are not saved later either, then their sons will be saved, for your light will not die, even though you yourself have already died.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то сыны их спасутся","title":"Archaic plural «сыны»","body":"«Сыны» is the elevated, biblical nominative plural of «сын» (son), where ordinary modern Russian says «сыновья». 'Their sons will be saved' echoes the scriptural promise across generations."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и ты уже умер","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with perfective past","body":"«Хотя бы и ты уже умер» is concessive — 'even though you yourself have already died'. The perfective past «умер» states a completed event; «хотя бы» plus «и» concedes the strongest case."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спасутся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спасутся","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the (implied if-) clause","gloss":"are saved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасутся (w3)","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (spasutsya w9)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сыны","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of спасутся (w9)","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant, possessive","role":"determiner of сыны","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"спасутся","lemma":"спастись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"will be saved"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умрет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умрет","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the хотя clause","gloss":"have died"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b6-c3-s203","source":"Праведник отходит, а свет его остается.","translation":"The righteous man departs, but his light remains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Праведник отходит, а свет его остается","title":"Contrastive «а» and aspect of general truth","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction marking a shift, not opposition: 'the righteous man departs, while his light remains'. Both verbs are imperfective present, stating a timeless general truth rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Праведник","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходит","gloss":"the righteous man"},{"surface":"отходит","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"departs"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остается","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"остается","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отходит","gloss":"remains"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b6-c3-s204","source":"Спасаются же и всегда по смерти спасающего.","translation":"And men are saved always after the death of the one who saves them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спасаются же... по смерти спасающего","title":"Substantivized participle «спасающего»","body":"«Спасающего» is a present active participle of «спасать» (to save), substantivized to 'the one who saves' and put in the genitive after «по смерти» — 'after the death of the one who saves'. «Же» adds gentle emphasis; «спасаются» is the middle «-ся» 'are saved'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасаются","lemma":"спасаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are saved"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Спасаются","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Спасаются","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Спасаются","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"спасающего","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"adjective (participle), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"of the one who saves"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b6-c3-s205","source":"Не принимает род людской пророков своих и избивает их, но любят люди мучеников своих и чтят тех, коих замучили.","translation":"The human race does not receive its prophets and strikes them down, yet people love their martyrs and venerate those whom they have tormented to death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не принимает род людской пророков своих","title":"Genitive of negation plus «свой»","body":"Under negated «не принимает» the object «пророков своих» stands in the genitive (animate plural) — 'does not receive its prophets'. «Своих» is the reflexive possessive, 'its own', pointing back to «род людской»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтят тех, коих замучили","title":"Archaic relative «коих»","body":"«Коих» is the archaic genitive/accusative plural of the relative «кой» (= «который»), here animate accusative after «замучили» — 'those whom they tormented'. The correlative «тех... коих» is high bookish style for «тех, которых»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"избивает","title":"False friend «избивает» (strikes down, slays)","body":"Here «избивать» means 'to slay, strike down / massacre' in the biblical sense (cf. 'the slaughter of the prophets'), not the modern colloquial 'to beat up'. The archaic sense fits the lament over rejected prophets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимает","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"род","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимает","gloss":"race","note":"the deterministic parser mistook род for the direct object; negated принимает takes a genitive object (пророков), and род людской is actually the subject."},{"surface":"людской","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies род","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"пророков","lemma":"пророк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принимает (genitive of negation)","gloss":"prophets"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пророков","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"избивает","lemma":"избивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимает","gloss":"strikes down"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of избивает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимает","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"мучеников","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мучеников","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтят","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимает","gloss":"venerate"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of чтят","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"коих","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of замучили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"замучили","lemma":"замучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on тех","gloss":"have tormented to death"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b6-c3-s206","source":"Ты же для целого работаешь, для грядущего делаешь.","translation":"But you labor for the whole, you work for what is to come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты же для целого работаешь, для грядущего делаешь","title":"Emphatic «же» and substantivized adjectives","body":"«Же» on «ты» is contrastive-emphatic — 'but you [for your part]'. «Для целого» and «для грядущего» are neuter adjectives used as nouns ('the whole', 'what is to come'), both genitive after «для»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грядущего","title":"«Грядущее» (that which is to come)","body":"«Грядущее» derives from the Church-Slavonic «грясти» (to come, approach), the solemn 'cometh' of Scripture. As a noun it means 'the future / what is to come', loftier and more prophetic than «будущее»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of работаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ты","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целого","lemma":"целое","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of работаешь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"работаешь","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грядущего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"грядущего","lemma":"грядущее","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делаешь","gloss":"what is to come"},{"surface":"делаешь","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with работаешь","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b6-c3-s207","source":"Награды же никогда не ищи, ибо и без того уже велика тебе награда на сей земле: духовная радость твоя, которую лишь праведный обретает.","translation":"Never seek a reward, for great is your reward already on this earth, even without it: your spiritual gladness, which only the righteous man attains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Награды же никогда не ищи","title":"Negated imperative with genitive object","body":"«Не ищи» is an imperfective negated imperative ('never seek'), and «искать» governs the genitive of the thing sought: «награды» — 'a reward'. The fronted object plus «же» and «никогда» pile on emphasis and negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велика тебе награда","title":"Short adjective «велика» with dative","body":"«Велика» is the short predicative form of «великий» (great): 'great is your reward'. The dative «тебе» marks the person to whom it is great — a dative of the experiencer/possessor in this impersonal-leaning frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую лишь праведный обретает","title":"Relative «которую» in accusative","body":"«Которую» agrees with «радость» (feminine) but takes the accusative as the object of «обретает» within its own clause — 'which only the righteous man attains'. «Обретает» (gains, finds) is bookish for «получает»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Награды","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ищи (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a reward"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Награды","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ищи","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ищи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ищи","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of велика","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велика","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"велика","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the ибо clause","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of велика","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"награда","lemma":"награда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велика","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of земле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies награда","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"духовная","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to награда","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обретает","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies праведный","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"праведный","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обретает","gloss":"the righteous man"},{"surface":"обретает","lemma":"обретать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on радость","gloss":"attains"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b6-c3-s208","source":"Не бойся ни знатных, ни сильных, но будь премудр и всегда благолепен.","translation":"Fear neither the highborn nor the powerful, but be wise and ever seemly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бойся ни знатных, ни сильных","title":"«Бояться» with genitive and «ни... ни»","body":"The reflexive «бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive of what is feared; the substantivized adjectives «знатных» (the highborn) and «сильных» (the powerful) are genitive plural. «Ни... ни» with «не» gives negative concord — 'fear neither... nor...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь премудр и всегда благолепен","title":"Imperative «будь» with short adjectives","body":"«Будь» is the imperative of «быть», followed by short predicative adjectives «премудр» (most wise) and «благолепен» (seemly, comely). Short forms after «будь» are the bookish norm; «пре-» and «благо-» are elevated, Slavonic-flavored."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благолепен","title":"«Благолепный» (seemly, comely)","body":"«Благолепие» is the dignified, decorous beauty of holy things — the 'comeliness' of worship and bearing. To be «благолепен» is to carry oneself with grave, fitting dignity, a thoroughly Church-register virtue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"знатных","lemma":"знатный","morphology":"noun (substantive), genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бойся","gloss":"the highborn"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"сильных","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with знатных","gloss":"the powerful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to премудр","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"премудр","lemma":"премудрый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благолепен","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"благолепен","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with премудр (predicate of будь)","gloss":"seemly"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b6-c3-s209","source":"Знай меру, знай сроки, научись сему.","translation":"Know measure, know the right times; learn this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знай меру, знай сроки, научись сему","title":"Imperatives, reflexive «научись» with dative","body":"Three terse imperatives: «знай» (imperfective, 'know/keep knowing') twice, then perfective reflexive «научись» (learn). «Научиться» governs the dative of what is learned — «сему» (archaic dative of «сей») — 'learn this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Знай","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Знай","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сроки","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of знай","gloss":"the right times"},{"surface":"научись","lemma":"научиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Знай/знай","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"сему","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of научись","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b6-c3-s210","source":"В уединении же оставаясь, молись.","translation":"And when you are left in solitude, pray.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В уединении же оставаясь, молись","title":"Gerund «оставаясь» plus imperative","body":"«Оставаясь» is an imperfective gerund 'remaining/while you are left', giving the circumstance for the command «молись» (pray, reflexive imperative). «Же» links it to the preceding precepts; the inversion fronts «в уединении» (in solitude) for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уединении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уединении","lemma":"уединение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаясь","gloss":"solitude"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уединении","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оставаясь","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, reflexive, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying молись","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"молись","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pray"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b6-c3-s211","source":"Люби повергаться на землю и лобызать ее.","translation":"Love to fall down upon the earth and kiss it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лобызать","title":"Archaic «лобызать» (to kiss)","body":"«Лобызать» is the solemn, archaic verb 'to kiss', weightier and more ceremonial than everyday «целовать». 'Love to fall to the earth and kiss it' takes on a ritual, almost liturgical solemnity through this word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Люби повергаться на землю","title":"Imperative «люби» plus reflexive infinitive","body":"«Люби» is the imperfective imperative of «любить»; it governs the imperfective infinitive «повергаться» (to throw/cast oneself down). The «-ся» on «повергаться» is the middle 'fall/prostrate oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"повергаться","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive, imperfective","role":"depends on Люби","gloss":"to fall down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергаться","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лобызать","lemma":"лобызать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повергаться","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of лобызать","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b6-c3-s212","source":"Землю целуй и неустанно, ненасытимо люби, всех люби, всё люби, ищи восторга и исступления сего.","translation":"Kiss the earth and love it tirelessly, insatiably; love everyone, love everything, seek this rapture and ecstasy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех люби, всё люби","title":"Animate «всех» vs neuter «всё»","body":"«Всех» is the animate accusative/genitive plural of «весь» — 'everyone' — while «всё» is the neuter 'everything'. The paired imperatives «всех люби, всё люби» turn on this animate/inanimate split: love every person, love every thing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ищи восторга и исступления сего","title":"«Искать» with genitive object","body":"«Ищи» (seek) governs the genitive of the thing sought: «восторга и исступления» (rapture and ecstasy). «Сего» is the archaic genitive of «сей» agreeing with «исступления» — 'this ecstasy'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступления","title":"«Исступление» (frenzy, ecstasy)","body":"«Исступление» denotes a transport out of oneself — frenzy, rapture, ecstatic self-forgetting. Zossima uses it positively for the soul's overflowing love of creation, a charged, double-edged word in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целуй","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люби (w6)","gloss":"tirelessly"},{"surface":"ненасытимо","lemma":"ненасытимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"insatiably"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуй","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люби (w8)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуй","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люби (w10)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуй","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ищи","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуй","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищи","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восторга","gloss":"ecstasy"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступления","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b6-c3-s213","source":"Омочи землю слезами радости твоея и люби сии слезы твои.","translation":"Water the earth with the tears of your gladness, and love those tears of yours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезами радости твоея","title":"Archaic genitive «твоея»","body":"«Твоея» is the old long-form feminine genitive of «твоя» (modern «твоей»), agreeing with «радости» — 'of your gladness'. «Слезами» is the instrumental of means: water the earth 'with the tears'. The archaic ending lends scriptural cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люби сии слезы твои","title":"Archaic «сии» with «слезы»","body":"«Сии слезы твои» — 'these tears of yours' — uses the archaic accusative plural «сии» of «сей». The doubled determiner «сии... твои» around «слезы» is a bookish, emphatic framing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Омочи","lemma":"омочить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Омочи","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Омочи","gloss":"with tears"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"of gladness"},{"surface":"твоея","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"your","note":"Archaic Church-Slavonic genitive form of твой (\"твоей\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Омочи","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"of yours"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b6-c3-s214","source":"Исступления же сего не стыдись, дорожи им, ибо есть дар божий, великий, да и не многим дается, а избранным.","translation":"And do not be ashamed of this ecstasy; cherish it, for it is a gift of God, a great one, and it is not given to many, but to the chosen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исступления же сего не стыдись","title":"Negated «стыдись» with genitive","body":"The reflexive «стыдиться» (to be ashamed of) governs the genitive: «исступления... сего» fronted before the verb — 'do not be ashamed of this ecstasy'. «Же» links the precept on; the inversion stresses the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорожи им","title":"«Дорожить» with instrumental","body":"«Дорожи» is the imperative of «дорожить» (to cherish, prize), which uniquely governs the instrumental of what is valued: «им» — 'cherish it'. This case government must be learned with the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не многим дается, а избранным","title":"Passive «-ся» «дается» with dative","body":"«Дается» is an imperfective «-ся» passive — 'is given' — with the recipients in the dative: «не многим... а избранным» ('not to many, but to the chosen'). «А» is the contrastive 'but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique (genitive) complement of стыдись","gloss":"this ecstasy"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Исступления","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Исступления","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдись","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be ashamed"},{"surface":"дорожи","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдись","gloss":"cherish"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дорожи","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дар","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дар","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a gift"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies многим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многим","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of дается","gloss":"to many"},{"surface":"дается","lemma":"даваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to есть","gloss":"is given"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"избранным","lemma":"избрать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, dative, plural, perfective","role":"contrasted with многим","gloss":"to the chosen"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b6-c3-s215","source":"Отцы и учители, мыслю: «Что есть ад?» Рассуждаю так: «Страдание о том, что нельзя уже более любить».","translation":"Fathers and teachers, I ask myself: \"What is hell?\" And I reason thus: \"It is the suffering of being no longer able to love.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мыслю","title":"Bookish «мыслю» (I think, ponder)","body":"«Мыслю» is the elevated 'I think / I ponder' (from «мыслить»), recurring as Zossima's reflective verb of choice instead of plain «думаю». It frames his meditations as deliberate spiritual reasoning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что есть ад?","title":"Copula «есть» retained","body":"Modern Russian normally drops the present 'to be', but Zossima keeps the archaic copula «есть»: «Что есть ад?» — 'What is hell?'. The retained «есть» gives the question a solemn, catechetical, definitional weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, что нельзя уже более любить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» plus infinitive","body":"«Нельзя... любить» is an impersonal modal construction — 'it is impossible / one is no longer able to love' — with no nominative subject, just «нельзя» plus the infinitive. «О том, что...» nominalizes the whole clause as the object of «страдание»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Отцы","gloss":"teachers"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I muse"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ад","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"Рассуждаю","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I reason"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Рассуждаю","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"Страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominative (elliptical есть)","gloss":"it is the suffering"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Страдание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause modifying том","gloss":"it is impossible"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b6-c3-s216","source":"Раз, в бесконечном бытии, не измеримом ни временем, ни пространством, дана была некоему духовному существу, появлением его на земле, способность сказать себе: «Я есмь, и я люблю».","translation":"Once, in the infinite being immeasurable by either time or space, the power was given to a certain spiritual creature, by its coming into being upon the earth, to say to itself: \"I am, and I love.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дана была некоему духовному существу... способность","title":"Passive «дана была» with dative recipient","body":"«Дана была способность» is a periphrastic past passive: short participle «дана» (feminine, agreeing with «способность») plus «была». The recipient stands in the dative — «некоему духовному существу» ('to a certain spiritual creature')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не измеримом ни временем, ни пространством","title":"Instrumental of measure under negation","body":"«Не измеримом ни временем, ни пространством» — 'immeasurable by either time or space'. The participle «измеримом» (measurable) governs the instrumental of the measuring means; «ни... ни» with «не» supplies negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я есмь","title":"Archaic «есмь» (I am)","body":"«Есмь» is the Old Church Slavonic first-person singular of «быть», the lone survivor of the old conjugated present 'to be'. «Я есмь» renders the divine self-naming 'I AM', deliberately echoing Scripture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of дана","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бытии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бесконечном","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бытии","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"бытии","lemma":"бытие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дана","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измеримом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"измеримом","lemma":"измеримый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бытии","gloss":"measurable"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"временем","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of измеримом","gloss":"by time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"пространством","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with временем","gloss":"by space"},{"surface":"дана","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"некоему","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"духовному","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существу","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"существу","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of дана","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"появлением","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дана","gloss":"by the appearance"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появлением","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies появлением","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"способность","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дана","gloss":"the power"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies способность","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to itself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есмь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"direct-speech complement of сказать","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есмь","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b6-c3-s217","source":"Раз, только раз, дано было ему мгновение любви деятельной, ''живой'', а для того дана была земная жизнь, а с нею времена и сроки, и что же: отвергло сие счастливое существо дар бесценный, не оценило его, не возлюбило, взглянуло насмешливо и осталось бесчувственным.","translation":"Once, only once, a moment of active, ''living'' love was given to it, and for that purpose was earthly life given, and with it times and seasons; and what then? This happy creature rejected the priceless gift, did not prize it, did not love it, but looked on it mockingly and remained unfeeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дано было ему мгновение любви деятельной","title":"Neuter passive «дано было»","body":"«Дано было мгновение» repeats the periphrastic past passive, now neuter «дано» agreeing with «мгновение» ('a moment was given'), recipient «ему» in the dative. The inversion «дано было ему» throws weight onto the giving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергло сие счастливое существо дар бесценный","title":"Verb-first word order for emphasis","body":"The verb «отвергло» (rejected) leads, before its subject «сие счастливое существо» and object «дар бесценный». Fronting the verb, with the postposed adjective «бесценный», gives a dramatic, rhetorically charged ordering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не оценило... не возлюбило, взглянуло насмешливо и осталось бесчувственным","title":"Neuter past agreement and predicate instrumental","body":"All the past verbs take neuter «-о» («отвергло, оценило, возлюбило, взглянуло, осталось»), agreeing with neuter «существо». «Осталось бесчувственным» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «остаться» — 'remained unfeeling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of дано","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дано","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дано","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"живой","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with деятельной","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дана","gloss":"that purpose"},{"surface":"дана","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дано","gloss":"was given"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of дана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"земная","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive дана","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"нею","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided дано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"времена","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with дано","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сроки","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with времена","gloss":"seasons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отвергло","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejected"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счастливое","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отвергло","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергло","gloss":"the gift"},{"surface":"бесценный","lemma":"бесценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"priceless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оценило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оценило","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергло","gloss":"did not prize"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оценило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возлюбило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возлюбило","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергло","gloss":"did not love"},{"surface":"взглянуло","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергло","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянуло","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвергло","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"бесчувственным","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of осталось","gloss":"unfeeling"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b6-c3-s218","source":"Таковой, уже отшедший с земли, видит и лоно Авраамово и беседует с Авраамом, как в притче о богатом и Лазаре нам указано, и рай созерцает, и ко господу восходить может, но именно тем-то и мучается, что ко господу взойдет он, не любивший, соприкоснется с любившими любовью их пренебрегший.","translation":"Such a one, having already departed from the earth, sees Abraham's bosom and converses with Abraham, as is shown us in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, and beholds paradise, and can ascend to the Lord — but by this very thing he is tormented: that he will go up to the Lord, he who did not love, will come into contact with those who loved while he disdained their love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже отшедший с земли","title":"Archaic past active participle «отшедший»","body":"«Отшедший» is the past active participle of «отойти» (to depart), 'having departed', agreeing with «таковой». The old «-шед-» stem (for modern «отошедший») is bookish-archaic and means 'one who has passed from the earth'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем-то и мучается, что","title":"Instrumental «тем» with emphatic «-то»","body":"«Тем-то и мучается, что...» — 'by this very thing he is tormented, that...'. «Тем» is the instrumental of «то» (the cause/means of torment), with emphatic «-то» and «и» sharpening it, and «что» introducing the explanation. «Мучается» is the «-ся» 'is tormented'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соприкоснется с любившими любовью их пренебрегший","title":"Stacked participles «любившими» / «пренебрегший»","body":"Two past active participles stack: «любившими» ('those who loved', instrumental after «с») and «пренебрегший» ('he who disdained', nominative, describing the subject). «Пренебрегший» governs the instrumental «любовью их» — disdaining 'their love'. Such participial layering is the signature of the bookish register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таковой","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отшедший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отшедший","lemma":"отшедший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Таковой","gloss":"having departed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отшедший","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to лоно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лоно","lemma":"лоно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"the bosom"},{"surface":"Авраамово","lemma":"авраамово","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to лоно","gloss":"of Abraham"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беседует","lemma":"беседовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"converses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Авраамом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Авраамом","lemma":"авраам","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беседует","gloss":"Abraham"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking притче","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking притче","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"притче","lemma":"притча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указано","gloss":"the parable"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богатом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"богатом","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies притче","gloss":"the rich man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Лазаре","lemma":"лазар","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with богатом","gloss":"Lazarus"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of указано","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"указано","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the как-clause","gloss":"is shown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцает","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"созерцает","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"beholds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восходить","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"восходить","lemma":"восходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to ascend"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучается","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучается","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мучается","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"is tormented"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взойдет","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"взойдет","lemma":"взойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мучается","gloss":"he will ascend"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любивший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любивший","lemma":"любивший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"who did not love"},{"surface":"соприкоснется","lemma":"соприкоснуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to взойдет","gloss":"will come into contact"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любившими","lemma":"любившими","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of соприкоснется","gloss":"those who loved"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегший","gloss":"their love"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessive modifier of любовью","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"пренебрегший","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies он (parallel to любивший)","gloss":"having disdained"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b6-c3-s219","source":"Ибо зрит ясно и говорит себе уже сам: «Ныне уже знание имею и хоть возжаждал любить, но уже подвига не будет в любви моей, не будет и жертвы, ибо кончена жизнь земная и не придет Авраам хоть каплею воды живой (то есть вновь даром земной жизни, прежней и деятельной) прохладить пламень жажды любви духовной, которою пламенею теперь, на земле ее пренебрегши; нет уже жизни, и времени более не будет! Хотя бы и жизнь свою рад был отдать за других, но уже нельзя, ибо прошла та жизнь, которую возможно было в жертву любви принесть, и теперь бездна между тою жизнью и сим бытием».","translation":"For he sees clearly and says to himself now: \"Now I have knowledge, and though I have thirsted to love, there will be no exploit in my love, nor any sacrifice, for earthly life is ended, and Abraham will not come with even a drop of living water (that is, with the renewed gift of an earthly life, the former and active one) to cool the flame of the thirst for spiritual love with which I now burn, having disdained it on earth; there is no more life, and there will be no more time! Though I would gladly give my own life for others, it is no longer possible, for that life is past in which it was possible to bring my life as a sacrifice of love, and now there is an abyss between that life and this being.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зрит","title":"Church-Slavonic «зрит» (sees, beholds)","body":"«Зрит» is the Slavonic present of «зреть» (to see, behold), loftier than «видит». It belongs with «возжаждал», «пламенею», and «обрести» in the heightened diction of the soul's lament beyond death."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть возжаждал любить, но уже подвига не будет","title":"Concessive «хоть» and genitive of negation","body":"«Хоть... но...» is a concessive pair ('though... yet...'). «Подвига не будет» puts the absent subject in the genitive under negated «не будет» — 'there will be no exploit'. «Возжаждал» is the perfective 'came to thirst', with elevated «воз-»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую возможно было в жертву любви принесть","title":"Relative «которую» and archaic «принесть»","body":"«Которую» (accusative, agreeing with «жизнь») is the object of «принесть», an archaic infinitive of «принести» (to bring/offer). «Возможно было... принесть» is an impersonal 'it was possible to offer'; «в жертву» means 'as a sacrifice'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"времени более не будет","title":"Genitive subject «времени» under «не будет»","body":"«Времени... не будет» — 'there will be no more time' — is a negated existential: the absent subject «время» appears in the genitive «времени» with «не будет». This echoes Revelation's 'there shall be time no longer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"links to the preceding clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"зрит","lemma":"зреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sees"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зрит","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зрит","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic apposition to implied subject","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имею","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знание","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возжаждал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"возжаждал","lemma":"возжаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имею","gloss":"I have thirsted"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of возжаждал","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"exploit"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"there will be","note":"Existential \"будет\" here means \"there will be [no exploit]\", not a simple future copula."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first будет","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жертвы","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"жертвы","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончена","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кончена","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"is ended"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive кончена","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"земная","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to кончена","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"Авраам","lemma":"авраам","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"Abraham"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каплею","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"каплею","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"with a drop"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каплею","gloss":"of water"},{"surface":"живой","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воды","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of parenthetical phrase то есть","gloss":"that","note":"\"то есть\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"that is / i.e.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даром","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to каплею воды","gloss":"as a gift"},{"surface":"земной","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даром","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земной, modifies жизни","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with земной, modifies жизни","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"прохладить","lemma":"прохладить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придет","gloss":"to cool"},{"surface":"пламень","lemma":"пламень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прохладить","gloss":"the flame"},{"surface":"жажды","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пламень","gloss":"of the thirst"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажды","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"духовной","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пламенею","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"пламенею","lemma":"пламенеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying любви","gloss":"I burn"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пламенею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегши","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пренебрегши","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пренебрегши","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, converb, past, active, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying пламенею","gloss":"having disdained"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"Хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рад","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of рад","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рад","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рад","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"других","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with рад","gloss":"it is impossible"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"has passed"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошла","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"которую","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесть","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"predicative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"it was possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жертву","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возможно","gloss":"a sacrifice"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жертву","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"принесть","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of возможно","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бездна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бездна","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, new coordinated clause","gloss":"an abyss"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тою","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнью","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бездна","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бытием","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бытием","lemma":"бытие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнью, oblique complement of между","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b6-c3-s220","source":"Говорят о пламени адском материальном: не исследую тайну сию и страшусь, но мыслю, что если б и был пламень материальный, то воистину обрадовались бы ему, ибо, мечтаю так, в мучении материальном хоть на миг позабылась бы ими страшнейшая сего мука духовная.","translation":"They speak of a material hellfire: I do not probe this mystery, and I fear it, but I think that if there were a material flame, they would truly rejoice in it, for, so I imagine, in material torment the far more terrible spiritual torment would for an instant be forgotten by them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и был пламень материальный, то воистину обрадовались бы ему","title":"Counterfactual with «бы» and dative","body":"«Если б... был... то... обрадовались бы ему» is a counterfactual: 'if there were a material flame, they would truly rejoice in it'. «Обрадоваться» (to rejoice at) governs the dative «ему», and the reflexive «-ся» marks the change of emotional state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"позабылась бы ими... мука","title":"Passive «-ся» with instrumental agent","body":"«Позабылась бы ими мука» is a conditional «-ся» passive — 'the torment would be forgotten by them' — with the agent in the instrumental «ими». «Страшнейшая сего» is a superlative in «-ейш-» with genitive standard: 'more terrible than this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пламени","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пламени","lemma":"пламя","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Говорят","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"адском","lemma":"адский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пламени","gloss":"hellish"},{"surface":"материальном","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пламени, coordinated with адском","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исследую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"исследую","lemma":"исследовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause, coordinated with страшусь","gloss":"I probe"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исследую","gloss":"mystery"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тайну","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшусь","lemma":"страшиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with исследую","gloss":"I fear it","note":"archaic reflexive of страшиться, glossed with the implied object (it) as in our translation."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the что-clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of мыслю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of был","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks был as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)","note":"archaic contracted form of бы; \"если б\" = \"if.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the если-clause, subject пламень","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"пламень","lemma":"пламень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"материальный","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пламень","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause обрадовались (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовались","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"обрадовались","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"they would rejoice"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks обрадовались as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обрадовались","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of мечтаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мечтаю","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, inserted before позабылась","gloss":"so I imagine"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мучении","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабылась","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"материальном","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучении","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позабылась","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабылась","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"позабылась","lemma":"позабыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause, subject мука","gloss":"would be forgotten"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks позабылась as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of позабылась","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"страшнейшая","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"the far more terrible"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive of comparison after страшнейшая, elliptical for мучения","gloss":"than this"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позабылась","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"духовная","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"spiritual"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b6-c3-s221","source":"Да и отнять у них эту муку духовную невозможно, ибо мучение сие не внешнее, а внутри их.","translation":"And it is impossible to take that spiritual torment from them, for this torment is not outward but within them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнять у них эту муку духовную невозможно","title":"Impersonal «невозможно» plus infinitive","body":"«Невозможно отнять» is an impersonal predicate plus infinitive — 'it is impossible to take away', with no nominative subject. «У них» (genitive after «у») marks from whom it cannot be taken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не внешнее, а внутри их","title":"Contrastive «а» after «не»","body":"«Не внешнее, а внутри их» uses the «не... а...» frame: 'not outward, but within them' — «а» here is the corrective 'but rather'. The neuter «внешнее» is a substantivized adjective, 'the outward [thing]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отнять","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to take away"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнять","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of муку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"муку","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнять","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"духовную","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies муку","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of внешнее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мучение","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of внешнее","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мучение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внешнее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"внешнее","lemma":"внешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of мучение","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking их","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of внутри","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b6-c3-s222","source":"А если б и возможно было отнять, то, мыслю, стали бы оттого еще горше несчастными.","translation":"And were it even possible to take it away, then, I think, they would only become the more wretched for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если б и возможно было отнять, то... стали бы оттого еще горше несчастными","title":"Counterfactual with predicate instrumental","body":"A counterfactual: «если б... возможно было... то стали бы». «Стать» (become) takes the predicate in the instrumental: «несчастными» ('the more wretched'). «Горше» is the comparative 'more bitterly/more', and «оттого» means 'for that reason'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возможно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks возможно as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)","note":"archaic contracted form of бы."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возможно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to возможно","gloss":"were it"},{"surface":"отнять","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможно","gloss":"to take it away"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (correlate of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause inserted before стали","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they would become"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks стали as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горше","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"горше","lemma":"горький","morphology":"adjective/adverb, comparative","role":"modifies несчастными","gloss":"more bitterly"},{"surface":"несчастными","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"wretched"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b6-c3-s223","source":"Ибо хоть и простили бы их праведные из рая, созерцая муки их, и призвали бы их к себе, любя бесконечно, но тем самым им еще более бы приумножили мук, ибо возбудили бы в них еще сильнее пламень жажды ответной, деятельной и благодарной любви, которая уже невозможна.","translation":"For though the righteous in paradise might forgive them, beholding their torments, and might call them to themselves, loving them infinitely, yet by that very act they would only multiply their torments the more, for they would rouse in them still more strongly the flame of thirst for a responding, active, and grateful love which is now impossible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и простили бы их праведные... но тем самым им еще более бы приумножили мук","title":"Concessive counterfactual with «бы»","body":"«Хоть и простили бы... но... приумножили бы» layers a concessive counterfactual: 'though the righteous might forgive them... yet they would multiply their torments'. «Тем самым» ('by that very act') is the instrumental of means; «приумножили мук» takes a partitive genitive «мук»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"созерцая муки их","title":"Gerund «созерцая»","body":"«Созерцая» (beholding, contemplating) is an imperfective gerund «деепричастие» of attendant circumstance — 'while beholding their torments' — sharing the subject «праведные». «Созерцать» is a bookish verb for grave contemplation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая уже невозможна","title":"Relative «которая» with short adjective","body":"«Которая уже невозможна» closes a relative clause modifying «любви»; «невозможна» is the short predicative form of «невозможный» (impossible) — 'a love which is now impossible'. The cascade of adjectives «ответной, деятельной и благодарной» all agree with «любви»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the whole clause, modifies простили","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простили","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простили","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"простили","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the хоть-clause","gloss":"would forgive"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks простили as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of простили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"праведные","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of простили","gloss":"the righteous"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рая","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рая","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies праведные","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"созерцая","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying простили","gloss":"beholding"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of созерцая","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"призвали","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with простили","gloss":"would call"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks призвали as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of призвали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of призвали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"любя","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying призвали","gloss":"loving them"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любя","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым, modifies приумножили","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем самым, modifies приумножили","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приумножили","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приумножили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks приумножили as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"приумножили","lemma":"приумножить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with простили","gloss":"would multiply"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of приумножили","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возбудили","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"возбудили","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with простили","gloss":"would rouse"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks возбудили as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of возбудили","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective/adverb, comparative","role":"modifies возбудили","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"пламень","lemma":"пламень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возбудили","gloss":"the flame"},{"surface":"жажды","lemma":"жажда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пламень","gloss":"of thirst"},{"surface":"ответной","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"деятельной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ответной","gloss":"active"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благодарной","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ответной","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жажды","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невозможна","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"невозможна","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on любви","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b6-c3-s224","source":"В робости сердца моего мыслю, однако же, что самое сознание сей невозможности послужило бы им наконец и к облегчению, ибо, приняв любовь праведных с невозможностью воздать за нее, в покорности сей и в действии смирения сего, обрящут наконец как бы некий образ той деятель ной любви, которою пренебрегли на земле, и как бы некое действие с нею сходное…","translation":"In the timidity of my heart, however, I think that the very awareness of this impossibility would in the end serve also to ease them, for, accepting the love of the righteous along with the impossibility of repaying it, in this submission and in this act of humility they would at last attain, as it were, a kind of image of that active love which they disdained on earth, and a kind of action akin to it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое сознание сей невозможности послужило бы им наконец и к облегчению","title":"Conditional «бы» with dative «к облегчению»","body":"«Послужило бы им... к облегчению» is conditional — 'would serve them to [their] easing'. «Послужить» governs «к» + dative «облегчению»; «им» is the dative beneficiary. «Самое сознание» means 'the very awareness'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приняв любовь праведных","title":"Perfective gerund «приняв»","body":"«Приняв» is the perfective past gerund of «принять» (to accept), expressing a prior completed action — 'having accepted the love of the righteous'. It sets up the result clause and shares the implied subject 'they'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрящут","title":"Church-Slavonic «обрящут» (they will find)","body":"«Обрящут» is the Slavonic future of «обрести» (to find, attain), 'they will find/attain', familiar from the Gospel «ищите, и обрящете» ('seek, and ye shall find'). It crowns the sentence with scriptural solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking робости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"робости","lemma":"робость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"timidity"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies робости","gloss":"of my heart"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мыслю","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of мыслю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, intensifier, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of послужило","gloss":"awareness"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невозможности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"невозможности","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сознание","gloss":"impossibility"},{"surface":"послужило","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would serve"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks послужило as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of послужило","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужило","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies к облегчению","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking облегчению","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"облегчению","lemma":"облегчение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужило","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the following clause (обрящут)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"приняв","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying обрящут","gloss":"having accepted"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приняв","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"праведных","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"of the righteous"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невозможностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"невозможностью","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняв","gloss":"the impossibility"},{"surface":"воздать","lemma":"воздать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies невозможностью","gloss":"of repaying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покорности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"покорности","lemma":"покорность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрящут","gloss":"submission"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of покорности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking действии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"действии","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обрящут, coordinated with покорности","gloss":"this act"},{"surface":"смирения","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies действии","gloss":"of humility"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смирения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обрящут","lemma":"обрести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will attain","note":"archaic future of обрести, \"to attain/find.\""},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрящут","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies образ","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"некий","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образ","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обрящут","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви (via деятельной)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"деятель","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective fragment, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"first part of the split adjective деятельной, modifies любви","gloss":"active","note":"деятель / ной is деятельной (\"active\") split across a line break in the source text; the two tokens together mean \"active.\""},{"surface":"ной","lemma":"деятельный","morphology":"adjective fragment, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"second part of the split adjective деятельной, modifies любви","gloss":"(active, cont.)"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of образ","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"пренебрегли","lemma":"пренебречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying любви","gloss":"disdained"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегли","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies действие","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"некое","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of действие","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обрящут, coordinated with образ","gloss":"action"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходное","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сходное","lemma":"сходный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies действие","gloss":"akin"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b6-c3-s225","source":"Сожалею, братья и други мои, что не умею сказать сего ясно.","translation":"I am sorry, brothers and friends of mine, that I cannot say this clearly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не умею сказать сего ясно","title":"Genitive object «сего» under negation","body":"«Не умею сказать сего ясно» — 'I cannot say this clearly'. Under the negation, the neuter object «сие» appears in the genitive «сего» (the genitive of negation with an abstract object). «Не умею» means 'I do not know how to'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"други мои","title":"Archaic plural «други» (friends)","body":"«Други» is the elevated, archaic nominative plural of «друг» (friend), where modern Russian says «друзья». «Братья и други мои» is a warm, biblically resonant address to the gathered monks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сожалею","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I am sorry"},{"surface":"братья","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"други","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with братья","gloss":"friends","note":"archaic plural of друг."},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of братья and други","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умею","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Сожалею","gloss":"I cannot"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"clearly"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b6-c3-s226","source":"Но горе самим истребившим себя на земле, горе самоубийцам!","translation":"But woe to those who have destroyed themselves on earth, woe to the suicides!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горе самим истребившим себя на земле","title":"Dative of the lament «горе... самим истребившим»","body":"«Горе» ('woe') takes the dative of the one lamented: «самим истребившим себя» — 'woe to those who have destroyed themselves'. «Истребившим» is a past active participle, dative plural, with «себя» as its reflexive object and intensifier «самим»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, governs истребившим","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"modifies истребившим","gloss":"those very ones who"},{"surface":"истребившим","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying горе","gloss":"have destroyed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of истребившим","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истребившим","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first горе","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"самоубийцам","lemma":"самоубийца","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of the second горе","gloss":"to the suicides"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b6-c3-s227","source":"Мыслю, что уже несчастнее сих и не может быть никого.","translation":"I think there can be no one more wretched than they.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несчастнее сих и не может быть никого","title":"Comparative «несчастнее» with genitive","body":"«Несчастнее сих» is the comparative 'more wretched than these', with the standard of comparison in the genitive «сих» (archaic genitive plural of «сей»). «Не может быть никого» pairs «не» with «никого» in negative concord — 'there can be no one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастнее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"несчастнее","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate modifying никого","gloss":"more wretched"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"genitive of comparison after несчастнее","gloss":"than these"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"there can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to никого","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of может быть","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b6-c3-s228","source":"Грех, рекут нам, о сих бога молить, и церковь наружно их как бы и отвергает, но мыслю в тайне души моей, что можно бы и за сих помолиться.","translation":"It is a sin, we are told, to pray to God for them, and the Church outwardly seems to reject them, but in the secret of my soul I think that one might pray for them too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рекут","title":"Church-Slavonic «рекут» (they say)","body":"«Рекут» is the Slavonic present of «рещи» (to say, speak), 'they say / it is said', cognate with «речь». It marks the cited prohibition as received doctrine, in solemn old diction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грех... о сих бога молить","title":"Impersonal predicate «грех» plus infinitive","body":"«Грех... молить» is an impersonal nominal predicate plus infinitive — 'it is a sin to pray'. «О сих» ('for these', «о» + prepositional of «сей») and the object «бога» depend on «молить» in the older sense 'to entreat God for'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно бы и за сих помолиться","title":"Softening «бы» with «можно»","body":"«Можно бы... помолиться» uses «бы» to soften the impersonal modal — 'one might (perhaps) pray', more tentative than a flat «можно помолиться». «За сих» ('for these') uses «за» + accusative «сих» (archaic «сей»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the infinitive clause молить","gloss":"a sin"},{"surface":"рекут","lemma":"рещи","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"we are told","note":"archaic verb for \"to say\"; рекут нам is a parenthetical \"they say to us / we are told.\""},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рекут","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сих","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of о, modifies молить","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of Грех","gloss":"to pray to"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвергает","gloss":"the Church"},{"surface":"наружно","lemma":"наружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергает","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отвергает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies отвергает","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвергает","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отвергает","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the и-clause","gloss":"rejects"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тайне","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслю","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайне","gloss":"of my soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of мыслю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"clausal complement of мыслю","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks можно as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помолиться","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сих","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of помолиться","gloss":"these too"},{"surface":"помолиться","lemma":"помолиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to pray"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b6-c3-s229","source":"За любовь не осердится ведь Христос.","translation":"Christ surely will not be angered at love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За любовь не осердится ведь Христос","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared conviction — 'after all / surely' — coloring the assurance 'Christ surely will not be angered'. «Осердится» (perfective «-ся», 'will grow angry') governs «за» + accusative «любовь», the cause of the (denied) anger."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осердится","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осердится","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be angered"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердится","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осердится","gloss":"Christ"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b6-c3-s230","source":"O таковых я внутренно во всю жизнь молился, исповедуюсь вам в том, отцы и учители, да и ныне на всяк день молюсь.","translation":"For such as these I have prayed inwardly all my life, I confess it to you, fathers and teachers, and I pray for them even now, every day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О таковых я внутренно во всю жизнь молился","title":"Imperfective past «молился» of habit","body":"«Молился» is the imperfective past of the «-ся» verb «молиться», naming a lifelong habitual action — 'I prayed all my life' (the durative «во всю жизнь»). «О таковых» ('for such ones') uses «о» + prepositional."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всяк день","title":"Archaic «на всяк день» (every day)","body":"«На всяк день» is an archaic, Slavonic-flavored 'every day / daily', using the short form «всяк» of «всякий». Modern Russian would say «каждый день»; the old phrase suits the confessional, liturgical cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исповедуюсь вам в том","title":"«Исповедоваться» (to confess)","body":"«Исповедуюсь вам в том» — 'I confess it to you' — uses the reflexive «исповедоваться», governing «в» + prepositional for the matter confessed. The verb carries the full weight of sacramental confession, fitting an elder addressing his monks."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таковых","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таковых","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of O, modifies молился","gloss":"such as these"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"внутренно","lemma":"внутренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молился","gloss":"inwardly"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have prayed"},{"surface":"исповедуюсь","lemma":"исповедоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молился","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of исповедуюсь","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исповедуюсь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"отцы","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"учители","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with отцы","gloss":"teachers","note":"archaic plural of учитель."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всяк день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies молюсь","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"молюсь","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молился","gloss":"I pray"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b6-c3-s231","source":"О, есть и во аде пребывшие гордыми и свирепыми, несмотря уже на знание бесспорное и на созерцание правды неотразимой; есть страшные, приобщившиеся сатане и гордому духу его всецело.","translation":"Oh, there are some even in hell who have remained proud and fierce, despite their now indisputable knowledge and their contemplation of irrefutable truth; there are dreadful ones who have wholly joined themselves to Satan and his proud spirit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во аде","title":"Church-Slavonic «во аде» (in hell)","body":"«Ад» (hell, Hades) takes the expanded preposition «во» before the vowel, and «аде» is its prepositional — 'in hell'. The Greek-derived «ад» and the «во» form give the line a scriptural, ecclesial ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пребывшие гордыми и свирепыми","title":"Past participle with predicate instrumental","body":"«Пребывшие» is a past active participle of «пребыть» (to remain), and «гордыми и свирепыми» are predicate instrumentals after it — 'those who remained proud and fierce'. Verbs of remaining/becoming take the instrumental complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приобщившиеся сатане и гордому духу его","title":"Reflexive participle «приобщившиеся» with dative","body":"«Приобщившиеся» is a past active participle of the «-ся» verb «приобщиться» (to join, partake of), governing the dative: «сатане и... духу его» — 'who have joined themselves to Satan and his spirit'. The «-ся» fuses into the participle as «-шиеся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"precedes есть","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies аде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывшие","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"пребывшие","lemma":"пребыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, plural, perfective","role":"subject of есть (substantivized participle)","gloss":"those who have remained"},{"surface":"гордыми","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of пребывшие","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свирепыми","lemma":"свирепый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with гордыми","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на, marking знание","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря уже на","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на, marking знание","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"знание","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"бесспорное","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знание","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom несмотря на, marking созерцание","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"созерцание","lemma":"созерцание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на, coordinated with знание","gloss":"contemplation"},{"surface":"правды","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies созерцание","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"неотразимой","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правды","gloss":"irrefutable"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, existential","role":"coordinated with the first есть","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, plural","role":"subject of the second есть","gloss":"dreadful ones"},{"surface":"приобщившиеся","lemma":"приобщиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying страшные","gloss":"who have joined themselves"},{"surface":"сатане","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приобщившиеся","gloss":"to Satan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордому","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духу","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сатане","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всецело","lemma":"всецело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобщившиеся","gloss":"wholly"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b6-c3-s232","source":"Для тех ад уже добровольный и ненасытимый; те уже доброхотные мученики.","translation":"For these, hell is now voluntary and insatiable; they are martyrs by their own will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для тех ад уже добровольный","title":"Zero copula with dative-of-interest «для тех»","body":"«Для тех ад уже добровольный» has no copula — 'for these, hell is now voluntary'. «Для тех» ('for those', «для» + genitive of «те») marks whose hell it is; «добровольный» is the long-form predicate in the zero-copula present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доброхотные мученики","title":"«Доброхотный» (willing, of one's own accord)","body":"«Доброхотный» means 'willing, voluntary, of one's own goodwill' (from «добрая хоть», good will). «Доброхотные мученики» — 'martyrs by their own will' — is a stark paradox: those who choose their own torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"object of Для","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate добровольный)","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добровольный","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"добровольный","lemma":"добровольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ад","gloss":"voluntary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ненасытимый","lemma":"ненасытимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with добровольный, predicate of ад","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate мученики)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доброхотные","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"доброхотные","lemma":"доброхотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мученики","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"мученики","lemma":"мученик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, subject те","gloss":"martyrs"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b6-c3-s233","source":"Ибо сами прокляли себя, прокляв бога и жизнь.","translation":"For they have cursed themselves, cursing God and life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо сами прокляли себя, прокляв бога и жизнь","title":"Perfective gerund «прокляв» with «себя»","body":"«Прокляли себя» pairs the perfective past with reflexive «себя» ('cursed themselves'); «прокляв» is the perfective past gerund 'having cursed', naming the prior act against «бога и жизнь». «Сами» intensifies the subject — 'they themselves cursed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокляли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic subject of прокляли","gloss":"they themselves"},{"surface":"прокляли","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have cursed"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of прокляли","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"прокляв","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокляли","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прокляв","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бога","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b6-c3-s234","source":"Злобною гордостью своею питаются, как если бы голодный в пустыне кровь собственную свою сосать из своего же тела начал.","translation":"They feed upon their own spiteful pride, as if a starving man in the desert had begun to suck his own blood out of his own body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Злобною гордостью своею питаются","title":"«Питаться» with instrumental and «свой»","body":"«Питаться» (to feed on) governs the instrumental of what is fed upon: «злобною гордостью своею» — 'they feed on their own spiteful pride'. «Своею» is the reflexive possessive «свой» in the archaic long instrumental «-ею», and «злобною» shows the same old «-ою»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как если бы голодный... начал","title":"Comparative irrealis «как если бы»","body":"«Как если бы... начал» is a counterfactual simile — 'as if a starving man... had begun', built on the past «начал» plus «бы». «Голодный» is a substantivized adjective, 'a starving man'; «кровь... сосать» follows with the infinitive complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Злобною","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордостью","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"гордостью","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of питаются","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордостью","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"питаются","lemma":"питаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they feed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как если бы, introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как если бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как если бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"голодный","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"a starving man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустыне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пустыне","lemma":"пустыня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of голодный","gloss":"the desert"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сосать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"собственную","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сосать","lemma":"сосать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to suck"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тела","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тела","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies своего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосать","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-если-бы clause","gloss":"had begun"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b6-c3-s235","source":"Но ненасытимы во веки веков и прощение отвергают, бога, зовущего их, проклинают Бога живаго без ненависти созерцать не могут и требуют, чтобы не было бога жизни, чтоб уничтожил себя бог и всё создание свое.","translation":"But they are insatiable unto ages of ages, and they reject forgiveness; they curse God, who calls to them; they cannot behold the living God without hatred, and they demand that there be no God of life, that God destroy Himself and all His creation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бога, зовущего их","title":"Present active participle «зовущего»","body":"«Зовущего» is the present active participle of «звать» (to call), agreeing with «бога» (animate accusative) — 'God, who calls to them'. It condenses a «который зовёт» clause into a single modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"требуют, чтобы не было бога жизни, чтоб уничтожил себя бог","title":"«Чтобы» plus irrealis past","body":"After «требуют» (they demand), «чтобы / чтоб» introduces a willed outcome with the past-form irrealis: «не было... уничтожил». «Не было бога» is a genitive-of-negation existential, 'that there be no God'; «уничтожил себя» is reflexive 'destroy himself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бога живаго","title":"Church-Slavonic «живаго» (the living)","body":"«Живаго» is the Old Church Slavonic masculine genitive of «живой» (living), where modern Russian has «живого» — 'the living God'. The Slavonic «-аго» ending (familiar as Pasternak's hero's surname) marks the sacred phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ненасытимы","lemma":"ненасытимый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of implied они","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веки","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ненасытимы, part of the fixed phrase во веки веков","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"of ages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прощение","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергают","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"отвергают","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ненасытимы","gloss":"they reject"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проклинают","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"зовущего","lemma":"зовущий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative (animate=genitive form), imperfective","role":"clause modifying бога","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зовущего","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"проклинают","lemma":"проклинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвергают","gloss":"they curse"},{"surface":"Бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of созерцать","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"живаго","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (accusative animate form)","role":"modifies Бога","gloss":"living","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic form of живого ('living'), preserved from Scripture."},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созерцать","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"to behold"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проклинают","gloss":"they can"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"требуют","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могут","gloss":"they demand"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of требуют","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уничтожил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уничтожил","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было, complement of требуют","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of уничтожил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уничтожил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of создание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"создание","lemma":"создание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of создание","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b6-c3-s236","source":"И будут гореть в огне гнева своего вечно, жаждать смерти и небытия.","translation":"And they will burn in the fire of their own wrath forever, thirsting for death and for nonexistence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будут гореть в огне гнева своего вечно","title":"Compound future «будут гореть»","body":"«Будут гореть» is the imperfective compound future — the future of «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive «гореть» — naming an unending ongoing action, 'they will burn forever'. «Гнева своего» is a genitive chain, 'of their own wrath'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждать смерти и небытия","title":"«Жаждать» with genitive","body":"«Жаждать» (to thirst for) governs the genitive of what is craved: «смерти и небытия» — 'thirsting for death and nonexistence'. «Небытие» ('nonbeing') is a bookish abstract noun, the negation of «бытие»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of гореть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"гореть","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"огне","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гореть","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огне","gloss":"of wrath"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гнева","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гореть","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"жаждать","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гореть","gloss":"thirsting"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждать","gloss":"for death"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"небытия","lemma":"небытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смерти","gloss":"for nonexistence"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b6-c3-s237","source":"Но не получат смерти.","translation":"But they will not receive death.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но не получат смерти","title":"Genitive of negation «смерти»","body":"Under negated «не получат» (perfective future, 'they will not receive') the object «смерть» shifts to the genitive «смерти» — 'they will not receive death'. The terse one-line sentence lands the chapter's grim climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получат","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will receive"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получат","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b6-c3-s238","source":"Здесь оканчивается рукопись Алексея Федоровича Карамазова.","translation":"Here ends the manuscript of Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здесь оканчивается рукопись","title":"Middle «-ся» «оканчивается»","body":"«Оканчивается» is the imperfective «-ся» of «оканчиваться» (to come to an end), intransitive/middle — 'here ends'. The narrator's frame resumes, now in plain modern Russian after Zossima's archaic discourse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оканчивается","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"оканчивается","lemma":"оканчиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"рукопись","lemma":"рукопись","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оканчивается","gloss":"the manuscript"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукопись","gloss":"Alexei's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b6-c3-s239","source":"Повторяю: она не полна и отрывочна.","translation":"I repeat: it is incomplete and fragmentary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Повторяю: она не полна и отрывочна","title":"Short adjectives «не полна», «отрывочна»","body":"«Не полна и отрывочна» are short predicative forms of «полный» (complete) and «отрывочный» (fragmentary), agreeing with feminine «рукопись» (manuscript) — 'it is incomplete and fragmentary'. Short adjectives are the natural predicate here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полна","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полна","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрывочна","lemma":"отрывочный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with полна","gloss":"fragmentary"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b6-c3-s240","source":"Биографические сведения, например, обнимают лишь первую молодость старца.","translation":"The biographical particulars, for instance, embrace only the elder's early youth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Биографические сведения... обнимают лишь первую молодость","title":"Verb «обнимать» in the sense 'embrace/encompass'","body":"«Обнимают» here means 'encompass, cover' — 'the biographical particulars embrace only the elder's early youth'. The accusative object «первую молодость старца» is governed directly; «лишь» ('only') restricts the scope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Биографические","lemma":"биографический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сведения","gloss":"biographical"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of обнимают","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical remark","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"обнимают","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embrace"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies первую","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодость","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"молодость","lemma":"молодость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимают","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молодость","gloss":"of the elder"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b6-c3-s241","source":"Из поучений же его и мнений сведено вместе, как бы в единое целое, сказанное, очевидно, в разные сроки и вследствие побуждений различных.","translation":"From his teachings and opinions there has been gathered together, as into a single whole, what was evidently spoken on different occasions and prompted by various causes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сведено… дано","title":"Short passive participles as predicate","body":"«сведено» (gathered together) and, in the next sentence, «дано» are short-form past passive participles, the basis of the bookish written passive: the subject «сказанное» is the thing acted upon, with the agent left unnamed. The neuter -о ending agrees with the neuter substantivized participle «сказанное»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказанное","title":"Participle used as a noun","body":"«сказанное» — literally 'that which was said' — is a past passive participle pressed into service as a neuter noun, 'what was spoken'. Russian freely substantivizes participles this way to compress a whole который-clause into a single word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из поучений же его и мнений","title":"Fronted topic and the particle же","body":"The sentence opens with the genitive object of «сведено» («из поучений… и мнений», from his teachings and opinions) rather than the subject, a topic-first inversion. The particle «же» here is a soft connective ('and as for…, now…'), linking back to the preceding narration rather than emphasizing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поучения","title":"«поучение» — a homily, an exhortation","body":"«поучение» is a bookish, semi-ecclesiastical word for a moral teaching or homily — the very genre named in the chapter title («бесед и поучений»). It carries the weight of a sermon, not casual 'instruction'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поучений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"поучений","lemma":"поучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сведено","gloss":"teachings"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поучений","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies поучений","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мнений","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with поучений","gloss":"opinions"},{"surface":"сведено","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been gathered"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сведено","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies целое","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целое","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"единое","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целое","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сведено","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сказанное","lemma":"сказанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (used as noun), neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"subject of сведено","gloss":"what was said"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сказанное","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроки","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"разные","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сроки","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"сроки","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказанное","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побуждений","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"побуждений","lemma":"побуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сказанное","gloss":"motives"},{"surface":"различных","lemma":"различный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies побуждений","gloss":"various"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b6-c3-s242","source":"Всё же то, что изречено было старцем собственно в сии последние часы жизни его, не определено в точности, а дано лишь понятие о духе и характере и сей беседы, если сопоставить с тем, что приведено в рукописи Алексея Федоровича из прежних поучений.","translation":"Yet what the elder uttered, properly speaking, in these last hours of his life is not set down with any exactness; only a notion of the spirit and character of that conversation has been given, if one compares it with what Alexei Fyodorovich has recorded in his manuscript from the earlier teachings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изречено было… не определено… дано","title":"A chain of short passive participles","body":"Three short past passive participles drive the sentence — «изречено было» (was uttered), «не определено» (is not set down), «дано» (has been given) — all neuter, all agentless. This impersonal passive, agent suppressed, is the editorial 'voice from above' of a chronicle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сии последние часы… сей беседы… с тем","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сии» and «сей» are the bookish, 19th-century demonstratives 'these / this', where modern speech would say «эти / эта». They are period-elevated, not wrong, and pervade Dostoevsky's solemn narration; note «сей беседы» is genitive feminine singular agreeing with «беседы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если сопоставить","title":"Infinitive in a conditional clause","body":"«если сопоставить» (if one compares) uses a bare perfective infinitive after «если» to express a general, subjectless condition — 'if one were to set side by side'. The understood doer is anyone, a hallmark of impersonal Russian syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изречено","title":"«изречь» — to utter solemnly","body":"«изречено» (from «изречь») is far weightier than plain «сказано»: it means to pronounce or utter as a pronouncement, fitting words from a dying elder. The Church-Slavonic flavour marks the speech as oracular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of то","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Всё, forms the idiom всё же ('yet')","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive определено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive изречено","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"изречено","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying то","gloss":"was uttered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of изречено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of изречено","gloss":"by the elder"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies изречено","gloss":"properly speaking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of часы","gloss":"these","note":"Archaic/literary determiner, equivalent to modern эти ('these')."},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of изречено","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies определено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"определено","lemma":"определить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of определено","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дано","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with определено","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive дано","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"the spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"характере","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with духе","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беседы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"беседы","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of духе и характере","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сопоставить","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сопоставить","lemma":"сопоставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дано","gloss":"one compares"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сопоставить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive приведено","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"приведено","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"has been recorded"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукописи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рукописи","lemma":"рукопись","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведено","gloss":"the manuscript"},{"surface":"Алексея","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукописи","gloss":"Alexei's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Алексея","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поучений","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"прежних","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies поучений","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"поучений","lemma":"поучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приведено","gloss":"teachings"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b6-c3-s243","source":"Кончина же старца произошла воистину совсем неожиданно.","translation":"The elder's death, however, came to pass truly and altogether unexpectedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончина же старца произошла","title":"Verb of completion in the perfective past","body":"«произошла» (came to pass) is perfective past, feminine to agree with «кончина» (death) — it presents the death as a single accomplished event, the hinge the narration turns on. The trailing «же» again links to the preceding paragraph rather than emphasizing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, truly","body":"«воистину» is a solemn, Church-flavoured 'truly, verily' (compare the Paschal greeting «Воистину воскресе!», 'He is risen indeed!'). It lifts the plain statement into the register of sacred chronicle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кончина","title":"«кончина» — a death, a passing","body":"«кончина» is an elevated, reverent word for death (from «кончить», to finish), used of holy or dignified people — not the neutral «смерть». English 'passing' or 'repose' catches the tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончина","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кончина","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Кончина","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошла","gloss":"unexpectedly"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b6-c3-s244","source":"Ибо хотя все собравшиеся к нему в тот последний вечер и понимали вполне, что смерть его близка, но всё же нельзя было представить, что наступит она столь внезапно; напротив, друзья его, как уже и заметил я выше, видя его в ту ночь столь, казалось бы, бодрым и словоохотливым, убеждены были даже, что в здоровье его произошло заметное улучшение, хотя бы и на малое лишь время.","translation":"For although all who had gathered to him on that last evening understood full well that his death was near, still it was impossible to imagine that it would come on so suddenly; on the contrary, his friends, as I have already remarked above, seeing him that night so seemingly cheerful and talkative, were even convinced that some noticeable improvement had set in for his health, if only for a little while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, literary conjunction 'for, because', far more solemn than «потому что». Opening a sentence with it gives the prose a scriptural, sermon-like cadence appropriate to the elder's death."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все собравшиеся к нему","title":"Past active participle as a noun phrase","body":"«собравшиеся» (those who had gathered) is a past active participle from the reflexive «собраться», agreeing with «все» as a substantive — 'all who had gathered'. It packs a full который-clause ('all who had gathered to him') into one declined word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя было представить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя было» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя было представить» (it was impossible to imagine) is a subjectless impersonal construction: the invariable predicative «нельзя» plus past «было» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject. This experiencer-less framing is everywhere in Dostoevsky's narration of collective feeling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя его… столь… бодрым и словоохотливым","title":"Present gerund «видя» + instrumental predicate","body":"«видя» (seeing) is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «убеждены были» and sharing its subject, «друзья». The qualities «бодрым и словоохотливым» stand in the instrumental as a secondary predicate ('seeing him as cheerful and talkative')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убеждены были","title":"Short passive participle in a periphrastic predicate","body":"«убеждены были» (were convinced) joins the short past passive participle «убеждены» to «были» — the state-result passive. The plural short ending agrees with «друзья». Word order («убеждены были» rather than «были убеждены») is the period's bookish inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и на малое лишь время","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» — if only","body":"«хотя бы» means 'if only, even if only', a concession scaling the improvement down to 'for a little while at least'. The particle «бы» carries the hypothetical concessive force, reinforced by the limiting «лишь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словоохотливым","title":"«словоохотливый» — talkative, ready of speech","body":"«словоохотливый» literally 'eager for words' (слово + охота), a slightly bookish adjective for someone garrulous and willing to talk — here poignantly, the dying elder's unexpected liveliness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of нельзя","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимали","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"собравшиеся","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying все","gloss":"who had gathered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собравшиеся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собравшиеся","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive construction хотя...и, modifies понимали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"понимали","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying нельзя (представить)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of близка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of близка","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"близка","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понимали","gloss":"was near"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя, part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it was impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наступит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наступит","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of представить","gloss":"it would come"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наступит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause of убеждены","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"друзья","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of убеждены","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies друзья","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of заметил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause introduced by как","gloss":"I remarked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on убеждены","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видя","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бодрым","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying бодрым и словоохотливым","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of the idiom казалось бы","role":"auxiliary of казалось","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бодрым","lemma":"бодрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object complement of видя, describing его","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"словоохотливым","lemma":"словоохотливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бодрым","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"убеждены","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), plural","role":"predicate of друзья","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убеждены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убеждены","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking здоровье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"здоровье","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies здоровье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of убеждены","gloss":"had set in"},{"surface":"заметное","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies улучшение","gloss":"noticeable"},{"surface":"улучшение","lemma":"улучшение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы, concessive on произошло","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial clause on произошло","gloss":"while"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b6-c3-s245","source":"Даже за пять минут до кончины, как с удивлением передавали потом, нельзя было еще ничего предвидеть.","translation":"Even five minutes before the end, as people afterward related with astonishment, nothing could yet be foreseen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя было еще ничего предвидеть","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» with negative concord","body":"Another subjectless «нельзя было… предвидеть» (nothing could yet be foreseen). The object «ничего» is genitive — the genitive of negation working through the negative «нельзя» — and the «ни-» word sits in the obligatory negative-concord pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как… передавали потом","title":"Indefinite-personal «передавали»","body":"«передавали» (people related) is an indefinite-personal plural with no stated subject — the third-person plural alone means 'they / people' in general. Russian uses this to report rumour and hearsay, a recurring device in this chapter's chronicle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of предвидеть (temporal adverbial)","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончины","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"кончины","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of передавали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of передавали","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"передавали","lemma":"передавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause introduced by как","gloss":"people related"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавали","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it was impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предвидеть","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of предвидеть","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"предвидеть","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to foresee"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b6-c3-s246","source":"Он вдруг почувствовал как бы сильнейшую боль в груди, побледнел и крепко прижал руки к сердцу.","translation":"He suddenly felt what seemed a violent pain in his chest, grew pale, and pressed his hands hard against his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал… побледнел и… прижал","title":"A chain of perfective past verbs","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «почувствовал… побледнел… прижал» — fire off the sudden sequence of events (felt, grew pale, pressed), each a single completed act moving the narrative forward. The prefixes по-/при- mark the perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сильнейшую боль","title":"Superlative-by-suffix «сильнейшую»","body":"«сильнейшую» is the bookish superlative/elative formed with the suffix -ейш- ('a most violent pain'), declined in the accusative feminine to agree with «боль». «как бы» ('as it were') hedges the description as the narrator's approximation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в груди","title":"Locative «в груди»","body":"«в груди» (in his chest) is the prepositional/locative after «в» showing location — contrast «прижал руки к сердцу» where «к сердцу» is dative of direction. The single preposition «в» splits its case by meaning: location vs. motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies боль","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сильнейшую","lemma":"сильнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"побледнел","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"turned pale"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижал","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"прижал","lemma":"прижать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прижал","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижал","gloss":"his heart"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b6-c3-s247","source":"Все тогда встали с мест своих и устремились к нему; но он, хоть и страдающий, но всё еще с улыбкой взирая на них, тихо опустился с кресел на пол и стал на колени, затем склонился лицом ниц к земле, распростер свои руки и, как бы в радостном восторге, целуя землю и молясь (как сам учил), тихо и радостно отдал душу богу.","translation":"All then rose from their seats and rushed toward him; but he, though suffering, yet still gazing at them with a smile, lowered himself quietly from his armchair to the floor and knelt, then bowed down with his face to the earth, stretched out his arms, and, as though in joyful rapture, kissing the ground and praying (as he himself had taught), quietly and joyfully gave up his soul to God.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встали… устремились… опустился… стал… склонился… распростер… отдал","title":"Perfective verbs carrying the sacred climax","body":"The elder's death is narrated as a string of perfective past verbs (rose, rushed, lowered, knelt, bowed, stretched out, gave up) — each a completed gesture in a deliberate ritual sequence, the perfective's event-by-event motion at its most charged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взирая… целуя… молясь","title":"Three present gerunds of attendant action","body":"«взирая» (gazing), «целуя» (kissing), «молясь» (praying) are imperfective present gerunds — «деепричастия» — describing simultaneous, ongoing actions accompanying the main verb «отдал». They all share the subject «он», and «молясь» also carries the reflexive «-ся» of «молиться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и страдающий","title":"Present active participle in concession","body":"«страдающий» (suffering) is a present active participle from «страдать», agreeing with «он» as a predicate adjective inside the concessive «хоть и…» ('though suffering'). It compresses 'though he was suffering' into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с мест своих… свои руки","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«своих» and «свои» mean 'their own / his own', pointing back to the clause subject — «с мест своих» (from their own seats), «свои руки» (his own arms). Using «их» or «его» instead would point to someone else's; «свой» keeps possession anchored to the actor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ниц","title":"«ниц» — face downward, prostrate","body":"«ниц» is an archaic adverb meaning 'prostrate, face to the ground' (склониться ниц — to bow down prostrate). It belongs to liturgical and biblical language, marking the elder's death as an act of worship."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отдал душу богу","title":"«отдать душу богу» — to give up the soul to God","body":"«отдать душу богу» is the set, reverent idiom for dying — 'to give up one's soul to God', i.e. to expire peacefully in faith. Dostoevsky stages the elder's literal death as the enactment of this very phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встали","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"встали","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мест","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"мест","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of встали","gloss":"seats"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мест","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устремились","lemma":"устремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страдающий","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страдающий","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"страдающий","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще, modifying взирая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё еще, modifying взирая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взирая","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"взирая","lemma":"взирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"clause modifying он","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of взирая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустился","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"lowered himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"склонился","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"bowed down"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of склонился","gloss":"with his face"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies склонился","gloss":"prostrate"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"распростер","lemma":"распростереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of распростер","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying восторге","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as though)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"радостном","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of целуя","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"целуя","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молясь","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целуя","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молясь","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуя","gloss":"praying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of учил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject of учил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to молясь","gloss":"had taught"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"gave up"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдал","gloss":"to God"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b6-c3-s248","source":"Известие о кончине его немедленно пронеслось в ските и достигло монастыря.","translation":"Word of his death spread at once through the hermitage and reached the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронеслось… достигло","title":"Perfective verbs of spreading news","body":"«пронеслось» (swept through) and «достигло» (reached) are perfective past, both neuter to agree with «известие». The prefix про- gives «пронеслось» the sense of motion racing across a space; «-ся» makes it the intransitive 'spread'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достигло монастыря","title":"«достигнуть» governs the genitive","body":"«достигло монастыря» — the verb «достигнуть/достичь» (to reach, attain) takes its object in the genitive, not the accusative. So 'reached the monastery' is «монастыря», a genitive of goal demanded by this verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пронеслось","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кончине","lemma":"кончина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Известие","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кончине","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пронеслось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ските","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ските","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достигло","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пронеслось","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достигло","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b6-c3-s249","source":"Ближайшие к новопреставленному и кому следовало по чину стали убирать по древлему обряду тело его, а вся братия собралась в соборную церковь.","translation":"Those nearest to the newly departed, and those whose office it was, set about laying out his body according to the ancient rite, while all the brotherhood assembled in the cathedral church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кому следовало по чину","title":"Impersonal «следовало» + dative","body":"«кому следовало» (those whose office it was, lit. 'to whom it was fitting') is an impersonal construction: the invariable «следовало» with a dative experiencer «кому» and no nominative subject. The relative «кому» fuses 'those to whom' into the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали убирать… собралась","title":"Inchoative «стали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стали убирать» (began to lay out) pairs perfective «стать» ('to begin') with the imperfective infinitive «убирать», naming the onset of an ongoing process. Contrast the neighbouring «собралась» (assembled), a single perfective event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"новопреставленному","title":"«новопреставленный» — the newly departed","body":"«новопреставленный» is a Church-Slavonic compound, 'newly presented (before God)', i.e. one just deceased — the precise liturgical term for the recently dead in Orthodox prayer. Here it stands as a noun in the dative, «к новопреставленному»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по древлему обряду","title":"«древлий» — ancient (archaic form)","body":"«древлий» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic form of «древний» (ancient), surviving in fixed phrases (compare «древлеправославный»). «по древлему обряду» — 'according to the ancient rite' — frames the laying-out as time-hallowed Orthodox practice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ближайшие","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, superlative","role":"subject of стали, coordinated with кому","gloss":"those nearest"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новопреставленному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"новопреставленному","lemma":"новопреставленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ближайшие","gloss":"the newly departed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with Ближайшие, subject of стали","gloss":"those whose"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кому","gloss":"was proper"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чину","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следовало","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"убирать","lemma":"убирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"laying out"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обряду","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"древлему","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обряду","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"обряду","lemma":"обряд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убирать","gloss":"rite"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of убирать","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of братия","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"братия","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of собралась","gloss":"the brotherhood"},{"surface":"собралась","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"assembled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соборную","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies церковь","gloss":"cathedral"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собралась","gloss":"church"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b6-c3-s250","source":"И еще до рассвета, как передавалось потом по слухам, весть о новопреставленном достигла города.","translation":"And before dawn yet, as was afterward related by rumor, news of the newly departed reached the town.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как передавалось потом по слухам","title":"Impersonal passive «передавалось»","body":"«передавалось» (as was related) is an imperfective passive in «-ся» used impersonally and neuter — 'it was being passed on'. With «по слухам» (by rumour) it again marks the chronicle's reliance on hearsay rather than direct witness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достигла города","title":"Genitive goal after «достигнуть»","body":"As in s248, «достигла» governs the genitive: «весть… достигла города» — 'news reached the town'. «весть» is feminine, so the verb is «достигла»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весть","title":"«весть» — tidings, news","body":"«весть» is a slightly elevated, bookish word for news or tidings (compare «известие» in s248, and «благая весть», the 'good tidings' of the Gospel). Its solemnity suits the spreading report of the holy elder's death."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассвета","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвета","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"рассвета","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достигла","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передавалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"передавалось","lemma":"передаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying достигла","gloss":"was related"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передавалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слухам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"слухам","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of передавалось","gloss":"rumor"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of достигла","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новопреставленном","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"новопреставленном","lemma":"новопреставленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies весть","gloss":"the newly departed"},{"surface":"достигла","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достигла","gloss":"the town"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b6-c3-s251","source":"К утру чуть не весь город говорил о событии, и множество граждан потекло в монастырь.","translation":"By morning nearly the whole town was speaking of the event, and a multitude of townspeople streamed to the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"множество граждан потекло","title":"Singular verb after a quantifier","body":"«множество граждан потекло» — the collective noun «множество» (a multitude) governs «граждан» in the genitive plural and takes a singular, neuter verb «потекло». The whole quantified phrase counts as one grammatical subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потекло в монастырь","title":"Metaphorical motion + accusative of direction","body":"«потекло» (lit. 'began to flow') is perfective, the prefix по- marking the inception of the movement; the crowd is figured as a stream pouring «в монастырь» — accusative of motion-toward after «в». The verb of liquid flow lends the throng its surge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не весь город","title":"«чуть не» — almost, all but","body":"«чуть не» means 'almost, very nearly' — «чуть не весь город» is 'all but the whole town'. It is a common, slightly colloquial intensifier signalling near-totality."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утру","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"утру","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"nearly","note":"чуть не is an idiom meaning \"almost/nearly\", not a literal negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событии","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"событии","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"множество","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потекло","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"граждан","lemma":"гражданин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies множество","gloss":"townspeople"},{"surface":"потекло","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"streamed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потекло","gloss":"the monastery"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b6-c3-s252","source":"Но о сем скажем в следующей книге, а теперь лишь прибавим вперед, что не прошел еще и день, как совершилось нечто до того для всех неожиданное, а по впечатлению, произведенному в среде монастыря и в городе, до того как бы странное, тревожное и сбивчивое, что и до сих пор, после стольких лет, сохраняется в городе нашем самое живое воспоминание о том столь для многих тревожном дне…","translation":"But of this we shall speak in the next book, and for now will only add in advance that not even a day had passed before something came to pass so unexpected for all, and, by the impression it produced within the monastery and in the town, so strange, troubling, and bewildering, as it were, that to this very day, after so many years, there is preserved in our town the liveliest memory of that day so troubling for many…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о сем скажем","title":"Archaic «сем» and authorial 'we'","body":"«о сем» is the prepositional of archaic «сей» ('of this'), and «скажем» (we shall say) is the chronicler's first-person-plural — the narrator referring to himself as 'we'. Both belong to the elevated, editorial register of the chapter's frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прошел еще и день, как совершилось нечто","title":"«не… как» — scarcely had X happened when Y","body":"«не прошел еще и день, как…» is the 'no sooner / scarcely had a day passed than…' construction: a negated main clause with «еще и» followed by «как» introducing what supervened. «совершилось нечто» (something came to pass) is perfective and reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того… странное… что","title":"Correlative «до того… что» — so… that","body":"«до того… странное, тревожное и сбивчивое… что» is the degree correlative 'so strange, troubling and confused… that', with «до того» ('to such a degree') answered by the result clause «что». The repeated «до того» builds rhetorical intensity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по впечатлению, произведенному в среде монастыря","title":"Past passive participle modifying a noun","body":"«произведенному» (produced) is a long-form past passive participle agreeing with «впечатлению» in the dative — 'by the impression produced…'. It declines like an adjective and replaces a который-clause, a dense participial packing typical of the period's prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохраняется… воспоминание","title":"Imperfective passive «сохраняется»","body":"«сохраняется» (is preserved) is a present-tense imperfective passive in «-ся» — the memory 'preserves itself / is kept' in the town to this day. The present tense reaches out of the past narrative into the narrator's own time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбивчивое","title":"«сбивчивый» — confused, muddled","body":"«сбивчивый» (from «сбиться», to go astray, get muddled) describes something incoherent, halting, mixed-up — here the bewildered impression the event left. It deepens the triad «странное, тревожное и сбивчивое» into a sense of disorientation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall speak"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"следующей","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книге","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"книге","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажем","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавим","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавим","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прибавим","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажем","gloss":"will add"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавим","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавим","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилось","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause on прошел","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданное","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies неожиданное","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate modifying нечто","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"впечатлению","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies странное","gloss":"the impression"},{"surface":"произведенному","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying впечатлению","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking среде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"среде","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произведенному","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies среде","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with среде","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of странное","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifying странное","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"(as it were)"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate modifying нечто, coordinated with неожиданное","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"тревожное","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with странное","gloss":"troubling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбивчивое","lemma":"сбивчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with странное","gloss":"bewildering"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сохраняется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохраняется","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"day","note":"до сих пор is an idiom meaning \"to this day / still\"."},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"стольких","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сохраняется","lemma":"сохраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"is preserved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохраняется","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies живое","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"живое","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"vivid"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сохраняется","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожном","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking многих","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"тревожном","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дне","gloss":"troubling"},{"surface":"дне","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспоминание","gloss":"day"}]}]}